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Summary The SW Barents Sea and adjacent land areas have been subjected to rapid erosion and differential uplift as well as tilting of the area with major consequences for hydrocarbon exploration. The aim of this study is to use compaction of shale- and sandstone-dominated layers in order to create a map of net apparent erosion covering the entire SW Barents Sea, showing regional trends consistent with deep-seated isostatic uplift of the crust in combination with glacial erosion as a driving mechanism for the process of erosion. We find increased erosion along an axis stretching in a SE-NW orientation towards Svalbard, indicating major change in the crustal uplift pattern in the transition from the Norwegian mainland to the Barents Sea. The method used for accurate erosion estimations involved carrying out velocity inversion analysis in combination with a two-baseline normal compaction trend model. A high-quality regional velocity and time structure maps were used in order to create a net apparent erosion map of high quality, covering a larger geographical area which are consistent with similar previously published maps. The net apparent erosion map can be used as input for petroleum migration studies as it indicates the area tilted during uplift.

Atmospheric liquid and solid water particles are stabilized if they are coated with either negative or positive electric charge. The surface charge causes an increase of the partial pressure of water vapour close to the surface of each particle, effectively allowing the particles to remain in their condensed phase even if the environmental relative humidity drops below unity. The theory, briefly presented in this paper, predicts a zero parameter relation between surface charge density and water vapour pressure. This relation was tested in a series of Electrodynamic Balance experiments. The measurements were performed by stabilizing charged droplets of pure water near an ice-surface. We observed a divergence in radius as the temperature approached the freezing point from below. We find that the measurements confirm the theory within the experimental uncertainty. In some cases this generally overlooked effect may have impact on cloud processes and on results produced by Electrodynamic Balance experiments.

An exposure of the Lower Cretaceous Robbedale Formation adjacent to the Rønne Golf Course, Bornholm, has permitted a more detailed study of the trace fossils than has been made hitherto. A lithofacies analysis indicates that the sediments were deposited on the lower to upper shore face in a wave dominated barred coastal environment. The following trace fossils are present: Conichnus conosinus isp. n., Cylindrichnus isp., Ophiomorpha nodosa, Skolithos Hnearis, Teichichnus rectus, Thalassinoides suevicus forms 1 and 2. These seven trace fossils are contained in nine ichnofabrics. The ichnofabrics are closely related to sedimentary faciès and suggest a shallow marine sedimentary environment. The abiotic factors, sediment stability and grain size, probably affected the distribution of ichnofabrics by controlling the occurrence of trace makers and their behaviour. Associated with Ophiomorpha nodosa at one horizon are a series of trace fossils that may be interpreted as fodinichnial structures. They somewhat resemble "rayholes". The available nomenclature for such structures is discussed and the name Conichnus conosinus isp. n. is proposed.

[1] The PATMOS-x level 2b climatology, generated using three decades of AVHRR measurements, contains valuable information about the past global cloud record. We extract climatologies of tropical deep convective clouds from the PATMOS-x data set, based on the 10.30–11.30 μm brightness temperature. A comparison of the cross tropopause convective cloud frequency between ISCCP and PATMOS-x shows that PATMOS-x has a greater frequency of occurrence than does the ISCCP, and this enhanced frequency is attributed to greater horizontal resolution (2 km) in the PATMOS-x data. The high resolution makes this dataset suitable for a search for cross tropopause convection, which happens on length scales down to 1 km. We find there have been several changes in deep convective activity over land during the period 1982 to 2009. We explore specifically the epoch of the HALOE satellite, and find a correlation between land deep convective activity and anomalies in the HALOE stratospheric water retrievals. A simple model is able to predict stratospheric water vapor concentrations highly correlated to that observed using only frequency of deep convection. From this we conclude that deep convection over land contributes to moistening of the lowest tropical stratosphere on seasonal, annual and decadal timescales.

Co-evolution between herbivores and plants is believed to be one of the processes creating Earth's biodiversity. However, it is difficult to disentangle to what extent diversification is really driven by herbivores or by other historical-geographical processes like allopatric isolation. In the cruciferous plant Barbarea vulgaris, some Danish individuals are resistant to herbivory by flea beetles (Phyllotreta nemorum), whereas others are not. The flea beetles are, in parallel, either resistant or susceptible to the plants defenses. To understand the historical-evolutionary framework of these interactions, we tested how genetically divergent resistant and susceptible plants are, using microsatellite markers. To test whether they are reproductively fully compatible, resistant and susceptible plants were grown intermixed in an outdoor experiment, and the paternity of open-pollinated offspring was determined by analysis of molecular markers. Resistant and susceptible Danish plants were genetically strongly differentiated and produced significantly fewer hybrids than expected from random mating or nearest neighbour mating. Our results suggest that the two types belong to different evolutionary lineages that have been (partly) isolated at some time, during which genetic and reproductive divergence evolved. A parsimonious scenario could be that the two plant types were isolated in different refugia during the previous ice age, from which they migrated into and met in Denmark and possibly neighbouring regions. If so, resistance and susceptibility has for unknown reasons become associated with the different evolutionary lineages.

