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Due to high growth rate, outstanding abiotic stress tolerance, and rich value-added substances, Chrysotila roscoffensis, belonging to the phylum of Haptophyta, can be considered as a versatile resource for industrial exploitation of bioactive compounds. However, the application potential of C. roscoffensis has drawn attention until just recently, and the understanding related to the biological properties of this species is still scarce. For example, the sensitivities of C. roscoffensis to antibiotics, which is essential for the verification of heterotrophic capacity and the establishment of efficient genetic manipulation system is still unavailable. Aiming to provide fundamental information for future exploitation, the sensitivities of C. roscoffensis to nine types of antibiotics were tested in this study. The results demonstrated that C. roscoffensis exhibited relatively high resistances to ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and geneticin, while was sensitive to bleomycin, hygromycin B, paromomycin, and chloramphenicol. Using the former five types of antibiotics, a bacteria removal strategy was established tentatively. Finally, the axenicity of treated C. roscoffensis was confirmed based on a multi-strategy method including solid plate, 16S rDNA amplification, and nuclear acid staining. This report can provide valuable information for the development of optimal selection markers, which are meaningful for more extensive transgenic studies in C. roscoffensis. Moreover, our study also paves the way for the establishment of heterotrophic/mixotrophic cultivation modes of C. roscoffensis.

Background The silicified cell wall of diatoms, also known as frustule, shows huge potential as an outstanding bio-nanomaterial for hemostatic applications due to its high hemostatic efficiency, good biocompatibility, and ready availability. As the architectural features of the frustule determine its hemostatic performance, it is of great interest to develop an effective method to modify the frustule morphology into desired patterns to further improve hemostatic efficiency.Results In this study, the gene encoding Silicalemma Associated Protein 2 (a silicalemma-spanning protein) of Cyclotella cryptica (CcSAP2) was identified as a key gene in frustule morphogenesis. Thus, it was overexpressed (OE) and knocked down (KD), respectively. The frustule of the OE line showed no obvious alteration in morphology compared to the wild type (WT), while the size, specific surface area (BET), pore volume, and pore diameter of the KD strain changed greatly. Particularly, the KD frustules achieved a more pronounced coagulation effect and in vivo hemostatic performance than the WT strains. Such observations suggest that silicalemma proteins are ideal genetic encoding targets for manipulating frustule morphology and associated hemostatic properties. Furthermore, the Mantel test was adopted to identify the key morphologies associated with C. cryptica bleeding control. Finally, based on our results and recent advances, a silica coordinating assembly model was proposed.Conclusion This study explores a new strategy for enhancing the hemostatic efficiency of the frustule based on genetic morphology modification and may provide insights into a better understanding of the frustule morphogenesis mechanism.

The ketocarotenoid fucoxanthin and its derivatives can absorb blue–green light enriched in marine environments. Fucoxanthin is widely adopted by phytoplankton species as a main light-harvesting pigment, in contrast to land plants that primarily employ chlorophylls. Despite its supreme abundance in the oceans, the last steps of fucoxanthin biosynthesis have remained elusive. Here, we identified the carotenoid isomerase-like protein CRTISO5 as the diatom fucoxanthin synthase that is related to the carotenoid cis–trans isomerase CRTISO from land plants but harbors unexpected enzymatic activity. A crtiso5 knockout mutant in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum completely lacked fucoxanthin and accumulated the acetylenic carotenoid phaneroxanthin. Recombinant CRTISO5 converted phaneroxanthin into fucoxanthin in vitro by hydrating its carbon–carbon triple bond, instead of functioning as an isomerase. Molecular docking and mutational analyses revealed residues essential for this activity. Furthermore, a photophysiological characterization of the crtiso5 mutant revealed a major structural and functional role of fucoxanthin in photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes of diatoms. As CRTISO5 hydrates an internal alkyne physiologically, the enzyme has unique potential for biocatalytic applications. The discovery of CRTISO5 illustrates how neofunctionalization leads to major diversification events in evolution of photosynthetic mechanisms and the prominent brown coloration of most marine photosynthetic eukaryotes.

In murine peritoneal and other serous cavities, Gata6 drives identity of the major resident cavity macrophage population, with a smaller subset of cavity macrophages dependent upon Irf4. Here we show that Gata6+ macrophages in the human peritoneum are rare, regardless of age. Instead, many aligned with CD206+LYVE1+ mouse cavity macrophages from a differentiation stage just preceding expression of Gata6. The comparatively low abundance of CD206+ converting macrophages in healthy C57BL/6J mice was sustained after high-fat diet feeding or in mice capture from the wild, suggesting that the major resident macrophages between the species share overlapping differentiation programs but differing predispositions to distinct differentiation stages. Irf4-dependent mouse serous cavity macrophages aligned closely with CD1c+CD14+CD64+ human peritoneal dendritic cells (DCs) that, in turn, resembled CD1c+CD14-CD64- peritoneal cDC2. Peritoneal DC1 and plasmacytoid DCs were rare in both species. This cross-species resource comparing mouse and human serous cavity immune cells will facilitate translational research.

In addition to being important primary productive forces in marine ecosystems, diatoms are also rich in bioactive substances such as triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin. However, little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of these substances. In this study, we found that the heat shock transcription factor PtHSF1 positively regulated the synthesis of triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Overexpression of PtHSF1 could increase the contents of triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin and upregulate key enzyme genes involved in the triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin biosynthesis pathways. On the other hand, gene silencing of PtHSF1 reduced the contents of triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin and the expression of the key enzyme genes involved in the triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin biosynthesis pathways. Further biochemical analysis revealed that PtHSF1 upregulated glycerol-2-phosphate acyltransferase 3 (GPAT3) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) by directly binding to their promoters, while genetic analysis demonstrated that PtHSF1 acted upstream of GPAT3 and DXS to regulate triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin synthesis. Therefore, in addition to elucidating the regulation mechanisms underlying PtHSF1-mediated triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin synthesis, this study also provided a candidate target for metabolic engineering of triacylglycerol and fucoxanthin in P. tricornutum.

