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BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the most common reasons for replacing posterior amalgam and resin composite restorations in patients attending the university dental restorative clinics. METHODS: A total of 318 restorations which needed to be replaced were clinically and radiographically evaluated in a period of nine months. The frequencies of reasons for replacing posterior amalgam and resin composite restorations were calculated; secondary caries, restoration/tooth fracture, marginal discoloration/ditching, proximal overhang/open margin, loss of anatomy, pain/sensitivity, and esthetics. RESULTS: The sample population comprised of 191 females and 106 males. The majority of the sample population fell in the age group of 40–50 years (n = 110). 318 restorations (n = 318) were examined in this study. 82% of examined teeth were restored with amalgam (n = 261), while posterior composite restorations comprised 18% of the examined teeth (n = 57). Among all restorations demanded to be replaced by the patients (n = 318), aesthetic need was the most common reason (n = 98), followed by Ditching or discoloration (n = 64), secondary caries (n = 57), and fracture (n = 44). Loss of anatomy was the least common cause to replace both amalgam and resin composite restorations (n = 5). The different reasons of failure were all significant between amalgam and resin composite restorations as shown in (Fig. 1) (p

Uncollected trash in the streets and other public areas, trash placed without regard for drainage systems, and trash that has contaminated water sources near uncontrolled dumps all contribute to a hazardous environment and public health situation in Khulna. The Batiaghata thana area, which contains the Rajbandh dump, was analyzed by computing the LST, NDVI, SAVI, and MSAVI. From a low of 23.00°C in 1995, the Batiaghata thana is predicted to reach a high of 41.43°C by 2020, courtesy of the Long Term Observational Dataset (LST). According to the NDVI results, the proportion of 'Bare Soil' in Batiaghata thana increased substantially from 1.20 percent to 4.57 percent, and the percentage of 'Structural Object' climbed from 1.25 percent to 23.06 percent. From 1995 to 2000, the maximum MSAVI value increased from 0.76 to 0.80. Results indicate that inappropriate waste management at the Rajbandh dump negatively affected local ecosystems. Journal of Engineering Science 13(2), 2022, 127-137

Background: According to the recent World Health Organization (WHO), renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) that primarily affect adults and 2.2% of all new malignancies and 1.8% of all cancer deaths. Majority of the cases, the diagnosis of RCCs and its subtype can be based on histomorphological evaluation. Accurate pathological classification along with staging and grading of the tumor are necessary for prognosis and various therapeutic options. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective observational study. This study conducted in histopathology department of the Center for Kidney Disease & urology (CKD & Urology) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study period was eight month from February 2021 to September 2021. The specimens were both partial and total nephrectomy sample of more than 38 years of aged patients. Results: Total 62 nephrectomy specimens were received. Fifty seven (57) cases were malignant tumor and five cases were benign lesions. Majority of malignant tumor consisting of clear cell type renal cell carcinoma 37 (64.91%), followed by papillary type 12 (21.05%), Chromophobe (8.77%), two cases (3.5%) were sarcomatoid cell type and one case (1.75%) of Multiloculated Cystic Renal Neoplasm was noted. Renal cell carcinoma was seen in age range of 38 to 78years with 32 (56.14%) patients more than 50 years of age. Total 42 (73.68%) cases were ISUP Grade 1 and 2 and majority cases were (66.66%) presented at AJCC stage (pT2). Conclusion: In conclusion we observed significant increased clear cell type renal cancer in our institution based population. There was similar male to female ratio, mean tumor size as well as Grade 1, 2 and Stage pT 2 as compared to other studies.

The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polyglucosamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.

Paper based chemosensors (PBCs) are prepared by coating mesoporous silica nanospheres on filter papers then immobilizing the probe. PBCs generate different colors in the presence of Co2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, or Fe3+ and results are quantified by DICA.

