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1. Clinician Impact on Athlete Recovery and Readiness in a 24-Hour Training Cycle

Author

Dana P. Golden and Jay N. Hertel

Subjects
Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Abstract

This paper explores a 24-hr training cycle and how clinicians contribute to an athlete’s transition from recovery to readiness. The cycle is divided into three phases: immediate, intermediate, and extended. Phase break down is meant to provide wellness prioritization for the athlete and how the clinician can facilitate sustainable performance during a competitive season.

Published
2023
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2. Bacterial enzymes for azo dye degradation: an insight

Author

Jay N. Patel, Darshit K. Vaishnav, Pavan R. Joshi, and Devayani R. Tipre

Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, General Chemical Engineering, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Chemistry, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Azo dye has a massive marketplace in various industries, biological laboratories and clinics. A significant drawback is the excessive flush-off of azo dyes and their intermediate products are that they pollute the environment. Several environmental bacteria degrade azo dye under certain specific ecological conditions. Decolourisation by different bacteria occurs under aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions. Bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhodococcus are used for the rapid decolourisation of azo dyes. Bacterial enzymes play an essential role in the degradation of azo dyes by cleavage of azo bonds (-N=N-). It is degraded by both oxidative and reductive enzymes including azo reductase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, NADH-DCIP reductase, malachite green reductase, polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase), veratrol alcohol oxidase. This review describes the role and mechanism of these enzymes in the degradation of azo dyes.

Published
2023
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3. End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States

Author

Jay N. Meegoda, Sarvagna Malladi, and Isabel C. Zayas

Subjects
General Engineering
Abstract

Electric vehicles, which are primarily powered by lithium-ion batteries, have gained much attention as the future of transportation for their environmental and economic benefits. However, the current economy of lithium-ion battery management is quite linear. A circular economy with reusing and end-of-life recycling of lithium-ion batteries, would reduce the social and environmental costs associated with the mining of metals, decelerate the depletion of natural resources, and prevent the improper management that often accompanies disposal. This research suggests improvements to the end-of-life management of lithium-ion batteries in the US, considering current and emerging recycling technologies, current collection and transportation infrastructure, current reuse applications, and an analysis of the current regulatory policies in place. Along with providing a comprehensive overview of these topics, this research compiles and provides a set of actionable End-of-Life (EOL) management recommendations for the US on policy, infrastructure, and technology.

Published
2022
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4. Age Moderates the Association of Community Connectedness and Psychological Distress among LGBTQ+ Youth and Adults

Author

Emma Wedell, Jay N. Bettergarcia, Bonnie Rose Thomson, and Amanda M. Shrewsbury

Subjects
Gender Studies, Social Psychology, General Medicine, General Psychology, Education
Abstract

High levels of psychological distress present a major public health issue among LGBTQ+ youth and adults; however, research has repeatedly identified community connectedness as an important protective factor for mental health in LGBTQ+ populations. The aim of the present study was to examine whether age moderates the association of community connectedness on psychological distress in a community sample of LGBTQ+ people. In the present exploratory study, we analyzed secondary cross-sectional data from a sample of LGBTQ+ youth and adults (

Published
2022
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7. Use of antibiotic-cement coated locking plates in the setting of periprosthetic infection and infected nonunion

Author

David M. Keller, Richard A. Pizzo, Jay N. Patel, Anthony Viola, Richard S. Yoon, and Frank A. Liporace

Subjects
Fracture Fixation, Internal, Treatment Outcome, Bone Cements, Humans, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Periprosthetic Fractures, Bone Plates, Femoral Fractures, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Retrospective Studies, General Environmental Science
Abstract

In the setting of periprosthetic total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) infection, plating of the femur may be necessary for fracture fixation, prophylactic fixation of the femur, poor bone quality, or infected femoral shaft nonunion. The purpose of this study was to investigate infection control rates and fracture healing in patients receiving antibiotic cement coated plates in the setting of infected nonunion and periprosthetic infections.We retrospectively reviewed a series of ten patients who had an antibiotic coated plate placed in the setting of periprosthetic infection or infected nonunion with a minimum follow-up of six months. 80 g of Simplex bone cement (Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) were mixed with 4 g of powdered vancomycin and 4.8 g of powdered tobramycin and applied to a dynamic compression plate with locking screw guides in every hole. The antibiotic loaded cement was allowed to harden before implantation. Outcome measures were designed to assess for fracture healing defined as three out of four cortices united on radiographs along with bearing full weight without pain and evidence of infection control defined as normalized erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the absence of antibiotic treatment with no clinical signs of infection.Ten patients were treated with an antibiotic cement coated plate in the settings of infectious nonunion and periprosthetic infection and followed for an average of three years (mean 21.4 months, seven months to 61 months). Eight patients (80%) went on to successful control of infection after initial procedure. Two patients developed chronic drainage and had a second antibiotic spacer with antibiotic cement coated plate placed before the infection was controlled. All patients obtained successful control of infection at latest follow-up showing no clinical signs of infection, normalized laboratory markers, and negative culture results. There were no reported mechanical failures of the implant, fractures of the femur, or soft tissue complications.An antibiotic cement coated plating technique is a viable option for periprosthetic THA and TKA infections requiring plating of the femur or in patients with an infected nonunion.

Published
2022
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8. Prospective Genomic Surveillance Reveals Cryptic MRSA Outbreaks with Local to International Origins among NICU Patients

Author

Jay N. Worley, Jessica W. Crothers, William J. Wolfgang, Sai Laxmi Gubbala Venkata, Maria Hoffmann, Victor Jayeola, Michael Klompas, Marc Allard, and Lynn Bry

Subjects
Microbiology (medical)
Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections cause substantive morbidity and mortality in neonates. Using publicly available resources from the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) GalaxyTrakr pipeline, we illustrate the dynamics of MRSA colonization and infection in neonates.

Published
2023
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9. Centralin vivomechanisms by whichC. difficile’sproline reductase drives efficient metabolism, growth, and toxin production

Author

Laura M. Cersosimo, Madeline Graham, Auriane Monestier, Aidan Pavao, Jay N. Worley, Johann Peltier, Bruno Dupuy, and Lynn Bry

Subjects
Article
Abstract

Clostridioides difficile(CD) is a sporulating and toxin-producing nosocomial pathogen that opportunistically infects the gut, particularly in patients with depleted microbiota after antibiotic exposure. Metabolically, CD rapidly generates energy and substrates for growth from Stickland fermentations of amino acids, with proline being a preferred reductive substrate. To investigate thein vivoeffects of reductive proline metabolism onC. difficile’svirulence in an enriched gut nutrient environment, we evaluated wild-type and isogenicΔprdBstrains of ATCC43255 on pathogen behaviors and host outcomes in highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice. Mice infected with theΔprdBmutant demonstrated extended survival via delayed colonization, growth and toxin production but ultimately succumbed to disease.In vivotranscriptomic analyses demonstrated how the absence of proline reductase activity more broadly disrupted the pathogen’s metabolism including failure to recruit oxidative Stickland pathways, ornithine transformations to alanine, and additional pathways generating growth-promoting substrates, contributing to delayed growth, sporulation, and toxin production. Our findings illustrate the central role for proline reductase metabolism to support early stages ofC. difficilecolonization and subsequent impact on the pathogen’s ability to rapidly expand and cause disease.

Published
2023
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16. Long term outcomes in older trauma patients admitted to the ICU: A prospective study

Author

L.D. Britt, Michael Martyak, Jessica Burgess, Sasha White, Daisy M Proksch, Katherine M. Kelley, Jiangtao Luo, and Jay N. Collins

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Inpatient mortality, business.industry, Mortality rate, Psychological intervention, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Intensive Care Units, Injury Severity Score, Severe trauma, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cohort, Emergency medicine, Long term outcomes, Humans, Medicine, Surgery, In patient, Hospital Mortality, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, business, Aged
Abstract

Background Prior studies have shown an increase in mortality in elderly patients when compared to their younger cohort. Methods Level 1 trauma patients ≥50 years old were recruited upon admission to the ICU and prospectively followed. After an initial survey, inpatient data were collected and phone surveys were completed at 3 and 6 months. Results 100 patients were included. There was an 18% inpatient mortality. At 6 months, the mortality rate was 24%; 73% of surviving patients reported good health. 6-month nonsurvivors had a higher percentage requiring preinjury assistance with ambulation. Conclusions Severe trauma in patients ≥50 years of age carries a significant rate of mortality however survivors have good outcomes. Need for assistance with ambulation prior to injury is associated with 6 month mortality and could be used as a screening tool for interventions.

