Search

Cr CO 6 was investigated by X ray absorption spectroscopy. The spectral signature at the metal edge provides information about the back bonding of the metal in this class of complexes. Among the processes it participates in is ligand substitution in which a carbonyl ligand is ejected through excitation to a metal to ligand charge transfer MLCT band. The unsaturated carbonyl Cr CO 5 is stabilized by solution media in square pyramidal geometry and further reacts with the solvent. Multi site specific probing after photoexcitation was used to investigate the ligand substitution photoreaction process which is a common first step in catalytic processes involving metal carbonyls. The data were analysed with the aid of TD DFT computations for different models of photoproducts and signatures for ligand rearrangement after substitution were found. The rearrangement was found to occur in about 790 ps in agreement with former studies of the photoreaction

In this work, we investigate the photo-aquation reaction of the ferrocyanide anion with multi-edge picosecond soft X-ray spectroscopy. Combining the information of the iron L-edge with nitrogen and oxygen K-edges, we carry out a complete characterization of the bonding channels in the [Fe(CN)(5)(H2O)](3-) photo-product. We observe clear spectral signatures of covalent bonding between water and the metal, reflecting the mixing of the Fe d(z)(2) orbital with the 3a(1) and 4a(1) orbitals of H2O. Additional fingerprints related to the symmetry reduction and the resulting loss in orbital degeneracy are also reported. The implications of the elucidated fingerprints in the context of future ultra-fast experiments are also discussed.

We have developed a simple, efficient, cost-effective, and reproducible method on simultaneous dispersion of CuO nanoflowers and semi-spherical nanoparticles onto multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) surface. It makes use of a combination of Infrared (IR) irradiation, in situ-generated diazonium salt, mechanical mixing, and calcination. To achieve this nanocomposite, 5-amino-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid is chosen as a dispersing agent and cupric acetate as a CuO precursor. The process also involves calcination at moderate temperature (200°C). The resulted nanohybrid was characterized utilizing PXRD, XPS, TEM, FESEM, and EDS techniques. The obtained nanoparticles exhibit two different shapes and sizes: as flowers with ≈ 33–170-nm size range and semi-spherical form with sizes in the ≈ 4–15-nm range. They are homogeneously distributed and firmly anchored on the MWCNT surface. The method can be applied to prepare material on a large scale. They are expected to have applications in electrochemical sensors, catalysis, energy systems, etc.

Lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL) are widely and effectively used as simple safety boundaries for preventing gas-mixture ignition, and predicting them for new compounds would be valuable, especially the LFLs for low-flammability non-C/H/O species. Prediction with mechanistic flame models uses the idea that as these limits are reached, the flame speed and temperature drop below a threshold of flame feasibility because of radiant heat loss. Using methane as a reference study because its mechanisms and flammability are well characterized, non-adiabatic laminar flame speeds and profiles of temperature, flame structure, and chemiluminescent OH* and CH* are calculated using a modification of the hydrocarbon kinetics model of Hashemi et al. (2016), executed in CHEMKIN and Cantera. LFL prediction is emphasized here; large-hydrocarbon and soot radiant losses have been proven to be necessary for accurate UFL values (Bertolino et al., 2019) but were not included in this work. Property dependences on concentration are compared to published flammability limits of 5–15% methane concentration for methane/air mixtures at T 0 = 298 K and 1, 5, and 10 atm. At 1 atm, the LFL occurs at a laminar flame speed of 2.7 cm/s, and at the UFL, flame speeds between 4.5 and 6 cm/s correspond to the limit. Similarly, adiabatic temperature of 1450 K in a fuel-lean environment and 1560–1670 K in a fuel-rich environment correlate with the flammability limits. The ASTM standard test for flammability uses visual detection of a flame; ultraviolet chemiluminescence of OH* radical at limits of less than mole fraction of 10−3 is shown to reflect the methane LFL, and the equivalence-ratio dependence of OH* should resemble that of the visible C2* emission. Effects of pressure and challenges for modeling are discussed.

