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The lack of consideration of subjective design intents hinders the application of performance-based design optimization to architectural design because building performance is not the only aspect that designers need to solve. In response, this study proposes a method integrating subjective design intents into performance-based design optimization using soft constraints. To demonstrate the method, a case study is presented, where the design optimization continuously provides feedback to the designer and helps them reformulate and redefine the design problem. The case study shows how the application of design optimization and soft constraints is able to assist designers in identifying implicit and hidden design problems and stimulate design exploration at the early design stage.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Independent sample test of age.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Genotyping feasibility assessment of candidate SNPs. Priority "Fail" was not genotyped, and one of the linkage SNPs (red) was selected for genotyping. Supplementary Figure 2. P-P plot shows that the age is normally distributed. The data points all fall on the obliqueline of 45°, showing strong normality. Supplementary Figure 3. Association analysis of 14 SNPs with clinical test indexes in HCC patients. (A) Association analysis of 14 SNPs with AFP in HCC patients. (B) Association analysis of 14 SNPs with AST in HCC patients. (C) Association analysis of 14 SNPs with ALT in HCC patients. (D) Association analysis of 14 SNPs with AST/ALT ratios in HCC patients. Model 1 is the TCTTGC/TCTTGC+TCTTGC/T genetic model of rs10589312. Model 2 is the CC+C/CA genetic model of rs11438260. The values in red italics are statistically significant. The size of the indicator is represented by the median value (inter quartile range).