Published
2022
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17. The effect of recipient BMI on waitlist and post‐transplant outcomes after the 2018 heart transplant allocation policy change

Author

Jay N. Patel, David G. Rabkin, Brett W. Sperry, Anju Bhardwaj, Joshua S. Chung, and Dmitry Abramov

Subjects
Adult, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Policy, Waiting Lists, Heart Transplantation, Humans, Surgery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Body Mass Index, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

The effects of recipient body mass index (BMI) on waitlist strategies, waitlist outcomes, and post-transplant outcomes among adult patients listed for heart transplantation under the updated 2018 allocation system have not been well characterized.The United Network of Organ Sharing data set between October 2015 and March 2021 was analyzed, and patients were grouped based on recipient BMI and whether listing occurred in the old (pre-October 2018) or new allocation system.Listing strategies differed by BMI group, but trends of increased use of temporary mechanical support and decreased use of durable support remained among all BMI groups, except those with BMI 35 kg/mThe 2018 change to the heart transplant allocation system was associated with similar changes in the use of mechanical support for listing strategy across BMI ranges, except in the most obese, and improved waitlist outcomes across all BMI ranges. Post-transplant outcomes in the new allocation system are worse for patients with BMI 30 kg/m

Published
2022
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18. Practice patterns after implementation of a selective spinal immobilization protocol in a regional trauma system

Author

James C, Etheridge, Robert D, Sinyard, John, Atiyeh, Guohai, Zhou, Jay N, Collins, and Joaquim M, Havens

Subjects
Immobilization, Emergency Medical Services, Spinal Injuries, Humans, Wounds, Penetrating, Surgery, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospitals
Abstract

Universal spinal immobilization has been the standard of prehospital trauma care since the 1960s. Selective immobilization has been shown to be safe and effective for emergency medical services use, but it is unclear whether such protocols reduce unnecessary and potentially harmful immobilization practices. This study evaluated the impact of a selective spinal immobilization protocol on practice patterns in a regional trauma system.All encounters for traumatic injury in the Tidewater Emergency Medical Services region from 2010 to 2016 were extracted from the Virginia Pre-Hospital Information Bridge. An interrupted time series analysis was used to assess practice change after system-wide protocol implementation in 2013. Intravenous access was used as a nonequivalent outcome measure in the absence of an appropriate control group.A total of 63,981 encounters were analyzed. At baseline, 16.7% of patients underwent full immobilization. The preprotocol slope was slightly positive (0.2% per month; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.2%). Slope and level changes after protocol implementation did not differ from those observed for intravenous access (-0.4% vs. -0.4% per month [ p = 0.4917] and -1.6% vs. -1.1% [ p = 0.1202], respectively). Cervical spinal immobilization became more common over the postimplementation period (0.1% per month; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.1%). Rates of immobilization for isolated penetrating trauma remained unchanged.Implementation of a selective spinal immobilization protocol did not reduce prehospital immobilization rates in a regional trauma system. Given the entrenched nature of immobilization practices, more intensive education and training strategies are needed. Efforts should prioritize eliminating immobilization for isolated penetrating trauma given its association with increased mortality.Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Published
2022
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20. Types of plagiarism and how to avoid misconduct: Pros and cons of plagiarism detection tools in research writing and publication

Author

Jay N Shah, Jenifei Shah, Gehanath Baral, Reetu Baral, and Jesifei Shah

Subjects
General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The ultimate journey of research and writing is publication. To see one’s name listed in the author's byline is an exciting feeling. This exciting feeling of authorship credit is linked with responsibility. The impact of the published work will depend on the dissemination of evidence-based scientific findings to help the health care workers, scientists, and policymakers for the benefit of society. This requires ethical research, to begin with, and publication without misconduct to maintain the integrity and trust in science. Among various misconducts in research writing and publication, plagiarism is serious scientific misconduct. The issue of plagiarism is a global concern that requires a collective effort from all stakeholders to prevent it and take prompt action if this issue does arise. Adequate teaching and training are necessary to increase awareness right from the early phases of learning; and to develop a culture of ethical research, writing, and publication. Types of plagiarism and its characteristics vary and should be dealt with accordingly, from a warning to definitive punishment for the offense committed. The software available to detect and avoid plagiarism is plenty and should be used taking into consideration their accuracy, usability, and cost.

Published
2022
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22. Delegation, Compliance, and Judicial Decision Making in the Court of Justice of the European Union

Author

Sivaram Cheruvu and Jay N. Krehbiel

Subjects
Law
Abstract

Courts regularly delegate tasks to individual or small subsets of judges. While a substantial literature addresses delegation in the context of American courts, less is known about why and how courts delegate from a comparative perspective. With many of the world’s high courts using panel systems (also known as “chambers”) by which the court delegates cases to subsets of judges, this limitation of the extant literature leaves a number of empirical and theoretical questions unanswered. We argue that the threat of noncompliance presents one factor influencing a court’s delegation of cases to panels. From our expectation that a court will not delegate cases with a greater risk for noncompliance to panels, we then derive empirical implications for case disposition and a court’s willingness to rule contrary to the legal merits in a case. We analyze panel usage at the Court of Justice of the European Union to support our account.

Published
2022
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25. Prediction of gas production rate from shale gas reservoirs using a micro–macro analysis

Author

Dantong Lin, Di Zhang, Xinghao Zhang, Bruno M. Goncalves da Silva, Liming Hu, and Jay N. Meegoda

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

Shale gas has become one of the important contributors to the global energy supply. The declining pattern of the gas production rate with time from an unconventional gas reservoir is due to the depletion of shale gas stored in the nanovoids of the shale formation. However, there are only limited ways to predict the variation of the gas production rate with time from an unconventional gas reservoir. This is due to the multiple transport mechanisms of gas in nano-scale pores and changes in shale gas permeability with pressures in nano-scale pores, which is impacted by the pore structure of the shale. In this study, the permeability-pressure (K-p) relationship for different shales (Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Longmaxi and Opalinus) were determined using an equivalent anisotropic pore network model (PNM). This PNM has REV-scale shale gas flow in randomly generated nanovoids and their connection in the shale matrix, and the multiphase flow of shale gas including viscous flow, slip flow and Knudsen diffusion. These predicted K-p correlations were then used in a finite element model (FEM) to predict the variation of the gas production rate with time (flux-time curves) at the macroscale. The simulation results show that the flux-time curves can be simplified to two linear segments in logarithmic coordinates, which are influenced by the fracture length and initial gas pressure. The predicted results using the PNM-FEM were validated by comparing them with the reported field test data. The method described in this study can be used to upscale the gas transport process from micro- to macroscale, which can provide a predictive tool for the gas production in shales.

Published
2023
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26. A Review of PFAS Destruction Technologies

Author

Jay N. Meegoda, Bruno Bezerra de Souza, Melissa Monteiro Casarini, and Jitendra A. Kewalramani

Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The scientific community has been laboriously working on two fronts: (1) adapting already existing and effective technologies in destroying organic contaminants for PFAS remediation and (2) developing new technologies to remediate PFAS. A common characteristic in both areas is the separation/removal of PFASs from other contaminants or media, followed by destruction. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies discussed here can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society’s urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. This review reports and compare widely accepted as well as emerging PFAS destruction technologies. Some of the technologies presented in this review are still under development at the lab scale, while others have already been tested in the field.