BACKGROUND: IGM has a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. The etiology of IGM is unknown but some conditions have been discussed as predisposing factors including Oral Contraceptive Pills, pregnancy, breast feeding, reproductive age, hyperprolactinemia, infectious and autoimmune diseases. The current study aimed to determine possible risk factors for IGM and to evaluate our experience in its management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included forty patients with IGM and forty females with normal breasts as a control group. CST treatment was initiated for all patients; patients who responded completely were followed up without surgical intervention. Failure to respond to medical therapy or incidence of corticosteroid-related complications were considered indications for surgical treatment. All patients were followed up for 6 months to detect recurrence. RESULTS: IGM had a significant higher incidence rate in young females within 5 years from the last lactation, smokers, those with hypperprolactinaemia, who had a history of breast feeding and those who received OCP (P =

This paper implies a prototype for a broad-band log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) with dimensions of 20 × 40 × 0.508 mm3 equipped with directors. The LPDA is based on Roger’s RT5880 with εr = 2.2. The 4-arms with alternative stubs constitute the LPDA, which is evenly spaced on both lines. At the substrate’s back, the 50Ω main feeder line is placed on partial ground. The directors are also incorporated and studied in a regular matrix at a predetermined distance to improve gain, further reduce side lobes, and widen the frequency band. The performance of the antenna covers a wide spectrum of millimeter waves ranging from 26 up to 44 GHz. The realized gain for the antenna is 8.97, 11.96, 13.96, and 14.29 dB at 28 GHz, 35 GHz, 38 GHz, and 43 GHz, respectively. The total gain is 14.29 dB as a peak gain. The antenna was designed and tested for 5G communication applications in autonomous vehicles, and the design cost for the antenna is low in comparison to dielectric lenses. The model exhibits symmetrical radiation patterns for the antenna range. The results of the simulations and the testing of the implemented antenna elements coincide quite well. The proposed design outperforms earlier work in this field.

Mitotic count in breast cancer is an important prognostic marker. Unfortunately, substantial inter- and intraobserver variation exists when pathologists manually count mitotic figures. To alleviate this problem, we developed a new technique incorporating both haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and phosphorylated histone H3 (PHH3), a marker highly specific to mitotic figures, and compared it to visual scoring of mitotic figures using HE only.Two full-face sections from 97 cases were cut, one stained with HE only, and the other was stained with PHH3 and counterstained with HE (PHH3-HE). Counting mitoses using PHH3-HE was compared to traditional mitoses scoring using HE in terms of reproducibility, scoring time, and the ability to detect mitosis hotspots. We assessed the agreement between manual and image analysis-assisted scoring of mitotic figures using HE and PHH3-HE-stained cells. The diagnostic performance of PHH3 in detecting mitotic figures in terms of sensitivity and specificity was measured. Finally, PHH3 replaced the mitosis score in a multivariate analysis to assess its significance.Pathologists detected significantly higher mitotic figures using the PHH3-HE (median ± SD, 20 ± 33) compared with HE alone (median ± SD, 16 ± 25), P 0.001. The concordance between pathologists in identifying mitotic figures was highest when using the dual PHH3-HE technique; in addition, it highlighted mitotic figures at low power, allowing better agreement on choosing the hotspot area (k = 0.842) in comparison with standard HE (k = 0.625). A better agreement between image analysis-assisted software and the human eye was observed for PHH3-stained mitotic figures. When the mitosis score was replaced with PHH3 in a Cox regression model with other grade components, PHH3 was an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio [HR] 5.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.92-16.69; P = 0.002), and even showed a more significant association with breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) than mitosis (HR 3.63, 95% CI 1.49-8.86; P = 0.005) and Ki67 (P = 0.27).Using PHH3-HE-stained slides can reliably be used in routine scoring of mitotic figures and integrating both techniques will compensate for each other's limitations and improve diagnostic accuracy, quality, and precision.