The leading cause of gynecological cancer-related morbidity and mortality is ovarian cancer (OC), which is dubbed a silent killer. Currently, OC is a target of intense biomarker research, because it is often not discovered until the disease is advanced. The goal of OC research is to develop effective tests using biomarkers that can detect the disease at the earliest stages, which would eventually decrease the mortality, thereby preventing recurrence. Therefore, there is a pressing need to revisit the existing biomarkers to recognize the potential biomarkers that can lead to efficient predictors for the OC diagnosis. This Perspective covers an update on the currently available biomarkers used in the triaging of OC to gain certain insights into the potential role of these biomarkers and their estimation that are crucial to the understanding of neoplasm progression, diagnostics, and therapy.

Chelating agents are an integral part of transition metal complex chemistry with broad biological and industrial relevance. The hexadentate chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has the capability to bind to metal ions at its two nitrogen and four of its carboxylate oxygen sites. We use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the 1s absorption edge of the aforementioned elements in EDTA and the iron(III)-EDTA complex to investigate the impact of the metal-ligand bond formation on the electronic structure of EDTA. Frontier orbital distortions, occupation changes, and energy shifts through metal-ligand bond formation are probed through distinct spectroscopic signatures.

Cr(CO)

Targeted doping of grain boundaries is widely pursued as a pathway for combating thermal instabilities in nanocrystalline metals. However, certain dopants predicted to produce grain-boundary-segregated nanocrystalline configurations instead form small nanoprecipitates at elevated temperatures that act to kinetically inhibit grain growth. Here, thermodynamic modeling is implemented to select the Mo-Au system for exploring the interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to nanostructure stability. Using nanoscale multilayers and in situ transmission electron microscopy thermal aging, evolving segregation states and the corresponding phase transitions are mapped with temperature. The microstructure is shown to evolve through a transformation at lower homologous temperatures (600 °C) where solute atoms cluster and segregate to the grain boundaries, consistent with predictions from thermodynamic models. An increase in temperature to 800 °C is accompanied by coarsening of the grain structure via grain boundary migration but with multiple pinning events uncovered between migrating segments of the grain boundary and local solute clustering. Direct comparison between the thermodynamic predictions and experimental observations of microstructure evolution thus demonstrates a transition from thermodynamically preferred to kinetically inhibited nanocrystalline stability and provides a general framework for decoupling contributions to complex stability transitions while simultaneously targeting a dominant thermal stability regime.

Diabetes mellitus is a physiological and metabolic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, associated with global morbidity, mortality, and financial expenses. Long-term complications can be avoided by frequent, continuous self-monitoring of blood glucose. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state-of-art glycemic control regimes involving measurement approaches and basic concepts. Following an introduction to the significance of continuous glucose sensing, we have tracked the evolution of glucose monitoring devices from minimally invasive to non-invasive methods to present an overview of the spectrum of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technologies. The conveniences, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of the real-time CGM systems (rt-CGMs) are the factors considered for discussion. Transdermal biosensing and drug delivery routes have recently emerged as an innovative approach to substitute hypodermal needles. This work reviews skin-patchable glucose monitoring sensors for the first time, providing specifics of all the major findings in the past 6 years. Skin patch sensors and their progressive form, i.e., microneedle (MN) array sensory and delivery systems, are elaborated, covering self-powered, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic devices. The critical aspects reviewed are material design and assembly techniques focusing on flexibility, sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility, and user-end comfort. The review highlights the advantages of patchable MNs' multi-sensor technology designed to maintain precise blood glucose levels and administer diabetes drugs or insulin through a "sense and act" feedback loop. Subsequently, the limitations and potential challenges encountered from the MN array as rt-CGMs are listed. Furthermore, the current statuses of working prototype glucose-responsive "closed-loop" insulin delivery systems are discussed. Finally, the expected future developments and outlooks in clinical applications are discussed.

The use of the herbicide aminotriazole (3-ATA) in agriculture poses rising concerns about global water-borne contamination. Due to its toxicity which is known to cause cancer and thyroid dysfunction, 3-ATA is considered an important analytical target. Environmental protection agencies worldwide have introduced several directives that set concentration limits for chemicals to combat water pollution. Hence, to evaluate the presence of 3-ATA in water and limit their impact on ecosystems and human health, the development of an efficient real-time monitoring device is the key. The as-synthesized copper oxide decorated multiwall carbon nanotubes at 400 °C (CuO-MWCNT@400) showed remarkable efficiency as modifiers. Under optimal conditions, we explored the direct oxidation of 3-ATA at CuO-MWCNT@400 modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE). With its distinguishing synergistic features like high levels of porosity, stability, and surface area, this structure favoured greater detection, selectivity, and sensitivity. The amperometric i-t curve technique was adopted for the first time for 3-ATA quantification. This technique rendered a good detection sensitivity of 1.65 × 10