During June, July and August 2006 five aircraft took part in a campaign over West Africa to observe the aerosol content and chemical composition of the troposphere and lower stratosphere as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project. These are the first such measurements in this region during the monsoon period. In addition to providing an overview of the tropospheric composition, this paper provides a description of the measurement strategy (flights performed, instrumental payloads, wing-tip to wing-tip comparisons) and points to some of the important findings discussed in more detailed in other papers in this special issue. The ozone data exhibits an "S" shaped vertical profile which appears to result from significant losses in the lower troposphere due to rapid deposition to forested areas and photochemical destruction in the moist monsoon air, and convective uplift of O3-poor air to the upper troposphere. This profile is disturbed, particularly in the south of the region, by the intrusions in the lower and middle troposphere of air from the Southern Hemisphere impacted by biomass burning. Comparisons with longer term data sets suggest the impact of these intrusions on West Africa in 2006 was greater than in other recent wet seasons. There is evidence for net photochemical production of ozone in these biomass burning plumes as well as in urban plumes, in particular that from Lagos, convective outflow in the upper troposphere and in boundary layer air affected by nitrogen oxide emissions from recently wetted soils. This latter effect, along with enhanced deposition to the forested areas, contributes to a latitudinal gradient of ozone in the lower troposphere. Biogenic volatile organic compounds are also important in defining the composition both for the boundary layer and upper tropospheric convective outflow. Mineral dust was found to be the most abundant and ubiquitous aerosol type in the atmosphere over Western Africa. Data collected within AMMA indicate that injection of dust to altitudes favourable for long-range transport (i.e. in the upper Sahelian planetary boundary layer) can occur behind the leading edge of mesoscale convective system (MCS) cold-pools. Research within AMMA also provides the first estimates of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) across the West African Sahel and have shown that organic mass loadings vary between 0 and 2 μg m−3 with a median concentration of 1.07 μg m−3. The vertical distribution of nucleation mode particle concentrations reveals that significant and fairly strong particle formation events did occur for a considerable fraction of measurement time above 8 km (and only there). Very low aerosol concentrations were observed in general in the fresh outflow of active MCSs, likely as the result of efficient wet removal of aerosol particles due to heavy precipitation inside the convective cells of the MCSs. This wet removal initially affects all particle size ranges as clearly shown by all measurements in the vicinity of MCSs.

Background:The authors hypothesized that the adductor canal block (ACB), a predominant sensory blockade, reduces quadriceps strength compared with placebo (primary endpoint, area under the curve, 0.5–6 h), but less than the femoral nerve block (FNB; secondary endpoint). Other secondary endpoints wer

Certain peculiarities are observed in connection with histamine release induced by suboptimal concentrations of the ionophore A23187. The potency of the ionophore can increase by a factor of 3 when added to the incubation medium from solutions in either DMSO or buffer without added calcium as compared with addition from standard buffer. The effect was not due to the solvent per se but may relate to physicochemical conditions facilitating the ionophore's access to cellular domains.

In a postal questionnaire investigation of experiences and attitudes concerning end-of-life decisions among Danish physicians, most of the respondents reported having made decisions involving the hastening of a patient's death, and considered this acceptable. Such decisions were more frequent, and were considered ethically more acceptable, when made with the patient's informed consent than without. Of the respondents, two per cent had participated in assisted suicide, and five per cent had administered a lethal injection at the patient's request, practices considered ethically acceptable by 37 per cent and 34 per cent, respectively, of the respondents. The most frequently cited reasons for opposing such practices were double effect principle, the active killing/allowed-death distinction, and the sanctity of life; and the most frequently cited justifications were respect for the patient's autonomy, the avoidance of unnecessary suffering, and the patient's right to a death with dignity.

A case of extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma is presented. The clinical, morphological and imaging characteristics of this rare neoplasm are briefly discussed.

