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A naive Bayes classifier for identifying Class II YSOs has been constructed and applied to a region of the Northern Galactic Plane containing 8 million sources with good quality Gaia EDR3 parallaxes. The classifier uses the five features: Gaia $G$-band variability, WISE mid-infrared excess, UKIDSS and 2MASS near-infrared excess, IGAPS H$\alpha$ excess and overluminosity with respect to the main sequence. A list of candidate Class II YSOs is obtained by choosing a posterior threshold appropriate to the task at hand, balancing the competing demands of completeness and purity. At a threshold posterior greater than 0.5 our classifier identifies 6504 candidate Class II YSOs. At this threshold we find a false positive rate around 0.02 per cent and a true positive rate of approximately 87 per cent for identifying Class II YSOs. The ROC curve rises rapidly to almost one with an area under the curve around 0.998 or better, indicating the classifier is efficient at identifying candidate Class II YSOs. Our map of these candidates shows what are potentially three previously undiscovered clusters or associations. When comparing our results to published catalogues from other young star classifiers, we find between one quarter and three quarters of high probability candidates are unique to each classifier, telling us no single classifier is finding all young stars., Comment: 38 pages, 28 figures, 15 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We contribute to the literature on the effect of taxes on the locational choices of wealthy individuals by examining the geographical sensitivity of the Forbes 400 richest Americans to state estate taxes. Though we find billionaires’ effective tax rates are only about half the statutory rate, their residential choices are highly sensitive to these taxes, as 35 percent of local billionaires leave states with an estate tax. This tax-induced mobility causes a large reduction in the aggregate tax base. Nonetheless, we find that the revenue benefit of an estate tax exceeds the cost for the vast majority of states. (JEL H24, H31, H71, R23)

OBJECTIVE High cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) results in complete loss of upper-limb function, resulting in debilitating tetraplegia and permanent disability. Spontaneous motor recovery occurs to varying degrees in some patients, particularly in the 1st year postinjury. However, the impact of this upper-limb motor recovery on long-term functional outcomes remains unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of upper-limb motor recovery on the degree of long-term functional outcomes in order to inform priorities for research interventions that restore upper-limb function in patients with high cervical SCI. METHODS A prospective cohort of high cervical SCI (C1–4) patients with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A–D injury and enrolled in the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Database was included. Baseline neurological examinations and functional independence measures (FIMs) in feeding, bladder management, and transfers (bed/wheelchair/chair) were evaluated. Independence was defined as score ≥ 4 in each of the FIM domains at 1-year follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, functional independence was compared among patients who gained recovery (motor grade ≥ 3) in elbow flexors (C5), wrist extensors (C6), elbow extensors (C7), and finger flexors (C8). Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the impact of motor recovery on functional independence in feeding, bladder management, and transfers. RESULTS Between 1992 and 2016, 405 high cervical SCI patients were included. At baseline, 97% of patients had impaired upper-limb function with total dependence in eating, bladder management, and transfers. At 1 year of follow-up, the largest proportion of patients who gained independence in eating, bladder management, and transfers had recovery in finger flexion (C8) and wrist extension (C6). Elbow flexion (C5) recovery had the lowest translation to functional independence. Patients who achieved elbow extension (C7) were able to transfer independently. On multivariable analysis, patients who gained elbow extension (C7) and finger flexion (C8) were 11 times more likely to gain functional independence (OR 11, 95% CI 2.8–47, p < 0.001) and patients who gained wrist extension (C6) were 7 times more likely to gain functional independence (OR 7.1, 95% CI 1.2–56, p = 0.04). Older age (≥ 60 years) and motor complete SCI (AIS grade A–B) reduced the likelihood of gaining independence. CONCLUSIONS After high cervical SCI, patients who gained elbow extension (C7) and finger flexion (C8) had significantly greater independence in feeding, bladder management, and transfers than those with recovery in elbow flexion (C5) and wrist extension (C6). Recovery of elbow extension (C7) also increased the capability for independent transfers. This information can be used to set patient expectations and prioritize interventions that restore these upper-limb functions in patients with high cervical SCI.

A methyltransferase ribozyme (MTR1) was selected in vitro to catalyze alkyl transfer from exogenous O6-methylguanine (O6mG) to a target adenine N1, and recently, high-resolution crystal structures have become available. We use a combination of classical molecular dynamics, ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and alchemical free energy (AFE) simulations to elucidate the atomic-level solution mechanism of MTR1. Simulations identify an active reactant state involving protonation of C10 that hydrogen bonds with O6mG:N1. The deduced mechanism involves a stepwise mechanism with two transition states corresponding to proton transfer from C10:N3 to O6mG:N1 and rate-controlling methyl transfer (19.4 kcal·mol−1 barrier). AFE simulations predict the pKa for C10 to be 6.3, close to the experimental apparent pKa of 6.2, further implicating it as a critical general acid. The intrinsic rate derived from QM/MM simulations, together with pKa calculations, enables us to predict an activity–pH profile that agrees well with experiment. The insights gained provide further support for a putative RNA world and establish new design principles for RNA-based biochemical tools.

