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Our country maintained the posture of disclosing the identity of violent crime suspects in detail until the 1990s. In the wake of a female middle schooler sex violence incident at Miryang in 2004, personal information of assailant students was disclosed, prompting the controversy on human rights violation, and police, in order to protect human rights of the suspects, avoided the identity disclosure for the suspects by covering them with caps and masks. As in October 4, 2005, ''Rules of Police Officers for Human Rights Protection'' and ‘Regulations for Human Rights Protection’ were enacted, investigation agencies began not to disclose personal information of suspects such as face. And National Human Rights Commission of the ROK also ruled that disclosure of the identity of suspects in the course of investigation prior to indictment violated personality rights and portrait rights. But as, around 2010, violent crimes repeatedly continued to take place, public opinion was again in favor of disclosing the identity of suspects. Particularly Chosun Ilbo and Joongang Ilbo disclosed the face of Kang XSun in January 31, 2009, breaking the practice of not disclosing the identity of the suspects until being found guilty. This triggered the controversy about disclosing the face of suspects. Then, in March 2010, the face of Kim XTae was disclosed in many media outlets, resulting in the disclosing the identity of suspects as a practice. Positively reflecting people''s sentiments and media''s movement as such, the National Assembly newly enacted Clause 8-2 ‘Special Cases regarding Punishment of Certain Violent Crimes’ to prepare the base regulation regarding the disclosure of suspect’s face. The issue of whether or not to disclose the identity of violent crime suspects as above has become the national interest whenever a specific incident took place. And as a matter of fact, currently plenty of legal and policy-wise issues are being pointed out in the process of the enforcement. Under the circumstances, this study sought to point out the issues in detail focused on the content and operating state of the current system of disclosing the identity of violent crime suspects. ① Related with the principle of presumption of innocence ② Related with inconsistent disclosure focused on the criteria of judgment, the main principal of judgment, period of going public, method of going public ③ Related with the purpose of the identity disclosure system focused on guaranty of people''s right to know, prevention of repeated crimes, prevention of crimes, finding of additional criminal facts ④ Related with due process focused on lack of securing appeal right, lack of control by the judiciary, formality of defining the system, causing harm to the suspect''s family. The study, rather than suggesting the reasonable methods to improve the current system, ultimately would like to argue in favor of complete abolition of the current system of disclosing the identity of violent crime suspects.

Supplemental material, 2020_05_18_A549_ARPE19_Supple_Figures_R1 for Cell-specific expression of ENACα gene by FOXA1 in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway by Young Sun Chung, Hong Lan Jin and Kwang Won Jeong in International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology

Topological photonics provides a fundamental framework for robust manipulation of light, including directional transport and localization with built-in immunity to disorder. Combined with an optical gain, active topological cavities hold special promise for a design of light-emitting devices. Most studies to date have focused on lasing at topological edges of finite systems or domain walls. Recently discovered higher-order topological phases enable strong high-quality confinement of light at the corners. Here we demonstrate lasing action of corner states in a nanophotonic topological cavity. We identify four multipole corner modes with distinct emission profiles via hyperspectral imaging and discern signatures of non-Hermitian radiative coupling of leaky topological states. In addition, depending on the pump position in a large-size cavity, we selectively generate lasing from either edge or corner states within the topological bandgap. Our findings introduce pathways to engineer collective resonances and tailor generation of light in active topological circuits., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures

해양의 연안생태계는 지구에서 종다양성과 생산성이 가장 높 은 곳이며(De Forges et al., 2000), 기초생산자인 해조류는 다 양한 해양 동·식물의 서식처(착생기질, 산란장, 생육장)로서 생 태적 서비스를 제공한다(Lindstrom, 2009). 따라서, 생산자인 해조류의 종별 형태, 크기와 군집에서 개체군 종류, 종조성 및 생물량 등은 이를 이용하는 해양생물의 종다양성과 밀접한 관 련이 있으므로 해조류의 군집구조를 파악하는 것은 연안생태 계의 먹이망을 이해하는데 필수적인 요소이다(Hooper et al., 2005; Lindstrom, 2009). 또한, 해조류의 군집구조는 시·공간 적으로 변화하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 이는 인간의 직· 간접적인 활동으로 인한 수질환경(부영양화, 수질오염, 퇴적물 증가 등)과 기후 변화(수온상승과 해양산성화 등), 나아가 이러 한 무생물적 환경의 변화로 인한 생물학적 상호작용인 경쟁과 섭식압의 변화 때문이다(Tribollet and Vroom, 2007; Szmant 2002). 환경오염과 부영양화가 심한 해역에서는 해조류의 종 다양성이 감소하여 단순화된 군집구조를 보임으로써 해조류의 종조성과 군집구조는 암반 연안생태계의 환경 상태를 확인하 는 생물학적 지시자(biological indicator)로 활용된다고 하였다 (Wells et al., 2007). 한국의 남해안(부산광역시 해운대전남 해남군 토말)은 리아 스식 해안으로 해류의 변화가 심하고, 해역에 따라 물리적 환 경(수온, 탁도 등)이 달라서, 해역별 해조류의 종조성과 군집구 한국 남해안 정자도의 해조상 및 군집구조 변화 유현일·정보경·박정광·허진석·박미선 ·최한길*

GABA는 포유류의 신경전달물질의 분비를 억제하며, 신경안정 작용, 스트레스 해소, 우울증 완화, 불면 등에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 곡류식품에 존재하는 GABA 함량은 일반미 1∼4 mg/100 g, 현미 4∼8 mg/100 g으로 알려져 있지만, 그 함량이 낮아 자연 식품으로부터 섭취하는 양으로는 생리활성을 기대하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 mono sodium glutamate (MSG)발효로 얻은 GABA 코팅 쌀이 신경안정제 뿐만 아니라 수면유도제로 쓰이는 melatonin과 serotonin의 생성 촉진 효과를 알아보았다. 그 결과 melatonin의 경우 GABA (25 mg/mL) 투여군은 3.515 ± 0.149 pg/mL, 일반 미 공급군의 경우 2.632 ± 0.188 pg/mL이며, GABA 코팅 쌀 공급군은 3.578 ± 0.158 pg/mL로 나타났다. Serotonin 함량 을 측정한 결과 GABA (25 mg/mL), 일반미 공급군은 각각 5.183 ± 0.142 ng/mL, 4.784 ± 0.108 ng/mL가 측정되었으며 GABA 코팅 쌀을 공급한 실험군은 5.918 ± 0.169 ng/mL의 serotonin이 생성되었다. GABA 코팅 쌀의 지속적인 섭취로 인해 melatonin과 serotonin은 유의적인 증가는 있었지만, 누적효과는 없었다. 기능성 식품으로 개발된 GABA 코팅 쌀을 지속적으로 섭취하면 일반미에서 섭취하여 얻을 수 있는 melatonin과 serotonin의 유도효과를 얻을 수 있고, GABA 25 mg/mL를 섭취하는 것과 비슷한 효과를 나타낼 수 있다고 사료된다.

An examination of the type specimen of Gelidium zollingeri Sonder showed that it was incorrectly placed in Gelidium. To determine the appropriate taxonomic position, we undertook a detailed morphological examination of the holotype (National Herbarium of Victoria, Australia) as well as fresh materials collected from Sempu, the type locality, and a surrounding location Kondang Merak in Malang city, East Jawa, Indonesia. In our collections we found tetrasporangia and carposporophytes on female thalli. The vegetative and reproductive structures clearly placed it in the Halymeniales. Four sequences of rbcL and cox1, two each from Sempu and Kondang Merak, were identical. Our analysis of rbcL sequences showed that G. zollingeri formed a monophyletic clade with the two known Yonagunia species, Y. formosana and Y. tenuifolia. Consequently, we proposed the new combination, Yonagunia zollingeri, based on Gelidium zollingeri. Yonagunia zollingeri was characterized by a cartilaginous, flattened thallus that was subco...