The current study aimed to study the effect of foliar application of nano-NPK fertilizer to one-year-old Fig trees (cv. Black Mission) in terms of tree growth performance as well as on soil microbial activity. The investigated concentrations of nano-NPK were 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm in addition to the control treatment applied for two seasons. The obtained results for both seasons indicated that all concentrations of nano-fertilizers significantly improved parameters of vegetative growth and soil health compared to the control group. However, the highest values for leaf wet and dry weight, leaf area, and leaf water content were recorded as a result of foliar fertilization at a concentration of 300 ppm. While 400 and 500 ppm nano-NPK gave the highest values for the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll in the leaves. On the other hand, the highest bacterial activity was found in Fig’s rhizosp here subjected to foliar application with nano-NPK at concentrations of 300, 400 and 500 ppm. In addition, the highest POX and PPO isozyme activities were scored in 200 and 300 ppm. In general, foliar fertilization with nano-NPK can be recommended as it enhances vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll and mineral contents without negative impact on soil microbial activity.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is still prevalent as a major surgical emergency. Due to the fast progress of the ailment, surgery is often the most sensible approach to manage it. But any surgery comes with its fair share of risk. If the diagnosis of the disease can be made more accurate prior to surgery, the error rate of negative appendectomy can be greatly reduced. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosing acute appendicitis. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur, Bangladesh. The study duration was 6 months, from November 2013 to April 2014. A total of 100 cases were selected from those admitted to the emergency department of the study hospital with pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen for the purpose of this study. Result: Among the 100 participants of the study, histopathological diagnosis showed that 86% were acute appendicitis cases and 14% had normal appendicitis. Gender or age had no significant association with histopathological diagnosis, but male prevalence was observed in the study, with a high prevalence of young adults. The original site of pain was periumbilical pain shifted to the right iliac fossa for half the participants. Pain duration was between 18-24 hours for 36% of the cases. All participants presented with pain, fever, anorexia, and nausea had a high prevalence among participants. The sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution ultra-sonogram were 84.9% and 85.7% respectively. Conclusion: Appendicitis is a disease of the young, and can occur in participants of both genders. Histopathological diagnosis has no significant association with patient age or gender. Ultra-sonogram has high sensitivity and specificity ratio in diagnosing acute appendicitis and also has a high positive predictive value but low negative predictive value.

Macroalgae play a vital role in marine ecosystems, but human effects are threatening the composition and structure of algal communities. In the present investigation, the spatial and temporal variations of species composition, functional groups and percentage macroalgal cover were studied in relation to seasonal fluctuations of some physicochemical parameters, to determine the ecological status of macroalgae in coastal waters along the coast of the northwestern part of the Red Sea, from November 2020 to October 2021. Fifty-five species of macroalgae were collected and identified from the sites studied. Five functional groups of macroalgae were recognized. Among these were two turf-forming species, 34 species of upright fleshy algae, and three crustose algae. There was a large variation in the cover, as well as in the species richness and assemblage structure of the macroalgae in different sites and seasons. Seasonal changes, determined by environmental conditions, led to small changes in macroalgal cover at different sites, with the growth of some brown macroalgae suppressed by high sea temperatures, whereas some green and red macroalgae, increased in response to increasing temperature and salinity.

Over the last few decades, engineering nanomaterials (ENMs) have been incorporated into a variety of commercially-available consumer products (CPs). Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP ( are the most used ENMs in CPs, mainly due to their antibacterial properties. To better understand the fate, transport, and environmental impacts of AgNPs, many studies have been conducted. However, this research has been focused mainly on pristine AgNPs either lab-synthesized or purchased commercially. While these studies have contributed greatly to a better understanding of AgNP toxicology, they have not addressed the environmental concerns associated with AgNP release from CPs. This review assesses previously published work on routes of environmental exposure, characterization techniques, potential ecological risks of AgNPs, and the identification of available toxicity assays for AgNPs in CPs. A major objective of this review is to summarize and identify key issues, knowledge gaps, and potential directions for future research related to AgNPs released from CPs.

Timber piles have been used for a long time in bridges and marine structures. Many of these structures have exceeded their service life and require maintenance or repair because of deterioration. To address this issue, repair/retrofit techniques utilizing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) can provide many advantages, such as minimizing repair material amounts and high durability because of its superior mechanical characteristics. This paper presents preliminary tests to comprehend the behavior of composite specimens made of timber and UHPC, including the load transfer mechanism and load-carrying capacity. For load transfer between the timber pile and UHPC, push-off and slant shear tests were conducted on composite timber and UHPC specimens with different surface preparations for timber surfaces. It was concluded that because of the smoothness of the UHPC surface, mechanical connectors (nails) provided the highest interface shear strength between timber and UHPC. For the load-carrying capacity, several specimens were tested under compression loading and it was concluded that timber treatment before casting UHPC plays a vital role in restoring the load-carrying capacity of timber piles.

