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Background During mastication, the tongue presses the bolus into the pharynx by a "squeeze-back" motion, known as stage II transport (St2Tr). However, the pressure of St2Tr tongue-palate contact has not been examined. Objectives We aimed to clarify aspects of St2Tr occurrence and tongue-palate contact during mastication by measuring tongue pressure. Methods Ten healthy adults (eight men, two women, aged 26.8 ± 2.2 years) were enrolled. Tongue pressure was measured (Swallow Scan) during mastication. Sensors were placed on the palate near the incisive papilla (Ch.1), in the middle (Ch.2), at the posterior (Ch.3), and near the first molars on the habitual (Ch.H) and non-habitual (Ch.Nh) masticatory sides. Nasopharyngeal endoscopy confirmed St2Tr and swallowing. Tongue pressures were measured repeatedly, from mastication onset through the first swallow, until eight sets of data were obtained. Tongue-palate contact frequencies, integrated values of tongue pressure, and mastication times were recorded for St2Tr(+) and St2Tr(-) mastication conditions. Results St2Tr occurred in 43 of 80 trials (53.8%). St2Tr(+) exhibited the highest tongue-palate contact frequency at Ch.H; it exhibited higher contact frequencies at Ch.2, Ch.3 and Ch.H than St2Tr(-). St2Tr(+) exhibited higher tongue pressures at Ch.1, Ch.2, and Ch.H than at Ch.3; it exhibited higher tongue pressures at Ch.1 and Ch.2 than St2Tr(-). Conclusion The study suggested that during St2Tr, the tongue frequently touched the palate at the central and posterior regions, as well as at its habitual masticatory side. It applies the strongest pressure at the anterior and central palate to transport the bolus to the pharynx.

The present study investigated the morphological, as well as the histological features of the Egyptian red fox's palate, in addition to the three-dimensional characteristics of the connective tissue papillae (CTP) of the palate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hard palate was narrow rostrally and its width increased caudally. The maximum width was located at the caudal border of the upper fourth premolar tooth. The incisive papilla was represented by a rounded median elevation surrounded on each side by a groove on which the oral openings of the incisive ducts opened. The rostral part of the hard palate had 9-10 caudally concave transverse palatine ridges while the caudal part appeared smooth without ridges. The palatine raphe was indistinct rostrally but formed a groove caudally. By SEM, the palatine ridges had low projections. Different microplicae systems were present on the epithelial surface of the incisive papilla, palatine rugae, interrugal areas, and the smooth part. The CTP of the incisive papilla, palatine ridges, and soft palate were conical-shaped, cylindrical-shaped, and parallel serrated ridges, respectively. Histologically, the hard palate was lined by a cornified stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense connective layer of lamina propria while the soft palate was lined by a noncornified stratified squamous epithelium. The palatine salivary glands were present in the smooth part of the hard palate and the soft palate. The information presented in the current study might serve as a reference guide for the interpretation of pathological conditions of the palate of red fox.

Irrigation is a key part of successful root canal treatment as it fulfils several important mechanical, chemical and (micro) biological functions including the healing of periapical tissues.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Edentulous patients require accurate positioning of artificial maxillary anterior teeth in complete dentures to recover the esthetic and phonetic characteristics. This positioning is guided by measuring distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) in dentate subjects which varies according to the ovoid, square and tapered maxillary arch forms. Objectives: 1- To determine the frequency of three different arch forms in dentate patients; 2- To assess the mean distance between central incisor and incisive papilla in each of the three maxillary arch forms. METHODOLOGY: 130 cases were selected by non-probability consecutive sampling, which included both genders and age range of 20-40 years. Impressions of maxillary arches were recorded and their casts photocopied. Arch form template was used to standardize the assessment of arch forms by best-fit method on the photocopies. The distance between mesio-incisal edge of CI and posterior border of IP was measured with digital verniercalipers (SparkFun,Colorado). RESULTS: Out of 130 subjects, 54 males and 76 females were present. The ovoid arch form was the most frequent form recorded at 67% (n=87) while the tapered arch was the least at 14% (n=18). The overall mean distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) was 11.34mm (7.58mm - 16.45mm). The mean distance was the highest for ovoid arch form (11.58mm) and lowest for square (10.49) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.016) between the two arch forms. CONCLUSION: The ovoid arch was the most frequent arch form found in dentate subjects. The mean distance recorded was highest for ovoid arch followed by tapering arch and least for square arches.

Background: The relation of incisive papilla to the incisal edges of the maxillary central incisors in a vertical dimension could serve as a guide for inciso-cervical placement of anterior teeth in denture base according to the arch form of the edentulous patient. The aim of this study was to determine the vertical distance between incisive papilla and maxillary central incisor in different arch form. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 dentulous subjects. The vertical distance between the incisal edges of maxillary central incisor and center of incisive papilla was measured by a digital caliper on casts obtained from dentate subjects meeting inclusion criteria after which statistical analysis of data using SPSS v26 version. Results: The mean vertical distance between maxillary central incisor and incisive papilla were 5.97±1.03mm in ovoid, 6.09±0.98mm in square and 6.23±0.89mm in taper arch form. Conclusions: The result obtained in this study can be used as a clinical guideline for the fabrication of maxillary occlusal rim and may aid in determining the position of occlusal plane along with the reference of other anatomical landmarks.

The present study investigated the cellular components and afferent innervations of taste buds in the rat incisive papilla by immunohistochemistry using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Taste buds containing guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t), subunit α3 (GNAT3)-imunoreactive cells were densely distributed in the lateral wall of incisive papilla forming the opening of nasoincisor ducts. GNAT3-immunoreactive cells in the taste buds were slender in shape and the tips of apical processes gathered at one point at the surface of the epithelium. The number of taste buds was 56.8 ± 4.5 in the incisive papilla. The incisive taste buds also contained ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2-immunoreactive cells and synaptotagmin-1-immunoreactive cells in addition to GNAT3-immunoreactive cells. Furthermore, GNAT3-immunoreactive cells were immunoreactive to taste transduction molecules such as phospholipase C, β2-subunit, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 3. P2X3-immunoreactive subepithelial nerve fibers intruded into the taste buds and terminated with hederiform or calix-like nerve endings attached to GNAT3-immunoreactive cells and synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kDa-immunoreactive cells. Some P2X3-immunoreactive endings were also weakly immunoreactive for P2X2. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue dye indicated that most of the P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings originated from the geniculate ganglia (GG) of the facial nerve. These results suggest that incisive taste buds are morphologically and cellularly homologous to lingual taste buds and are innervated by P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings derived from the GG. The incisive papilla may be the palatal taste papilla that transmits chemosensory information in the oral cavity to the GG via P2X3-immunoreactive afferent nerve endings.

