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The current study was conducted in four stations on the banks of the Euphrates River for a full year from September (2020) to August (2021) for the purpose of diagnosing parasites Entamobea histolytica and Giardia lamblia .Water samples were taken in clean and sterile plastic bottles and transported to the laboratory. The sedimentation method for parasites and the loglual ioden method were used to diagnose the parasite. Entamobea histolytica parasite was isolated from station (st1) with a percentage of 18%, and (st2) it accounted for 39%,in while station (st3 )the precentage reached to 43%, Howeber station (st4) respictibely to 29%. The Giardia lamblia parasite was the least prevalent in the Euphrates River in station (st1), with apercent of 11.1%, in station (st2) reachd to 19%, but in station (st3) reached to25.6%, but in station (st4) was not found ,The results of the study also showed a concordance between air and water temperature in all study stations, the air temperature ranged between (37-16)°C and the water temperature ranged between (32-17)°C ,The statistical ftanalysis showed that there were significant differences ((P

Objective: Genome-Wide association studies (GWAS) showed an association between subset of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and multiple sclerosis. Our study aims to study this association in Saudi familial multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: Four subject groups were used in this study: sporadic MS (MS patients without family history), FMS (MS patients who have at least one family member diagnosed with MS), related controls (relatives of FMS patients who appear to be free of the disease) and independent controls (healthy volunteers). Subjects were genotyped for 15 SNPs. The variation in the genotype distribution was analyzed across study groups by using logistic regression. Results: 342 subjects were included. 99 were in the sporadic MS group, 22 were FMS, 89 were related control, and 132 were independent control. SNPS rs3135388, rs7577363, rs1321172, rs6897932, rs6498169, rs12487066, and rs4763655were associated with MS when MS and independent control groups were compared. Same SNPS were identified but with stronger association when the FMS and independent control groups were compared. Finally, when the patients and the controls were selected from a much more homogenous genetic pool from which it would be expected that only SNPs highly linked to MS would persist, only two SNPs rs6498169[OR 4.26, CI (1.17 – 15.51)];, and rs10984447 [OR 13.63, CI(1.54, 120.83) ][were associated with MS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that using a more homogenous genetic pool of cases and controls could help to identify the most significant MS-associated SNPs. Our finding is in agreement with other studies including larger sample size and more diverse populations.

The changes in the structure and properties of pitch-based carbon fibres (CF) brominated for different periods of time (up to 144 h) and the state of bromine in these fibres have been studied. Electrical conductivity in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K, IR and Raman spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis data are presented. The structural modifications in CF upon bromination, as indicated by these data, include the growth of the fine-crystalline phase, the degradation of the graphite structure, the emergence and growth of an amorphous phase, and an increase in the number of graphite layers adjacent to bromine. If the bromination time does not exceed 96 h, the process leads to the intercalation of bromine, i.e., the formation of charge-transfer complexes between the carbon network and bromine. More prolonged bromination results in the formation of C-Br chemical bonds.

Parental consanguinity (PC) may be a risk factor for familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) throughout inbred communities. The objective of this report was to estimate prevalence of FMS and rate of PC among FMS versus non-FMS patients. All Saudi MS patients were identified from our registry. The history of PC was analyzed as a case-control study. In total 141 MS patients were identified. Of these, 30 (21%) reported having at least one affected relative, 37.6% reported PC and 16% presented first-degree PC. In addition, FMS patients were more likely than non-FMS patients to report PC. In conclusion, FMS is prevalent among Saudi MS patients. MS patients with a history of PC were more likely to have FMS, suggesting a potential role of consanguinity.

The subject of this study is the influence of favourable exogenous shocks on the structure of prices and output composition in small open economies. The study is based, theoretically, on the Dutch Disease theory; and, empirically, on research conducted on Jordan. Under general equilibrium conditions, a boom in a traded sector is likely to produce a contraction of output and employment in non-booming traded sectors - de-industrialisation. This is the essence of the Dutch disease theory, its conclusions valid only within its particular set of assumptions about factor-market underpinnings of the model, including macro-equilibrium and full employment, fixed national stock of labour and capital, and perfect capital markets; and unchanging technical conditions of production. Furthermore, changes in the structure of demand that underlie the process of industrialisation are ignored, as the model assumes growth, other than that generated by the windfall gain, away. The present study contests this analytical approach, and offers an alternative that considers initial conditions of disequilibrium and conducts dynamic analysis to show the effects of demand expansion, with its disproportionately large stimulus to manufacturing, on these conditions. Demand-led output growth combined with supply-side changes induced by booming conditions leads to rapid productivity growth in manufacturing, by both increasing production efficiency and inducing technological advance. The outcome of these inter-linked supply-demand changes is an acceleration of industrialisation. The study thus presents an antithesis to the Dutch disease hypothesis. After an overview of the Dutch disease theory, the study discusses the necessary modifications when certain characteristics of industrialising economies are taken into consideration. The focus of the analysis is the Dutch disease theory's assumptions, its level of abstraction, and the static nature of its analysis. Various countries' experience of booms are presented to show that the outcome of sectoral shifts is crucially dependent on the pre-boom economic conditions; and thus to show also that boom experiences of industrial and industrialising economies differ considerably. The discussion of Jordan starts by outlining that country's historical experience of sectoral shifts. The counterfactual to the Dutch disease is established with the aid of trend analysis, and it is shown that at the end of the boom, the share in aggregate output of agriculture was smaller, and that of manufacturing larger, than 'expected' from historical trends. Dutch disease analysis is used to show that resource mobility and the spending effect have induced currency appreciation, as would have been predicted by the theory. Contrary to the theory's predictions, however, the examination of the commodity trade balance reveals significant growth in agricultural and manufacturing exports during the boom. The study then examines the reasons behind the discrepancy between the theory and this empirical observation. The performance of agriculture and manufacturing are examined separately. In both sectors booming conditions brought about rapid technological advance which expanded profits in these sectors. In addition, the disproportionately large demand for manufactured goods, both for consumption and investment, led to a rapid expansion of this sector's share in aggregate output; which was compensated for by a decline in that of agriculture. Seen in this light, the decline in the share of agriculture was a manifestation of successful industrialisation, rather than the Dutch disease effect.

Aryl aldehydes I reacted with α-tetralone to give the corresponding 2-arylidene-1-tetralone II. Condensation of the latter chalcones with hydrazine, methylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine produced the corresponding benzo[g]indazoles III, V and VI respectively. Acetylation of the 2H-benz[g]indazole derivatives III gave the corresponding 2-acetylated compounds IV. The structure of all products was elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.