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Sudden and uncertain events often cause cross-contagion of risk among various sectors of the macroeconomy. This paper introduces the stochastic volatility shock that follows a thick-tailed Student’s t-distribution into a high-order approximate dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with Epstein–Zin preference to better analyze the dynamic effect of uncertainty risk on macroeconomics. Then, the high-dimensional DSGE model (DSGE-SV-t) is developed to examine the impact of uncertainty risk on the transmission mechanism among macroeconomic sectors. The empirical research found that uncertainty risk generates heterogeneous impacts on macroeconomic dynamics under different inflation levels and economic states. Among them, a technological shock has the strongest impact on employment and consumption channels. The crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy stimulus on consumption and private investments is relatively weakened when considering uncertainty risk but is more pronounced during periods of high inflation. Uncertainty risk can partly explain the decline in investments and the increase in interest rates and employment rates, given the impact of an agent’s risk preferences. Compared with external economic conditions, the inflation factor has a stronger impact on the macro transmission mechanism caused by uncertainty risk.

The hydration of cyclohexene was determined in a stirred tank of 100 mL in a batch mode in the presence of modified or unmodified resin as catalyst. The ion-exchange sulfonate resin was modified with alkyl secondary amine. At an optimum amination rate of 15%, the conversion of cyclohexene reached to 22% and the selectivity of cyclohexanol was 95.6%. In a temperature range of 90–150 °C, the activity and selectivity of the modified resin catalyst were much higher than those of the unmodified resin catalyst, which was attributed to the inclusion formed between cyclohexene and alkyl chain and also the quasi-lipophilic phase formed around the outer surface of resin beads. The formed quasi-lipophilic phase formed enhanced the conversion of cyclohexene and depressed the formation of by-products.

Background Cerebral microbleeds may contribute to cognitive deficits in stroke. Cognitive impairment that does not meet the criteria for dementia (cognitive impairment no dementia) is common in stroke, and patients with such impairment can revert to normal cognition. Aims and hypothesis This study examined the association between cerebral microbleeds and the reversion of cognitive impairment no dementia. Method A total of 328 Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong participated in the study. All subjects were assessed for cognitive impairment no dementia with a neuropsychological test battery at three- and 15 months following the index stroke. Of the 180 patients with cognitive impairment no dementia at three-months poststroke, 143 (79·4%) attended the 15-month follow-up. Twenty-nine subjects had reverted from cognitive impairment no dementia to normal cognitive status (reverters), 98 were nonreverters and 16 had progressed to dementia. Results In univariate analysis, the reverters were found to be younger, less likely to have hypertension and cerebral microbleeds, and to have smaller white matter hyperintensity volumes. In multivariate analysis, the absence of cerebral microbleeds remained an independent predictor of reversion with an odds ratio of 4·3. Absence of deep cerebral microbleeds predicted the reversion of the language domain, whereas the absence of lobar cerebral microbleeds predicted the reversion of the visuomotor speed domain. Conclusions The results suggest that the absence of cerebral microbleeds may be associated with a higher likelihood of a reversible cognitive impairment in stroke patients. The mechanism of how this occurs is not well understood.

Background and Purpose— Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are common in stroke survivors and the community-dwelling elderly. The clinical significance of CMB in the development of depression after a stroke is unknown. This study examined the association between poststroke depression (PSD) and CMB. Methods— A cohort of 235 patients with acute lacunar stroke admitted to the stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong was recruited. Three months after the onset of the index stroke, a research assistant administered the locally validated 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. PSD was defined as a Genetic Depression Scale score of ≥7. The presence and location of CMB were evaluated with MRI. Results— In comparison with the non-PSD group, PSD patients were more likely to have lobar CMB (33.3% versus 19.9%; P =0.022). Lobar CMB remained an independent predictor of PSD in the multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 2.08 ( P =0.032). Conclusions— The results suggest that lobar CMB may play a role in the development of PSD. The importance of CMB in the pathogenesis of depression in stroke survivors and the general elderly population warrants further investigation.