With the advent of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM), dental restorations are no longer fabricated in an entirely analog fashion. Successful execution of complete-mouth rehabilitations requires articulation of definitive maxillary and mandibular casts with tooth preparations, as well as cross-articulation with the patient's interim restorations. These cross-articulated records serve as a guide for the dental laboratory technician in fabricating the definitive restorations. In the CAD-CAM workflow, cross-articulation and overlaying of a patient's interim casts over the definitive casts of tooth preparations poses some challenges because of loss of common anatomic data points such as incisive papilla, rugae, and the palate. This article describes a straightforward technique to overcome this common challenge, where a dental laboratory technician can predictably overlay the digitized interim casts to allow for cross-articulation and proceed with designing and fabricating the definitive restorations.

The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally, and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart-shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13-15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well-developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff positive. By scanning electron microscopy, numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features, which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior, and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate.

The present study investigated the morphology of the palate of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Samples from 12 healthy adult rabbits were examined by gross observation, morphometry, scanning electron and light microscopy. The hard palate was elongated and narrowed rostrally. The incisive papilla appeared as a diamond-shaped prominence flanked on both sides by a groove on which a slit-like opening of the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove. On either side of the raphe, 14-16 palatine ridges were present. The direction of these ridges differed according to their position. An incomplete (short) palatine ridge was occasionally present at the caudal part of the hard palate. Several gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. The soft palate extended to about the middle of epiglottis caudally. Its ventral surface had numerous thin transverse mucosal folds separated by furrows, and several openings of glands. Histologically, the incisive papilla, palatine ridges, and soft palate were lined by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense connective layer of lamina propria. The degree of keratinization and the thickness of the lamina propria decreased caudally. Seromucoid glands were present in the rostral and caudal parts of the hard palate, as well as in the soft palate. In conclusion, the palate of rabbit presented characteristic features suggesting functional adaptations for their herbivores diet. Studying the morphological characteristics of the hard and soft palate of rabbits will help veterinary practitioners to investigate pathology malformations and diseases of the oral cavity.

Background: Palatal rugae are irregular and asymmetric mesenchymal ridges that extend in a lateral direction away from the incisive papilla and mid-palatine raphe. Their unique characteristics and environmental stableness justify their inclusion in forensic investigations. Dermatoglyphics or fingerprint patterns are epidermal ridges, which are genetically controlled and are specific to an individual. Hence they are used as a forensic tool. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the reliability of Rugoscopic and Dermatoglyphic patterns for gender identification. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 subjects were recruited in this prospective study. All subjects were between the age range of 18 and 55 years. The subjects were categorized into 100 males and 100 females. Fingerprint dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using stamp pad, ink, and A4 size white sheets. A subject's fingers were pressed onto the stamped ink pad and lightly pressed over a sheet of paper. Obtained patterns were coded and analyzed as per Galton's criteria into arch, loop, and whorl patterns. Palatal rugae patterns were obtained by making alginate impression material and impression trays. Obtained casts were analyzed for rugae pattern analysis using Kapali's classification. An unpaired t test was used as a statistical tool. Results: On analyzing dermatoglyphic patterns, the arch pattern was most common among male subjects, whereas loop pattern was found to be most common among females. On rugoscopic pattern analysis, Straight pattern was most frequent among males, whereas the circular pattern was common among females. Conclusion: A statistically significant difference was noted between gender and rugoscopic patterns (P = 0.02) and dermatoglyphic patterns (P = 0.03).

Background Palatal rugae are asymmetric ridges of connective tissue located behind the incisive papilla over the anterior hard palate. They serve as stable superimposition landmarks to assess tooth movement in orthodontics and as identification aids in forensic odontology. However, the stability of palatal rugae remains controversial. This review aimed to describe the genetic, growth, and environmental factors that may influence the palatal rugae patterns. A broad search of PubMed and ScienceDirect databases was conducted. A total of 193 articles were identified, of which 73 met the selection criteria. Data were extracted into a table that presented the details of the study, sample description, and changes in the palatal rugae patterns. Highlight There were conflicting results regarding sexual dimorphism and population characterization of the palatal rugae patterns. All rugae showed positional changes, increased lengths, and lower numbers, but no significant shape changes with growth. The lengths, numbers, and positions of the rugae were affected by orthodontic treatment, especially their lateral points, but their individual characteristics did not change. Conclusion The diversity in rugae patterns and their potential for sex discrimination among different populations showed differing results due to individual variations and the complex influence of genetic, growth, and environmental factors on their morphology.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the anteroposterior and vertical changes of the median rugae area, which is commonly used as dental model superimposition reference, relevant to its underlying skeletal structures. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Retrospectively collected pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs and 3D digital dental models of 24 orthodontic patients (age at treatment start: 12.26 ± 0.83 years; assessment period: 2.13 ± 0.68 years) were analysed. All had mild to moderate malocclusions that were treated non-extraction with full fixed appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS The incisive papilla and rugae points were placed on the dental models that were then registered to the cephalometric radiographs. Afterwards, the radiographs were superimposed on Sella, ANS-PNS, and through a maxillary structural method. The vertical and horizontal movements of the papilla and the rugae points, as well as of a central incisor, were measured (Viewbox 4 software). RESULTS The incisive papilla and the three rugae points remained stable anteroposteriorly, but moved downwards in the vertical dimension (approximately 1-2 mm), in a similar manner (P>0.05). However, the anteroposterior position of the papilla and the first rugae points were affected by changes in anterior tooth position and inclination (p

AIM Analyse the correlation between the measurements made from the landmarks on the cast and the width of the anterior teeth in dentulous study subjects and assessed whether a similar correlation exists in edentulous condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements were made on the cast of dentulous and edentulous subjects. The measurements made were, from incisive papilla to the right hamular notch, from incisiv e papilla to left hamular notch and distance between two hamular notches. After measuring these distances, the predicted value was calculated by taking mean of these three distances. The actual value in both the groups was measured with a flexible ruler. The mean and standard deviation of both groups were calculated. Results were analyzed with correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS The analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between actual and predicted values in both dentulous and edentulous group of study subjects (p-value

Context: The incisive papilla as a guide for complete dentures. Aims: To evaluate incisive papilla as a guide to maxillary anterior teeth position for complete dentures. Settings and Design: To measure the linear distances from the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors in Odia population and compare it to other ethnic groups. Subjects and Methods: The subjects were selected following inclusion & exclusion criteria. The impressions of maxillary & mandibular arches were taken and poured with die stone to produce the cast. The incisive papilla & incisors were marked on casts with a pencil. The photographs of casts were traced on an acetate tracing paper. The anterior-most points of maxillary incisors, anterior, middle & posterior-most points of incisive papillae were marked on the tracing as A, I1,M, I2 respectively. The A to M and A to I2 distances were measured, analysed and compared with Caucasians, Southern Chinese, and Dravidians. Statistical Analysis: Independent sample “t” test and Analysis of Variance followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test were used. Results: A sample of 100 subjects in the age group of 20 to 40 years with was selected. The A to M measurements of Odia population differed significantly from Caucasians but were similar to Southern Chinese population. The A to I2 measurements of Odia population differed significantly from Caucasians & Dravidians but were similar to Southern Chinese. Conclusion: The linear measurements from incisive papilla to maxillary incisors of the Odia population are similar to that of Southern Chinese but differ significantly from Caucasians and Dravidians.