Purpose: To examine the current pedagogical practices among physical educators with different dispositions toward the change process and belonging to different demographic categories. We hypothesized that change-disposed, nonchange-disposed, and neutral change disposition teachers, along with teachers of different gender identities and student grade level(s), implement “best practices” with differing frequencies. Methods: Eight hundred thirty U.S. physical educators completed the Teacher Change Questionnaire-Physical Education and a 15-item adaption of Society of Health and Physical Educators America’s 20 Indicators of Effective Physical Education Instruction. Results: Nonchange-disposed teachers more frequently provided objective-related feedback, provided assessment for differentiation and summative evaluation, ensured 50% student moderate to vigorous physical activity during physical education classes, and set student learning goals than change-disposed or neutral change disposition teachers. Female and elementary teachers reported more frequent use of written curriculum and assigned grades based on student knowledge/skill assessment than male and secondary counterparts. Discussion: Continuing professional development initiatives should be designed with consideration given to change disposition, gender identity, and grade level.

Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are often over-represented in child protection and out-of-home care services. Despite this fact, little is known or understood about their experiences with these services. This scoping review seeks to identify the published literature about children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who are engaged with child protection and out-of-home care services. Findings from the 18 studies included in this review show that these children are at increased risk of entering the child protection and out-of-home care system, with outcomes that do not fare as favourably as their nondisabled peers. This is largely due to a lack of support, training, and resources for the children, their families, and carers. Placement failure was a common theme with residential care more likely for children with greater complexity and support needs. These children are understudied, with more research needed to better understand the factors that contribute to their experiences. Greater insights into how a child protection and out-of-home care pathway can be avoided, via the provision of adequate services and supports, are also urgently needed so that fewer children are placed at risk in a system where poor outcomes are common.

Background There is evidence that psychotropic medications are overprescribed and overused to manage behaviours of concern for people with intellectual disabilities. Disability support workers and support staff lack education and training on the administration and safety of psychotropic medication use. This study aimed to test the applicability and preliminary efficacy of SPECTROM, an education programme developed in the UK, in an Australian context. Methods The training comprises two parts: Module 1 encompasses psychotropic medications, their use and side effects. Module 2 focuses on non-pharmacological interventions for supporting people with behaviours of concern. Thirty-three participants attended the training course and completed pre-training and post-training surveys on the Psychotropic Knowledge Questionnaire and Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale-Revised at four time points: pre-training, 2 weeks, 3 months and 5 months post-training. Results Psychotropic Knowledge Questionnaire scores showed statistically significant post-training improvement at all post-training time points (P < 0.05). Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale-Revised scores were high at pre-training and did not change significantly at any of the post-training survey time points. A 2-week post-training feedback questionnaire reported 80% agreement that the training programme was appropriate, useful and valid. Only 36% of participants completed questionnaires at all time points. Conclusions SPECTROM training increased staff knowledge of psychotropic medications, yet loss of participants was high. Further refinement of the applicability of the training for the Australian context and evaluation of the feasibility of implementation, clinical and cost-effectiveness of the programme are required.

Biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, contain heteroatom-bonded hydrogens that undergo exchange with solvent hydrogens on timescales ranging from microseconds to hours. In hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), this exchange process is used to extract information about biomolecular structure and dynamics. This minireview focuses on millisecond timescale HDX-MS measurements, which, while less common than ‘conventional’ timescale (seconds to hours) HDX-MS, provide a unique window into weakly structured species, weak (or fast cycling) binding interactions, and subtle shifts in conformational dynamics. This includes intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDPs/IDRs) that are associated with cancer and amyloidotic neurodegenerative disease. For nucleic acids and carbohydrates, structures such as isomers, stems, and loops, can be elucidated and overall structural rigidity can be assessed. We will provide a brief overview of technical developments in rapid HDX followed by highlights of various applications, emphasising the importance of broadening the HDX timescale to improve throughput and to capture a wider range of function-relevant dynamic and structural shifts.