The effects of various anions containing copper based catalysts were studied in regard to the preparation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through oxidative carbonylation of methanol under a liquid phase system. A copper compound providing the strong withdrawing power of halides as anion yielded excellent results with respect to the conversion of methanol and selectivity to DMC. However, copper homogenous catalysts suffer from separation of the catalyst after reaction. Thus, the development of a new reaction system using various supports including Y-zeolite was attempted. The conversion of methanol and selectivity to DMC were affected by the properties of the supports. In particular, Y-zeolite showed the best yield among various supports. The influence of various promoters was examined with the aim of increasing the yield of DMC from methanol. The yield of DMC was increased with the addition of alkali metal in the order Li + + + , but with selectivity in the order of Li + > Na + > K + , respectively. Various analyses were conducted in order to elucidate these results. From a XRD analysis, the existence of crystal forms of copper chloride hydroxide of Cu/Na/Y-zeolite (dry) was observed. We confirmed the presence of peaks of CuO in Cu/Na/Y-zeolite (550 °C). The CO-TPD analysis revealed that CO desorption is an important step to determine the formation of DMC. The addition of NaOH as a co-catalyst resulted in a lower desorption temperature of carbon monoxide in Cu catalyst. Also, XPS analysis results showed that Cu + on the calcined Cu/Na/Y-zeolite catalyst was formed by the reduction of Cu 2+ . XANES results provided the difference of reactivity according to the state of the copper catalyst. Activity of this reaction in terms of DMC yields, obtained in the order of CuCl 2 > Cu/Na/Y-zeolite (dry) > Cu/Na/Y-zeolite (550 °C) > Cu(OH) 2 was in accordance with the maximum peak of the low photon energy position.

Room-temperature quantum emitters in gallium nitride (GaN) are reported. The emitters originate from cubic inclusions in hexagonal lattice and exhibit narrowband luminescence in the red spectral range. The sources are found in different GaN substrates, and therefore are promising for scalable quantum technologies., U.S. Army Research Laboratory (FA9550-14-1-0052), United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-14-1-0052)

Gelidium is an economically and ecologically important agar-producing genus. Although the taxonomy of Gelidium has been the focus of many published studies, there is still a need to reevaluate species-level diversity. Herein, we describe Gelidium eucorneum sp. nov. based on specimens collected off Geojedo on the southern coast of Korea. G. eucorneum is distinguished by cartilaginous thalli with brush-like haptera, rhizoidal filaments concentrated in the medulla, and globose cytocarps that are horned with multiple determinate branchlets. The species occurs in wave-exposed intertidal sites, sometimes in association with other mat-forming algae. Phylogenetic analyses (rbcL, psaA, and cox1) reveal that G. eucorneum is unique and clearly distinct from other species of the genus. The clade containing Gelidium vagum and Acanthopeltis longiramulosa was resolved as a sister group to G. eucorneum. We suggest that the diverse morphologies of G. eucorneum, G. vagum, and Acanthopeltis developed from a common ancestor in East Asian waters. This study shows that even in well-studied areas, more agarophyte species are to be added to the world inventory of red algae.

Here we report the first finding of Cryptonemia rotunda and Schizymenia apoda in Korea based on plastid rbcL sequence analysis and morphological observations. C. rotunda occurred in the subtidal in Hongdo and Namyeodo on the south coast. Thalli have short stipe with foliose, membranous blades with dentate margin, a length of 2-8 cm. S. apoda occurred in many locations along the coast of Korea. Thalli are foliose, simple or broadly lanceolate blades with irregular lobes and proliferations from the margins, sometimes undulate, soft fleshy, and slippery, up to 32 cm tall, and have cystocarps with ostioles on the blade. Plastid rbcL sequences reveal that each of these species is clearly separated from other species of their respective genera. S. apoda was well resolved within the genus. However, C. rotunda was distantly related to other members of the genus, and this result needs an urgent revision of the genus.