Aims: Identification and establishment of the occlusal plane in patients with impaired occlusal plane, presents a major hurdle for the execution of natural esthetics, speech, and function. The aim of this study was to minimize such errors while occlusal rehabilitation, and employ hamular notchincisive papilla (H.I.P) plane as landmark and scribe it on the cast using H. I. P evaluator and utilise for occlusal corrections. Settings and Design: HIP plane being parallel to the occlusal plane could ease the operator when it could be scribed on cast to analyze and restore the compromised occlusal plane. Materials and Methods: Dentulous casts of two hundred participants were mounted on the Hanau Wide–Vue articulator. Reference points were marked on the maxillary right central incisor and maxillary molars on casts for attaining different occlusal planes, the incisive papilla and hamular notch region were also marked for HIP plane. A plane parallel HIP was scribed on cast using HIP Evaluator. The casts were then scanned using a three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine attached to perception V5 laser scanner and measurements were made using Geomagic X design software. The most parallel occlusal plane to HIP plane was evaluated, and the reliability of HIP evaluator was verified. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA test, Post hoc-Bonferroni test, and independent sample “t”-test were carried out for the comparison between occlusal planes, among the genders and for the analysis of the angle of deviation of scribed plane on the cast to HIP plane on the right and left sides. Results: Occlusal plane III (Mesio-labial incisal edge of upper right central incisor to Mesio-buccal cusp tips of upper second molars) showed least angle of deviation with 1.316° ± 1.158° to HIP plane among tested subjects. There is no significant difference between the genders. The plane scribed on the cast with H. I. P evaluator showed relative parallelism to H. I. P plane with minimum deviation of 0.010° ± 0.363°. Conclusion: Occlusal plane III is more parallel to H. I. P plane. Scribed plane on the cast using H. I. P evaluator is parallel to H. I. P plane. H. I. P evaluator can be used as an alternative tool to establish the occlusal plane to rehabilitate patient with deficient dentition or disordered occlusal plane.

Objective:To compare the influence of 3 different time protocols of cleft lip and palate operations on the growth of the dentoalveolar arch in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).Materials and Methods:We evaluated 64 plaster casts of 8-year-old boys with UCLP operated on according to 3 different time protocols: lip repair at the age of 6 months and palate repair at 4 years, lip repair at 3 months and palate repair at 9 months, and neonatal lip repair and palate repair at 9 months. The control group contained 13 plaster casts of 8-year-old boys. The dentoalveolar arch width was measured between deciduous canines and between the second deciduous molars; the length was measured between incisive papilla and the line connecting both tuber maxillae.Results:All measured distances were statistically significantly smaller in boys with UCLP than in the control group. Intercanine width was not statistically significantly different between the patients operated on according to the different time protocols. In comparison to the lip repair at 6 months and palate repair at 4 years, the intermolar width was statistically significantly smaller in the group with neonatal lip repair; the alveolar arch length was statistically significantly shorter in both groups with lip repair performed neonatally or at 3 months.Conclusions:The length of the dentoalveolar arch is shorter after surgical repair of cleft lip neonatally or at the age of 3 months. Cleft palate repair at 9 months can contribute to a reduction in the width of the dentoalveolar arch.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of 3-dimensional maxillary dental changes using two methods of digital model superimposition. Setting and sample population The Department of Orthodontics of Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo and University of Michigan Craniofacial Growth Center. Fifteen subjects with normal occlusion. Material & methods The sample was composed of digital study models of 15 normal occlusion subjects taken at 13 (T1), 18 (T2) and 60 years of age (T3). Using the software SlicerCMF 3.1, superimposition (registration) was conducted using 9 landmarks placed on the incisive papilla, second and third palatal rugae and 10 mm distal to the third palatal rugae. Two registration methods were compared: landmarks (LA) and regions of interest (ROI). Three-dimensional changes of landmarks on the buccal cusp tip of posterior teeth bilaterally and the incisal edge of the right central incisor were measured by three examiners. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman method evaluated intra- and inter-examiner agreements. Results Good or excellent intra-examiner agreement was found for T1-T2 and T2-T3 measurements using both registration methods. Inter-examiner agreements were good to excellent for T1-T2 measurements and poor to fair for most T2-T3 measurements. Mean T1-T2 differences were less than 0.5 mm for most measurements. Conclusion Maxillary digital dental models of patients with normal occlusion superimposed on palatal rugae showed an adequate reliability for a 5-year interval comparison using landmarks or regions of interest. Lower than acceptable reproducibility using both superimposition methods was found for a 40-year interval comparison.

The present case report describes the dental rehabilitation of an atrophic maxilla in a 70-year-old female without a relevant medical record. The patient presented three-dimensional bone reabsorption of the upper alveolar ridge, altered intermaxillary relationship in the vertical, sagittal, and transverse planes. As well as, incisive papilla with vestibular position to alveolar ridge and loss of lip support. An overdenture retained by five implants was made with a macro geometry suitable for primary stability and a predictable biomechanical distribution according to the triangular shape of the maxillary arch. Combined with, surgical techniques of bilateral sinus lift and nasal floor lift. Additionally, a carbon-based implant retention system was used during the prosthetic phase. Prior to full treatment planning, the static and dynamic occlusion was stabilized with a complete upper denture and a removable partial lower denture. In the same manner, aesthetic and functional parameters were recovered along with the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO). Afterwards, the complete upper denture was used as a radiographic guide during the final treatment.