Published
2022

27. Global Longitudinal Strain and Biomarkers of Cardiac Damage and Stress as Predictors of Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Author

Andrew S. Perry, Elliot J. Stein, Michael Biersmith, William F. Fearon, Sammy Elmariah, Juyong B. Kim, Daniel E. Clark, Jay N. Patel, Holly Gonzales, Michael Baker, Robert N. Piana, Ravinder R. Mallugari, Samir Kapadia, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Linda Gillam, Brian Whisenant, Nishath Quader, Alan Zajarias, Frederick G. Welt, Anthony A. Bavry, Megan Coylewright, Deepak K. Gupta, Anna Vatterott, Natalie Jackson, Shi Huang, and Brian R. Lindman

Subjects
Left, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, outcomes, Cardiovascular, Ventricular Function, Left, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Natriuretic Peptide, Clinical Research, Natriuretic Peptide, Brain, Humans, Ventricular Function, echocardiography, Prospective Studies, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, Retrospective Studies, screening and diagnosis, Brain, aortic stenosis, biomarkers, Stroke Volume, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Troponin, Detection, Heart Disease, Good Health and Well Being, Aortic Valve, cardiac remodeling, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Biomarkers, global longitudinal strain, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies
Abstract

Background Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a sensitive measure of left ventricular function and a risk marker in severe aortic stenosis. We sought to determine whether biomarkers of cardiac damage (cardiac troponin) and stress (NT‐proBNP [N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide]) could complement GLS to identify patients with severe aortic stenosis at highest risk. Methods and Results From a multicenter prospective cohort of patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation, we measured absolute GLS (aGLS), cardiac troponin, and NT‐proBNP at baseline in 499 patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction P P =0.009), but, in a model with both biomarkers, aGLS, and clinical covariates included, aGLS was not associated with mortality; elevation in each biomarker was associated with an increased hazard of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, >2; P ≤0.002 for each) when the other biomarker was elevated, but not when the other biomarker was normal (interaction P =0.015). Conclusions Among patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation, elevations in circulating cardiac troponin and NT‐proBNP are more common as GLS worsens. Biomarkers of cardiac damage and stress are independently associated with mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, whereas GLS is not. These findings may have implications for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients to determine optimal timing of valve replacement.

Published
2022

28. Erector Spinae Plane Blocks for Traumatic Rib Fractures: A Prospective, Interventional Study

Author

Benjamin J, Palachick, Ryan A, Carver, Donald V, Byars, Michael T, Martyak, and Jay N, Collins

Subjects
Pain, Postoperative, Rib Fractures, Humans, Pain, Nerve Block, Prospective Studies, General Medicine, Anesthetics, Local, Ultrasonography, Interventional
Abstract

Background Rib fractures are present in 10% of all trauma patients and 30% of patients with significant chest trauma. Pain from rib fractures results in decreased respiratory effort which can lead to atelectasis and potentially pneumonia and death. Pain control is therefore of utmost importance in preventing the complications of rib fractures by improving respiratory function. Erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB) have been effectively used in elective surgery with subjective and objective improvements in pain. Materials and Methods We sought to evaluate subjective pain and objective evaluation of respiratory effort by way of incentive spirometry levels after administration of an ESPB for patients with rib fractures. Our trauma service applied ESPB over 2 years in patients with rib fractures. Ultrasound guidance was used to administer 50cc of a long-acting local anesthetic at the transverse process underneath the erector spinae muscle group. Evaluation of pain scores and incentive spirometry levels were measured prior to and after the ESPB. Results In total, we obtained data from 45 patients. Mean pre-pain scores were 7.93 with post-pain scores of 4.47 (p < 0.001). Mean pre-block incentive spirometry volumes were 1160 cc with post-block IS of 1495cc (p 0.035). There were no associated complications. Discussion ESPBs are safe and significantly reduce pain scores and increased incentive spirometry volumes after administration. They are easy to perform and can be done by the trauma service, including trainees. ESPB has the potential to reduce pulmonary complications of rib fractures, as well as subjectively improving pain experienced by our trauma patients. Based on our results, we recommend this block as an adjunct to multimodal analgesia for patients with rib fractures.

Published
2022
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31. Author-level metrics: Its impact on scholarly output evaluation among various publication metrics

Author

Jay N Shah

Subjects
Measure (data warehouse), Information retrieval, Index (publishing), business.industry, Computer science, The Internet, Metric (unit), Scientometrics, Bibliometrics, business, Citation, Complement (set theory)
Abstract

Publication metrics indicate the visibility and reach of a research publication. The metrics can be at article-level, author-level, and journal-level to measure the scholarly output and its impact.1 Bibliometrics is the use of statistical methods to analyze various publications mostly used in the field of library and information science; whereas, scientometrics is the sub-field concerned with the science of metrics for the measurement and analysis of scholarly publications.2,3 Readers are not always well informed about the various publication metrics, and use them without knowing how to interpret them, their strength and limitations.4,5 The Internet has revolutionized the dissemination, visibility, and impact of documented evidence available on the Web. The author-level metrics (ALmetrics) provides a measure for the research output of an individual author.6 It summarizes and aggregates the impact of an author's publications by using metrics like h-index (Hirsch-index7, calculated from the number of articles N by an author that have each received at least N citations), i10-index (measures the number of publications with at least 10 citations, Google Scholar), g-index (an improvement of h-index by giving more weight to highly-cited articles), e-index (differentiates between scientists with similar h-indices but different citation patterns) and others.8 The h-index (proposed by J.E. Hirsch in 2005) is a well-accepted metric to assess the scientific impact of an individual author and/or institution due to its simplicity for cumulative research output to indicate a number of papers (h) with at least h citations, e.g. h-index 9 means that among all publications by an author, 9 publications have at least 9 citations each.9,10 Various other new additions are proposed to complement the h-index to minimize its shortcomings in calculations of the index due to co-authors, self/collaborative citation, publication age, publication count, etc.11 The h-core is a contextualized evaluation considered more useful.12 Combination of newer variants help complement and eliminate some of the limitations of h-index, for example, R-index (to measure citation intensity of h-score) and AR-index (to include the age of publications).13 14 The w-index is another simple and useful improvement to the h-index to assess the integrated impact of a researcher's work.15 The rh-index (robust h-index) adds value for the self- and collaborative citation.16

Published
2021
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32. Breakthrough infection after Covishield COVID-19 vaccine among health care workers at Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal

Author

Shanta Dangol Shrestha, Ashis Shrestha, Nabees Ms Pradhan, Priscilla Samson, Jay N Shah, Shreekrishna Maharjan, and Sarala Kc

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, virus diseases, Breakthrough infection, Vaccination, Immunization, Vaccination status, Family medicine, Health care, Pandemic, medicine, business, Biomedical sciences
Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have an important role in the control and prevention of the pandemic. However, infection after vaccination, though uncommon, has been reported after partial or complete immunization. This study aims to find out vaccine breakthrough infection after the administration of the Covishield COVID-19 vaccine. Method: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among the health care workers (HCWs) from May 2021 to July 2021 at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal who received the Covishield vaccine. The data were collected using Google form and a printed questionnaire on COVID 19 breakthrough infection ≥2w after vaccination. The rate of breakthrough infection, hospitalization, and its association with age, gender, and working departments of HCWs was analyzed using SPSS. Ethical approval was obtained. Result: Out of 1462 HCWs approached, 880 completed the survey, among which 819(93.1%) had a completed vaccination status. Infection after the first and before the second dose was 164(18.7% of 880) and after two doses 131(16%). The breakthrough infection occurred in 83 (10.1% of 819). There was no statistically significant association of breakthrough infection with age, gender, and working department of HCWs. Total 74(8.4%) were managed by admission in hospital. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal a low breakthrough infection rate after Covishield vaccination among HCWs at Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal. Overall, COVID-19 infection rates decreased after the first and second dose of the vaccine. Keywords: Breakthrough infection, Covishield COVID-19 vaccine, reinfection

Published
2021
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33. NT-proBNP for Risk Prediction in Heart Failure

Author

M. Lund, Hean Yee Ong, Roberto Latini, Gerry Devlin, Robert N. Doughty, Francesco Gentile, Fazlur Jaufeerally, A. Mark Richards, Thor Ueland, Laura M G Meems, Antoni Bayes-Genis, Poh Shuah Daniel Yeo, Alberto Giannoni, Kai M. Eggers, Giuseppe Vergaro, Akiomi Yoshihisa, Hanna K. Gaggin, Josep Lupón, Richard W. Troughton, Kurt Huber, Lidia Staszewsky, Tze P. Ng, Ida Gustafsson, Lars Gullestad, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, Kui Tong Gerard Leong, Jay N. Cohn, Inder S. Anand, Michael Egstrup, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Alberto Aimo, Yasuchika Takeishi, Pål Aukrust, Michele Emdin, Greg D. Gamble, Claudio Passino, James L. Januzzi, Rudolf A. de Boer, and Lieng H. Ling

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Internal medicine, Heart failure, medicine, Natriuretic peptide, Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.disease, Brain natriuretic peptide, business, Body mass index
Abstract

Objectives The goal of this study was to assess the predictive power of N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and the decision cutoffs in heart failure (HF) across body mas...

