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Additional file 1. STROBE Statement.

Additional file 1. Percent weight bearing during standing still. The weight bearing is significantly decreased in accordance with the lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) (ANOVA, p

Additional file 2. Effects of heat stimulation between 41 °C to 45 °C on the mRNA expression of HSPA1A, COL2A1, and ACAN. To confirm the effects of higher heat stimulation, we performed an additional experiment applying heat stimulus between 41 °C to 45 °C. The pre-cultured pellets were subjected to heat stimulation at 41 °C, 43 °C, or 45 °C for 20 min in a water bath. A shows the temperature transitions in a conical tube immersed in a water bath set at the specific temperature. After the heat stimulus, the mRNA expression of COL2A1, ACAN, and HSPA1A was analyzed at 3, 6, and 24 hours after the stimulus (B, C, and D). The pellets cultured at 32°C were used as controls (n = 3 pellets/time point). The results showed that HSPA1A expression was apparently upregulated, indicating successful heat stimulus (B). However, the 41°C and 43°C groups showed no positive effects on COL2A1 and ACAN expression (C and D). Transient upregulation of COL2A1 and ACAN was observed at 6 hours after stimulation in the 45°C group (C and D), but these were downregulated at 24 h after the stimulus.

Table S1. Quartile of each functional measure (greater quartile indicates worse knee pain or physical function), Table S2. Results of ordinal logistic regression analysis (including the results of covariates) to characterize the association between depression and knee pain intensity (n = 95)*. Table S3. Results of ordinal logistic regression analysis (including the results of covariates) to characterize the association between depression and quartile of self-reported and performance-based physical function (n = 95)*. (DOCX 61 kb)