This study evaluated the impact of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 458 Chinese patients with first or recurrent acute ischemic stroke. HRQoL was assessed with the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Univariate analysis showed the presence of lobar CMBs to be negatively correlated with patients’ physical functioning (PF; p < 0.01), social function (SF; p < 0.01), and role-emotional (RE; p < 0.05) scores. Subsequent linear regression analysis revealed lobar CMBs to be independently associated with the PF and SF scores (p < 0.05). The limitations of this study include the exclusion of patients with more severe stroke, the lack of longitudinal assessments, the use of a generic rather than stroke-specific HRQoL scale, and the less than optimal sensitivity of the CMB measurement. The study findings suggest that CMBs have a significant impact on the HRQoL of stroke survivors.

Despite extensive research into poststroke depression (PSD), the role played by lesion location in the pathogenesis of PSD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to estimate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of PSD in Chinese patients with first or recurrent stroke. A total of 591 patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong were recruited. A psychiatrist assessed all the patients 3 months after the stroke. The psychiatrist used the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) to confirm whether the patients met the criteria of a depressive disorder. In addition, a host of demographic, clinical, and radiological variables were examined. A tota; of 475 and 116 patients had first and recurrent strokes, respectively. In all, 75 (12.7%) patients received a diagnosis of PSD. In univariate analysis of the MRI findings, the presence of infarcts in the frontal subcortical circuits ([FSC], 66.7% vs 53.3%) was significantly associated with PSD (P = .03) compared to the patients without PSD. The FSC infarct-PSD association remained significant (odds ratio = 2.6) in subsequent logistic regression analysis after adjusting for gender, history of depression, neurological impairment, level of social support, and major life events. In conclusion, FSC infarcts are independent predictors of PSD. Further work is needed to clarify whether these infarcts have an impact on the clinical presentation, treatment responses, and prognosis of PSD.

Objectives Insomnia is a common complaint in stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of insomnia symptoms in Chinese ischemic stroke survivors. Methods A comprehensive psychiatric assessment was performed involving 508 ischemic stroke patients 3 months after their first-ever or recurrent acute stroke. Insomnia symptoms were evaluated with a standard insomnia questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).The evaluation of the MRI scans focused on infarctions, white matter lesions, and microbleeds. Results One hundred and eight-six patients (36.6% of the sample) had insomnia symptoms. Sixty-four patients (12.6%) had insomnia symptoms with daytime consequences. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, GDS score (OR = 1.157, p

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify the factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of family caregivers of Chinese stroke patients. One hundred and twenty-three stroke patients consecutively admitted to a stroke clinic and their 123 family caregivers were recruited. The caregivers' HRQOLs were assessed with the Short Form 36 (SF-36). Two subscores of the SF-36, the Physical Component Summary and the Mental Component Summary Scores served as the dependent variables. Independent variables comprised patients and caregivers' demographic data and physical and psychological conditions in relation to caregivers' HRQOL. The severity of coexisting illnesses of both the patients and their caregivers was assessed using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was administered to rate both the patients and their caregivers' depressive symptoms. The extent of the patients' functional disability was assessed using the Barthel Index and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Global cognition of the patients was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination. The level of social support and recent life events of the caregivers were rated using Lubben Social Network Scale and the Modified Life Event Scale, respectively. The multiple linear regression revealed caregivers' Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and GDS score were associated with Physical Component Summary Score of SF-36. The patients and caregivers' GDS score were associated with Mental Component Summary Score of SF-36. Severity of depressive symptoms in Chinese stroke patients and their caregivers is an important factor associated with the caregivers' HRQOL. Further studies evaluating interventions on caregivers' HRQOL should include the assessment and management of mood disorders.

Objective: Anxiety disorders (ANDI) commonly occur in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) but their socio-demographic and clinical correlates have not yet been unequivocally determined. This study aimed to assess the frequency of ANDI and their correlates in Chinese PD patients. Methods: A cohort of 133 patients of PD were recruited from three neurology outpatient clinics. Participants' neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric status was assessed using standardized rating instruments. ANDI were diagnosed by qualified psychiatrists using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–4th Edition (SCID-DSM IV). Results: Thirty-six patients (27.1%) were diagnosed with some types of ANDI; Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Social Phobia were the commonest subtypes of ANDI in PD ( n = 11, 8.3%, in each of the three subtypes). Nine patients had more than one subtype of ANDI. In multivariate logistic regression, younger age of onset of PD [odds ratio (OR) =2.654, 95% confident intervals (CI) = 1.120–6.289, p = 0.027), Geriatric Depression Scale score (OR = 1.179, 95% CI = 1.056–1.316, p = 0.003) and muscle cramps (≥ 1/week) (OR = 2.605, 95% CI = 1.098–6.184, p = 0.030) were independent correlates of ANDI. Conclusions: ANDI are common in Chinese PD patients. Younger age of onset of PD, severity of depressive symptoms, and muscle cramps may be independent correlates of ANDI suggesting that anxiety in PD has multifactorial origin.