Background Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common disease of chest wall deformity, with an incidence of 1 in 300—400 births. Nuss procedure has proved to be the best surgical treatment method and has been widely used after clinical use for 30 years. We aimed to review the clinical data of pectus excavatum (PE) of thoracoscopic Nuss procedure adopted the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, and compare it with the traditional curved bar bending method to explore the clinical application effect. Methods Forty-six cases of clinical data were summarized of children with PE who adopted the treatment of the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type from January 2019 to December 2021, and 51 cases were compared of PE children who adopted the treatment of traditional curved bar bending method from January 2016 to December 2018, including the data of age, gender, preoperative symptoms, symmetry, Haller index, operation time, bar bending time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, bar migration, postoperative effect evaluation, etc. Results The Procedure duration (P = 0.008), bar bending time (P P P = 0.93; Good, P = 0.80; Medium, P = 1.00; Poor, P = 1.00), bar migration (P = 1.00), postoperative complications (P = 1.00), Clavien- Dindo classification of surgical complications (I = 0.165; II = 1.00; IIIa = 1.00; IIIb = 1.00; VI = 1.00; V = 1.00), operative safety, and operative validity. Conclusion Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, which is a kind of surgical method worth applying and popularizing, and the advantages of minimally procedure duration, bar bending time, and duration of postoperative pain, compared with the traditional bar bending method.

Nitrogen is one of the main pollution sources in aquaculture system. Microalgae are considered as one of the ideal bio-absorbents used in wastewater purification, due to their nitrogen removal capacity and more importantly nutritional value. Nannochloropsis oceanica, Cyclotella atomus, and Conticribra weissflogii are famous as diet microalgae. However, estimation of nitrogen removal capability and concomitant nutritional properties of the three species have been rarely reported, which was performed in this study. N. oceanica, C. atomus, and C. weissflogii were cultivated with two initial nitrate-N concentration, noted as NC (13.85 mg·L–1) and NW (5 mg·L–1) groups, respectively. All the three microalgal strains in NC group showed higher maximum cell density, specific growth rate, and biomass concentration, maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), total Chlorophyll and carotenoids contents than that in NW group. These results confirmed the importance of nitrogen for microalgal biomass generation and photosynthetic performance. From Fv/Fm, N. oceanica has better adaptability towards nitrogen depletion compared to other two selected strains. The three microalgae exhibited significantly stronger nitrate-N absorption efficiencies in NC group at the same timepoint, compared to NW. Analyzing the average amount of nitrate-N absorbed by each cell daily, C. weissflogii gained the largest value, followed successively by C. atomus and N. oceanica, likely due to species specificity. Moreover, three strains removed 90% of nitrate-N within five days and 99% of that within seven days, showing splendid nitrogen removal potentials. These results confirmed the feasibility of removing nitrogen from wastewater with the selected three microalgae. Nutritional properties of microalgal biomass were also investigated. For the three species, lower nitrate-N was beneficial for the production of soluble sugar, total lipid, and saturated fatty acid, while higher nitrate-N led to more soluble protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid. In summary, N. oceanica, C. atomus, and C. weissflogii all showed strong nitrogen removal capacity, whose growth characteristics and nutritional properties varied with nitrogen concentration. In practical application for assimilating nitrogen, these findings could provide some references for the selection of suitable microalgae species in order to satisfy different nutritional requirements of various aquatic animals.

Mixtures of soft rock and sand have been applied extensively in the Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL, also known as the Mu Us Desert) to limit the loss of top soil by wind erosion. In this study, the efficacy of sand-fixing technology was investigated in a series of experiments. The sand-fixing effect of seven different mixtures (ratios) on soft rock and sand was evaluated in a wind tunnel. The results indicated that the MUSL soils are susceptible to wind erosion, as the textural composition of sand is dominated by coarse particles. MUSL soils dominated by silt and clay particle sizes are more resistant to wind erosion. Each soft rock and sand combination experiences severe wind erosion. However, wind erosion was significantly reduced when soft rock and sand were mixed. An increase in particle size was associated with an increase in the resistance of soft rock and sand mixtures to wind erosion. The ability to resist wind erosion was greatest when the ratio of soft rock and sand was between 1:2 and 1:5. This study provided data to support the approaches to sand-fixing commonly used at present in the MUSL. The results of this study have important practical significance for the improvement of agricultural land potential in dry sandy areas.

CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are potent mediators of anti-tumor immunity. We have previously identified a population of lymph node resident memory T cells (LN TRM) that are critical for protection against melanoma growth in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). However, the precursor population that gives rise to these cells, and mechanisms supporting their generation are not understood. Here we sought to define the features of tumor-specific T cells that govern their fate as TRM cells in TDLNs. We employed our previously described model wherein depletion of CD4+ T cells induces the generation of protective melanoma Ag-specific TRM cells throughout skin and LNs of B16 tumor-excised mice. To map the fate of TRM precursor cells (pre-TRM), we implemented paired scTCR/RNA sequencing of antigen-experienced (CD44+ CD8+) T cells from surgically harvested TDLNs of individual mice and identified clonotypes that matched to differentiated TRM cells in LNs and skin of the same mice 30 days later. Additionally, we tracked gp100-specific CD8+ transgenic T cells (pmel cells) in vivo to define requirements for LN TRM generation. Clonal tracing revealed that expanded clonotypes in TDLNs differentiated into TRM cells in LNs and skin of tumor-excised mice. Interestingly, there were no apparent differences in the transcriptional properties of pre-TRM clonotypes (in early TDLNs) that acquired a TRM fate in the skin versus the LN. These pre-TRM clonotypes in TDLNs clustered into three major subsets, one of which appeared terminally differentiated with high expression of cell cycle genes, and two of which had high expression of genes associated with memory (Il7r, Tcf7, Slamf6) and tissue residency (Cd69, Itgae, Cxcr6, Cxcr3). One of the two memory-like precursor clusters additionally expressed high levels of interferon responsive genes (Isg15, Isg20, Ifit1, Ifi47). Experiments involving pmel cell adoptive transfer and FTY720 treatment showed that pre-TRM cells seeded LNs early, underscoring the existence of a committed TRM precursor population. Based on the pronounced IFN-sensing signature in pre-TRM clonotypes, we sought to define a role for IFN in TRM formation. Using Mx-1-GFP reporter pmel cells, we found that type-1 IFN sensing reached peak levels in TDLNs during tumor growth. To test whether type-1 IFN sensing was required for TRM generation, responses were assessed in IFNAR1 KO mice and additionally in mice that received wild-type vs. IFNAR1 KO pmel T cells. Interestingly, in both cases the absence of IFNAR1 resulted in a reduction in TRM generation TDLNs but not in skin. Overall, these results reveal the features of tumor-specific pre-TRM cells in TDLNs, and demonstrate that early type 1 IFN sensing dictates tissue-specific TRM fate decisions, predisposing to TRM generation in LNs. Citation Format: Nikhil Khatwani, Aleksey Molodtsov, Cameron Messier, Jichang Han, Tyler Glenn Searles, Aaron R Hawkes, Fred W Kolling IV, Mary Jo Turk. Type-1 interferon sensing is critical for CD8+ resident memory (TRM) cell generation in tumor-draining lymph nodes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr LB360.