A case of spontaneous regression of multiple pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma in a 58-year-old woman after a right radical nephrectomy is reported. Two years after the operation the patient is in good general condition and has gained weight. The clinical aspects of this phenomenon are discussed.

A program was established for DOE Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) to evaluate factors that are anticipated to affect waste glass reaction during repository disposal, especially in an unsaturated environment typical of what may be expected for the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site. This report covers progress in FY 1992 on the following tasks: 1. A compendium of the characteristics of high-level nuclear waste borosilicate glass has been written. 2. A critical review of important parameters that affect the reactivity of glass in an unsaturated environment is being prepared. 3. A series of tests has been started to evaluate the reactivity of fully radioactive glasses in a high-level waste repository environment and compare it to the reactivity of synthetic, nonradioactive glasses of similar composition. 4. The effect of radiation upon the durability of waste glasses at a high glass surface area-to-liquid volume (SA/V) ratio and a high gas-to-liquid volume ratio will be assessed. These tests address both vapor and high SA/V liquid conditions. 5. A series of tests is being performed to compare the extent of reaction of nuclear waste glasses at various SAN ratios. Such differences in the SAN ratio may significantly affect glass durability. 6. A series of natural analogue tests is being analyzed to demonstrate a meaningful relationship between experimental and natural alteration conditions. 7. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM), infrared spectroscopys and nuclear resonant profiling are being used to assess the glass/water reaction pathway by identifying intermediate phases that appear on the reacting glass. Additionally, colloids from the leach solutions are being studied using AEM. 8. A technical review of AEM results is being provided. 9. A study of water diffusion involving nuclear waste glasses is being performed. 10. A mechanistically based model is being developed to predict the performance of glass over repository-relevant time periods.

A case of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis after surgical removal of nasal polyps is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of this rare and serious complication of nasal surgery. The clinical features are briefly discussed and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.

This report provides an overview of progress during FY 1991 for the Technical Support Program that is part of the ANL Technology Support Activity for DOE, Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM). The purpose is to evaluate, before hot start-up of the Defenses Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) and the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP), factors that are likely to affect glass reaction in an unsaturated environment typical of what may be expected for the candidate Yucca Mountain repository site. Specific goals for the testing program include the following: (1) to review and evaluate available information on parameters that will be important in establishing the long-term performance of glass in a repository environment; (2) to perform testing to further quantify the effects of important variables where there are deficiencies in the available data; and (3) to initiate long-term testing that will bound glass performance under a range of conditions applicable to repository disposal.

The effects of TMB-8 and calmidazolium were investigated on mast cell responses believed to be mediated by protein kinase C, i.e. histamine release induced by TPA (tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate) in combination with sub-threshold concentrations of the ionophore A23187 and with antigen. Inhibition with both drugs was found in the same concentration range as observed earlier and could be counteracted by glucose, indicating an impaired oxidative energy production. Hence, the test drugs do not reveal protein kinase C selectivity.

A number of glucosinolate-containing and non-glucosinolate-containing plant species were sown in small plots. Some plots were naturally infested with P. nemorum, while others were infested artificially by 1st instar larvae from a laboratory culture. The natural population infested only a few glucosinolate-containing plant species, above all radish and turnip. On the artificially infested plots black and white mustard, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Erysimum hieraciifolium were as acceptable as radish and turnip. Cheiranthus cheiri, Crambe hispanica, Lunaria biennis, Cleome aurea, C. violacea, and Reseda luteola were somewhat less acceptable. Only a few larvae were able to enter the wax-coated Brassica varieties, rape, swede, cabbage, and cauliflower, but those that did so were also able to complete their development. It is suggested that the wax-layer is a barrier to attack by 1st instar larvae of P. nemorum. No larvae survived on Iberis amara, I. umbellata, Bunias erucago, Matthiola parviflora, Hesperis matronalis, Reseda alba, Reseda odorata, Tropaeolum majus, T. peregrinum, or any of the non-glucosinolate species. Both larval and adult behaviour and larval survival seem to influence the host plant selection of P. nemorum. Zusammenfassung uber die Beziehungen von Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Col., Chrysomelidae) zur Wirtspflanze. I. Freilanduntersuchungen Zwecks Untersuchung der Beziehungen von P. nemorum zur Wirtspflanze wurden Pflanzen verschiedener Arten in kleine Versuchsparzellen ausgesat. Einige Parzellen waren von einer naturlichen Population von P. nemorum besiedelt. In diesen Parzellen waren nur wenige Cruciferen, vor allem Radieschen, Rettich und Turnips (weise Rube), befallen. In anderen Parzellen wurden die Larven des 1. Stadiums aus einer Laborzucht von P. nemorum auf die Pflanzen freigelassen, um zu prufen, ob die Larven sich einbohren und entwickeln. Die Larven entwickelten sich gleich gut in Radieschen, Rettich, Turnips, schwarzem und weisem Senf, Capsella bursa pastoris und Erysimum hieraciifolium. Die Entwicklung der Larven war weniger erfolgreich in Cheiranthus cheiri, Crambe hispanica, Lunaria biennis, Cleome aurea, C. violacea und Reseda luteola. Nur wenige Larven waren imstande, sich in die wachsbedechten Pflanzen von Raps, Kohlrube, Weiskohl und Blumenkohl einzubohren. Waren sie aber erst eingebohrt, entwickelten sie sich gut. Offensichtlich bildet die Wachsschicht eine Barriere gegen Befall der Erstlarven von P. nemorum. Die Larven entwickelten sich nicht in Iberis amara, I. umbellata, Bunias erucago, Matthiola parviflora, Hesperis matronalis, Reseda alba, R. odorata, Tropaeolum majus und T. peregrinum, ebenso nicht in den nicht-senfolglukosidhaltigen Arten. Die Larven waren imstande, sich auch an einigen Pflanzenarten zu entwickeln, die von der naturlichen Population gemieden werden. Mindestens drei Faktoren beeinflussen die Verbreitung der Larven in den verschiedenen Pflanzenarten: 1. Das Eiablageverhalten der erwachsenen Kafer; 2. Das Einbohrungsverhalten der jungen Larven; 3. Die Fahigkeit der Larven zu uberleben.

