1. Can the Energy Transition Be Smooth? A General Equilibrium Approach to the EROEI
- Author
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Marc Germain, Benjamin Peeters, Jean-François Fagnart, Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (UCL IRES), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Economie Quantitative, Intégration, Politiques Publiques et Econométrie (EQUIPPE), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-PRES Université Lille Nord de France-Université de Lille, Sciences Humaines et Sociales-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Université de Lille, Sciences Humaines et Sociales-PRES Université Lille Nord de France-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé
- Subjects
General equilibrium theory ,growth ,020209 energy ,Geography, Planning and Development ,TJ807-830 ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Energy transition ,TD194-195 ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Renewable energy sources ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Capital allocation line ,Microeconomics ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economics ,GE1-350 ,EROEI ,Non-renewable resource ,Stock (geology) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Endogenous growth theory ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,non-renewable energy ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,renewable energy ,Technical progress ,Renewable energy ,Environmental sciences ,energy transition ,8. Economic growth ,savings rate ,business - Abstract
International audience; The concept of energy return (EROEI ratio) is widely used in energy science to describe the interactions between energy and the economic system but it is largely ignored in macroeconomics. In order to contribute to bridging a gap between these fields of research, we incorporate these metrics into an endogenous growth model with two sectors (energy and final goods) and use this model to analyze the macroeconomic implications of a transition to lower EROEI resources. An approach in terms of net energy allows us (1) to explicitly link the EROEI to macroeconomic variables, (2) to show how it is related to the growth rate of GDP and (3) to obtain a closed-form solution for its long-run value at a general equilibrium level. There is furthermore a tight and decreasing long-run relationship between the EROEI value and the share of investment that must be allocated to the energy sector. Hence, a transition to lower EROEI resources intensifies the rival use of capital in the energy and non-energy sectors and leads to major economic changes, both in the inter-sectoral capital allocation and in the allocation of final output between consumption and investment. We show that a protracted economic contraction may occur before the completion of the transition to renewable energy. We analyze how (1) the magnitude of this contraction and (2) the possibility of an ulterior recovery depend on the initial stock of non-renewables, the potentials of technical progress in the energy and non-energy sectors and the substitutability between capital and energy.
- Published
- 2020