Published
2021
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34. A Man in Search of Family: Kinship and Decline in Michel Houellebecq’s Submission

Author

Jay N. Shelat

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Politics, Literature and Literary Theory, Kinship, Narrative, Sociology, Language and Linguistics, Genealogy
Abstract

This article examines the role of family in Michel Houellebecq’s Submission. It argues that homodiegetic narration and analepsis are ways for the French author to convey the political shif...

Published
2021
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35. Outcome of bipolar transurethral resection in benign enlargement of prostate: A retrospective analysis

Author

Samir Shrestha, Pukar Maskey, and Jay N Shah

Abstract

Introduction: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign enlargement of prostate (BEP) is one of the common urological problem in men. Bipolar transurethral resection of prostate (B-TURP) is a standard surgical intervention for BEP. In this study we aim to analyze the perioperative outcome and complications of B-TURP for BEP. Method: This retrospective study analyzed the perioperative outcome & complications of B-TURP in patients with BEP from August 2017 to July 2020at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal. Data was collected from the operating room register and from inpatients files from the record section. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data. Study variables included age, ASA grade with known concomitant co-morbidities, prostate volume, total prostate specific antigen (TPSA), operative time, decreased hemoglobin level, postoperative bladder irrigation duration, hospital stay, transurethral resection syndrome (TURS), hyponatremia, blood transfusion, postoperative hematuria requiring intervention, postoperative acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection (UTI) and urine incontinence. Result: A total of 72 patients underwent B-TURP. Data was analyzed on 46 patients. Those with incomplete data and those files which were unable to retrieve were not analyzed. Perioperative outcomes were: median operative time was 81.73 minutes, median hospital stay was 3.4 days, median decreased hemoglobin was 3.0 g/dl and median postoperative bladder irrigation duration was 22.50 hours. Perioperative complications were: hyponatremia in 1 (2.1%), postoperative urinary retention in 2 (4.3%), blood transfusion in 4 (8.6%), postoperative hematuria requiring intervention in 3(6.5%), urinary incontinence in 8(17.3%) & urethral stricture in 6 (13.0%). There were no TURS & mortalities. Conclusion: Our study shows B-TURP is safe procedure with minimal morbidity for the treatment of benign enlargement of prostate. Keywords: Benign enlargement of prostate (BEP), bipolar transurethral resection of prostate (B-TURP), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)

Published
2021
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36. Strategic Delay and the Use of Incompatibility Rulings at the German Constitutional Court

Author

Jay N. Krehbiel

Subjects
German, Sociology and Political Science, Political science, Law, language, Constitutional review, Constitutional court, Liberal democracy, language.human_language
Abstract

Constitutional review has become a hallmark of modern liberal democracy. The efficacy of this review, however, is far from guaranteed. In this article, I argue that courts enhance judicial authorit...

Published
2021
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37. Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study

Author

Kenneth J. Sher, Natasha E. Wade, Damien A. Fair, Fiona C. Baker, Charles J. Heyser, John K. Hewitt, N Rajapaske, Kristina M. Rapuano, Susan Y. Bookheimer, Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, John J. Foxe, Dylan G. Gee, Rada K. Dagher, Jody Tanabe, Judith A. Arroyo, R James, Carolina Makowski, C Lessov-Schlagger, Andrey P. Anokhin, Chandni Sheth, Perry F. Renshaw, Raul Gonzalez, C Striley, Thompson Wk, Robert Todd Constable, Okan Irfanoglu, William G. Iacono, Max M. Owens, Bonnie J. Nagel, Anthony Steven Dick, Ryan Bogdan, Finnegan J. Calabro, Amanda Sheffield Morris, Arpana Agrawal, Susan R.B. Weiss, Alexandra Potter, Joel L. Steinberg, Michael C. Neale, Scott Mackey, Lindsay M. Squeglia, Sarah Edwards, P Murray, Marsha F. Lopez, Maria Alejandra Infante, M. De La Rosa, Kevin M. Gray, John A. Matochik, Andrew P. Prescot, Calhoun Vd, Sarah W. Feldstein-Ewing, Monica D. Rosenberg, L Ahonen, Nicole Speer, I Montoya, B. J. Casey, Antonio Noronha, William E. Pelham, Paul D. Shilling, M D Cornejo, C Mulford, Shelli Avenevoli, M Bloch, Sage Hahn, Carlo Pierpaoli, Elizabeth K. Do, Naomi P. Friedman, Matthew T. Sutherland, Bader Chaarani, N Lever, Rebekah S. Huber, G Morgan, Samuel W. Hawes, Linda Chang, Robert A. Zucker, Shana Adise, A Kaufman, O D Williams, M J Ross, Chun Chieh Fan, Edward G. Freedman, Christine L. Larson, B A Wiens, Leon I. Puttler, Paul E.A. Glaser, M Spittel, Mariana Sanchez, P Rojas, Meyer D. Glantz, Andrew T Marshall, Adriana Galván, Steven G. Heeringa, A Ksinan, P. A. F. Madden, Julie A. Dumas, D Blachman-Demner, D Schloesser, James M. Bjork, Sean N. Hatton, Jay N. Giedd, S Friedman-Hill, Rebecca DelCarmen-Wiggins, S Iyengar, R Yang, Michael P. Harms, Gayathri J. Dowling, Amal Isaiah, C Sripada, Mary M. Heitzeg, Christine C. Cloak, Susan F. Tapert, Robert Hermosillo, Vani Pariyadath, Eric Feczko, Matthew D. Albaugh, Nico U.F. Dosenbach, Andrew S. Nencka, Anders M. Dale, Paul Florsheim, D Pfefferbaum, Megan M. Herting, B Kit, Terry L. Jernigan, S.A. Brown, Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers, Job G. Godino, Kimberly H. LeBlanc, Joanna Jacobus, Gloria Reeves, Gretchen N. Neigh, W K Simmons, B Kelley, Florence J. Breslin, Michael C. Riedel, Duncan B. Clark, Martin P. Paulus, Linda B. Cottler, Rachel L. Tomko, Thomas Ernst, Hermine H. Maes, Krista M. Lisdahl, Katia D. Howlett, K Constable, Dana L. Wolff-Hughes, Steven Grant, Donald J. Hagler, Michael J. Mason, Marybel Robledo Gonzalez, Bruce D. McCandliss, Bernard F. Fuemmeler, Beatriz Luna, Hauke Bartsch, Jennifer Laurent, D Wing, Devin Prouty, Joshua M. Kuperman, Hugh Garavan, John M. Hettema, Claudiu Schirda, Richard Watts, Angela R. Laird, Hannah Loso, Clare E. Palmer, D K Yuan, Beda Jean-Francois, D Babcock, John E. Schulenberg, Frank Haist, Monica Luciana, A Ivanciu, Elizabeth A. Hoffman, A R Little, Nicole R. Karcher, Elizabeth R. Sowell, Sara Jo Nixon, Mirella Dapretto, Laika D. Aguinaldo, A C Heath, Anthony C. Juliano, Scott I. Vrieze, David A. Lewis, Masha Y. Ivanova, Marie T. Banich, Kara S. Bagot, Stefany Coxe, Marilyn A. Huestis, Kristina A. Uban, Nicholas Allgaier, Erin McGlade, Robin C. Corley, A Wilbur, Will M. Aklin, and Luke W. Hyde