The extreme fluctuations of cutworm attacks in Denmark have mainly been related to summer rainfall. In the present investigations the influence on the cutworms was split up and dealt with in the following three ways: Relative air humidity - pilot experiments in the laboratory; rainfall - semifield experiment with sprinkle irrigation of 2 m × 2 m plots; soil moisture - greenhouse experiments using carrots in pots. No indications were found of the effect of the relative humidity or of the effects of falling rain. Soil moisture had a pronounced effect on young cutworms, the mortality of which rose with increasing soil moisture. The experiments showed that young cutworms do not stay permanently on leaves, as described in the literature, but hide in the topmost soil, and this behaviour is disturbed by wet soil. Even though the exact reason for the death of cutworms is still obscure, soil moisture is clearly a major cause of mortality. This information is already used for forecasting of attacks. Improvements may, however, be obtained by building a simple dynamic model when further experimental data are available. Zusammenfassung Bodenfeuchtigkeit als Mortalitatsfaktor bei der Wintersaateule, Agrotis segetum Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) Das Auftreten von Erdraupen der Wintersaateule in Danemark fluktuiert sehr stark. Viele Autoren haben einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Fluktuation und den Niederschlagsmengen gefunden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Bedeutung des Niederschlages in jene von relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit (Pilotversuche), fallendem Regen (Semi-Feldversuche) und Bodenfeuchtigkeit (Gewachshausversuche mit Mohren in Blumentopfen) gegliedert. Kein Einflus konnte seitens der Luftfeuchtigkeit oder der Regenmenge festgestellt werden. Dagegen wurde unter den Jungraupen eine sehr hohe Mortalitat gefunden, die von der feuchten Erde verursacht war. Wahrend der Experimente wurde die Beobachtung gemacht, das die Jungraupen sich nicht - wie fruher behauptet - permanent an den Blattern aufhalten. Dieses Verhalten war bei nasser Erde gestort. Obwohl der genaue Grund, warum die Jungraupen sterben, unbekannt ist, kann geschlossen werden, das steigende Bodenfeuchtigkeit steigende Jungraupenmortalitat zur Folge hat. Diese Erkenntnis ist fur die Prognose von Erdraupenbefall von Bedeutung. In Danemark wird sie schon verwendet, um die Schadensgefahr zu veranschlagen, aber es ware wunschenswert, noch mehr experimentelle Daten zu besitzen, um ein einfaches dynamisches Modell als Grundlage fur eine Verbesserung des Prognoseverfahrens entwickeln zu konnen.

Streptomycin held in solution in concentrations of 100 and 1,000 microg./ml. at 10 degrees C. is stable at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 for a period of three months. The depressor effect observed in the turbidimetric assay appears to be the result of two factors, buffer salt concentration and pH, and is most marked at pH 6.0. Almost normal activity reappears at pH 8.0 even in the presence of the greater concentration of phosphates.