Cultivated land is an important prerequisite and guarantee for food production and security, and the change of cultivated land resources in China has always been concerned. National land survey is an effective way to accurately grasp the area and distribution of cultivated land resources. However, due to the differences in technical means and statistical standards at different stages, there are obvious breakpoints among the cultivated land area data of the three land surveys in China, which hinders the in-depth study of the spatio-temporal distribution of cultivated land resources in long-time series. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model is used to reconstruct and mine the cultivated land area data from 1996 to 2019 based on the data of the third land survey in China. The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of cultivated land area are explored by using Geographic Information System spatial analysis, and the driving factors of cultivated land change are analyzed based on Geographical Detector (GeoDetector) from the perspective of social, economic, agricultural and natural. The results show that the area of cultivated land in China decreased continuously from 1996 to 2019, with a sharp decrease from 1996 to 2004 and a slow decrease from 2005 to 2019. From 1996 to 2019, there were obvious spatial differences in the change of cultivated land area in 31 provincial units. From 1996 to 2008, the cultivated land area in 29 provinces showed a downward trend, especially in the central and northern regions such as Shaanxi, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia. From 2008 to 2019, the cultivated land area in the underdeveloped areas of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Gansu and Tibet increased significantly, while the rest showed a downward trend. Factor detection found that the q values of population, regional gross domestic product grain output, the proportion of the added value of the primary industry and average slope were all more than 0.5, which had an important impact on the change of cultivated land area. The explanatory power of the interaction between factors on the change of cultivated land area is enhanced in different degrees compared with the single factor effect, which is manifested in the enhancement of bilinear or nonlinear enhancement, and the interaction of different factors promotes the change of cultivated land area. The change of cultivated land area is the result of complex interaction between factors, and is closely related to the land policy in the same period.

Nannochloropsis has been considered as a promising feedstock for the industrial production of violaxanthin. However, a rational breeding strategy for the enhancement of violaxanthin content in this microalga is still vacant, thereby limiting its industrial application. All-trans-lycopene locates in the first branch point of carotenogenesis. The carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), catalyzing the lycopene formation, is thus regarded as a key enzyme for carotenogenesis. Phaeodactylum tricornutum can accumulate high-level carotenoids under optimal conditions. Therefore, it is feasible to improve violaxanthin level in Nannochloropsis by overexpression of PtCRTISO. Protein targeting analysis of seven PtCRTISO candidates (PtCRTISO1–6 and PtCRTISO-like) demonstrated that PtCRTISO4 was most likely the carotenoid isomerase of P. tricornutum. Moreover, the transcriptional pattern of PtCRTISO4 at different cultivation periods was quite similar to other known carotenogenesis genes. Thus, PtCRTISO4 was transformed into N. oceanica. Compared to the wild type (WT), all three transgenic lines (T1–T3) of N. oceanica exhibited higher levels of total carotenoid and violaxanthin. Notably, T3 exhibited the peak violaxanthin content of 4.48 mg g–1 dry cell weight (DCW), which was 1.68-folds higher than WT. Interestingly, qRT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated that phytoene synthase (NoPSY) rather than ζ-carotene desaturase (NoZDS) and lycopene β-cyclase (NoLCYB) exhibited the highest upregulation, suggesting that PtCRTISO4 played an additional regulatory role in terms of carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, PtCRTISO4 overexpression increased C18:1n-9 but decreased C16:1n-7, implying that C18:1 may serve as a main feedstock for xanthophyll esterification in Nannochloropsis. Our results will provide valuable information for the violaxanthin production from Nannochloropsis.

Visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (VIRS) is one of the most promising alternative techniques for soil organic matter (SOM) due to its direct response. In this study, partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Cubist combined with VIRS were utilized to develop the calibration model and evaluate the ability of machine learning models to predict soil organic matter content. A total of 190 surface soil samples (earth-cumulic-orthic anthrosols) were collected from the Weihe Plain of Shaanxi Province, China. The Kennard–Stone (KS) algorithm was employed to divide them into calibration and validation data. Moreover, the successive projections algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive weight weighting algorithm (CARS), and their combination (SPA + CARS) were utilized to select characteristic wavelengths and improve the predictive ability of the model. Different evaluation indices, including root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), the ratio of the performance to deviation (RPD), and the ratio of performance to interquartile range (RPIQ), were adopted to evaluate the accuracy of the model. In all cases, the AFS-SPA + CARS-Cubist method outperformed the PLSR, SVM, and ANN. For the Cubist model, the Rv2, RPD, and RPIQ ranged from 0.8629 to 0.9782, 0.8720 to 3.0203, and 2.005 to 4.4164, respectively. According to the results, combining VIRS with Cubist could accurately determine the SOM of earth-cumulic-orthic anthrosol soils of the Weihe Plain, China. Furthermore, SPA + CARS provided more precise calibration–validation models than SPA and CARS.