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Longitudinal study, Adolescent, Audiology, Stop signal, behavioral disciplines and activities, Article, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, Reference Values, medicine, Cognitive development, Humans, Child, Working memory, General Neuroscience, Brain, Cognition, Adolescent Development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Anticipation, 030104 developmental biology, Female, Psychology, Neuroscience, psychological phenomena and processes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® is a 10-year longitudinal study of children recruited at ages 9 and 10. A battery of neuroimaging tasks are administered biennially to track neurodevelopment and identify individual differences in brain function. This study reports activation patterns from functional MRI (fMRI) tasks completed at baseline, which were designed to measure cognitive impulse control with a stop signal task (SST; N = 5,547), reward anticipation and receipt with a monetary incentive delay (MID) task (N = 6,657) and working memory and emotion reactivity with an emotional N-back (EN-back) task (N = 6,009). Further, we report the spatial reproducibility of activation patterns by assessing between-group vertex/voxelwise correlations of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation. Analyses reveal robust brain activations that are consistent with the published literature, vary across fMRI tasks/contrasts and slightly correlate with individual behavioral performance on the tasks. These results establish the preadolescent brain function baseline, guide interpretation of cross-sectional analyses and will enable the investigation of longitudinal changes during adolescent development. This paper reports activation patterns for fMRI tasks assessing response inhibition, working memory and reward processing obtained at baseline in the longitudinal ABCD Study, providing a reference for research into adolescent brain development.

Published
2021
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38. Breakthrough infection after COVID-19 vaccination: A threat for Nepal due to SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in 2nd wave ravaging India

Author

Ashis Shrestha, Jenifei Shah, Sarala Kc, Jesifei Shah, Nabees Man Singh Pradhan, Jay N Shah, Shreekrishna Maharjan, and Priscilla Samson

Subjects
education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Population, virus diseases, Breakthrough infection, Virology, Vaccination, Immunization, Immunity, parasitic diseases, Pandemic, Medicine, education, business, Adverse effect
Abstract

After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the meta-analysis in Dec 2020 did not support its reinfections. Now it is clear that not only reinfection following earlier exposure is a reality, but also breakthrough infections after vaccinations have been increasingly reported. A breakthrough infection means that the infection has broken through the protection provided by the vaccine. The course of the disease, strict observation for preventive measures, together with safe vaccines is necessary for long-term solutions. The effectiveness of the vaccine, durability of immunity, the role of the virus variants, the incidence and severity of breakthrough infections are the challenges in real life. A breakthrough infection is the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen in the respiratory specimen ≥14 days after inoculation of a vaccine. A breakthrough infection of 0.04 to 13% has been reported in the literature. Nepal began vaccine rollout in late Jan 2021. Nearly 3 million population has been vaccinated by two vaccines, the Covishield (AstraZeneca, from India) and Vero Cell (Sinopharm, China). Only minor ‘Adverse Event Following Immunization’ after the initial vaccine rollout has been reported. There is a lack of reports on the breakthrough infection for these vaccines in the local population. Analysis of the data on breakthrough infection from the vaccine rollouts in Nepal is awaited. Keywords: breakthrough infection, COVID-19 vaccine, Nepal, SARS-CoV-2 variants, 2nd wave

Published
2021
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39. The ‘Vero Cell’ COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Nepal: What we know about the Chinese vaccine development and access?

Author

Jay N Shah

Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Vero cell, Biology, Virology
Abstract

The world has changed dramatically from the impact of the COVID-19. It has impacted the normality of daily life, highlighting the failure of rich and poor nations alike, which is evident from the high number of human lives lost in rich and powerful countries like the USA with total deaths of 32,735,704 and Europe with 43,708,958 until April 24, 2021, as per Worldometer. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that all of us ‘have and have-not’, no one can escape from the effects of the lockdowns, disruption of normal life including education, businesses, etc. reminding all of us that equitable access to vaccines is the best possible choice not to further exacerbate the challenges because ‘no country is safe until every country is safe’. It is a remarkable scientific achievement that within a year of the identification of the virus, we have COVID-19 vaccines, albeit available mostly in rich countries. The benefit of research is possible only with solidarity, by sharing the available resources, vaccine included, for the control of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Modern science and technology, including the development and marketing of COVID-19 vaccines, have been focused in the USA and Europe. China joined this club of elites of science following the Chinese FDA approval of Sinopharm (the subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group- CNPG), first COVID-19 vaccine (inactivated Sars-Cov-2) based on the results of the phase-3 clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain showing up to 86% efficacy of the vaccine in preventing COVID-19. Detail of trials of Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (Vero Cells) available on two early trials in China (Phase I/II ChiCTR2000031809, enrollment 1,456) and later 4 trials outside China (phase III, NCT04510207 Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, United Arab Emirates- enrollment of 45,000; ChiCTR2000034780 United Arab Emirates, enrollment of 15,000; NCT04612972 Peru, enrollment of 6,000) show the progress of research and approval in China and UAE. Modern science and technology, including the development and marketing of COVID-19 vaccines, have been focused in the USA and Europe. China joined this club of elites of science following the Chinese FDA approval of Sinopharm (the subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group- CNPG) first COVID-19 vaccine (inactivated Sars-Cov-2) based on the results of the phase-3 clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain showing up to 86% efficacy of the vaccine in preventing COVID-19.3

Published
2021
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40. Postgraduate medical education: The history and development of competency-based training program in Nepal

Author

Jay N Shah, Ashis Shrestha, Jenifei Shah, Jesifei Shah, and Nabees Man Singh Pradhan

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Government, Medical education, education, Population, Workforce, Milestone (project management), Core competency, Certification, Curriculum, Inclusion (education)
Abstract

Nepal is a small, lower-middle-income country; with a population of around 30 million. As per WHO, Nepal has a low doctor-patient ratio (0.7/1000) and even lower specialists (e.g., surgical) workforce (0.003/1000); additionally, data from Nepal Medical Council show the number of postgraduate specialists is 1/3rd of the total registered doctors. The mismatch in the doctor-patient ratio is further aggravated by the overwhelming number of doctors in urban areas; when 80% of the population are in rural Nepal. This inequitable discrepancy in the healthcare system requires: proper training of competent medical graduates, a fair distribution across the country, and effective changes in the healthcare system. Competency-based medical education plays an important role in: standardizing education, training competent doctors, and deploying them where they are needed the most. The Government of Nepal has recently established Medical Education Commission-which plans to oversee the entrance exams; and expand the postgraduate training to be conducted by private hospitals, previously not affiliated with any medical colleges or universities. Historically, Civil Medical School started training compounders and dressers in Nepal in 1934. A big milestone was achieved with the establishment of the Institute of Medicine under Tribhuvan University in 1972, which has continued to train all categories of health manpower needed in the country. In 2006 Nepal Medical Council developed “Regulations for Post-graduate Medical education”. Thereafter, several institutions started providing postgraduate training, for example: the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu University, National Academy of Medical Sciences, and Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS). The PAHS conducts PG programs and post-PG fellowships in line with competency-based medical education. In addition to formative assessments, research thesis, and a publishable article; PAHS requires its trainees to be certified in a pre-set of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and to master eight Core Competencies domains in: Professionalism, Patient-centered care, Procedural skills, Clinical Reasoning, Communication, Scholarship, Leadership, Community orientation. The number of medical colleges in Nepal has since expanded to 24 (medical 21 and dental colleges 3). Private medical colleges make up about 3/4th of the total medical colleges in Nepal. This makes the inclusion and regulation of more components of the competency-based curriculum in postgraduate training programs, and its monitoring, somewhat of a challenge.