O freio labial superior é uma estrutura anatômica triangular que sofre alterações de forma, função e posição durante o desenvolvimento da criança. Um deslocamento para a porção mais apical cerca de 3 a 4 mm acima da gengiva marginal é esperado. Quando este não ocorre, ficando o freio inserido na papila incisiva, caracteriza-se uma anomalia de desenvolvimento chamada freio teto labial persistente. O momento e o tipo de intervenção nestas situações geram muita controvérsia; a avaliação de fatores como inserção baixa no rebordo alveolar, presença ou não de isquemia da papila palatina quando o freio é tracionado, presença de diastema interincisivos, dificuldade de higienização e/ou alimentação e retração gengival auxiliam na decisão de tratamento. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar 8 casos clínicos sobre abordagens de freio labial superior, discutindo diferentes momentos. Crianças de distintas idades foram avaliadas e submetidas às seguintes condutas: frenectomia, reposicionamento pela técnica de Chelotti ou acompanhamento clínico para posterior reavaliação. Concluiu-se que, apesar de existir uma indicação frequente de intervenção apenas após a erupção dos caninos superiores permanentes, existem outras situações em que uma abordagem precoce pode trazer mais benefícios ao paciente.

The aim of the study was to find out the relative reliability of different clinical anatomical landmarks to determine the midline of face and the hierarchy of facial anatomical landmarks closest to the midline of the face. The facial anatomical landmarks such as - nasion, tip of nose, tip of philtrum, incisive papilla and dental midline were chosen as they are commonly used in clinical practice. 100 patients were randomly selected; full face digital images were made with clinical markings on selected anatomical landmarks. Esthetic frame was constructed on each image with digital lines passing through each marked point. Casts were made for maxillary arch of each subject. Two sets of readings were tested using intra class correlation coefficients (ICCs) reliability test. To determine whether the selected landmarks differed from midline of face and mouth, a series of one - sample t test were conducted with alpha value of 0.5. 5 Relative facial midline value (RFV) and 4 relative commissural midline value (RCV) values were obtained for each subject. Two hierarchal orders were obtained; one defining the relation of various landmarks to midline of face and second for midline of mouth. Observation from casts revealed that incisive papilla lined up with defined dental midline. Intercommissural midline ranked closest to facial midline followed by dental midline, tip of philtrum, nasion, and tip of nose. Landmarks closest to midline of mouth are tip of philtrum, dental midline, nasion and tip of nose. Incisive papilla lies in direct relation to dental midline. Centre of mouth is reliable midline anatomical landmark for determining midline of face. Key words: Esthetic frame, facial midline value (RFV), intra class correlation coefficients, intercommissural, philtrum, nasion, incisive papilla, maxillary arch.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of framework materials manufactured by dental CAD/CAM systems on complete denture deformation. Four materials were used for the maxillary complete denture framework: fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), nano-zirconia (N–Zr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CCM), and polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK). The framework materials were prepared using CAD/CAM systems. Six dentures of each material were fabricated, using polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) as a control. The thickness of the palatal area was 1.0 mm for PMMA and PEEK and 0.5 mm for FRC, N–Zr, and CCM. The denture deformation during occlusal load was monitored using four rosette strain gauges placed on the midline of the denture. The maximum principal strain (MPS) of each gauge, except that at the labial frenum, increased proportionally with increasing applied load. The directions of MPS were predominantly perpendicular to the midline of the denture. When a 200-N load was applied, the MPS at the incisive papilla in N–Zr and CCM was half that of PMMA; there was no significant difference among MPSs of PEEK, PMMA and FRC. The MPS at the end point of the denture in FRC, N–Zr, and CCM was significantly smaller than that of PMMA. The MPSs of the complete denture decreased when the CAD/CAM fabricated framework was used. The effects of the CAD/CAM fabricated framework on complete denture deformation varied due to the material used; however, a CAD/CAM fabricated framework material is considered to be effective for reducing complete denture deformation.

Aims: Identification and establishment of the occlusal plane in patients with impaired occlusal plane, presents a major hurdle for the execution of natural esthetics, speech, and function. The aim of this study was to minimize such errors while occlusal rehabilitation, and employ hamular notchincisive papilla (H.I.P) plane as landmark and scribe it on the cast using H. I. P evaluator and utilise for occlusal corrections. Settings and Design: HIP plane being parallel to the occlusal plane could ease the operator when it could be scribed on cast to analyze and restore the compromised occlusal plane. Materials and Methods: Dentulous casts of two hundred participants were mounted on the Hanau Wide–Vue articulator. Reference points were marked on the maxillary right central incisor and maxillary molars on casts for attaining different occlusal planes, the incisive papilla and hamular notch region were also marked for HIP plane. A plane parallel HIP was scribed on cast using HIP Evaluator. The casts were then scanned using a three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine attached to perception V5 laser scanner and measurements were made using Geomagic X design software. The most parallel occlusal plane to HIP plane was evaluated, and the reliability of HIP evaluator was verified. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA test, Post hoc-Bonferroni test, and independent sample “t”-test were carried out for the comparison between occlusal planes, among the genders and for the analysis of the angle of deviation of scribed plane on the cast to HIP plane on the right and left sides. Results: Occlusal plane III (Mesio-labial incisal edge of upper right central incisor to Mesio-buccal cusp tips of upper second molars) showed least angle of deviation with 1.316° ± 1.158° to HIP plane among tested subjects. There is no significant difference between the genders. The plane scribed on the cast with H. I. P evaluator showed relative parallelism to H. I. P plane with minimum deviation of 0.010° ± 0.363°. Conclusion: Occlusal plane III is more parallel to H. I. P plane. Scribed plane on the cast using H. I. P evaluator is parallel to H. I. P plane. H. I. P evaluator can be used as an alternative tool to establish the occlusal plane to rehabilitate patient with deficient dentition or disordered occlusal plane.

Background: The distance between the central incisor to incisive papilla (CI-IP) is constant and regarded as one of the landmarks for the placement of artificial teeth in the prosthesis. Earlier studies were done in relation to anterior border of papilla but after extraction the incisive papilla recedes changing the position of anterior border. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 dentulous subjects were divided into two groups (males and females) with 50 in each group. Maxillary alginate impressions were made and base poured using levelling instrument to standardize all casts and surveyed on the surveyor for uniformity of the casts. The measured distances were analyzed using Student t-test analysis. Results: The ovoid arch was the commonest arch form found in both males and females with slightly more prevalent in females. Analysis was done using Student t-test analysis and found that the mean distance from CI-IP was found to be at 12.85 mm and 12.39 mm in males and females, respectively. Conclusion: When square arch form (both male and female) mean CI-IP was compared with the total sample mean CI-IP, the mean CI-IP of square arch form was less than that of total sample with greater significance (P < 0.05). When ovoid arch form (both male and female) mean CI-IP was compared with the square arch form (both male and female) mean CI-IP, the mean CI-IP of ovoid arch form was greater than that of square arch form with greatest significance (P = 0).