Chelating agents are an integral part of transition metal complex chemistry with broad biological and industrial relevance. The hexadentate chelating agent ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid EDTA has the capability to bind to metal ions at its two nitrogen and four of its carboxylate oxygen sites. We use resonant inelastic X ray scattering at the 1s absorption edge of the aforementioned elements in EDTA and the iron III EDTA complex to investigate the impact of the metal ligand bond formation on the electronic structure of EDTA. Frontier orbital distortions, occupation changes, and energy shifts through metal amp; 8722; ligand bond formation are probed through distinct spectroscopic signatures

Health care monitoring is an extremely important aspect of human life that can be accomplished using wearable skin-patchable sensors. Upon interfacing with the skin or epidermal surface of the body, the sensing patches can monitor the movements of human parts such joints, legs, and fingers as well as tiny vibrations caused by respiration, blood flow, and heart beat. Wearable skin patches have shown improved promise in monitoring the body temperature and fever in addition to quick measurement of blood pressure and pulse rate along with breathing rate. Sensors can also analyze the sweat contents when in contact with the skin as well as other analytes such as diabetes-based volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organophosphate nerve stimulating agents. Hence, the sensors can be of immense help in the early prediction of malfunctions of the body organs such as heart and lungs, leading to timely and effective treatment. This review covers different important aspects of skin-patchable sensors including mechanical strength and flexibility, sensitivity, transparency, self-healing, self-cleaning, and self-powering ability as well as their latest applications in medical technology.

Objective Premature and ill neonates undergo painful but medically necessary procedures while hospitalized. Although opiate drugs are administered as analgesics, problems associated with their side effects, tolerance, and potential dependence necessitate research into alternative pain-relieving medications. Here we test two plant-derived compounds in infant rats: sinomenine, which targets the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor member X2 opioid receptor; and salvinorin A, which is a κ opioid receptor agonist. In adult animals both sinomenine and salvinorin A are analgesic, but neither has been tested in infants. Methods We used the formalin and thermal plantar tests in rats 7 and 21 days of age (PN7 and PN21) for behavioral signs of pain. In addition, brain sections were stained using Fos immunohistochemistry to examine patterns of brain activation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Results Sinomenine was analgesic in both the formalin and thermal tests on animals 21 days of age. At PN7 only the highest dose elevated response latencies in the thermal test and there were no effects of sinomenine in the formalin test. Analysis of Fos expression in the sinomenine-treated animals showed no drug effect, in contrast to the behavioral results. Salvinorin A was analgesic in the formalin test only at the highest dose at 21 days of age but not in the thermal test at either age. Conclusion The increased modest effectiveness of sinomenine in older animals and the minimum salvinorin A drug effect suggest that the compounds act on sites that develop during the preweaning period (sinomenine) or after weaning (salvinorin A).

Naringenin (NR) displays strong antioxidant and numerous pharmacological activities, mitigating severity of metabolic-syndromes without undesirable side-effects. With the upsurge of interest in administering NR as diet-supplement antioxidant, in this work for the first time we implemented functionalized-MWCNT/Nileblue-composite on carbon paste electrode (fMWNCT/NB/MCPE), as electrochemical sensor for catalytic NR oxidation. Integrated properties of fMWCNT/NB and their consonance with CPE, led to lowering of R ct value with fast-kinetics and diminution of over-potential. NR determination was due to electrical-conductivity, π-π and electrostatic-forces that magnified anodic current by 5.5 fold. In the pH range 3.0 to 10.0 NR undergoes irreversible oxidation via transfer of 1e −/H +. Critical parameters, namely, pH and scan rate were assessed to reinforce differential pulse voltammtery (DPV) sensitivity for quantitative measurements. Sensor's selectivity, stability, accuracy and reproducibility were determined. Finally its viability in quantifying NR was validated by scrutinizing NR fortified fruit juices, as real sample matrices.