Published
2021
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41. A Path to a Reduction in Micro and Nanoplastics Pollution

Author

Jay N. Meegoda and Mala C. Hettiarachchi

Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, microplastics, nanoplastics, environment and human beings, wastewater, policy
Abstract

Microplastics (MP) are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size. There are two categories of MP: primary and secondary. Primary or microscopic-sized MP are intentionally produced material. Fragmentation of large plastic debris through physical, chemical, and oxidative processes creates secondary MP, the most abundant type in the environment. Microplastic pollution has become a global environmental problem due to their abundance, poor biodegradability, toxicological properties, and negative impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms including humans. Plastic debris enters the aquatic environment via direct dumping or uncontrolled land-based sources. While plastic debris slowly degrades into MP, wastewater and stormwater outlets discharge a large amount of MP directly into water bodies. Additionally, stormwater carries MP from sources such as tire wear, artificial turf, fertilizers, and land-applied biosolids. To protect the environment and human health, the entry of MP into the environment must be reduced or eliminated. Source control is one of the best methods available. The existing and growing abundance of MP in the environment requires the use of multiple strategies to combat pollution. These strategies include reducing the usage, public outreach to eliminate littering, reevaluation and use of new wastewater treatment and sludge disposal methods, regulations on macro and MP sources, and a wide implementation of appropriate stormwater management practices such as filtration, bioretention, and wetlands.

Published
2023
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42. Outcomes of Trauma Patients with Flail Chest and Surgical Rib Stabilization

Author

Michael Martyak, Reem Sharaf Alddin, Alexander P McNally, Jay N. Collins, Kyle Deivert, Colten A Yahn, and Tyler Fraga

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Flail chest, Rib Fractures, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Ribs, General Medicine, Length of Stay, medicine.disease, Surgery, Fracture Fixation, Internal, Flail Chest, medicine, Humans, Intubation, business, Retrospective Studies, Fixation (histology)
Abstract

The goal of this project was to describe the current practices of this institution and identify which patients benefit from surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF). A total of 1429 trauma patients admitted to our Level 1 center with rib fractures between January 1, 2014 and June 22, 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Flail chest was observed in 43 (3.01%) patients. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures was pursued in 27 of all patients (1.89%). Twenty-four flail chest patients required intubation (ETT). Nineteen were not intubated (NoET). Of the ETT group, 8 underwent SSRF and 16 did not. Those who had SSRF had a shorter ventilator Length of Stay (7.1 vs 15.7 d) and Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay (9.8 vs 11.9 d). Surgical stabilization of rib fractures has shown success in managing flail chest. In intubated patients with flail chest, fixation seems to decrease Intensive Care Unit stays and the duration of ventilation. We believe we need to perform SSRF on more patients with flail chest.

Published
2021
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45. Effects of chemical mutagens on the physio-chemical traits of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Author

Jay N. Bhuyan, S Srichandan, L Tripathy, SK Dash, and T R Sahoo

Subjects
biology, Field experiment, fungi, food and beverages, Biomass, Photosynthetic efficiency, biology.organism_classification, Lycopersicon, Horticulture, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), Sodium azide, Transplanting, Dry matter
Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Research station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during Rabi 2017 and 2018 seasons. Five hundred seeds of variety Utkal Kumari (BT 10) were taken and subjected to single and combined mutagenic treatment as per the specification. The experiment was laid down in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Leaf area (dm2/plant), total dry matter and chlorophyll content were measured at 30, 60 and 75 days after transplanting(DAT). NAR (Net assimilation rate) and CGR (Crop growth rate) were also calculated at 30-40 DAT and 50-60 DAT. All the treatments showed increase in yield over control and buffer except in treatment Sodium Azide (SA) 0.06% which indicated that the mutagens had positive effect on the plant for increasing yield. The increase in yield depends on leaf area or photosynthesizing tissues, total respiring tissues or total biomass, photosynthetic efficiency as reflected by chlorophyll content, Net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR). Ethyl methane sulphate (EMS) at 0.6% concentration had shown maximum increase in yield which was attributed to maximum leaf area (55.19 dm2/plant), maximum total dry matter (19.44g/plant) and maximum crop growth rate (0.347g.m−2.day−1). The chlorophyll content and NAR (Net assimilation rate) were also significantly high for this treatment.

Published
2021
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48. Impact of the heart transplant allocation policy change on inpatient cost of index hospitalization

Author

Dmitry Abramov, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Marat Fudim, Josh S. Chung, Jay N. Patel, and David G. Rabkin

Subjects
Hospitalization, Inpatients, Transplantation, Policy, Adolescent, Heart Transplantation, Humans, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

We sought to determine the financial impact of the United Network for Organ Sharing heart transplant (HT) allocation policy change of October 2018.Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample we retrospectively analyzed hospital discharge data between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. ICD-10-CM procedure codes were used to identify hospitalizations of patients undergoing HT as well as the use of temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) during the HT hospitalization. Patients 18 years old and those with missing data on costs were excluded. The primary outcome was inflation-adjusted costs. Total costs were inflated to 2019 US dollars.During the course of the study, temporary MCS increased significantly among 11 380 weighted patients transplanted while mean length of stay (LOS) did not. Mean inflation-adjusted costs rose about $40k per HT. On univariate analysis, transplantation year, use of temporary MCS and LOS were all significantly associated with increased cost while on multivariate analysis only temporary MCS and LOS were.The 2018 allocation change has resulted in more expensive inpatient costs for HT correlating with an increase in temporary MCS.

Published
2022
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49. Brain charts for the human lifespan