Objective This study aimed at determining the mean total sleep time (TST) and the relationship between sleep duration and basic socio-demographic factors and BMI sleep problems in Chinese subjects. Method A total of 5926 subjects were randomly selected and interviewed using standardized assessment tools. Results The reported mean TST was 7.76 h. Short sleepers were significantly older than medium and long sleepers. There were more urban residents who were short sleepers than medium and long sleepers. Short sleepers reported more sleep problems than medium and long sleepers. Short and long sleepers reported more psychiatric disorders than medium sleepers in both sexes, and short sleepers also had more major medical conditions in women. Short sleepers had a lower BMI than medium and long sleepers after controlling for the effects of age and psychiatric disorders in women. Conclusions Nationwide epidemiologic surveys in China are needed to further explore the relationship between sleep duration and sleep problems.

Tang W-K, Lu J-Y, Liang H, Chan T-T, Mok V, Ungvari GS, Wong K-S. Is insomnia associated with suicidality in stroke? Objective To evaluate the relationship between insomnia and suicidality (SI) in Chinese patients with first or recurrent stroke. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Acute stroke unit of a general hospital. Participants Patients (N=787) with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Suicidality (SI) was assessed with the Geriatric Mental State Examination at 3 months after subjects' index stroke. Insomnia symptoms were evaluated with a standard insomnia questionnaire. The association between insomnia symptoms and SI was examined and adjusted for potential confounders, including age, sex, marital status, previous stroke, depression, fatigue, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and neurologic deficits measured with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Results Eighty-seven patients (11.1%) were found to have SI (SI group). Frequent awakening was significantly more common in the SI group than in the non-SI group and remained a significant predictor of SI in forward logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 1.7) after adjusting for possible confounders. Conclusions These findings should alert clinicians to the potential danger of insomnia and the importance of its early identification and treatment in stroke patients.

Background and Purpose— This study examined the association between poststroke anxiety symptoms (PSA) and frontal lobe infarcts. Methods— A cohort of 693 patients was recruited. PSA was defined as an anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score of 8 or above. The presence and location of infarcts were evaluated with MRI. Results— Compared with the non-PSA group, PSA patients were more likely to have right frontal acute infarcts. Right frontal infarcts remained independent predictors of PSA in the multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 4.44 ( P =0.002). Conclusions— The results suggest that right frontal acute infarcts may play a role in the development of PSA.

Background Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are common in stroke survivors, although their clinical significance in the development of psychiatric conditions following stroke remains unknown. This study examines the association between post-stroke depression (PSD) symptom severity and CMBs. Methods Amongst the 4088 patients with acute ischemic stroke who had been admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong, between December 2004 and May 2009, 994 patients were recruited. A psychiatrist administered the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to all 994 patients and made a diagnosis of PSD three months after the index stroke. PSD symptom severity was assessed with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Seventy-eight patients were found to have PSD. The presence and location of CMBs were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Seventy-eight patients (7.8%) had PSD. CMBs were identified in 20 PSD patients. Relative to the no-CMB group, the mean GDS score of patients with lobar CMBs was significantly higher (12.6±2.6 versus 10.4±2.5, p=0.01 after adjusting for age, sex, global cognitive functions, neurological deficits and white matter hyperintensities). Limitations Patients with more severe stroke, those who died before the three-month follow-up and those who became depressed later were excluded, as were those unable to give their consent due to dementia or aphasia. These selection biases may limit the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions The results suggest that lobar CMBs may contribute to PSD symptom severity. The importance of CMBs in the pathogenesis of other psychiatric disorders in stroke survivors and other patient populations warrants further investigation.