Chimaeroid fishes are the only extant Holocephali, a subclass of Chondrichthyes. We describe for the first time a well evidenced structure localized in the palate of the chimaeroid Chimaera monstrosa, here named a palatal organ (PO). Attention has been paid to the holocephalan head morphology, but there has been no mention of this particular organ in the literature. The PO is a soft-tissue mass located within a slight hollow in between the two vomerine toothplates, and it protrudes into the oral cavity, resembling the mammalian incisive papilla. It is characterized by dense connective tissue with abundant collagen and elastic fibers and no muscular tissue. The robust innervation but low density of taste buds suggest a role in gustation for the PO, but primary utility in general mechanical sensitivity likely implicated in food sorting. The presence of numerous multicellular serous glands in the anterior/dorsal part of the PO is quite surprising because, in gnathostome fish, the presence of multicellular glands within the mouth has been reported in only the rare case of teeth-associated venom glands. Hypothesized roles for these glands could include food lubrication, digestion and defense against pathogens. In the literature, the presence of a PO has been demonstrated in many published images of chimaeroid fishes, but has gone unnoticed. This trait could represent a peculiar characteristic of all or a subset of holocephalans.

The transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) is a cold and menthol receptor located in the sensory ganglia. Immunohistochemistry for TRPM8 was performed on oral and craniofacial structures of the rat. TRPM8-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers were detected in the oral mucous membrane. In the gingiva, TRPM8-IR nerve fibers were abundant beneath and within crestal and outer epithelia. Such nerve fibers were also common beneath and within taste buds in the incisive papilla. In addition, TRPM8-immunoreactivity was expressed by some taste bud cells in the papilla. Lips, periodontal ligaments and salivary glands as well as masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints were mostly devoid of TRPM8-IR nerve fibers. A double immunofluorescence study indicated different distribution patterns of nerve fibers containing TRPM8 and calcitonin gene-related peptide in oral and craniofacial tissues. Retrograde tracing method also indicated that TRPM8-IR nerve fibers in the gingiva and incisive papilla originate from small sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. TRPM8 may be associated with cool, cold nociceptive (

Objetivo Pesquisar a atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hióideos em oito diferentes exercícios isométricos e sugerir o exercício mais apropriado para normalização dos dados.Métodos Participaram do estudo 22 indivíduos do gênero feminino, com idades entre 19 e 38 anos (M=24,1 anos e DP=3,8 anos). Primeiramente, os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica da língua. Em seguida, por meio de eletromiografia, foi feito o registro da atividade elétrica da região submentual durante o repouso e realização dos exercícios isométricos: sucção de língua no palato; pressão de língua no palato; pressão de ápice de língua contra o palato; pressão de ápice de língua contra a papila palatina; retração exagerada de língua; lateralização de língua e protrusão de língua. A ordem de realização dos exercícios foi randomizada entre os participantes. Os dados coletados foram analisados, utilizando-se os testes Kruskal Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Adotou-se como nível de significância em todas as análises, valor de p≤0,05.Resultados A atividade elétrica encontrada para todos os exercícios diferiu apenas daquela medida durante o repouso lingual, não apresentando diferença com significância estatística quando os exercícios foram comparados entre si.Conclusão Não houve diferença na ativação elétrica da musculatura supra-hióidea nos diversos tipos de exercícios realizados. Portanto, nenhum destes exercícios foi mais apropriado, em relação aos demais, para normalização dos dados. Purpose To analyze the electric activity of suprahyoid muscles in eight different isometric exercises and to suggest the most appropriate exercise for data normalization.Methods Twenty two female volunteers, ages between 19 and 38 years (Avg=24,1 and SD=3,8) participated of the study. At first, the participants underwent a clinical evaluation of the tongue. Electric activity of submental region was recorded, by means of the electromyographic assessment, with the participant keeping the tongue in rest position and accomplishing the following exercises: tongue suction on the palate; tongue pressure on the palate; tongue apex pressure against the palate; tongue apex pressure against incisive papilla; exaggerated tongue retraction; tongue lateralization; and tongue protrusion. The exercises were randomly accomplished by the participants. Collected data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. It was adopted as the significance level for all analyzes value of p≤0.05.Results Electromyographic activity of all the exercises was different from the one recorded in rest position. There was no statistical significant difference between different exercises.Conclusion There was no difference in submental electrical activation in different exercises. Therefore none was more appropriate then the other for data normalization.

Palatal rugae are epithelial ridges on anterior part of palatal mucosa on each side of mid palatine raphe behind incisive papilla. The aim of this study was to compare the uniqueness of rugae pattern amongst sibling pairs, determine the predominant rugae pattern and to assess the gender difference in rugae forms in 5 to 15 years old children and its utility in sex determination. Casts of 50 sibling pairs aged 5 to 15 years were obtained and the rugae pattern was analyzed using Santos’s classification. The association of gender with the number of rugae pattern was tested using Chi-square test and unpaired t‑test. A significant level of 5% was considered as critical value. All analysis was done using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Rugae were almost uniformly distributed among males and females. The rugae patterns were uniquely structured and there was no evidence of similarity amongst siblings. The most observed form of rugae was curve (30.89%) followed by line (21.07%) and sinous (19.62). Palatal rugae serve as a reference landmark in various dental treatment modalities and can be a valuable tool for personal identification. Rugae pattern may be an additional method of differentiation between the Indian male and female children. Key words: Palatal rugae, palatoscopy, identification tool, forensic odontology.

Information is scarce on gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) anatomy and that of mysticetes in general. Dissection of the head of a neonatal gray whale revealed novel anatomical details of the eye, blowhole, incisive papilla with associated nasopalatine ducts, sensory hairs, and throat grooves. Compared to a similar sized right whale calf, the gray whale eyeball is nearly twice as long. The nasal cartilages of the gray whale, located between the blowholes, differ from the bowhead in having accessory cartilages. A small, fleshy incisive papilla bordered by two blind nasopalatine pits near the palate's rostral tip, previously undescribed in gray whales, may be associated with the vomeronasal organ, although histological evidence is needed for definitive identification. Less well known among mysticetes are the numerous elongated, stiff sensory hairs (vibrissae) observed on the gray whale rostrum from the ventral tip to the blowhole and on the mandible. These hairs are concentrated on the chin, and those on the lower jaw are arranged in a V-shaped pattern. We confirm the presence of two primary, anteriorly converging throat grooves, confined to the throat region similar to those of ziphiid and physeteroid odontocetes. A third, shorter groove occurs lateral to the left primary groove. The throat grooves in the gray whale have been implicated in gular expansion during suction feeding.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the hamulus-incisive-papilla (HIP) plane as an alternative for transferring the three-dimensional position of a patient's maxilla to an articulator. Materials and Methods: Camper, Frankfurt horizontal, occlusal, and HIP planes were evaluated in 21 patients' computed tomography scans and compared to one another. Results: Analysis of variance showed significant differences between all planes, with the HIP plane being closest to the occlusal plane (HIP-OP: 0.6 ± 4.0 degrees). Frankfurt and Camper planes, being more peripheral, showed higher geometric asymmetries. Conclusion: The HIP plane, when used for articulator mounting, results in a closer and more technically reliable patient relationship in a clinical and laboratory context.