Major infectious diseases societies recommend the use of antimicrobials that achieve high-urinary concentrations to treat urinary tract infection (UTI), which is a concept of little relevance to the oliguric and anuric hemodialysis (HD) dependent population. Outcome studies in this population are more relevant, but unfortunately scarce. We sought to investigate the impact of different antimicrobials on clinical and microbiologic outcomes in HD dependent population.A retrospective observational study conducted at our quaternary care hospital between May 2015 and December 2019. We included all HD dependent adults diagnosed with UTIs. Our primary end points were clinical and microbiologic cure. Our secondary end points were 90-day recurrence and mortality.Fifty-six patients were included in the study with 33 (58.9%) females, mean age of 69.9 ± 11.6 years, and mean body mass index of 27.7 ± 7.8 kg/mOur findings demonstrate high rate of clinical and microbiologic cure in the treatment of oliguric and anuric HD dependent patients. We suggest that drug development and treatment societies to consider clinical and microbiologic outcomes in conjunction with achievable urinary concentration when making recommendations for the treatment of UTI.

Introduction: Hypoxaemia is common in radiographically confirmed pneumonia. Children are mostly affected by this. Identification of the clinical signs in early stage can reduce the severity and death rate. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical predictors of hypoxaemia in children with WHO defined pneumonia aged 2 months to 59 months. Methods: This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted in Department of Pediatric, Rangpur Medical Collage and Hospital, Rangpur from July 2014 to June 2016. This study was carried out on 205 Children aged 2-59 months suffering from pneumonia. Result: Among 205 cases of pneumonia, hypoxeamia were 51(24.9%) & non hypoxeamia were 154(75.1%). It was observed that almost three fourth (72.2%) patients belonged to age 2-11 months. The mean age was found 9.2±10.0 months with range from 2 to 59 months. Almost two third (64.9%) patients were male. Majority (91.7%) patients had cough, 184(89.8%). Most of the patients (90.7%) had crepitations. Three (1.5%) patients were found pallor of palms, 178 (86.8%) patients were heart rate ≥100 beats per minute, 196(95.6%) were capillary refill time 2 cm and 131(63.9%) had temperature ≥ 38 °C. Mean age was found 8.5±8.0 months in hypoxemia group and 9.9±11.8 months in non hypoxemia group. More than half (52.9%) patients were male in hypoxemia group and 106(68.8%) in non hypoxemia group. Majority (84.3%) patients had severe pneumonia in hypoxemia group and 97(63.0%) in non hypoxemia group. Nearly two third (60.8%) patients had irritability in hypoxemia group and 58(37.7%) in non hypoxemia group. More than three fourth (76.5%) patients had severely reduced feeding in hypoxemia group and 65(42.2%) in non hypoxemia group. Forty five (88.2%) patients had inability to drink or feed in hypoxemia group and 51(33.1%) in non hypoxemia group. Four (7.8%) patients had unusually sleepy in hypoxemia group but not in non hypoxemia group. ......

Introduction: Hanging is a very common method of suicide in Bangladesh as well as around the globe. The rate of suicide cases by hanging is increasing daily in Bangladesh. Suicide by hanging means killing oneself intentionally by suspending themselves from an anchor point by a ligature or by jumping from a height with a noose around the neck. As hanging is a simple method that does not require any complicated techniques, and the materials are also easy to come by, many choose this as their suicide method. The objective of this study was to observe the demography of hanging cases, its distribution according to age group, sex, and common ligature materials used by victims, observe post-mortem findings, and in this way, try to identify the causes and develop the preventive measures that are essential to reduce death due to hanging. Methods: This was a retrospective study done on the basis of the 3rd copy of postmortem reports preserved at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Pabna Medical College Hospital, Pabna, Bangladesh from January 2018 to December 2018 for the period of 1 year with proper permission from the autopsy surgeon. Result: 72% of the suicide victims were female, and 53% of those 115 victims were married. Most of the victims were from the age group of 21-30 years. Marital disharmony was the biggest common cause. The commonly used ligature material was Orna (dupatta). Conclusion: The number of deaths by suicide is on a rise, and to reduce this, a well-designed program is needed. This can help identify the causative factors f suicide by hanging and could help in preventing suicide cases.