Tang W-K, Lu J-Y, Mok V, Ungvari GS, Wong K-S. Is fatigue associated with suicidality in stroke? Objective To evaluate the relationship between poststroke fatigue and suicidality (SI) in Chinese patients with first or recurrent stroke. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Acute stroke unit of a general hospital. Participants Patients with acute ischemic stroke (N=595) admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures SI was assessed with the Geriatric Mental State Examination at 3 months after the subjects' index stroke. Fatigue was evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). The association between the mean FSS score and SI was examined and adjusted for potential confounders, including age, sex, marital status, previous stroke, depression, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and neurologic deficits in terms of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. Results Seventy-six (12.8%) of the patients had SI (the SI group). The FSS score was significantly higher in the SI group (4.0±1.4 vs 2.8±1.2). The FSS score remained a significant predictor of SI in the subsequent forward logistic regression (odds ratio=1.5), adjusting for the possible confounders. Conclusions These findings should alert clinicians that early identification and treatment of fatigue may reduce the suicidal risk in stroke patients.

Objective Despite extensive research on post-stroke depression (PSD), the role of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in its pathogenesis remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between WMHs and PSD in Chinese patients with first or recurrent stroke. Methods A cohort of 994 patients with acute ischaemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong was recruited. A psychiatrist administered the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to all patients and made a diagnosis of PSD 3 months after the index stroke. 78 (7.8%) patients had PSD; 78 stroke patients matched according to age and sex but without PSD served as a control group. The severity and location of WMHs were evaluated with MRI. Results In comparison with the non-PSD group, patients in the PSD group were more likely to have severe deep WMHs (12.8% vs 1.3%; p=0.009). Severe deep WMHs remained an independent predictor of PSD in the multivariate analysis with an OR of 13.8 (p=0.016). Conclusion The results suggest that WMHs may play a role in the development of PSD. The importance of WMHs in the treatment and outcome of PSD warrants further investigation.

Insomnia is a common complaint in stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of insomnia symptoms in Chinese ischemic stroke survivors.A comprehensive psychiatric assessment was performed involving 508 ischemic stroke patients 3 months after their first-ever or recurrent acute stroke. Insomnia symptoms were evaluated with a standard insomnia questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).The evaluation of the MRI scans focused on infarctions, white matter lesions, and microbleeds.One hundred and eight-six patients (36.6% of the sample) had insomnia symptoms. Sixty-four patients (12.6%) had insomnia symptoms with daytime consequences. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, GDS score (OR = 1.157, p 0.001) and acute frontal lobe infarction (OR = 1.933, p = 0.039) were significant predictors of insomnia symptoms, while the GDS score (OR = 1.251, p 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.959, p = 0.017) were significant predictors of insomnia symptoms with daytime consequences.Insomnia symptoms have a multi-factorial origin in stroke. Besides depressive symptoms, frontal lobe infarction and diabetes mellitus predict insomnia symptoms.

Background: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use, episodic heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence and their socio-demographic correlates in Beijing, China. Methods: A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected in Beijing and interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 1.0). Data on basic socio-demographic and current major medical conditions were also collected. Results: The 12-month prevalence of alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking were 32.5 and 13.8%, respectively. The 12-month and lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence were 1.7 and 4.3%, respectively. Age above 24 years, male sex, being married and employed, low education level (junior high school, primary school or illiterate), rural residence, and having comorbid psychiatric disorders were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol-related disorders. Only 2.4% of the subjects with alcohol dependence were receiving treatment, and a mere 1.4% had sought treatment from mental health professionals. Conclusions: Nationwide surveys are urgently needed to further explore the prevalence of alcohol-related disorders in China.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its sociodemographic correlates. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected and interviewed. FINDINGS: The overall 12-month and lifetime prevalence of GAD was 0.8%, and 1.2%, respectively. Being older than 25 years and female, lower education level, unemployed status, and lower (RMB2000/month) monthly income were associated with increased risk of GAD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The low percentage of subjects treated for GAD indicates a major public health problem that should be addressed. Language: en