Immunohistochemistry for several neurochemical substances was performed on the human incisive papilla and other oral structures. Sodium channel alpha subunit 7 (SCN7A) protein-immunoreactive (IR) Schwann cells and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-IR nerve fibers made nerve plexuses beneath the epithelium of the palate, including the incisive papilla, tongue, and lip. SCN7A immunoreactivity could also be detected in lamellated and nonlamellated capsules of corpuscle endings. Lamellated SCN7A-IR corpuscle endings were mostly restricted to the mucous and cutaneous lips. These endings had thick and spiral-shaped PGP 9.5-IR axons without ramification. Nonlamellated SCN7A-IR corpuscle endings were most numerous in the incisive papilla among the oral regions. On the basis of axonal morphology, the nonlamellated endings were divided into simple and complex types. PGP 9.5-IR terminal axons in the simple type ran straight or meandered with slight ramification, whereas those in the complex type were densely entangled with abundant ramification. Substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 (TRPV2)-IR varicose fibers were rarely seen beneath the epithelium of oral structures. The present study indicates that the human incisive papilla has many low-threshold mechanoreceptors with nonlamellated capsules. SP-, CGRP-, and TRPV2-containing nociceptors may be infrequent in the incisive papilla and other oral regions.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological structure of palatal rugae in Turkish orthodontic subjects with different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Orthodontic dental casts of 105 patients (Class I [23 females, 12 males]; 35, Class II [18 females, 17 males]; and 35, Class III [14 females, 21 males] 10–22 years old) were analyzed for rugae patterns. Palatal rugae pattern and number, direction of rugae alignment, shape of incisive papilla were analyzed. Modified Thomas and Kotze classification was performed to analyze palatal rugae characteristics. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Wavy and curved types were the most common types of rugae pattern in all groups (Class I, Class II, Class III). As regards to the number of primary and secondary rugae on the left and right sides, there was no statistically significant difference among subjects with different skeletal malocclusions. Droplet-shaped incisive papilla was the most common form of incisive papillae among different skeletal malocclusion groups. The most common palatal rugae were direction type arranged in the horizontal direction. All rugae patterns were unique for each individual. The use of antemortem or postmortem palatal rugae records may facilitate identification of the suspects in forensic investigations by enabling facial reconstruction through skeletal malocclusions.

Facial appearance influences the social acceptance and psychological well-being of an individual. Prosthodontic treatment restores the lost support. Regardless of judgment and technical ability the dentist can place the artificial teeth more correctly if some natural stable landmarks are available to guide. In this study, lateral cephalograms were used to determine the relation of anterior teeth to incisive papilla, mucolabial reflections and A-Pogonion line in dentulous subjects and in complete denture wearers. The results of this study indicate that within dentulous subjects there is no significant difference in the horizontal or vertical relationship of anterior teeth with various landmarks such as incisive papilla, mucolabial reflections and A-Pog line, irrespective of age group. In complete denture wearer, the dentures which were constructed to esthetic and phonetic sense of dentist, there is not much variation in labiolingual position of anterior teeth, as compared to the natural teeth; however, there was slight increase in the vertical measurement from the denture borders to the tips of maxillary and mandibular incisors.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the parallelism between hamular-incisive-papilla plane (HIP) and the Campers plane. And to determine which part of the posterior reference of the tragus i.e., the superior, middle or the inferior of the Camper’s plane is parallel to HIP using digital lateral cephalograms. Fifty edentulous subjects with well formed ridges were selected for the study. The master casts were obtained using the standard selective pressure impression procedure. On the deepest point of the hamular notches and the centre of the incisive papilla stainless steel spherical bearings were glued to the cast at the marked points. The study templates were fabricated with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. The subjects were prepared for the lateral cephalograms. Stainless steel spherical bearings were adhered to the superior, middle, inferior points of the tragus of the ear and inferior border of the ala of the nose using surgical adhesive tape. The subjects with study templates were subjected to lateral cephalograms. Cephalometric tracings were done using Autocad 2010 software. Lines were drawn connecting the incisive papilla and hamular notch and the stainless steel spherical bearings placed on the superior, middle and inferior points on the tragus and the ala of the nose i.e., the Campers line S, Campers line M, Campers line I. The angles between the three Camper’s line and the HIP were measured and recorded. Higher mean angulation was recorded in Campers line S –HIP (8.03) followed by Campers line M-HIP (4.60). Campers line I-HIP recorded the least angulation (3.80). The HIP is parallel to the Camper’s plane. The Camper’s plane formed with the posterior reference point as inferior point of the tragus is relatively parallel to the HIP.

Introduction West syndrome (WS) is a rare age-related syndrome of epilepsy. The oral manifestations of WS are still unknown. Objective To assess the oral health status and oral findings of a sample of WS children being treated at a specialized referral center. Material and Methods The dental record forms of 528 children were searched at this center. Eight of the children had been diagnosed with WS. Results The ages of those with WS ranged from 6 months to 13 years, and 62% of them were male. All of them were taking antiepileptic medication. Twenty-five percent of them had tongue interposition between the dental arches and a deep palate. The mean DMFT was .25 and dmft was 1.12. Conclusion Patients with WS seem to have low caries experience, can have a deep palate, and may have their tongue positioned between the arches or on the incisive papilla.

Purpose and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of hamular notch-incisive papilla (HIP) plane as an anatomical landmark in establishing occlusal plane in edentulous subjects. Materials and Methods: Seventy subjects were selected from the South Indian population, of which 50 were dentulous and 20 were edentulous. Dental stone casts were fabricated for dentulous and edentulous subjects. Dental stone casts of the dentulous and edentulous subjects, along with occlusal rims were analyzed using the three-dimensional analyzing machines. The angles between the occlusal planes and HIP plane were determined using the reference coordinate system based on characteristic points in the dentition on the cusp tips in dentulous casts and on maxillary occlusal rim on edentulous casts. Results: The HIP plane tends to be parallel to the occlusal plane. There is no statistical difference between sexes. Conclusion: The HIP plane is parallel to the natural occlusal plane and can be used as a reference plane to re-establish the occlusal plane in edentulous patients.