This study explored the profibrotic impact of high glucose in the lung and potential mechanisms using latent TGF-β1-induced human epithelial cell pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis models. Results demonstrated that high glucose administration induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner via activating latent TGF-β1, followed by increased expression of mesenchymal-related proteins and decreased expression of epithelial marker protein E-cadherin. Further mechanism analysis showed that administration of high glucose dose-dependently promoted total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in human epithelial cells, which promoted latent TGF-β1 activation. However, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS eliminator, inhibited such effects. An in vivo feed study found that mice given a high-glucose diet had more seriously pathological characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis in BLM-treated mice, including increasing infiltrated inflammatory cells, collagen I deposition, and the expression of mesenchymal-related proteins while decreasing the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. In addition, high glucose intake further increased TGF-β1 concentration and upregulated p-Smad2/3 and snail in lung tissues from BLM-treated mice when compared to BLM-treated mice. Finally, supplementation with high glucose further increased the production of lipid peroxidation metabolite malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in BLM-treated mice. Collectively, these findings illustrate that high glucose supplementation activates a form of latent TGF-β1 by promoting ROS accumulation and ultimately exacerbates the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

With the development of the economy and society, environmental pollution and resource waste problems are emerging, especially in agricultural production, and the adoption of ecological agricultural technologies is a prerequisite to alleviate ecological pressure. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model—Theory of Planned Behavior (TAM-TPB) and using research data from Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui provinces, this paper empirically analyzes the factors influencing farmers’ intention to adopt rice and shrimp crop technologies using the PLS-SEM method. The configuration path of high technology intention was further investigated by the fsQCA method. The results showed that: 1) farmers’ intention to adopt rice-shrimp crop technology was mainly positively influenced by behavioral attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavioral attitude; 2) Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a direct effect on farmers’ intention to adopt and an indirect effect with behavioral attitude as a mediating variable, while perceived ease of use had a positive effect and perceived usefulness did not. In doing so, four configuration paths of high technology acceptance intention were obtained. Given this, this paper makes relevant suggestions, suggesting that the relevant departments focus on the comprehensive benefits of rice-shrimp crop technology; agricultural technology departments provide technical assistance to farmers, and village committees organize regular inter-farmer exchanges.

Objective: Memory T cells play crucial roles in anti-tumor immunity. Tumor-associated resident memory T cells (TRM) have been associated with durable immune response and improved patient survival across multiple tumor types. SARC028, a phase II, multicenter trial of pembrolizumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, showed promising activity in select histologic subtypes of advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS), including dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS). However, there was only a 20% overall response rate. Notably, the patients who did respond to immunotherapy had durable responses, supporting our enthusiasm to understand the potential role for TRM in liposarcoma anti-tumor immunity. The characterization of memory T cells in liposarcoma, and whether TRM are present has not been explored. Design: Fresh retroperitoneal liposarcoma specimens from 8 patients: 3 well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) and 5 DDLPS were collected. Lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry using T-cell (CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8) and phenotypic markers (CD69, CD62L, CD103, CD49a, PD-1, TIM-3). Results: DDLPS had a 4-fold higher overall T-cell infiltration and a 2.5-fold higher CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratio than WDLPS. DDLPS contained CD8+ T cells with a CD45RA− CCR7− CD69hi CD62Llo phenotype, characteristic of a TRM response, and well as CD69lo effector memory T (TEM) cells. DDLPS had 3-fold more TRM than WDLPS. DDLPS had a much higher level of activated PD-1+ CD69+ CD8+ resident memory T-cell population compared to WDLPS. Additionally, the population of TRM had higher PD-1 expression compared to TEM in both DDLPS and WDLPS. Conclusions: These data suggest that TRM subsets may contribute to the responsiveness to anti-PD1 therapy in patients with DDLPS. Further investigations may lead to the discovery of TRM-targeted T-cell therapies in DDLPS, which currently has limited treatment options. Citation Format: Christina V. Angeles, Jichang Han, Jodi Wilkoswki, Scott Bresler. Resident memory T cells express PD-1 in high grade liposarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Sarcomas; 2022 May 9-12; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2022;28(18_Suppl):Abstract nr A007.

DNA damage repair plays a vital role in maintaining the genomic integrity of cells and has been exploited therapeutically in the treatment of cancer. We have previously demonstrated that the upregulation of CXorf67 in posterior fossa type A ependymoma sensitizes tumor cells to PARP inhibitors by suppressing the PALB2-BRCA2 protein-protein interaction (PPI). Here, we performed structure-based virtual screening of ∼2 million small molecular entities followed by NanoBiT-based screening, and determined that pentagalloylglucose (PGG) disrupts the PALB2-BRCA2 PPI. Structure-based molecular docking and in vitro binding affinity assays revealed that PGG occupies a well-defined binding groove in the tips of the fourth and fifth blades of the PALB2 WD40 domain. PGG reduces BRCA2 recruitment to DNA damage sites and inhibits the formation of RAD51 foci, suppressing homologous recombination repair. PGG also inhibits proliferation and survival in several cancer cell lines, including breast cancer and medulloblastoma cells, and suppresses the in vivo growth of tumor xenografts. Thus, PGG is a specific inhibitor of the PALB2-BRCA2 PPI, which has potential value in cancer treatment to sensitize tumors to PARP inhibitors and radiotherapy.

In view of the importance and difficulty of obtaining suitable rock mechanical parameters for rock, rotary penetration technology combines the advantages of the cone penetration test with rotary cutting, providing a new path towards collecting the relevant data. Indoor tests using a hollow drill have shown that differences in the sample material will not affect the results of rotary penetration tests. This paper introduces the theory that psychological factors will cause some deviation of the selection results and thus that the results need to be modified according to these psychological factors. A fast, intelligent integrated rotary penetration system contains the three modules of a psychological system, expert system, and neural network and can rapidly determine the mechanical parameters of rock and the level of engineering rock mass. The system is feasible and promising, providing detailed and accurate information for engineering predictions and design.

The soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization rate in sandy soil plays an important role in improving soil quality, and a research is needed to determine management practices that optimize the mineralization rate. When sandy soil is improved by adding soft rock, the specific promotion process of bacterium to SOC mineralization remain unclear. To investigate these mechanisms, we selected four treatments with soft rock to sand volume ratios of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (C1), 1:2 (C2) and 1:1 (C3) to study. The mineralization rate of organic carbon was measured using the lye absorption method. High-throughput sequencing and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the bacterial community structure and soil microstructure, respectively. The results showed that the organic carbon content of the sandy soil increased significantly (182.22–276.43%) after using the soft rock treatments. The SOC mineralization rate could be divided into two stages: a rapid decline during days 1–8 and a slow decline during days 8–60. With increased incubation time, the intensity of the cumulative release of organic carbon gradually weakened. Compared with the CK treatment, the SOC mineralization accumulation (Ct) and the potential mineralizable organic carbon content (C0) in the C1, C2, and C3 treatments increased significantly, by 106.98–225.94% and 112.22–254.08%, respectively. The cumulative mineralization rate (Cr) was 18.11% and 21.38% smaller with treatments C2 and C3, respectively. The SOC mineralization rate constant (k) decreased significantly after the addition of soft rock, while the half-turnover period (Th) changed inversely with k. Compared with the CK treatment, the number of gene copies of the soil bacteria increased by 15.38–272.53% after adding soft rock, with the most significant increase in treatment C3. The bacterial diversity index also increased significantly under treatment C3. The three dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The correlation between Cr and one of the non-dominant bacteria, Firmicutes, was large, and the bacteria had a significant positive correlation with k. At the same time, the abundance of Firmicutes under treatments C2 and C3 was small. As the proportion of soft rock increased, the soil particles changed from point contact to surface contact, and the adhesion on the surface of the particles gradually increased. Results from this study show that the retention time of SOC can be increased and the carbon sequestration effect is better when the ratio of soft rock to sand is set to 1:2.

Comparing to conventional laboratory methods, visible–near-infrared reflectance (vis–NIR) spectroscopy is a more practical and cost-effective approach for estimating soil physical and chemical properties. This paper aims to build statistical machine learning models to investigate the efficiency of spectral data for comprehensive evaluation of the soil quality indicators. Seventeen physical and chemical properties were measured using standard methods as indicators of soil quality. Soil samples were scanned in the laboratory in the vis–NIR range (350–2500 nm), the calibration set of 31 samples and the validation set of 13 samples for cross-validation and independent validation; twenty-four preprocessing methods were tested to improve predictions, and a partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to predict soil quality indicators. Comparing model indices, the model constructed based on the PLSR machine learning method has a good predictive power (R2 > 0.9, ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) > 3.0). For physical and chemical properties, the bulk density (BD, R2 = 0.97, RPD = 5.90), soil organic matter (SOM, R2 = 0.98, RPD = 8.56), pH (R2 = 0.95, RPD = 4.40), and TN (R2 = 0.98, RPD = 6.67) concentration were predicted. This indicates that the method is suitable for the prediction of these soil elements in this study area. For the heavy properties, except for Mn, Zn, Cd, and As, the other five heavy metal concentrations were well predicted. It can be seen that the prediction ability of the construction model is Hg, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu in order of superiority to inferiority. The results show that a combination of spectroscopic and chemometric techniques can be applied as a practical, rapid, low-cost, and quantitative approach for evaluating soil physical and chemical properties in Shaanxi, China.

Individual entrepreneurial behaviors will be affected by their attitudes and environmental factors. Therefore, entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial environment interpret the entrepreneurial behavior mechanism of farmers from the perspectives of internal and external factors. This manuscript is based on a survey data of farmers in five western provinces in China. Using structural equation modeling, the mechanism of the effects of farmers’ entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial environment on entrepreneurial behavior was analyzed empirically. The research results show that individual entrepreneurial attitudes and the external entrepreneurial environment cannot directly affect entrepreneurial behavior, and both will be through entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The sense of entrepreneurship indirectly affects entrepreneurial behavior, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy plays an intermediary role. The “entrepreneurial behavior structure” model proposed in this manuscript points out that cultivating entrepreneurial attitudes and creating an entrepreneurial environment cannot directly promote entrepreneurial behavior of farmers, but must stimulate farmers’ entrepreneurial behavior. The sense of self-efficacy provides a direction for the promotion of policy formulation and practical guidance for farmers’ entrepreneurship.

Fructose is a commonly used food additive and has many adverse effects on human health, but it is unclear whether fructose impacts pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-β1, a potent fibrotic inducer, is produced as latent complexes by various cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, and must be activated by many factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study explored the impact of fructose on pulmonary fibrotic phenotype and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using lung epithelial cells (A549 or BEAS-2B) and the underlying mechanisms. Fructose promoted the cell viability of lung epithelial cells, while N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) inhibited such. Co-treatment of fructose and latent TGF-β1 could induce the fibrosis phenotype and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression, increasing lung epithelial cell migration and invasion. Mechanism analysis shows that fructose dose-dependently promoted the production of total and mitochondrial ROS in A549 cells, while NAC eliminated this promotion. Notably, post-administration with NAC or SB431542 (a potent TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor) inhibited fibrosis phenotype and EMT process of lung epithelial cells co-treated with fructose and latent TGF-β1. Finally, the fibrosis phenotype and EMT-related protein expression of lung epithelial cells were mediated by the ROS-activated latent TGF-β1/Smad3 signal. This study revealed that high fructose promoted the fibrotic phenotype of human lung epithelial cells by up-regulating oxidative stress, which enabled the latent form of TGF-β1 into activated TGF-β1, which provides help and reference for the diet adjustment of healthy people and patients with fibrosis.