This work presents an extensive study on the effect of various parameters (concentration, solvents, infrared irradiation, salts, and temperature variation) on the barium oxide nanoparticles decorated multi-wall carbon nanotubes. A simple and effective technique involving infrared irradiation and diazonium chemistry was utilized. The materials were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. A homogeneous distribution of amorphous barium oxide nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes was observed. Particles size varies from 3–18 nm (Gaussian mean diameter ∼11.7 nm). Thermogram showed that nanoparticles act as a catalyst to decompose nanotubes even at lower temperature. A common dye pollutant that is methylene blue was considered to evaluate the ability of the present composite for water purification for the first time. As our technique is also applicable to bulk synthesis, it can be worthful for wide range of nanotechnological applications.

Tizanidine hydrochloride (TZD) is a muscle relaxant and alpha2 adrenergic agonist. TZD overdose possesses some potentially unwanted side effects including hallucinations, delusion, low blood pressure, liver damage, etc. Thus, the development of an analytical method for the sensitive detection of TZD in clinical and real samples is essential. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a non-hazardous material and its amazing surface properties, and wide bandgap makes it a good modifier for electrochemical sensor development. In the present work, a novel sensor system is developed for the electrochemical determination of TZD. The fabrication of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was done by the drop cast method, where suspension of ZnO was coated on the sparkling surface of the GCE. Voltammetric investigation of TZD was performed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. The electroanalytical study of TZD shows one peak in the forward scan indicating the irreversibility of TZD at bare GCE and ZnO/GCE. In comparison to bare GCE, sensitive detection with a higher peak current was obtained at the modified electrode, due to the increase in the active surface area. Optimization of the amount of modifier, accumulation time, and pH of the electrolyte was done methodically. The analytical performance of the fabricated sensor towards TZD detection was investigated by using the SWV technique, and the limit of detection was found to be 1.15 × 10−8 M. To check the effectiveness and real-time application, the developed electrode was assessed in the detection of TZD in commercially available pharmaceutical formulations and TZD spiked human urine samples. The fabricated sensor has also shown a sensitive detection and higher % recovery values, indicating its direct commercial and clinical importance.

The electrochemical oxidation of Ferulic acid (FA) was assiduously scrutinized by cyclic voltammetry and more sensitive amperometry technique using silver decorated multi-walled carbon nano-tubes modified carbon paste electrode. The modified electrode showed superior catalytic activity at physiological pH. The synergistic outcome of multiwalled carbon nano-tubes and silver nano-particles resulted in superior electro-catalytic activity and a significant three time increase of anodic peak current sensitivity and a remarkable lower energetics by 120 mV shift in potential thereby decreasing over-potential for electro-oxidation of FA in comparison to bare carbon paste electrode. Under optimized conditions, a linear dynamic range of 4.0 × 10− 8 to 1.0 × 10− 3 M, with a lower detection limit of 3.0 × 10− 8 M (S/N = 3) was obtained. The surface morphology of the sensor was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. EDX was used determine the elemental composition of the electrode. The electrochemical impedance study revealed the least charge transfer resistance for the modified electrode. The effect of variation of scan rate, pH and concentration towards the electro-catalytic oxidation of FA was also investigated. Absence of peak for interfering molecules like Ascorbic acid, Uric acid and Glucose makes this sensor unique with significant analytical advantage. The fabricated sensor revealed adequate reproducibility, long term stability and enhanced selectivity in presence of commonly existing interfering molecules. The sensor was employed for the validation of spiked human urine and the wine which gave recoveries ranging from 97.5 to 99.4%, making it a potential alternative tool for the quantitative detection of FA in the biomedical field.

Optically active constituents (OACs) in addition to water molecules attenuate light via processes of absorption and scattering and thereby determine underwater light availability. An analysis of their optical properties helps in determining the contribution of each of these to light attenuation. With an aim to study the bio-optical variability, absorption budget and 1% spectral light availability, hydrographical (temperature and salinity), and hyperspectral optical (downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance) profiles were measured along fjord transects in Sognefjord and Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Optical water quality observations were also performed using Secchi disc and Forel-Ule scale. In concurrence, water samples were collected and analyzed via visible spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and gravimetry to quantify and derive inherent optical properties of the water constituents. An absorption model (R2 = 0.91, n = 36, p