Finding the most suitable position for artificial anterior teeth in the absence of pre-extraction records presents a new challenge with every denture and has resulted in a variety of measurements. It encompasses the knowledge of anatomy and physiology of oral tissue. In this study, the relation between anatomical landmarks the tips of the maxillary canines, edge of central incisor and center of incisive papilla was evaluated and compared with respect to arch form in Indian population. Arch forms were accessed by their morphological description as square, tapering or ovoid arch. Measurements on the casts were recorded for incisive papilla and maxillary central incisor distance, by digital vernier caliper and photographic technique was used to record the relation between tips of the canine and the centre of the incisive papilla. The mean distance between edge of central incisor to center of incisive papilla for square arch, oval arch and tapered arch was found as 9.667, 9.991 and 10.912 mm respectively. When all the 300 casts were taken together, it indicated that 51.3 % of intercanine lines passed through the center, 18.1 % of inter canine lines passed posterior and 30.6 % of the intercanine lines passed anterior to the center of incisive papilla. χ(2) (Chi square) values concluded they differ significantly and significant number of intercanine lines crossed through the center of the incisive papilla irrespective of the arch form.

The palatine rugae possess unique characteristics that could be used when it is difficult to identify a dead person according to fingerprints or dental records. They are permanent and unique to each person. The rugae are surrounded by cheeks, lips, tongue, and buccal pad of fat; hence, they remain protected in trauma, incineration, or mass disasters. Their pattern of orientation is formed by the 12th to 14th week of gestation and remains stable throughout life. In this study, dental casts of 120 patients were analyzed for individual rugae characteristics and strength and subsequent individual codes were given. No two individuals were having exactly matching rugae codes. Dimensions of rugae pattern, incisive papilla, and midpalatal raphe were also noted. Rugae were reevaluated after one year to check its stability, which showed no significant difference. The coding system followed can be adopted as a good and simple technique to achieve electronic transfer of the records of the palatal rugae.

Successful breastfeeding is dependent upon an infant’s ability to correctly latch onto a mother’s breast. If an infant is born with oral soft tissue abnormalities such as tongue-tie or lip-tie, breastfeeding may become challenging or impossible. During the oral evaluation of an infant presenting with breastfeeding problems, one area that is often overlooked and undiagnosed and, thus, untreated is the attachment of the upper lip to the maxillary gingival tissue. Historically, this tissue has been described as the superior labial frenum, median labial frenum, or maxillary labial frenum. These terms all refer to a segment of the mucous membrane in the midline of the upper lip containing loose connective tissue that inserts into the maxillary arch’s loose, unattached gingival or tight, attached gingival tissue. There is no muscle contained within this tissue. In severe instances, this tissue may extend into the area behind the upper central incisors and incisive papilla. The author has defined and identified the restrictions of mobility of this tissue as a lip-tie, which reflects the clinical attachment of the upper lip to the maxillary arch. This article discusses the diagnosis and classifications of the lip-tie, as it affects an infant’s latch onto the mother’s breast. As more and more women choose to breastfeed, lip-ties must be considered as an impediment to breastfeeding, recognizing that they can affect a successful, painless latch and milk transfer.

Transverse palatine ridges or palatal rugae (RP) are asymmetrical and irregular increases of the mucosa in the anterior third of the palate, from the lateral membrane of the incisive papilla, arranged in transversal direction from the palatine raphe, in medial-sagital plan. The study was performed on 50 maxillary models from the Orthodontist Clinic of the Dental Medicine Faculty, "Ovidius" University Constanta. The models are from children aged 8 up to 17 years old, which were presented to the clinic for different odontal and orthodontic treatments. The scope of this study is to demonstrate the possibility to forensically and odonto-dentally identify through the description of form and biometric characteristics of the palatine rugae, analyzing their prevalence and comparing them with previously obtained results, from a study performed on 72 adult subjects. All types of form were met: angular, circular, undulated and linear. There were no similarities between sexes or the age groups examined; all we can state is that female subjects have generally a larger number of rugae, with a greater variability of forms. The largest number of palatine rugae was found in a boy of 9 years - 22 rugae. Analyzing the entire lot we observed that most of the models present an uneven number of palatine rugae. Comparing with other studies performed on adults the total number average of rugae, indifferent of sex, is larger in children - 12.44 than in adults - 10.43. Palatine rugae are unique for each individual, whether it's adult or child.

Aim The study was carried to find a relationship between the postextraction stable landmark, the incisive papilla, and the most labial position of the maxillary central incisor teeth, which occurred in Nepalese population. Materials and methods Casts of the subjects selected by nonprobability random sampling meeting the inclusion criteria were obtained. Each casts were standardized with respect to the occlusal plane and a photographic technique was used to measure the distance from the tangent of the labial surface of the central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive papilla. The measurements were made using Adobe Photoshop and results were analyzed by using appropriate statistical methods. Most appropriate software (SPSS) for the purpose was used to generate all desired values. Results The data obtained suggested that the distance from the labial surface of maxillary central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive papilla ranged from 9 to 15.9 mm with a mean of 11.59 mm (SD 1.3). Various other results were also found after evaluation of the arch forms in relation to sex and race. Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, these results suggested that there is a relationship between the maxillary central incisors and the incisive papilla aiding in the anteroposterior positioning of the anterior tooth. The clinical relevance of the study lies in application of the incisive papilla as a starting point in the preliminary location of maxillary incisors and canines during construction of the denture in absence of preextraction records. How to cite this article Shrestha S, Joshi SP, Yadav SK. Relationship of Incisive Papilla to Maxillary Incisors and Canines. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):306-312.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the natural denture cleanser saturated salt solution on disinfection of C. albicans for the maxillary complete denture (An in vivo study). Mate-rials and Methods: An in vivo study testing anti fungal efficiency of the natural denture cleanser satu-rated salt solution on disinfection of C. albicans for 60 patient wearing maxillary complete denture by using light microscope with camera and connected to computer. The swab was taken from the fitting surface of the denture of about 2.5 cm following the median line starting from incisive papilla. This study compared the effect of disinfection between before and after immersion in distilled water (Con-trol), saturated salt solution (Iraq), and protefix(Germany). Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between salt solution and distilled water, that there were no signifi-cant differences between salt solution and protefix at p=0.05. Conclusions: saturated salt solution was very efficient for disinfection of C. albicans for acrylic denture base material.