Kaolinite clay mineral with a layered silicate structure is an abundant resource in China. Due to its advantages of excellent stability, high specific surface area and environmental friendliness, kaolinite is widely used in environment decontamination. By using kaolinite as a carrier, the photocatalytic technology in pure photocatalysts of poor activities, narrow spectral responses, and limited electron transport can be overcome, and the nano-Ag disinfectant’s limitation of the growth and aggregation of nanoparticles is released. Moreover, pure kaolinite used as an adsorbent shows poor surface hydroxyl activity and low cation exchange, leading to the poor adsorption selectivity and easy desorption of heavy metals. Current modification methods including heat treatment, acid modification, metal modification, inorganic salt modification, and organic modification are carried out to obtain better adsorption performance. This review systematically summarizes the application of kaolinite-based nanomaterials in environmental decontamination, such as photocatalytic pollutant degradation and disinfection, nano silver (Ag) disinfection, and heavy metal adsorption. In addition, applications on gas phase pollutant, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), capture and the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also discussed. This study is the first comprehensive summary of the application of kaolinite in the environmental field. The review also illustrates the efficiency and mechanisms of coupling naturally/modified kaolinite with nanomaterials, and the limitation of the current use of kaolinite.

While T-cell responses to cancer immunotherapy have been avidly studied, long-lived memory has been poorly characterized. In a cohort of metastatic melanoma survivors with exceptional responses to immunotherapy, we probed memory CD8+ T-cell responses across tissues, and across several years. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed three subsets of resident memory T (TRM) cells shared between tumors and distant vitiligo-affected skin. Paired T-cell receptor sequencing further identified clonotypes in tumors that co-existed as TRM in skin and as effector memory T (TEM) cells in blood. Clonotypes that dispersed throughout tumor, skin and blood preferentially expressed an IFNG/TNF-high signature, which had a strong prognostic value for patients with melanoma. Remarkably, clonotypes from tumors were found in patient skin and blood up to 9 years later, with skin maintaining the most focused tumor-associated clonal repertoire. These studies reveal that cancer survivors can maintain durable memory as functional, broadly distributed TRM and TEM compartments. Turk and colleagues analyze exceptional responders to checkpoint blockade for melanoma, and detect tissue-resident memory and effector memory T-cell clonotypes in skin and blood, respectively, up to 9 years after treatment.

The aim of this study was to screen plant species for remediation of oil-polluted soil in a semi-arid loess area. Pot experiments were conducted to test six indigenous plant species: ryegrass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca ovina), wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), erect milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens), and caragana (Caragana korshinskii). Loessial soil was spiked with crude oil at five pollution levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%, w/w). We analyzed plant growth parameters at different stages, soil oxidoreductase activities, and oil degradation rate under different treatments. Soil pollution by oil negatively affected the germination rate, plant height, and biomass of all six species while inhibiting soil dehydrogenase and catalase activities. These inhibitory effects increased with increasing oil pollution level, with 2% and 1% being the critical levels at which plant growth and soil oxidoreductase activities were significantly inhibited, respectively. Both oxidoreductase activities in the rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than those in the bulk soil, which led to a considerable increase in the degradation rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in the rhizosphere. The plants showed varying remediation effects in the oil-polluted soil. Erect milkvetch and caragana showed potential for remediation of soil below the 0.5% pollution level, alfalfa for soil below the 1% pollution level, and ryegrass, tall fescue, and wheatgrass for soil below the 4% pollution level. The oil pollution level was negatively correlated with plant height, biomass, oxidoreductase activities, and TPH degradation rate for the six plants (p

This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs. Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion.

Remote sensing based vegetation index provides a practical method for the monitoring of vegetation dynamics at regional and global scales. Here, using a long-term remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset, we quantified the vegetation changes in the Loess Plateau (LP) over the last three decades (1982–2015), which includes the period before the Chinese“Grain for Green Program”(GGP) was launched (1982–1999), and the period after the GGP (1999–2015). The correlations between the NDVI and four climate related variables, i.e., precipitation, temperature, root-soil moisture (RSM), and a drought proxy-standardized evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI), were also examined. The results indicated that, (i) the GGP strongly changed the vegetation in the LP. The growing-season mean NDVI (GSM-NDVI) and the annual mean NDVI (AM-NDVI) decreased slightly before the GGP launched in 1999, with slopes of −3.38 × 10−3 and − 8.00 × 10−4 year−1, respectively. However, they showed slight and significant (p

According to the specific conditions of the region, we sought to determine appropriate soil materials for improving soil conditions after the reclamation of hollow villages into cultivated land and for quickly restoring agricultural production. The test plot consisted of seven treatments with an area of 5 m × 6 m (30 m2) each, and each treatment included three replicates. The plot was filled with raw soil (old wall soil) from an abandoned homestead in Yuzihe Village, Yaotou Town, Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province, China. The test design was completely randomised with seven treatments: fly ash (T1), organic fertiliser (chicken manure) (T2), improver (ferrous sulphate) (T3), fly ash + organic fertiliser (T4), improver + organic fertiliser (T5), fly ash + improver (T6) and no fertilisation measures (T0). The modified materials were mixed evenly with raw soil then applied to a depth of 0–30 cm onto the test plot. After adding the various modified materials, the soil bulk density decreased by 6.52–14.49% and total soil porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity increased by 7.09–15.75%, 3.14–12.67% and 15.57–38.47%, respectively. The soil permeability coefficient increased by 5.75–10.75×. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in reclaimed hollow village soil increased by 12.50–66.44%, 15.15–20.00%, 6.58–64.62% and 18.24–26.82%, respectively, relative to that of T0. Only T4, T2, T6 and T5 significantly increased maize yield and water use efficiency compared with T0. The other treatments did not significantly improve maize yield or water use efficiency. Organic fertiliser and fly ash composite was an appropriate amendment for improving reclaimed soil in a hollow village in a loess hilly gully region.