We study the conditions under which fiscal foresight – forward-looking agents anticipating future policy changes – results in perverse economic behavior through unintended intertemporal tradeoffs. Somewhat surprisingly, fiscal foresight by itself is far from sufficient for policy-induced incentives to perversely distort firm behavior. Rather, we show that there are two additional sets of conditions, at least one of which must hold to generate perverse behavior: (i) storable output, diminishing returns, and a non- competitive output market; (ii) “rolling base” policy design and storable output. These conditions suggest that the estimated impacts of fiscal policies may be sensitive to underlying economic or legislative characteristics and that policies targeted to specific firms or industries with unique characteristics may not be generalizable.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online inNeuropsychological data were available for a diverse cohort of 2,485 patients with TLE across seven epilepsy centers. Patterns of impairment were determined based on commonly used tests within five cognitive domains (language, memory, executive functioning, attention/processing speed, and visuospatial ability) using two impairment thresholds (≤1.0 and ≤1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean).Impairment rates were highest on tests of language, followed by memory, executive functioning, attention/processing speed, and visuospatial ability. Application of the IC-CoDE using varying operational definitions of impairment (≤ 1.0 and ≤ 1.5 SD) produced cognitive phenotypes with the following distribution: cognitively intact (30%-50%), single-domain (26%-29%), bi-domain (14%-19%), and generalized (10%-22%) impairment. Application of the ≤ 1.5 cutoff produced a distribution of phenotypes that was consistent across cohorts and approximated the distribution produced using data-driven approaches in prior studies.The IC-CoDE is the first iteration of a classification system for harmonizing cognitive diagnostics in epilepsy research that can be applied across neuropsychological tests and TLE cohorts. This proof-of-principle study in TLE offers a promising path for enhancing research collaborations globally and accelerating scientific discoveries in epilepsy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) of the hip and knee have significant morbidity and mortality, and present with varying local, host and microbiological factors. Given the broad presentation and complexity of PJI’s, we developed a dedicated multidisciplinary team (MDT) to manage this complex patient cohort, and report on our early outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of all patients diagnosed with a prosthetic joint infection of the hip or knee (n = 71) at our institution during a 4.5-year period. Patients treated after development of the MDT (post-MDT) (n = 44), were compared to a control group prior establishment of the MDT (pre-MDT) (n = 27). Results 85.2% of individuals in the pre-MDT, and 85.7% of individuals in the post-MDT group were considered cured at a minimum 2 years post-operatively according to the Delphi-based definition. The total number of admissions to hospital (2.44 vs. 1.84) and total number of antibiotics used (3.37 vs. 2.75) decreased in the post-MDT group; however, differences were not considered statistically significant. Discussion Implementation of a dedicated MDT in the management of individuals with PJI’s of the lower limb at our hospital has allowed early and effective collaboration between healthcare personnel, with early promising results. Given the broad nature of PJI, future studies are ongoing to determine modifiable risk factors to reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of individuals with PJI’s where systems can then be implemented into already established MDTs to achieve the best clinical outcome for our patients.

PurposeProgress toward health equity is necessary to reduce health disparities, and health literacy is key to achieving this goal. Because libraries provide access to knowledge and insights about their communities, they are effective partners in advancing health equity and implementing programs to reduce health disparities. A literature review on library programs and activities that focus on promoting health equity was conducted.Design/methodology/approachA literature review on library programs and activities concerning health equity and social determinants of health was conducted. Relevant literature was identified from searches of databases, library publications and grey literature.FindingsThe authors found 224 eligible sources and many types of libraries advancing health equity. Libraries frame their role in advancing health equity through external programs in three ways: (1) providing access to high-quality health information, (2) delivering health literacy training and resources and (3) connecting their communities with community health services. Libraries also advance health equity by focusing on internal library operations and providing research services focused on cultural humility and competence as they apply to health care.Originality/valueThis literature review will help the National Library of Medicine (NLM) develop a strategy to support libraries advancing health equity through information made available by programs and activities of NLM and the Network of the National Library of Medicine.

Dissemination and implementation (D&I) studies of dietary interventions for African Americans are limited. Restaurants may be an innovative setting to deliver dietary interventions. Purpose: Assess weight loss, self-efficacy for healthy eating, diet quality, and quality of life in African Americans in two groups: virtual synchronous and virtual asynchronous. Guided by RE-AIM, the Nutritious Eating with Soul @ Rare Variety Café Feasibility study included nutrition education, accountability partners for support, and cooking demonstrations led by a community health worker and was delivered across two cohorts in a non-randomized design. The intervention was conducted over 12 consecutive weekly classes. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, intervention delivery was online. African Americans between 18–65 years old with overweight/obesity, not currently following a plant-based diet or taking medications to control diabetes, and living in a southeastern city were recruited. Participants completed in-person weight assessments and online surveys at baseline and post-intervention. Linear mixed models analyzed changes in outcomes and differences in 3-month outcomes between groups. All models controlled for age and sex. Regarding Reach, 199 participants expressed interest, and 60 enrolled. Among the full sample, participants decreased body weight −2.6 ± 0.5 kg (p < .0001) and increased self-efficacy 1.6 ± 0.7 points (p = .03). No differences in 3-month outcomes between groups were observed. This D&I feasibility study successfully recruited participants during the COVID-19 pandemic and produced significant results. The successful online intervention delivery compared to in-person suggests the potential for greater D&I in vegan soul food restaurants. As restrictions are loosened, future studies will test in-person delivery.