E-mail: hsyoon2011@skku.edu, jwest@unimelb.edu.auTel: +82-31-290-5915, Fax: +82-31-290-7015This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://cre-ativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

회분식 고압반응기에서 메탄올 산화 카르보닐화 방법에 의한 디메틸 카보네이트 제조에 대하여 연구하였다. 다양한 금속의 영향과 구리촉매에 결합된 음이온 및 반응온도, 일산화탄소, 산소의 반응물 몰비, 구리촉매 함유량 등 여러 반응조건들을 검토하였다. 특히 CuCl2·2H2O 촉매가 1.0 g, 150 ˚C, MeOH/CO/O2=0.2/0.215/0.05(molar ratio) 반응조건에서 메탄올 전환율 65.2%, 선택도 96.6%로 좋은 활성을 보였다. CuCl2는 반응기의 부식을 일으킨다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 DMC 제조에서 담체를 이용한 새로운 촉매시스템을 검토하였다. 여러 종류의 담체중 산성이 큰 제오라이트 Y를 담체로 사용한 경우 가장 활성이 우수하였다. ICP-AES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer)를 이용해 반응기에 용출된 Fe 양을 비교하였을 때, 제오라이트를 담체로 사용하여 제조된 구리촉매는 CuCl2-2H(2)O 촉매를 직접 사용한 경우에 비해 반응기로 용출되는 철의 양은 5% 이하이었다.

Gelidium is an economically and ecologically important agar-producing genus. Although the taxonomy of Gelidium has been the focus of many published studies, there is still a need to reevaluate species-level diversity. Herein, we describe Gelidium eucorneum sp. nov. based on specimens collected off Geojedo on the southern coast of Korea. G. eucorneum is distinguished by cartilaginous thalli with brush-like haptera, rhizoidal filaments concentrated in the medulla, and globose cytocarps that are horned with multiple determinate branchlets. The species occurs in wave-exposed intertidal sites, sometimes in association with other mat-forming algae. Phylogenetic analyses (rbcL, psaA, and cox1) reveal that G. eucorneum is unique and clearly distinct from other species of the genus. The clade containing Gelidium vagum and Acanthopeltis longiramulosa was resolved as a sister group to G. eucorneum. We suggest that the diverse morphologies of G. eucorneum, G. vagum, and Acanthopeltis developed from a common ancestor in East Asian waters. This study shows that even in well-studied areas, more agarophyte species are to be added to the world inventory of red algae.

This is a first report on the occurrence of Gelidiella fanii outside of Taiwan, where it was recently described as a new species. New specimens have been collected from Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and the Philippines. The species commonly occurred on rocks and crustose algae in the intertidal zone at locations visited. Thalli had downward curving unilateral branchlets, numerous hairs around branch tips, iridescent color under water, and clublike tetrasporangial stichidia with blunt tips. Two genes were analyzed from different organelle genomes: plastid rbcL from 13 specimens and mitochondrial cox1 from 24 specimens including putative relatives. Analyses of both rbcL and cox1 sequences revealed that G. fanii was strictly separated from other species in the genus. This is the first report on cox1 gene sequences in the order Gelidiales. Nine cox1 haplotypes were found in G. fanii; there was a biogeographic structure, except for the Japanese haplotype, which grouped with those from Thailand. The present study indicates that G. fanii is common in Thailand and probably in the southeastern Asia region. G. fanii was more closely related to an identified Gelidiella sequence from South Africa, which is morphologically similar to G. acerosa. Detailed observations of field-collected material will enable a more realistic evaluation of the distribution of G. fanii in tropical and subtropical waters of the world.

