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Orientador: Pedro Bertolini Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Resumo: Foi realizado um trabalho para estudar a incidência de Streptococcus mutans em crianças que bebem água fluoretada da cidade de Piracicaba e as que não o consomem em região vizinha. Material de placa foi colhido das faces vestibulares (lisas) de molares superiores, de crianças entre 9 e 14 anos. Após homogeneização e diluições ate 10-7, aliquotas desta última foram semeadas em superfície de meio de Mitis - Salivarius - ágar com açúcar comum na concentração final de 40%, para o isolamento de colônias de Strepococcus mutans. Seguindo-se a incubação das placas, foram identificadas as colônias do referido microrganismo, pela morfologia e provas de fermentação de carboidratos. As contagens finais foram comparadas com o uso ou não de fluoreto e o índice C P 0 D das crianças. Concluiu-se que o índice CPOD e o número médio de colônias do germe pesquisado são maiores para as crianças que não bebem água fluoretada. Ainda mais, não se verificou correlação entre esses valores investigados; encontrou-se alta variação do número de colônias isoladas e do índice CPOD Abstract: Not informed Mestrado Microbiologia e Imunologia Mestre em Odontologia

Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most important causative agents of neonatal sepsis. As administration of prophylactic antibiotics during labor can prevent GBS infection, routine screening for this bacterium in prenatal care before the onset of labor is recommended. However, many women present in labor without having undergone such testing during antenatal care, and the turnaround time of detection methods is insufficient for results to be obtained before delivery. Methods Vaginal and anorectal specimens were collected from 270 pregnant women. Each sample was tested by Xpert GBS, qPCR, and culture for GBS detection. Results The overall prevalence of maternal GBS colonization was 30.7% according to Xpert GBS, 51.1% according to qPCR, and 14.3% according to cultures. Considering the qPCR method as the reference, the Xpert GBS had a sensitivity of 53% and specificity of 93%. Positive Xpert GBS results were correlated to marital status (married or cohabitating) and with prematurity as a cause of neonatal hospitalization. Positive cultures were related with ischemic–hypoxic encephalopathy requiring therapeutic hypothermia. Conclusions Combined enrichment/qPCR and the Xpert GBS rapid test found a high prevalence of GBS colonization. The Xpert GBS technique gives faster results and could be useful for evaluating mothers who present without antenatal GBS screening results and are at risk of preterm labor, thus allowing institution of prophylactic antibiotic therapy.

Lipschütz ulcers (LU) are non-sexually related genital ulcers, rarely reported. We describe a healthy 11-year-old girl, who presented with fever and a painful vulvar ulcer associated with erythematous tonsillitis. Throat swab test for Group A Streptococcus (GAS) was positive. She was treated with amoxicillin. Further investigation was negative, including Herpes Simplex virus DNA from ulcer swab and serology for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antistreptolysin O titre was high. The ulcer healed in 2 weeks, with no recurrence in a 1 year follow-up period. The association of LU with GAS tonsillitis is very rare. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria described as an important causative agent of sepsis. The contact between host leukocytes and bacteria activates the innate immune response. Nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β play a key role in increasing microbicidal activity and controlling cell influx into infectious focus. Contrarily, IL-10 acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and bacterial killing suppressor. Immunoregulatory properties have also been attributed to hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK protects cardiovascular function and inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide, product derived from Gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, the role of CCK during Gram-positive infection remains a literature gap. Our aims were to investigate whether CCK protects rats against bacterial dissemination during sepsis induced by S. aureus. We determined whether CCK modulates local and systemic inflammatory response, as well as the cell migration into the infectious focus and the bactericidal capacity of leukocytes. Our results revealed that proglumide (nonselective CCK receptor antagonist) pretreated rats showed higher bacterial counts in blood and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) and reduced TNF-α and IL-10 levels in PLF. Moreover, the dissemination of S. aureus may be related to the failure of neutrophil and macrophage migration into the peritoneal cavity. Also, CCK improved the phagocytic and bactericidal ability of these inflammatory cells. Noteworthy is that the adoptive transfer of CCK-treated neutrophils and macrophages in septic rats improved immune defense, reducing bacterial number in blood and PLF. All together, our study clearly demonstrates an important protective role of CCK against sepsis induced by S. aureus.