Autonomously firing GABAergic neurons in the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a local synaptic network. In slices, most GPe neurons receive a continuous inhibitory synaptic barrage from 1 or 2 presynaptic GPe neurons. We measured the barrage’s effect on the firing rate and regularity of GPe neurons in male and female mice using perforated patch recordings. Silencing the firing of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) GPe neurons by activating genetically expressed Archaerhodopsin current increased the firing rate and regularity of PV–neurons. In contrast, silencing Npas1+GPe neurons with Archaerhodopsin had insignificant effects on Npas1–neuron firing. Blocking spontaneous GABAergic synaptic input with gabazine reproduced the effects of silencing PV+neuron firing on the firing rate and regularity of Npas1+neurons and had similar effects on PV+neuron firing. To simulate the barrage, we constructed conductance waveforms for dynamic clamp based on experimentally measured inhibitory postsynaptic conductance trains from 1 or 2 unitary local connections. The resulting inhibition replicated the effect on firing seen in the intact active network in the slice. We then increased the number of unitary inputs to match estimates of local network connectivityin vivo. As few as 5 unitary inputs produced large increases in firing irregularity. The firing rate was also reduced initially, but PV+neurons exhibited a slow spike-frequency adaptation that partially restored the rate despite sustained inhibition. We conclude that the irregular firing pattern of GPe neuronsin vivois largely due to the ongoing local inhibitory synaptic barrage produced by the spontaneous firing of other GPe neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFunctional roles of local axon collaterals in the external globus pallidus (GPe) have remained elusive because of difficulty in isolating local inhibition from other GABAergic inputsin vivo, and in preserving the autonomous firing of GPe neurons and detecting their spontaneous local inputs in slices. We used perforated patch recordings to detect spontaneous local inputs during rhythmic firing. We found that the autonomous firing of single presynaptic GPe neurons produces inhibitory synaptic barrages that significantly alter the firing regularity of other GPe neurons. Our findings suggest that, although GPe neurons receive input from only a few other GPe neurons, each local connection has a large impact on their firing.

Purpose: The purpose was to examine secondary physical education teachers’ strength and conditioning (SC) knowledge and evaluate associations between SC teaching role, professional preparation, and development. Method: A knowledge survey was developed/validated and distributed to 2,189 middle/high school teachers, with 605 providing complete data. Results: Seventy-five percent of participants reported serving an SC-related teaching role, and mean SC knowledge was 6.77 correct out of 15 (45%). Participants with SC certification, who taught an SC unit/course, who supervised an SC sport program, and who taught in high school performed significantly better. Physical education teacher education preparation, including exercise physiology and weightlifting activity courses, was a significant predictor of SC knowledge. Professional development, such as SC online coursework, meeting with SC professionals, and reading SC publications, was also a significant predictor. Conclusion: To support physical education teachers’ SC knowledge, physical education teacher education programs should include SC-related course offerings, and school administrators should consider offering professional development to physical education teachers who serve in SC roles.

The purpose of this study was to identify trends in string research published in peer-reviewed music education research journals between 1990 and 2021. String education research was defined as scholarly articles in which the purpose of the article pertained specifically to string education and/or at least 33% of the participants played bowed stringed instruments. Peer-reviewed journals were determined based on Hamann and Lucas's (1998) list of top-tier journals, Farmer and Kloss's (2022) quasi-replication of that study, a 2006 list compiled by a music education researcher, and an informal survey of music education faculty at a large midwestern university. The resulting list included the Journal of Research in Music Education, Psychology of Music, Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, Music Education Research, International Journal of Music Education, Research Studies in Music Education, Philosophy of Music Education Review, Journal of Historical Research in Music Education, and String Research Journal.For each journal issue, the researchers counted the total number of scholarly articles (N = 4,727) and the total number of string education research articles (n = 276). String education articles represented less than 6% of the total scholarly articles, or less than 5% without the String Research Journal. The method, instruments, participants, and topic of each string article were also recorded. Descriptive research methods were used most frequently, strings and violin were the most frequent instrument categories studied, university students were the most studied participant population, and musical training and skills was the most frequently investigated topic.