A simple and effective approach using infrared (IR) irradiation and diazonium chemistry has been applied to decorate multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with lanthanum hydroxide nanoparticles (LaH NPs). The decoration process comprised four steps: purification, functionalization, impregnation and calcination. The resulting materials were characterized with XPS, TEM, PXRD, EDX and Raman spectroscopy. Sodium hydroxide treatment led to the purification of MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs). Functionalizing purified MWCNTs with in situ generated tricarboxylic aryl diazonium salts (p-MWCNTs-D3) followed by impregnation using IR irradiation was the key step in efficiently impregnating p-MWCNTs-D3 with lanthanum nitrate (p-MWCNTs-D3/LaN). Calcination of p-MWCNTs-D3/LaN at 500 °C under argon atmosphere resulted in homogeneously distributed LaH NPs on MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs/LaH) in the size range of 1.5–6.0 nm, with a Gaussian mean diameter of 3.0 nm. LaH nanoparticles were found to be amorphous. This method is applicable to large-scale production, which opens interesting outlooks for nanotechnology applications such as energy storage material and sensor for detection of chemical warfare agents in the defense sector.

The medical device industry leads to high environmental footprint while holding fundamental social function. The panorama is composed of devices with rather specific lifecycles and impacts: imaging equipment that eventually become electronic waste, sophisticated invasive devices that require sterilisation before reprocessing, and potentially infected single-use devices that hinder recycling possibilities. It is, thus, challenging for practitioners to identify opportunities for circular business model (CBM) innovation to the many types of devices. Therefore, this research aims to detail the application of CBMs in the medical device industry so that they can be used as benchmarks. Systematic literature review and content analysis of cases and research articles grounds the types of business models. Cross-tabulation and network analysis ground the triangulation between cases and literature for discussion. Nine industry-specific CBMs were identified and positioned according to product value and criticality. An adapted version of the business model canvas describing each CBM sustains dissemination and discussion. While identified CBMs activate the known technical cycles, there is potential to combine different types of circular solutions and enhance triple bottom line benefits. The good practices presented in this research are relevant for the medical device industry, and other industries as the CBMs are designed to meet different spectra of product value and needs for hygiene.

Executive Summary This focal chapter deals with the understanding of important ethical theories used in executive moral reasoning such as teleology, deontology, distributive justice and corrective justice, virtue ethics versus ethics of trust, from the perspectives of intrinsic versus instrumental good, moral worth versus moral obligation, and moral conscience versus moral justification. Ethical and moral reasoning will power executives to identify, explore, and resolve corporate moral dilemma, especially in the wake of emerging gray market areas where good and evil, right or wrong, just or unjust, and truth and falsehood cannot be easily distinguished. We focus on developing corporate skills of awareness of ethical values and moral imperatives in current otherwise highly commoditized and turbulent human, market, and corporate situations. The challenges of morality are multifaceted and diverse. Professionals usually have self-discipline and self-regulation abilities, ego strength, and social skills. Morality in the professions is not concerned with the issues of rudimentary socialization; rather, the issues involve deciding between conflicting values, where each value represents something good in itself. There are problems in both knowing what is right, good, true, and just on the one hand, and on the other hand, in doing what is right and avoiding wrong, doing good and avoiding evil, and being fair and just while avoiding being unfair and unjust. Several contemporary cases will illustrate the challenging dimensions of ethical and moral reasoning, moral judgment and moral justification embedded in executive decision processes, and corporate growth and profitability ventures.

Rights and duties are involved in every area of business and markets, and society and governments. Most often, rights and duties involve serious ethical and moral issues of conflict. A good theory of the ethics of rights and duties, obligations, and responsibilities will empower us to understand the impact of our actions on various stakeholders. Additionally, a deep understanding of rights and duties could help us to analyze better the impact of our executive actions on various stakeholders and, in particular, to fathom the damaging effects of rights and duties violated by the man-made current financial crisis when seen from an ethical and moral point of view. Our coverage on the ethics of corporate rights and duties will comprise of two parts: Part 1: The Nature of Corporate Business Rights and Duties, and Part 2: Respecting Corporate Rights and Duties. The chapter will feature Newcomb Wellesley Hohfeld’s framework of legal interests such as claims, privileges, power, and immunity and its various applications to contemporary market and corporate executive situations. We illustrate the theory of rights and duties using several cases from the current turbulent markets.