This study aims at investigating the catalytic performance of Pd, Pd/Pt, and Pd/Au nanocatalysts toward the 2-propanol electro-oxidation reaction (2POR) in an alkaline medium. The catalyst components (Pd, Pt, and Au) were sequentially electrodeposited onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface and further characterized using electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and materials (Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)) characterization methods. The Pd/Au/GC catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity in terms of the highest oxidation current (0.386 mA) and the highest stability in terms of the highest obtained current after 1800 s of continuous electrolysis. This behaviour was attributed to the enhancement in the charge transfer kinetics where the Pd/Au/GC catalysts acquired the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct, 1.85 kΩ) during the 2POR.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the reasons for the immediate failure of direct anterior and posterior resin composite restorations placed by dental students. Methods: A cross-sectional study on resin composite restorations placed by fourth- and fifth-year dental students (n=436). Variables included in the study were; the operative field isolation method, the time needed to complete the restoration after cavity preparation to polishing and finishing, and the plaque index of the patient. Restoration class distribution according to the type of tooth and cavity classification was examined and recorded. Restorations were clinically evaluated immediately after placement. It involved the assessment of the restoration’s mobility, marginal discoloration, and lack of anatomy. Results: A total of 233 direct anterior and posterior resin composite restorations which were placed by 127 students were diagnosed as failed restorations. The mode of failure was distributed as mobility/debonding (61.80%), marginal discoloration (29.18%), and lack of anatomy (9.02%). Cl III restorations demonstrated the highest failure on tooth type and cavity classification (30%), followed by Cl II restorations in molars (18.45%). Failure-associated factors were proper restoration manipulation, field isolation, and patients’ plaque index. Conclusion: In the current study, the most frequent reason for the immediate failure of resin composite restorations was the quick application of the restoration either as the only associated factor or coupled with other failure-associated factors. Failure to maintain proper field isolation and the poor oral hygiene of the patient were the other two failure-associated factors.

In vitro maturation of porcine oocytes is characterized by asynchronous cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, leading to less competent oocytes supporting embryo development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of rolipram and cilostamide as cyclic Adenine monophosphate (cAMP) modulators to find the maximum cAMP levels that temporarily arrest meiosis. We determined the optimal time to maintain functional gap junction communication during pre-in vitro maturation to be four hours. Oocyte competence was evaluated by the level of glutathione, reactive oxygen species, meiotic progression, and gene expression. We evaluated embryonic developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. The combined treatment group showed significantly higher glutathione and lower reactive oxygen species levels and a higher maturation rate than the control and single treatment groups. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates in parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos were higher in two-phase in vitro maturation than in the other groups. The relative levels of BMP15and GDF9 expression were increased in two-phase in vitro maturation. Somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts from two-phase in vitro maturation oocytes showed a lower level of expression of apoptotic genes than the control, indicating better pre-implantation developmental competence. The combination of rolipram and cilostamide resulted in optimal synchrony of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation in porcine in vitro matured oocytes and there by enhanced the developmental competence of pre-implantation embryos.