Objectives: To compare the influence of various arch forms on papillo-incisal distance PID (distance between posterior limit of the incisive papilla and the most prominent contour of the labial surface of maxillary central incisors). Study design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Department of Prosthodontics, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan, from October 2004-December 2005 & May2010-September2010. Methodology: A total of 250 subjects, 125 male and 125 female were included. Theme of evaluation was incisive papilla maxillary central incisor distance and arch form. Normal healthy subjects with symmetrical arches and all teeth present except third molars were included. Subjects with malformed teeth, periodontal problems, orthodontic treatment or restorations on the labial tooth surfaces were excluded. Data was analyzed in SPSS 16 package by applying t test and ANOVA, with p≤0.05 as cut off point for statistical significance. Results: The mean PID was 12.02mm SD±1.5. Among the subjects 82% had ovoid, 7% had tapering and 11% had squarish arches. Conclusions: Mean PID 12.02mm SD±1.5is suggested for artificial central incisors replacement. There is higher presentation of ovoid arches with a strong influence of arch forms (p-value

Our aims were to evaluate long-term maxillary arch width changes in orthodontic patients treated with and without premolar extractions and to provide a potential link to the buccal-corridor ratios.Dental casts of 34 extraction and 32 nonextraction orthodontic patients with Class I malocclusions were digitized and evaluated before treatment (T1), at posttreatment (T2), and at postretention (T3). The mean postretention times for the extraction and the nonextraction groups were 5 years 2 months and 4 years 10 months, respectively. Specific arch width measurements were made on the anatomic y-axis of the casts between the most labial aspects of the anatomic dental arch immediately distal to the incisive papilla, the farthest point posteriorly of the conjunction of the third lateral and medial rugae on the midpalatal raphe and at an individually constant distance from the incisive papilla. Arch width changes were calculated and compared statistically to determine whether the dental arches were narrower after extraction treatment and at postretention.All maxillary arch width measurements remained virtually stable after extraction therapy and at the postretention follow-up. Significant increases were recorded for all maxillary arch width measurements in the nonextraction group after treatment (mean changes, 1.37-2.05 mm). Posterior arch width measurements decreased significantly between T2 and T3 (mean change, 0.5 mm). Mean changes between T1 and T2 were significant between the 2 groups for all measurements (P 0.05). Only the mean change in posterior arch width was significant between the 2 groups in the postretention period (P 0.05).Extraction treatment did not result in narrower maxillary dental arches, whereas nonextraction treatment slightly expanded the dental arch.

Statement of problem When making complete dentures, clinicians may have difficulty with selection of properly sized denture teeth. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if there are specific measurements made on an edentulous cast that could be useful to clinicians for selection of proper maxillary anterior denture tooth width. Material and Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, measurements were made on 50 maxillary and mandibular sets of complete denture casts and their marked and contoured occlusion rims and record bases consecutively submitted to a dental laboratory. The following 6 measurements were recorded for each set of casts: left mid-maxillary to right mid-maxillary, representing the distance between the respective residual ridge crest points adjacent to each canine eminence; left retromolar pad to right retromolar pad; incisive papilla to left hamular notch; incisive papilla to right hamular notch; left hamular notch to right hamular notch; and incisive papilla to vibrating line. These measurements were statistically compared with the control, the canine-to-canine distance as marked on the contoured maxillary occlusion rim to indicate the relaxed commissures. The casts were also classified as small, medium or large based upon the tooth width specified by the commercial mold guide for their respective canine-to-canine control measurement. The estimation bias was determined for each of the 6 measurements, and for those measurements for which the bias was significantly different from zero, a bias-correction was applied. St. Laurent's coefficient was used to describe the agreement between each (bias-corrected) measurement and the canine-to-canine control. A commercial guide was used to determine the accuracy of each of the 6 bias-corrected measurements in classifying denture teeth width as small, medium or large as compared to the same classification using the canine-to-canine control. Results The bias-corrected measurement from the left hamular notch mark to the right hamular notch mark, obtained by adding 10 mm, exhibited the greatest degree of agreement with the control. This measurement was also the only one of the 6 that correctly classified more than 50% of both the medium and large casts. None of the 6 measurements classified more than 30% of the small casts correctly. Conclusions Of the 6 measurements considered here, the bias-corrected measurement from left hamular notch mark to right hamular notch mark was preferred for selecting denture teeth width.

Introduction: There are various recommendations, using both soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks, for the determination ofocclusal plane in dentistry. However, their reliability and accuracy has always been questioned. Hamular notch-Incisive papillaPlane (HIP) is one of such landmarks which is stated to be parallel to occlusal plane; however its reliability needs to be evaluated.Objective: To find the relationship between hamular notch-incisive papilla plane and occlusal plane in dentulous subjects.Materials & Method: 48 dentate subjects with normal Class I occlusion participated in the study. Their maxillary impressionswere made and casts were poured. Each cast was then mounted in the surveyor and HIP plane made parallel to the floorby tripoding method. With the cast in this relation, the vertical distance between HIP and various reference points of occlusalplanes were measured using digital Vernier Caliper. Wilcoxon test was used to find the statistical difference (p

Background The palatine rugae have interested dentists not only because of their typical pattern of orientation but also because of their usefulness as a reference landmark in various dental treatment modalities. The pattern of orientation is formed by the 12th to 14th week of prenatal life and remains stable until the oral mucosa degenerates after death. The palatine rugae possess unique characteristics that could be used in circumstances in which it is difficult to identify a dead person according to fingerprints or dental records. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors reviewed the literature by using key words regarding the anatomy, development, classification, clinical significance and forensic aspects of palatine rugae. Conclusion and Clinical Implications Palatine rugae are permanent and unique to each person, and clinicians and scientists can use them to establish identity through discrimination. If particular rugae patterns could be established for different ethnic groups, they would assist the forensic odontologist in the identification of a person. Because they are a stable landmark, the palatine rugae also can play a significant role in clinical dentistry.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of the palatal surface shape of dentures on food perception. Eighteen healthy dentulous subjects (mean age, 24 years) were investigated. Four types of experimental plate were used: (i) a tailor-made plate, (ii) an average-model plate, (iii) a smooth plate, and (iv) a wrinkle plate. Test foods consisted of Bavarian cream cubes containing one to three mustard seeds and six raw carrot pieces of different shapes. Bavarian cream cubes with three seeds were used for analysis. Other foods were used as dummy foods. Subjects were required to wear experimental plates and press test foods placed on the anterior area of the tongue against the experimental plates. We measured time required to perceive number of spherical bodies, rate of correct answers, and level of perception with each type of experimental plate using a 100-mm visual analogue scale. The results showed a significant difference in response time between the average-model plate and the other experimental plates, with response time longest for the average-model plate. On the other hand, no significant differences in rate of correct answers regarding number of spherical bodies or level of perception were found among the experimental plates. When incisive papilla, palatine suture and palatal rugae based on the standard Japanese shape were replicated on the palatal surface of the plates, the time required for food perception during ingestion was prolonged in comparison to plates with other palatal surface shapes.