“The unexamined life is not worth living” (Socrates). That is, without critically inquiring into the knowledge of life which is well-being and valuable, life is not worth living. Critical thinking questions existing theories and their unexamined and obsessive assumptions and generalizations, constraints, and “best” practices of the prevailing system of management and tries to replace them with more valid assumptions and generalizations that uphold the dignity, uniqueness, and inalienable rights of the individual person and the community. Better outcomes result from asking the right questions than from having the right answers. In the diverse, pluralist cultural environment of today, the promise of a truly generative dialog among Occidental (Western) and Oriental (Eastern) cultures and civilizations holds great hope for the future. Critical thinking (CT) is an “inclusive” thinking system that can facilitate this dialog such that all of us have a meaningful space and place in this universe. After defining CT and arguing its importance for executives, this chapter introduces CT in two parts: Part 1: Various Approaches to Critical Thinking; Part 2: Major Theories of Critical Thinking. Several contemporary business cases will be invoked to illustrate the need, nature, and scope of corporate CT.

Executive Summary Building trust and living interpersonal trust are crucial corporate executive virtues that are needed today. Once you have developed and solidified a high level of genuine interpersonal trust with all your stakeholders, especially customers, suppliers, and employees, then you are on the right path of managing and transforming your company. A high level of interpersonal trust between all stakeholders and corporates in a business situation will break down communication barriers, foster serious conversation and sharing of ideas, and will eliminate corporate transactional anxieties of fear, mistrust, guilt, rigidity, blame, and resentment. When stakeholders trust you and you trust them, then you speak freely, they speak freely, and your mutual sustained transparency is a gateway to survival, revival, and sustained corporate recovery and transformation, and steady growth and prosperity. Conversely, when there is low trust, high mistrust, and high distrust among stakeholders in a business situation, communications and conversations are stressed and fragmented, teamwork and team spirit are very low, and the company is heading toward its ruin and extermination. Such is the crucial role of interpersonal trust in business. This chapter explores the crucial phenomenon of corporate interpersonal trust. We review various cases, models, concepts, definitions, and theories of trust from the management literature in general, and from the marketing field in particular, to derive psychological, behavioral, ethical, and moral principles of corporate trust, trusting relations, and trusting strategies.

Executive Summary Ethics is fundamentally a science of social and collective responsibility. Ethics concerns human behavior as responsible or accountable. Because of the nature of social interaction, certain members of the society will bear greater authority, and hence, greater individual and social responsibility than others. In our world, personal responsibility and social responsibility are hardly separable. Personal responsibility becomes responsibility for the world because the person and the world are inseparable. In this chapter, we use the term responsibility from a legal, ethical, moral, and spiritual (LEMS) standpoint as some promise, commitment, obligation, sanctioned by self, morals, law, or society, to do good, and if harm results, to repair harm done on another. Hence, responsibility from a moral perspective is trustworthiness and dependability of the agent in some enterprise. Its inverse is exoneration – the extent to which one is excused from commitment and repairing the harm done to others by one’s actions. We apply the theories and constructs of executive responsibility to two contemporary cases: (1) India’s Super Rich in 2014 and (2) the Fall and Rise of Starbucks. After exploring the basic notion of responsibility, we present a discussion on the nature and obligation of corporate responsibility into three parts: Part I: Classical Understanding and Discussion on Corporate Responsibility; Part II: Contemporary Understanding and Discussion on Corporate Responsibility, and Part III: A synthesis of classical and contemporary views of responsibility and their applications to corporate executive responsibility.

In the wake of the extraordinary financial scandals that both preceded and followed the September–October Financial Crises of 2008, discussions about the executive virtues of honesty and integrity are no longer academic or esoteric, but critically urgent and challenging. As representatives of the corporation, its products and services, corporate executives in general, and production, accounting, finance, and marketing executives in particular, must be the frontline public relations and goodwill ambassadors for their firms, products, and services. As academicians of business education, we must also analyze these corporate wrongdoings as objectively and ethically as possible. What is wrong must be declared and condemned as wrong, what is right must be affirmed and acknowledged as right. We owe it to our students, our profession, our stakeholders, and to the business world. Contemporary American philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre (1981) proposes the issue of morality in a threefold question: Who am I? Who ought I to become? How ought I to get there? The answer to every question refers to the virtues, especially to corporate executive virtues. This chapter explores corporate executive virtues, especially the classical cardinal virtues of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice as defining and enhancing corporate executive life.