IntroductionCerebral microbleeds (CMBs) may contribute to cognitive deficits in stroke. Cognitive impairment that does not meet the criteria for dementia (cognitive impairment no dementia [CIND]) is common in stroke, and patients with such impairment can revert to normal cognition.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of CMBs and remission of poststroke CIND.AimTo understand the evolution of poststroke cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) is bi-directional.Methods143 patients with CIND at three months after stroke were recruited and followed up for one year. Remission of CIND was defined as a conversion of cognitive status from CIND to cognitively intact at follow-up. MRI variables in terms of infarction, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and hippocampal volume were analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to find the predictors of the remission of poststroke CIND.Results30 (21.0%) out of the 143 patients converted to cognitive intact at follow-up. In univariate comparisons, subjects with remission of CIND had younger age (67.1 ± 9.5 vs.73.6 ± 7.6 years, p < 0.001) and higher education years (5.1 ± 4.0 vs.3.6 ± 4.0, p = 0.039). They also had lower WMHs volume (8.2 ± 8.2 vs. 18.6 ± 19.7 cm3, p < 0.001), lower frequency of CMBs (10.0% vs. 31.0%, p = 0.021) and lower volume of the lateral ventricle (33.3 ± 16.5 vs.42.6 ± 19.4 cm3, p = 0.017). In logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.913, 95%C.I. = 0.866–0.962, p = 0.001) and absence of CMBs (OR = 4.292, 95%C.I. = 1.174–15.625, p = 0.028) were significant predictors of remission of CIND.ConclusionsYounger age and absence of CMBs predict the remission of poststroke CIND.

IntroductionPrefrontal cortex and sex difference are involved in verbal fluency network described in normal participants. Stroke patients often have prefrontal cortex atrophy.ObjectivesTo investigate whether atrophy in subdivisions of prefrontal cortex and sex difference contribute to verbal fluency in non-aphasic stroke patients.AimTo understand the relationship between the atrophy of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and verbal performance in elderly poststroke women.Methods30 elderly (age> = 60 years old) women with non-aphasic ischemic stroke and 30 age-controlled stroke men recruited. Automatic segmentation methods were used to assess the volume of both sides of the whole prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex and dorsalateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as well as white matter lesions (WMLs) volume. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and semantic verbal fluency test (VFT, category: foods and animals) were administered at 3 and 15 months after the index stroke.ResultsThe mean (s.d) age was 73.3 ± 7.2 in women and 72.1 ± 6.9 in men. Men had higher education years, less diabetes and higher MMSE scores (p < 0.05). At 3 months after stroke, volume of the left DLPFC was significantly correlated with VFT score in women rather than men, even after controlled by age, education years, neurological deficit, diabetes, WMLs volume and infarct location (partial r = 0.477, p = 0.018). At 15 months, this correlation remained significant (partial r = 0.548, p = 0.006) in women.ConclusionSex difference may be present in the neuropsychological mechanism of verbal fluency impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease.

IntroductionLongitudinal studies of predicting dementia conversion of poststroke cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) are limited.ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and imaging predictors of dementia conversion in poststroke patients with CIND.AimTo understand dementia conversion of CIND.Methods143 patients with CIND (defined as impairment in at least one cognitive domain without meeting the criteria of dementia) at three months after stroke were recruited and followed up for one year. Dementia was diagnosed using the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, DSM-IV). MRI measurements including infarction, microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and hippocampal volume were conducted. Logistic regression was performed to find the predictors of dementia at follow-up.Results16 (11.2%) out of the 143 patients developed dementia 15 months after stroke. In univariate comparisons, subjects with dementia at follow-up had older age (78.0 ± 5.3 vs.71.5 ± 8.5 years, p = 0.003) and higher NIHSS score (7.1 ± 3.5 vs.4.7 ± 3.3, p = 0.005) on admission. They also had higher frequency of old infarcts in the thalamus (31.3% vs. 11.0%, p = 0.025), larger volume of old infarcts (4.2 ± 11.2 vs. 0.7 ± 2.6 cm3, p < 0.001) and WMHs volume (33.2 ± 34.0 vs. 14.2 ± 14.1 cm3, p = 0.016). In logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] =1.203, 95%C.I.=1.054-1.373, p = 0.006), NIHSS score on admission (OR = 1.324, 95%C.I.=1.082-1.619, p = 0.006) and WMHs volume (OR = 1.045, 95%C.I.=1.007-1.084, p = 0.019) were significant predictors of dementia at follow-up.ConclusionsWMHs volume predicts dementia in poststroke patients with CIND, suggesting subcortical ischemic vascular disease was an important origin of poststroke delayed dementia.