We show that a degenerate neutrino mass spectrum can be realized in the neutrino mass anarchy hypothesis, if the neutrino Yukawa and right-handed neutrino mass matrices are given by the Wishart matrix, i.e. products of $N \times 3$ rectangular random matrices, whose eigenvalue distribution tends to degenerate for large $N$. The mixing angle and CP phase distributions are determined by either the Haar measure of U(3) or that of SO(3). We study how large $N$ is allowed to be without tension with the observed neutrino mass squared differences, and find that the predicted value of $m_{ee}$ can be within the reach of future $0������$ experiments especially for $N$ on the high side of the allowed range., 19 pages, 7 figures

We investigate the possibility of U(1)' mediation, leading to an effective SUSY where the first two family sfermions are above 100 TeV but the third family sfermions and the Higgs doublets are in the TeV region(or the light stop case). The U(1)' gaugino, Zprimino, needs not to be at a TeV scale, but needs to be somewhat lighter than the messenger scale. We consider two cases, one the mediation is only through U(1)' and the other through U(1)' and the electroweak hypercharge U(1)_Y. In the SUSY field theory framework, we calculate the superpartner mass spectra for these two cases. We also point out that the particle species needed for these mechanisms are already obtained from a Z(12-I) orbifold compactification.

There has been a significant effort to create spiral sensors by changing either the periodic d-spacing of the structure or the dielectric constants of the materials by combining the multi-faceted environmental responsiveness of polymer hydrogels with dielectrical structures.1 Reversible spiral switches with dimensional functionalities that respond to chemical environment were constructed. When the spiral photonic actuator was swollen in hydrophilic acetic acid, right-handed spiral structures are formed, while the spiral photonic actuator was swollen in hydrophobic hexane, left-handed spiral structures are formed. All actuators returned back to the transparent planar state after deswelling processes. These reversible spiral photonic actuators can be applied in the application of mechanical actuators, electrical devices, and optical components.

TeV scale mirage mediation has been proposed as a supersymmetry breaking scheme reducing the fine tuning for electroweak symmetry breaking in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model. We discuss a moduli stabilization set-up for TeV scale mirage mediation which allows an extra-dimensional interpretation for the origin of supersymmetry breaking and naturally gives an weak-scale size of the Higgs B-parameter. The set-up utilizes the holomorphic gauge kinetic functions depending on both the heavy dilaton and the light volume modulus whose axion partners are assumed to be periodic fields. We also examine the low energy phenomenology of TeV scale mirage mediation, particularly the constraints from electroweak symmetry breaking and FCNC processes., Comment: 44 pages, 14 figures; added references, extended discussions in section 2

We recapitulate the method which resums the truncated perturbation series of a physical observable in a way which takes into account the structure of the leading infrared renormalon. We apply the method to the Gross-Llewellyn Smith (GLS) sum rule. By confronting the obtained result with the experimentally extracted GLS value, we determine the value of the QCD coupling parameter which turns out to agree with the present world average., invited talk by G.C. in WG3 of NuFact02, July 1-6, 2002, London; 4 pages, revtex

We show that the Brouwer fixed point theorem is equivalent to a number of results closely related to the Euclidean spaces or n-simplexes or n-balls. Among them are the Sperner lemma, the KKM theorem, some intersection theorems, various fixed point theorems, an intermediate value theorem, various non-retract theorems, the non-contractibility of spheres, and others.

The realization of lasers as small as possible has been one of the long-standing goals of the laser physics and quantum optics communities. Among multitudes of recent small cavities, the one-dimensional nanobeam cavity has been actively investigated as one of the most attractive candidates for effective photon confinement thanks to its simple geometry. However, the current injection into the ultra-small nano-resonator without critically degrading the quality factor remains still unanswered. Here we report an electrically driven, one-dimensional, photonic-well, single-mode, room-temperature nanobeam laser whose footprint approaches the smallest possible value. The small physical volume of ~4.6 × 0.61 × 0.28 μm3 (~8.2(λ n−1)3) was realized through the introduction of a Gaussian-like photonic well made of only 11 air holes. In addition, a low threshold current of ~5 μA was observed from a three-cell nanobeam cavity at room temperature. The simple one-dimensional waveguide nature of the nanobeam enables straightforward integration with other photonic applications such as photonic integrated circuits and quantum information devices., Lasers for on-chip optical technologies should be as small as possible. Here, Jeong et al. achieve room-temperature lasing in an electrically driven nanobeam photonic structure using only 11 holes to confine the light.