Background: Inner centromere protein (INCENP) is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and plays a key role in mitosis and cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of INCENP in invasive breast cancer (BC). Material and Methods: INCENP protein expression was evaluated on a tissue microarray of a large BC cohort (n=1295) using immunohistochemistry. At the mRNA level, INCENP expression was assessed using the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) (n=1980) and Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) BC cohorts (n=854). The correlations between INCENP expression, clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome were investigated. Results: INCENP protein expression was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the tumour cells. Its expression was significantly associated with features characteristic of aggressive BC behaviour including high tumour grade, larger tumour size and high Nottingham Prognostic Index scores. High INCENP nuclear expression was a predictor of shorter BC-specific survival (BCSS) in the whole cohort, as well as in the luminal subtype (p

Vanillic acid (VA) is a phenolic compound with potential antioxidant activity, which improves ischemia-induced myocardial degeneration, by reducing oxidative stress; however, it suffers poor bioavailability owing to its poor solubility. VA-loaded pharmacosomes were optimized using a central composite design, where the effect of phosphatidylcholine:VA molar ratio and the precursor concentration were studied. An optimized formulation (O1) was prepared and tested for the release rate of VA, in vivo bioavailability, and cardioprotective potential on myocardial infarction-induced rats. The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 229.7 nm, polydispersity index of 0.29, and zeta potential of − 30 mV. O1 showed a sustained drug release for 48 h. The HPLC–UV method was developed for the determination of VA in plasma samples using protein precipitation. The optimized formulation showed a great improvement in the bioavailability as compared to VA. The residence time of the optimized formula was 3 times longer than VA. The optimized formulation showed a more potent cardioprotective effect as compared to VA, via inhibition of the MAPK pathway with subsequent inhibition of PI3k/NF-κB signaling, in addition to its antioxidant effect. The optimized formulation showed normalization of many oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Thus, a VA-loaded pharmacosome formulation with promising bioavailability and cardioprotective activity potential was prepared. Graphical Abstract

Western blots, FACS and clonogenic assays

Kaplan-Meier curve for BCSS

Supplemental Table S1: Clinicopathological characteristics of whole breast cancer cohort Supplemental Table S2: Clinicopathological characteristics of ER- cohort Supplementary Table S3: Antigens, primary antibodies, clone, source, optimal dilution and scoring system used for each immunohistochemical marker Supplementary Table S4. Clinicopathological significance of PARP and XRCC1 co-expression in breast cancers. Supplementary Table S5: Percentage of cells in various stages of cell cycle. Supplementary Table S6: Patient demographics in DCIS cohort. Supplementary Table S7: XRCC1 and clinic-pathological associations in pure DCIS cohort Supplementary Table 8: List of EMT PCR array genes layout Supplementary Table S9: LD50 for PARP inhibitor sensitivity in XRCC1 deficient/knockout cells.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to predict risk of local recurrence (LR) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with a new visualization and quantification approach using centrosome amplification (CA), a cancer cell–specific trait widely associated with aggressiveness.Experimental Design:This first-of-its-kind methodology evaluates the severity and frequency of numerical and structural CA present within DCIS and assigns a quantitative centrosomal amplification score (CAS) to each sample. Analyses were performed in a discovery cohort (DC, n = 133) and a validation cohort (VC, n = 119).Results:DCIS cases with LR exhibited significantly higher CAS than recurrence-free cases. Higher CAS was associated with a greater risk of developing LR (HR, 6.3 and 4.8 for DC and VC, respectively; P < 0.001). CAS remained an independent predictor of relapse-free survival (HR, 7.4 and 4.5 for DC and VC, respectively; P < 0.001) even after accounting for potentially confounding factors [grade, age, comedo necrosis, and radiotherapy (RT)]. Patient stratification using CAS (P < 0.0001) was superior to that by Van Nuys Prognostic Index (VNPI; HR for CAS = 6.2 vs. HR for VNPI = 1.1). Among patients treated with breast-conserving surgery alone, CAS identified patients likely to benefit from adjuvant RT.Conclusions:CAS predicted 10-year LR risk for patients who underwent surgical management alone and identified patients who may be at low risk of recurrence, and for whom adjuvant RT may not be required. CAS demonstrated the highest concordance among the known prognostic models such as VNPI and clinicopathologic variables such as grade, age, and comedo necrosis.