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Simões Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: Introdução - A colonização pelo estreptococo do Grupo B (EGB) é, em nível mundial, altamente prevalente entre as gestantes, variando de 4% a 30%. Estes microorganismos podem ser transmitidos verticalmente e causar sérias conseqüências neonatais. No Brasil ainda não foram adotadas estratégias de prevenção e tratamento para reduzir a incidência de infecção neonatal pelo EGB, as quais, para serem efetivas, devem ser elaboradas com base em conhecimentos sobre a prevalência, aos fatores associados ao maior risco de colonização e às características fenotípicas do estreptococo do Grupo B. Objetivo: estabelecer a prevalência da colonização pelo EGB no trato genital de parturientes, identificar os fatores associados à essa colonização e as características fenotípicas destes estreptococos. Método: foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, no período de 11 de novembro de 2003 a 14 de maio de 2004. No momento da admissão para o parto, uma amostra de 316 parturientes do Hospital Universitário de Jundiaí foi submetida à coleta, com swab estéril, de material das regiões retal e vaginal, para detecção do EGB, por cultura seletiva no meio de Todd-Hewitt. Dados referentes aos fatores associados à colonização foram obtidos dos prontuários rotineiramente preenchidos, ou perguntados às parturientes e transcritos para a ficha de dados. A susceptibilidade a sete antimicrobianos (penicilina, ampicilina, eritromicina, nitrofurantoina, clindamicina, cefalotina e gentamicina) foi obtida através da técnica de disco difusão dos antibióticos. As amostras foram diferenciadas pela tipagem sorológica e anti-soros específicos para os tipos sorológicos Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V). Resultados: A prevalência da colonização pelo EGB na amostra estudada foi de 14,6%. Trabalhar fora de casa foi um fator significativamente associado à colonização. Nenhuma cepa foi resistente à penicilina, ampicilina, eritromicina e nitrofurantoína. A maior resistência foi para a gentamicina (76,1%), seguida pela clindamicina (17,4%). O sorotipo mais freqüente foi o Ib (23,9%), seguido pelos sorotipos II e Ia (19,6% e 17,4%, respectivamente). Não houve correlação entre o sorotipo e a maior resistência antimicrobiana. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência da colonização pelo EGB em parturientes do Hospital Universitário de Jundiaí foi alta. Não houve fatores associados à colonização, exceto ao que se refere ao fato de trabalhar fora de casa. A penicilina continua sendo a droga de escolha para a profilaxia intraparto, porém a clindamicina como alternativa em mulheres alérgicas à penicilina deverá ser melhor avaliada por antibiograma ou substituída pela cefalotina. O sorotipo mais freqüente (Ib) diferiu da maioria dos estudos em outros países, demonstrando a necessidade da identificação da sorotipagem em cada região, a fim de uma futura elaboração de vacinas específicas para as gestantes brasileiras Abstract: Introduction - Genital colonization with Group B Streptococcus(GBS) occurs in 4% to 30% of pregnant women. GBS can be vertically transmitted and cause significant morbidity and mortality in newborns. Strategies for prevention and treatment to reduce the incidence of the newborn infection have not been established yet in Brazil. In order to be effective, these strategies must be made based on the knowledge on prevalence, risk factors for GBS colonization and on GBS phenotypic characteristics. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of GBS genital colonization, to identify the factors associated with this colonization and the GBS phenotypic characteristics (antibiotic susceptibility and serotypes). Methodology: The study was carried out from November 11, 2003 to May 14, 2004. A total of 316 pregnant women of the University Hospital of Jundiaí was sampled for GBS cultures at the admission for delivery. Samples were collected using sterile swab from the vagina and rectum, which were immediately inoculated onto Todd Hewitt¿s selective medium. Data regarding to the factors associated with the colonization were obtained from patient¿s clinical record files. GBS antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using disk diffusion to seven antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, cefalotin, gentamycin and nitrofurantoin) according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Serotypes were determined using specific anti-serum Ia, Ib, II, III, IV and V. Results: GBS colonization rate was 14.6%. The only factor significantly associated with GBS colonization was to have a job out of home. None isolate was resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin or nitrofurantoin. The highest resistance rate was to gentamycin (76.1%), followed by clindamycin (17.4%). The most frequent serotype was Ib (23.9%) followed by serotypes II and Ia (19.6% and 17.4%, respectively). No correlations were found between serotype and antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: GBS colonization rate was high in pregnant women attending the University Hospital of Jundiaí for delivery. No risk factors were associated with the colonization except to have a job out of home. Penicillin continues to be the drug of choice for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. However, clindamycin as an alternative in women allergic to penicillin should be better evaluated using antibiotic sensitivity tests. The most frequent serotype found in this study (Ib) was not the same found in most of studies from another countries. This result highlights the importance of the knowledge of the most prevalent serotypes in each region to further development of an appropriate vaccine for GBS Mestrado Tocoginecologia Mestre em Tocoginecologia