Author

Armin Raznahan, Eric Courchesne, Andrea Parolin Jackowski, Kamen A. Tsvetanov, Cameron T. Ellis, R.C. Gur, Bin Bae J, Park Mtm, Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa, Simon N. Vandekar, Jacob W. Vogel, Juan Zhou, Machteld Marcelis, Kiho Im, Patricia Ellen Grant, Minhui Ouyang, Blesa Cabez M, Michael V. Lombardo, Sarah E. Morgan, James P. Boardman, Adamson C, Calhoun Vd, Delarue M, James H. Cole, Pichet Binette A, Roberto Toro, David H. Rowitch, Nynke A. Groenewold, Kevin M. Anderson, David T.W. Jones, Michael Schöll, Wang Ys, Aiden Corvin, R.E. Gur, Damien A. Fair, Gareth Ball, Herma Lina Schaare, Andrew Zalesky, Evdokia Anagnostou, Michael J. Meaney, Taki Y, Gareth J. Sullivan, Warrier, Petra E. Vértes, Chixiang Chen, Lisa T. Eyler, Wei Liao, Tomáš Paus, Jeremy A. Elman, Phillip McGuire, Hisham Ziauddeen, William S. Kremen, Etienne Vachon-Presseau, E.T. Bullmore, Christophe Tzourio, White, Hammill Cf, Mothersill D, Richard N. Henson, Jiang Qiu, Duncan E. Astle, Fabrice Crivello, Paul C. Fletcher, Chertavian C, Kim K, Jennifer Crosbie, Russell Schachar, Gabriel A. Devenyi, Manfred G. Kitzbichler, Tianye Jia, Trey Hedden, Sang Jae Lee, Ross D. Markello, Silke Kern, Ian M. Goodyer, Keith A. Johnson, Frauke Beyer, Bernard Mazoyer, A. Heinz, Sylvane Desrivières, Rosenberg, Gary Donohoe, Ong Mq, Alexander D. Edwards, Dan J. Stein, Nenad Medic, Zuo Xn, Travis T. Mallard, Peter Fonagy, Lindsay W. Victoria, Ingmar Skoog, Avram J. Holmes, Jason P. Lerch, Jed T. Elison, Jianfu Li, John H. Gilmore, Rosemary Holt, Caitlin K. Rollins, Carol E. Franz, Pedro Mario Pan, Saashi A Bedford, Yang N, Jonathan C Ipser, Richard A. I. Bethlehem, Tuulari Jj, Stolicyn A, Hua Huang, Bratislav Misic, Conor Liston, Ayub M, Lisa Ronan, Yeo Bt, Sophie Adler, Charles J. Lynch, Faith M. Gunning, Konrad Wagstyl, M. Mallar Chakravarty, John Suckling, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Bharath Holla, Yap Seng Chong, Jinglei Lv, Jakob Seidlitz, Niall J Bourke, Xinlei Qian, Simon Baron-Cohen, Cynthia M. Ortinau, Deirel Paz Linares, Thyreau B, René S. Kahn, Aaron P. Schultz, Vanessa Cropley, Eric Westman, Mitchell Valdés-Sosa, Rik Ossenkoppele, André Zugman, Hasse Karlsson, Sylvia Villeneuve, Katja Heuer, Di Biase Ma, Margaret L. Westwater, Sofie L. Valk, David J. Sharp, Brigitte Landeau, Matthew Borzage, Kirsten A. Donald, Timothy Rittman, Richard Beare, Giovanni Abrahão Salum, Gunter Schumann, Ryuta Kawashima, Romero-Garcia R, John Blangero, Yun Hj, Russel T. Shinohara, Nicolas Crossley, Simon K. Warfield, Karen Pierce, George S. Alexopoulos, Katharine Dunlop, David C. Glahn, Francois Lalonde, Anqi Qiu, Lana Vasung, Gaël Chételat, Lídice Galán-García, Clifford R. Jack, Reisa A. Sperling, Anna Zettergren, Elizabeth Kelley, Arno Villringer, Andrea Mechelli, Benegal, Aaron Alexander-Bloch, Nicholas B. Turk-Browne, van Amelsvoort T, John D. Lewis, Heather C. Whalley, A. V. Witte, Zdenka Pausova, Joel T. Nigg, Heather J. Zar, Raymond J. Dolan, Christopher D. Smyser, Jay N. Giedd, Lena Palaniyappan, Ali Gholipour, Areces-Gonzalez A, Peter B. Jones, Jacqueline Hoare, Oskar Hansson, Linnea Karlsson, C Pantelis, Paly L, Bonnie Auyeung, Jorge Bosch-Bayard, Bethlehem, Richard [0000-0002-0714-0685], White, Simon [0000-0001-8642-7037], Astle, Duncan [0000-0002-7042-5392], Baron-Cohen, Simon [0000-0001-9217-2544], Henson, Rik [0000-0002-0712-2639], Jones, Peter [0000-0002-0387-880X], Kitzbichler, Manfred [0000-0002-4494-0753], Rittman, Timothy [0000-0003-1063-6937], Rowitch, David [0000-0002-0079-0060], Tsvetanov, Kamen A. [0000-0002-3178-6363], Westwater-Wozniak, Margaret [0000-0002-2918-0979], Ziauddeen, Hisham [0000-0003-4044-1719], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, British Academy, Autism Research Trust, National Institute of Mental Health (US), UK Research and Innovation, Medical Research Council (UK), National Institute for Health and Care Research (US), Wellcome Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Pennsylvania, Yale University [New Haven], Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie et imagerie des troubles neurologiques (PhIND), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department [AP- HP Hôpital Robert Debré], AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Département de Neuroscience - Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire / Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity [Paris, France] (CRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Psychiatrie (9), Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, 3R-BRAIN, AIBL, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators, CALM Team, Cam-CAN, CCNP, COBRE, cVEDA, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age Working Group, Developing Human Connectome Project, FinnBrain, Harvard Aging Brain Study, IMAGEN, KNE96, The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, NSPN, POND, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, [Bethlehem, R. A. I.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Auyeung, B.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Baron-Cohen, S.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Bedford, S. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Holt, R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Lombardo, M. V.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Bethlehem, R. A. I.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Brain Mapping Unit, Cambridge, England, [Kitzbichler, M. G.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Brain Mapping Unit, Cambridge, England, [Seidlitz, J.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Vogel, J. W.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Gur, R. E.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Gur, R. C.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Jackowski, A. P.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Satterthwaite, T. D.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Seidlitz, J.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Behav Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Behav Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Seidlitz, J.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Chertavian, C.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Gur, R. E.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Gur, R. C.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [White, S. R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Goodyer, I. M.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Henson, R. N.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Jones, P. B.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Kitzbichler, M. G.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Medic, N.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Morgan, S. E.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Romero-Garcia, R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Ronan, L.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Suckling, J.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Vertes, P. E.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Warrier, V.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Westwater, M. L.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Ziauddeen, H.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Bullmore, E. T.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [White, S. R.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Biostat Unit, Cambridge, England, [Vogel, J. W.] Univ Penn, Lifespan Informat & Neuroimaging Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Satterthwaite, T. D.] Univ Penn, Lifespan Informat & Neuroimaging Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Anderson, K. M.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Ellis, C. T.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Turk-Browne, N. B.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Adamson, C.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Ball, G.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Beare, R.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Jackowski, A. 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E.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Henson, R. N.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Whalley, H. C.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Auyeung, B.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Philosophy Psychol & Language Sci, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Pausova, Z.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Philosophy Psychol & Language Sci, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Ayub, M.] Queens Univ, Dept Psychiat, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Kingston, ON, Canada, [Ayub, M.] UCL, Mental Hlth Neurosci Res Dept, Div Psychiat, London, England, [Bae, J.] Seoul Natl Univ, Bundang Hosp, Dept Neuropsychiat, Seongnam, South Korea, [Ball, G.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Baron-Cohen, S.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Serv CLASS, Cambridge, England, [Benegal, V.] Natl Inst Mental Hlth & Neurosci NIMHANS, Ctr Addict Med, Bengaluru, India, [Beyer, F.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Villringer, A.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Witte, A. V.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Blangero, J.] Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley, South Texas Diabet & Obes Inst, Dept Human Genet, Edinburg, TX USA, [Blesa Cabez, M.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Boardman, J. P.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Sullivan, G.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Borzage, M.] Univ Southern Calif, Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Keck Sch Med, Fetal & Neonatal Inst,Div Neonatol,Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA, [Bosch-Bayard, J. F.] Montreal Neurol Inst, Ludmer Ctr Neuroinformat & Mental Hlth, McGill Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Bosch-Bayard, J. F.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Chakravarty, M. 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A.] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Neuropsychiat Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Lv, J.] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Neuropsychiat Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Zalesky, A.] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Neuropsychiat Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Hammill, C. F.] Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Schachar, R. 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A.] Queens Univ, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Dept Psychiat, Kingston, ON, Canada, [Kern, S.] Univ Gothenburg, Neuropsychiat Epidemiol Unit, Dept Psychiat & Neurochem,Sahlgrenska Acad, Ctr Ageing & Hlth AGECAP,Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Skoog, I.] Univ Gothenburg, Neuropsychiat Epidemiol Unit, Dept Psychiat & Neurochem,Sahlgrenska Acad, Ctr Ageing & Hlth AGECAP,Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Zettergren, A.] Univ Gothenburg, Neuropsychiat Epidemiol Unit, Dept Psychiat & Neurochem,Sahlgrenska Acad, Ctr Ageing & Hlth AGECAP,Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Kern, S.] Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Psychiat Cognit & Old Age Psychiat Clin, Reg Vastra Gotaland, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Skoog, I.] Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Psychiat Cognit & Old Age Psychiat Clin, Reg Vastra Gotaland, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Kim, K. W.] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Coll Nat Sci, Seoul, South Korea, [Kim, K. W.] Seoul Natl Univ, Bundang Hosp, Dept Neuropsychiat, Seongnam, South Korea, [Kim, K. W.] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Psychiat, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea, [Kim, K. W.] SNU MRC, Inst Human Behav Med, Seoul, South Korea, [Lalonde, F.] NIMH, Sect Dev Neurogenom, Human Genet Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, [Raznahan, A.] NIMH, Sect Dev Neurogenom, Human Genet Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, [Lee, S.] Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Seoul, South Korea, [Lerch, J.] Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Lerch, J.] Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Neurosci, FMRIB, Wellcome Ctr Integrat Neuroimaging, Oxford, England, [Lewis, J. D.] McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Li, J.] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Clin Hosp, Chengdu Brain Sci Inst, Chengdu, Peoples R China, [Liao, W.] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Clin Hosp, Chengdu Brain Sci Inst, Chengdu, Peoples R China, [Valdes-Sosa, P. 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E.] Alan Turing Inst, London, England, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Coll Ireland, Sch Business, Dept Psychol, Dublin, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Sch Psychol, Galway, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Ctr Neuroimaging & Cognit Genom, Galway, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Trinity Coll Dublin, Dept Psychiat, Dublin, Ireland, [Nigg, J.] Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med, Portland, OR 97201 USA, [Ong, M. Q. W.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Cognit, Singapore, Singapore, [Qian, X.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Cognit, Singapore, Singapore, [Zhou, J. 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M.] Natl Inst Dev Psychiat Children & Adolescents INP, Sao Poalo, Brazil, [Zugman, A.] Natl Inst Dev Psychiat Children & Adolescents INP, Sao Poalo, Brazil, [Pantelis, C.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychiat, Melbourne Neuropsychiat Ctr, Carlton, Vic, Australia, [Pantelis, C.] Melbourne Hlth, Carlton, Vic, Australia, [Pantelis, C.] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Engn, Parkville, Vic, Australia, [Pantelis, C.] Florey Inst Neurosci & Mental Hlth, Parkville, Vic, Australia, [Park, M. M.] Western Univ, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Psychiat, London, ON, Canada, [Rollins, C. K.] Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Fac Med, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Rollins, C. K.] Univ Montreal, CHU St Justine, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Romero-Garcia, R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Romero-Garcia, R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Rosenberg, M. D.] Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Rosenberg, M. 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P.] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiol, Athinoula Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA USA, [Schumann, G.] Fudan Univ, Inst Sci & Technol Brain Inspired Intelligence, Ctr Populat Neurosci & Stratified Med PONS, Shanghai, Peoples R China, [Schumann, G.] Charite Campus Mitte, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Charite Mental Hlth, PONS Ctr, Berlin, Germany, [Scholl, M.] Univ Gothenburg, Wallenberg Ctr Mol & Translat Med, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Scholl, M.] Univ Gothenburg, Dept Psychiat & Neurochem, Gothenburg, Sweden, [Scholl, M.] UCL, Queens Sq Inst Neurol, Dementia Res Ctr, London, England, [Sharp, D.] UK Dementia Res Inst, Care Res & Technol Ctr, London, England, [Shinohara, R. T.] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Ctr Biomed Image Comp & Analyt, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Smyser, C. D.] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA, [Smyser, C. D.] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA, [Smyser, C. D.] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA, [Stein, D. J.] Univ Cape Town, Dept Psychiat, SA MRC Unit Risk & Resilience Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa, [Stein, D. J.] Univ Cape Town, Neurosci Inst, Cape Town, South Africa, [Stolicyn, A.] Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Clin Brain Sci, Div Psychiat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Whalley, H. C.] Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Clin Brain Sci, Div Psychiat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Toro, R.] Inst Pasteur, Dept Neurosci, Paris, France, [Traut, N.] Inst Pasteur, Dept Neurosci, Paris, France, [Traut, N.] Univ Paris 05, Ctr Res & Interdisciplinar CRI, Paris, France, [Tsvetanov, K. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, England, [Turk-Browne, N. B.] Yale Univ, Wu Tsai Inst, New Haven, CT USA, [Tuulari, J. J.] Univ Turku, Dept Clin Med, Turku, Finland, [Tuulari, J. 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H.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Translat Magnet Resonance Res, Singapore, Singapore, [Ziauddeen, H.] Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust MRC Inst Metab Sci, Cambridge, England, [Zugman, A.] NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, [Zugman, A.] Escola Paulista Med, Dept Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil, [Zuo, X. N.] Nanning Normal Univ, Sch Educ Sci, Key Lab Brain & Educ, Nanning, Peoples R China, British Academy Postdoctoral fellowship, NIMH, UKRI Medical Research Council, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Senior Investigator award, MRC research infrastructure award, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and Ontario Brain Institute