Uncontrollable hemorrhage is the main cause of death in military and civilian accidents. It is therefore necessary and an urgent requirement to develop a safe and efficient hemostatic material. In this study, the hemostatic performance of frustules of three centric diatom species (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira sp., and Cyclotella cryptica) with similar shapes and different sizes was investigated. The complicated structure of T. weissflogii, leading to its highest BET surface area (169.5 m2 g-1) and liquid absorption (51.4 ± 1.6 times the weight of liquid), exhibited the shortest hemostasis time (158 ± 8.19 s) in in vitro blood coagulation. Thalassiosira sp. had a shorter hemostasis time (167.33 ± 14.74 s) than that of QuikClot® and C. cryptica, indicating that diatom size also played an important role in hemostasis due to the interface reaction between the material and plasma protein. The in vivo hemostasis results further confirmed this conclusion. Diatom frustules also exhibited favorable blood compatibility (

It is attractive to explore practical approaches to optimize the photodegraded NO property of TiO2. Herein, a typical Z-shaped heterojunction C-TiO2/rGO composed of carbon-doped TiO2 and reductive graphene oxide (rGO) was constructed to optimize the NO removal efficiency through an in situ one-pot hydrothermal process with glucose as reductant and dopant. The C-TiO2/rGO (0.11%) composite displays a remarkable NO removal performance of 40.6% under visible light illumination. It was found that the C-TiO2 nanoparticles were tightly attached to the rGO sheets and had strong interactions with rGO, which induced a positive impact on not only the light absorption and photo-generated charge separation but also the NO adsorption and reactive oxygen species formation, resulting in boosted photodegrade NO activity. As to the photodegrade NO process over the C-TiO2/rGO, the HO• and O2 •− were the dominant radicals, of which the O2 •− radical originated from the interactions between C-TiO2 and rGO. We proposed a Z-scheme mechanism to illuminate the advanced photocatalytic activity of C-TiO2/rGO. This work affords an approach to developing effective photocatalysts in the NO purification field.

Heavy metal pollution in soils is an issue of global concern, and many scholars have focused on Cadmium (Cd) because of its strong biological migration and toxicity. This study explored arable land soil, changes in external Cd contamination processes and its response to soil moisture conditions, and indoor simulation. After adding an external source of 5 mg/kg d.w., the distribution of soil Cd fractions content, EXC-Cd, CAB-Cd, FMO-Cd, OM-Cd, and RES-Cd, were continuously monitored under different water management regimes, and correlation analysis and regression equations were calculated. The results show that after external Cd entered arable land soils, the binging strength of pollutants and soil gradually increased with incubation time, and the distribution of Cd chemical forms was more stable under different water management regimes. The oversaturated water content promotes the transformation of EXC-Cd to other forms. The transformation of CAB-Cd fractions can be accelerated to other fractions by field capacity, and the active conversion period was 30–60 d. Not all Cd fractions correlated between each other, under the four water management regimes, but it seems that the reducibility of the soil environment was more conducive to external Cd fixation and stability. The response surface design method (RSM) was used to establish quantitative regimes between Cd fractions with incubation time and soil moisture, and the soil moisture content and incubation time had an obvious effect on FMO-Cd content, with R2 = 0.9542.

The storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) should improve soil fertility. Conventional determination of SOC is expensive and tedious. Visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a practical and cost-effective approach that has been successfully used SOC concentration. Soil spectral inversion model could quickly and efficiently determine SOC content. This paper presents a study dealing with SOC estimation through the combination of soil spectroscopy and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR). Spectral measurements for 106 soil samples were acquired using an ASD FieldSpec 4 standard-res spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm). Six types of transformations and three regression methods were applied to build for the quantification of different parent materials development soil. The results show that (1)the basaltic volcanic clastics development of SOC spectral response bands located in 500 nm, 800 nm; Trachyte spectral response of the soil quality, and the volcanic clastics development at 405 nm, 465 nm, 575 nm, 1105 nm. (2) Basaltic volcanic debris soil development, first deviation of maximum correlation coefficient is 0.8898; thick surface soil of the development of rocky volcanic debris from bottom reflectivity logarithm of first deviation of maximum correlation coefficient is 0.9029. (3) Soil organic matter content of basaltic volcanic clastics development optimal prediction model based on spectral reflectance inverse logarithms of first deviation of SMLR. Independent variable number is 7, Rv2 = 0.9720, RMSEP = 2.0590, sig = 0.003. Trachyte qualitative volcanic clastics developed soil organic matter content of the optimal prediction model based on spectral reflectance inverse logarithms of first deviation of PLSR. Model number of the independent variables Pc = 5, Rc = 0.9872, Rc2 = 0.9745, RMSEC = 0.4821, SEC = 0.4906, forecasts determine coefficient Rv2 = 0.9702, RMSEP = 0.9563, SEP = 0.9711, Bias = 0.0637.

Microalgae possess many advantages, but the lack of a suitable strategy to simultaneously facilitate their low cost cultivation and high value productions limits their commercial applications. In this study, two microalgae strains (RT_C and RT_F) isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant were used to establish a two-step wastewater treatment process. During step-1, RT_C was cultivated in composite wastewater due to its high tolerance of sludge centrate; followed by step-2, in which the supernatant generated from RT_C culture was used to cultivate RT_F. The NH4+-N, PO43--P, and COD in the wastewater were removed almost completely using this strategy. Moreover, the majority of the metal ions in the wastewater were absorbed by RT_C during step-1, and thus the powdered RT_F only contained low levels of toxic metals. Our results demonstrate that this two-step process is effective for removing pollutants and while generating a powder sufficiently clean for extracting valuable compounds.