Legends for Supplementary Figure S1 & Supplementary Figure S2

Targeting PARP1 for synthetic lethality is a new strategy for breast cancers harboring germline mutations in BRCA. However, these mutations are rare, and reactivation of BRCA-mediated pathways may result in eventual resistance to PARP1 inhibitor therapy. Alternative synthetic lethality approaches targeting more common sporadic breast cancers and preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are desirable. Here we show that downregulation of XRCC1, which interacts with PARP1 and coordinates base excision repair, is an early event in human breast cancer pathogenesis. XRCC1-deficient DCIS were aggressive and associated with increased risk of local recurrence. Human invasive breast cancers deficient in XRCC1 and expressing high PARP1 levels also manifested aggressive features and poor outcome. The PARP1 inhibitor olaparib was synthetically lethal in XRCC1-deficient DCIS and invasive breast cancer cells. We conclude that targeting PARP1 is an attractive strategy for synthetic lethality and chemoprevention in XRCC1-deficient breast cancers, including preinvasive DCIS.Significance:These findings show that loss of XRCC1, which is associated with more malignant DCIS, can be exploited by PARP inhibition, suggesting its application as a promising therapeutic and chemoprevention strategy in XRCC1-deficient tumor cells.

Supplementary materials and Methods for Compounds and reagents, Generation of XRCC1 knockouts using CRISPR/Cas-9 system, Clonogenic assays, Cell Proliferation assays, Cell synchronization and functional studies, Confocal microscopy, Invasion and migration assays, qRT-PCR analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression, Generation of 3D spheroids, human Invasive breast cancers and DCIS cohorts (demographics and treatment).

Supplementary Data

High-entropy-alloy (HEA) nanocrystals consisting of a minimum of five elements have recently emerged as a versatile family of catalysts due to immense chemical space and tunability1-3. However, there are no effective strategies for synthesizing libraries of HEA nanocrystals with controlled surface atomic structures of exposed facets for boosting catalytic performance4-19. Due to the distinct nucleation and growth kinetics of constituent metals and their distinctive crystal structures, it is incredibly challenging to confine five or more different metal species situated on the nanocrystal surface with a specific arrangement but also in a high-entropy random mixing state. Here we present a straightforward strategy to craft a library of facet-controlled HEA nanocrystals with up to ten dissimilar metallic elements (Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os, Au, Fe, Co, and Ni) by solution-phase layer-by-layer epitaxial growth, enabling the design of 638 distinct catalysts with 5 to 10 elements in equimolar ratios. The subnanometer-thick solid-solution HEA atomic layers can be deposited epitaxially on nanocrystal seeds with {100} and {111} facets, thus achieving HEA shells with square and hexagonal atomic arrangements, respectively. The hollow HEA nanocages with ultrathin walls along a specific direction can be further fabricated via post-synthetic chemical etching. Three facet-dependent catalytic actives of HEA nanocrystals are discovered in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, and their catalytic facets with real active sites are also identified by in situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations. Our work enables facet engineering in the multi-elemental space and unveils the critical needs for their future development toward catalysis.

Abstract Purpose The main aim of the trial was to assess the combined impact of graded Thera-Band strengthening exercises and scapular stabilization exercises on shoulder pain, physical function, and quality of life (QoL) in post-mastectomy adhesive capsulitis (AC). Methods Seventy females with unilateral post-mastectomy AC partook in the trial. Participants were subdivided equally into two groups at random. Both groups obtained the traditional physical therapy program; in addition, the intervention group received graded Thera-Band exercises for shoulder muscles and scapular stabilization exercises 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Range of motion (ROM) and muscle power of shoulder were assessed by digital goniometer and handheld dynamometer, respectively. Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) was utilized for assessment of shoulder function and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain measurement while short-form (SF-36) for QoL assessment. All evaluation data was recorded prior to the trial and at the eighth week of interventions for both groups. Results All participants achieved improvements in shoulder ROM, muscle power, pain, and all aspects of QoL; however, higher statistical improvements were reported in all measurements with respect to strengthening exercises group (p Conclusion The addition of graded Thera-Band strengthening exercises and scapular stabilization exercises in post-mastectomy AC rehabilitation program has significant benefits in shoulder function and patients’ QoL. Trial registration: This study is retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05311839.