Subjects
631/378/2649, OpenPain Project, KNE96, Growth, Psychiatric-disorders, DISEASE, 3R-BRAIN, Brain charts, MRI Brain, OASIS-3, Disease, CCNP, 631/378/2571, UMN BCP, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS, article, Brain, Human brain, ASSOCIATION, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Harvard Aging Brain Study, The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, NSPN, medicine.anatomical_structure, GROWTH, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ddc:500, BURDEN, WHITE-MATTER, FinnBrain, Harvard Aging Brain Study, Organization, Mri, MRI, medicine.medical_specialty, Concurrent validity, MODELS, Cam-CAN, Longevity, CALM Team, POND, Neuroimaging, Burden, ORGANIZATION, AIBL, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, Cortical thickness, Association, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, FinnBrain, IMAGEN, KNE96, White-matter, medicine, Humans, ASRB, 631/378/1689, COBRE, business.industry, 631/378/2611, Brain morphometry, Neurosciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators, Magnetic resonance imaging, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Anthropometry, Body Height, Brain growth, Birth, 59/57, Normative, IMAGEN, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age working group, NSPN, business, CCNP, 3R-BRAIN, CORTICAL THICKNESS, Developing Human Connectome Project, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age working group, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, Bullmore, E.T
Abstract

Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes., R.A.I.B. was supported by a British Academy Postdoctoral fellowship and by the Autism Research Trust. J. Seidlitz was supported by NIMH T32MH019112-29 and K08MH120564. S.R.W. was funded by UKRI Medical Research Council MC_UU_00002/2 and was supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). E.T.B. was supported by an NIHR Senior Investigator award and the Wellcome Trust collaborative award for the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network. A.F.A.-B. was supported by NIMH K08MH120564. Data were curated and analysed using a computational facility funded by an MRC research infrastructure award (MR/M009041/1) to the School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge and supported by the mental health theme of the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.

Published
2022
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50. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Biomarkers of Cardiac Damage and Stress in Aortic Stenosis

Author

Elliot J. Stein, William F. Fearon, Sammy Elmariah, Juyong B. Kim, Samir Kapadia, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Linda Gillam, Brian Whisenant, Nishath Quader, Alan Zajarias, Frederick G. Welt, Anthony A. Bavry, Megan Coylewright, Robert N. Piana, Ravinder R. Mallugari, Daniel E. Clark, Jay N. Patel, Holly Gonzales, Deepak K. Gupta, Anna Vatterott, Natalie Jackson, Shi Huang, and Brian R. Lindman

Subjects
Male, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, NT‐proBNP, Cardiovascular, Natriuretic Peptide, Risk Factors, Clinical Research, Natriuretic Peptide, Brain, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, screening and diagnosis, troponin, Prevention, Brain, biomarkers, Hypertrophy, Aortic Valve Stenosis, mortality, Left Ventricular, Peptide Fragments, left ventricular hypertrophy, Detection, Heart Disease, Good Health and Well Being, NT-proBNP, Aortic Valve, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Female, Patient Safety, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Biomarkers, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies
Abstract

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with increased mortality risk and rehospitalization after transcatheter aortic valve replacement among those with severe aortic stenosis. Whether cardiac troponin (cTnT) and NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) risk stratify patients with aortic stenosis and without LVH is unknown. Methods and Results In a multicenter prospective registry of 923 patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement, we included 674 with core‐laboratory‐measured LV mass index, cTnT, and NT‐proBNP. LVH was defined by sex‐specific guideline cut‐offs and elevated biomarker levels were based on age and sex cut‐offs. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations between LVH and biomarkers and all‐cause death out to 5 years. Elevated cTnT and NT‐proBNP were present in 82% and 86% of patients with moderate/severe LVH, respectively, as compared with 66% and 69% of patients with no/mild LVH, respectively ( P P =0.043). cTnT and NT‐proBNP each risk stratified patients with moderate/severe LVH ( P P P =0.049) were each associated with increased mortality risk, whereas moderate/severe LVH was not ( P =0.15). Conclusions Elevations in circulating cTnT and NT‐proBNP are more common as LVH becomes more pronounced but are also observed in those with no/minimal LVH. As measures of maladaptive remodeling and cardiac injury, cTnT and NT‐proBNP predict post‐transcatheter aortic valve replacement mortality better than LV mass index. These findings may have important implications for risk stratification and treatment of patients with aortic stenosis.

Published
2022

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