It is increasingly essential to develop excellent materials for rapid hemorrhage control. Our previous study showed that centric diatoms such as frustules were superior to QuikClot® in hemostasis, however, related studies in pennate diatoms are still scarce. The morphological and physicochemical properties of pennate diatoms are quite different from those of centric diatoms, meaning that significant differences may also be observed from their hemostatic effects. Thus, the hemostasis effects of four pennate diatom frustules (Cocconeiopsis orthoneoides, Navicula avium, Navicula sp., and Pleurosigma indicum) were investigated in this study. Herein, all diatom frustules demonstrated outstanding hemostasis performance. For example, the in vitro coagulation time of C. orthoneoides (100.33 ± 9.5 s) was 32.4% lower than that of QuikClot®. Meanwhile, the hemostatic times of C. orthoneoides in the rat tail amputation and femoral artery models were 82 s and 180 s, respectively, only around one-half and one-third of the QuikClot® values. Moreover, the blood loss amounts of C. orthoneoides in the rat tail amputation and femoral artery model were 73.4% and 61% less than that of QuikClot®. Besides that, diatom frustules also exhibited favorable biocompatibility (hemolysis ratio5%, MEFs cell viabilities80%, and no inflammation). To find out the key factors underlying the hemostatic effect of frustules, Pearson correlation analysis was further performed in this study. The results demonstrated that the coagulation reaction time (R) was negatively correlated with the specific surface area and liquid absorbability but positively with the diatom pore diameter. The angle α, indicating the clot formation rate, was negative to the diatom size and pore diameter. Additionally, MA also showed a negative correlation with the BET value. This study can enrich our knowledge about the application potential of diatoms in the field of bleeding control and is helpful in deepening our understanding about the hemostatic mechanism of frustules.

Long-lived memory CD8(+) T cells play important roles in tumor immunity. Studies over the past two decades have identified four subsets of memory CD8(+) T cells - central, effector, stem-like, and tissue resident memory - that either circulate through blood, lymphoid and peripheral organs, or reside in tissues where cancers develop. In this article, we will review studies from both pre-clinical mouse models and human patients to summarize the phenotype, distribution and unique features of each memory subset, and highlight specific roles of each subset in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, we will discuss how stem-cell like and resident memory CD8(+) T cell subsets relate to exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) populations. These studies reveal how memory CD8(+) T cell subsets together orchestrate durable immunity to cancer.

The nature of the anti-tumor immune response changes as primary tumors progress and metastasize. We investigated the role of resident memory (Trm) and circulating memory (Tcirm) cells in anti-tumor responses at metastatic locations using a mouse model of melanoma-associated vitiligo. We found that the transcriptional characteristics of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were defined by the tissue of occupancy. Parabiosis revealed that tumor-specific Trm and Tcirm compartments persisted throughout visceral organs, but Trm cells dominated lymph nodes (LNs). Single cell RNA sequencing profiles of LN Trm and skin Trm cells in LN and skin were distinct, but shared clonotypes that occupied both tissues were preferentially overwhelmingly maintained as Trm in LNs. Whereas Tcirm cells prevented melanoma growth in the lungs, Trm afforded long-lived protection against melanoma seeding in LNs. Expanded Trm populations were also present in melanoma-involved LNs from patients, and their transcriptional signature predicted better survival. Thus tumor-specific Trm cells persist in LNs, restricting metastatic cancer.

In this study, we reported calcium-doped biosilica (Ca-biosilica) with multiple hemostatic properties derived from Coscinodiscus sp. frustule. The incorporation of calcium into the diatom frustule was achieved by a simple biosynthetic route through feeding the diatoms with calcium chloride, which was confirmed by calcein staining and EDXS. Ca-Biosilica exhibited an efficient water absorption ratio (36.36 ± 1.44 times its own weight of liquid), superior compatibility (hemolysis ratio

To increase reserve farmland resources, ensure food security, and to improve the ecological environment, large-scale gully regulation projects in Yan'an area of the Loess Plateau have been undertaken in China since 2013. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of slope soil moisture during the rainy season is, therefore, important for vegetation selection used in restoration measures in this area. The temporal stability of soil water content in the upper 100 cm soil depth in a gully regulation watershed was examined using six measurements taken during the rainy season (May–November 2016). Temporal stability analysis of the soil water content was undertaken using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the relative difference method. Results showed that soil water content in the 0–50 cm and 0–100 cm soil depths demonstrated moderate temporal and spatial variability, and soil water content variability gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil water content in both depths had strong temporal stability, having a positive correlation with soil depth. Furthermore, temporal stability may decrease with increasing soil water content (p

Exploring water movement characteristics in oil-polluted soils could facilitate the understanding of soil stress resistance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oil pollution on water movement in soils with different textures and explore the underlying mechanisms. A heavy loam (Earth-cumuli-Orthic Anthrosols, EOA), a light loam (Hapli-Ustic Cambosols, HUC), and a sandy loam (Usti-Sandic Primosols, USP) were spiked with different levels of crude oil (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%, w/w). Soil water movement parameters, including saturated hydraulic conductivity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and specific water capacity were measured. Soil water availability under different levels of oil pollution was also analyzed. According to the results, saturated hydraulic conductivity of all three soils decreased with an increase in the level of oil pollution, as did the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of HUC and USP. Under 4% oil pollution, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the EOA, HUC, and USP decreased by 52.8%, 81.7%, and 39.6%, compared with their respective unpolluted soils, while the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of HUC and USP decreased by 78.0% and 39.9% at 20% soil water content. In addition, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of EOA decreased with an increase in oil pollution level when the soil water content was >25%; however, a reverse trend was observed at soil water content

While immune responses against primary tumors are critically important, T cells must also be capable of functioning at sites where cancers metastasize. Here we investigated how resident memory (TRM) and circulating memory (TCIRCM) CD8 T cells potentiate immunity to cancer in diverse tissue microenvironments. Based on a mouse model of immunity to melanoma with associated autoimmune vitiligo, we show that tumor-specific memory T cells are capable of forming a widespread network of transcriptionally distinct subsets, throughout lymphoid tissues and visceral organs. Among these, we discovered a population of TRM cells that reside durably within LNs, where they protect against invading melanoma cells. These LN-resident memory (LN TRM) cells adopt a transcriptional program that is distinct from TRM cells in other tissues, and which uniquely predicts survival in melanoma patients with regional LN metastases. This work reveals a novel role for TRM cells in durable immunity to cancer at crucial sites of metastasis.