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Generation MZ, a generic term for millennials and members of Generation Z, is an innovation-leading consumer group in the current market. This study aimed to examine the impact of the ethical consumption tendencies of millennials and Generation Z on the purchase intention of social enterprise fashion products. Data were collected from Generation MZ (15-40 years old) by quota sampling based on the demographic variables of gender, age, and region, respectively. Eight hundred responses were analyzed by descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, and regressions using SPSS software. Three value factors (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric) and three ethical consumption tendency factors (resource saving tendency, eco-friendly tendency, and consciousness of corporate responsibility) were determined by factor analyses. The results confirmed that women, who showed a higher ethical consumption tendency in all three factors, were more altruistic and biospheric than men. Furthermore, women portrayed a more favorable attitude and purchase intention towards fashion products of social enterprises. The results demonstrated that members of Generation Z were more altruistic and biospheric than millennials. Additionally, the attitude, purchase intention, and willingness to pay premium prices were higher in Generation Z members. It was confirmed that higher biospheric values correlated with greater values for the three ethical consumption tendency factors. The altruistic value affected both the resource saving tendency and eco-friendly trend, while the egoistic value had an effect on the resource saving tendency. Both attitude and purchase intention were positively influenced by all three of the ethical consumption tendency factors, and affected the willingness to pay premium prices. This was subsequently influenced by the resource saving tendency and consciousness of corporate responsibility. The results of this study contribute to understanding Generation MZ as a consumer group, and the establishment of marketing strategies for fashion companies.

This study investigated consumer innovativeness by examining a relationship model of innate innovativeness, product interest, product-specific innovativenss, and actualized innovativeness for eight product items as well as observed gender differences in the variables. The eight product items for the survey were smartphones, movies, clothing, cars, skin care products/cosmetics, traveling, AI products, and books. An online survey was conducted in January 2018, and 400 responses from male and female consumers in their twenties and thirties, were analyzed using reliability test, descriptive statistics, regression, and ANCOVA. The positive effect of innate innovativeness and product interest on product-specific innovativeness, and positive effect of innate innovativeness and productspecific innovativeness on actualized innovativeness were confirmed. Product interest was found to have a stronger power on product-specific innovativeness than innate innovativeness. Gender differences in product interest, product-specific innovativeness, and actualized innovativeness were identified as hypothesized. Female consumer’s clothing interest, clothing innovativenss, and actualized clothing innovativeness were higher than male consumers; in addition, male consumer’s cars and AI interest, cars and AI innovativenss, and actualized cars and AI innovativeness were higher than female’s. The controversial results that indicated the higher innate innovativeness of male consumers useful to further in-depth discussion and research. This study contributed to the theory construction of consumer innovativeness research areas and offered practical implications for new product launching and customer relationship management.

In this study, the notion of payment intention price was introduced and examined in relation with self-image congruence, clothing preference and two types of reference price: expected price and fair price. Onehundred samples of female collegiate students participated in the group survey and responded to the ins-trument including variables of clothing image evaluation, clothing preference, reference price, payment in-tention price toward a one-piece dress as the stimulus, and ideal self-image perception. Descriptive statistics,correlations, and regressions were applied on data analysis. The results were as follow. Payment intentionprice was determined by clothing preference and fair price, and the explaining power of fair price wasgreater than clothing preference. One confirmatory path was observed that self-image congruence effectsclothing preference, and then clothing preference effects payment intention price. The other confirmatorypath was from expected price to fair price and fair price to payment intention price.Key words: Self-image congruence, Clothing preference, Expected price, Fair price, Payment intentionprice; 자기 이미지 일치성, 의복 선호, 예상 가격, 공정 가격, 지불의도 가격

This study investigated consumers`` clothing expense, consumer innovativeness and perceived risk to the channel type they frequently purchase fashion products and compared the relationship between the variables. A survey of male and female college students was conducted and 367 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, two-way ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and correlations. Female consumer clothing expenses were high compared to male consumers, and clothing expenses of consumers using department stores and independent banded stores were high compared to those using internet shopping malls. The sub-dimensions of consumer innovativeness were determined as adventure-oriented, unique-oriented, and change-oriented, and female consumers have characteristics more unique-oriented and change-oriented. In the case of female respondents, unique-oriented innovativeness was highest for department store customers, while the male customer of non-branded stores showed the highest unique-oriented innovativeness. Perceived risk indicated the highest score from the customers of internet shopping mall. Department stores were recognized as reliable by female department store customers. Clothing expenses and consumer innovativeness dimensions showed significantly positive correlations; in addition, the relation between clothing expense and perceived risks were significantly negative. Consumer innovativeness and perceived risks have positive relations.

This study investigated consumers' multi-channel behavior for fashion product purchases and comparedperceived risks by channel type. A survey involving male and female college students was conducted in theDaegu and Gyungbuk area in December 2013. A total of 400 responses were analyzed using descriptivestatistics, chi-square analysis, independent sample t-test, paired t-test, factor analysis, and reliability analysis.An internet shopping mall was the most frequently chosen retailer type for fashion product purchases andinformation searches. In addition, respondents also preferred independent branded stores, department stores,and non-branded stores. The number of retailer types for clothing item purchases ranged from 1 to 6 andthe average was 3.06. The number of retailer types was significantly higher in women groups according togender variables. Perceived risk had the highest evaluation score for internet shopping malls. Departmentstores were recognized as a reliable retailer type. The construct of perceived risk was shown as similar inoff-line stores such as department stores, independent branded stores, and non-branded stores. Instead, theconstruct was differentiated from the case of internet shopping malls. Some insightful suggestions weresuggested for future research and industrial marketing plans based on the results.Key words: Multi-channel, Perceived risk, Fashion product, Channel selection, Retail distribution channel;다중 경로, 위험 지각, 패션 상품, 경로 선택, 소매 유통 경로

This study investigates the effects of fashion innovativeness and utilization on the price perception of for-mal wear and climbing wear as well as gender differences on price perception and the relationship of thevariables. Price perception measurements were based on reference price and reservation price; subsequently, apremium price ratio was calculated based on the measured prices. A survey that involved male and femaleadult consumers was conducted in Daegu in August 2011. A total of 321 responses were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlations and independent sample t-test. Twofactors of fashion innovativeness were derived and named as unique-oriented innovativeness and change-oriented innovativeness. The utilization of formal wear and climbing wear was higher in the male groupversus the female group. Reference price and reservation price were identified similar to the actual consumerpurchasing prices reported in previous studies. Male consumers showed a tendency in price perception inaccordance with the utilization. The change-oriented innovativeness of the female group led to a positiverelationship with the perceived price of climbing jackets.Key words: Gender difference in price perception, Fashion innovativeness, Fashion utilization, Formal wear,Climbing wear; 성별에 따른 가격 지각 차이, 유행 혁신성, 품목별 활용도, 정장, 등산복

This study investigated the difference of reference price, preference and quality perception of high functional underwear according to innovation cues. High functional underwear was selected as a research stimulus due to its technological innovative characteristics. A total of 93 male university students participated as subjects and data were collected by simple random experimental design operationalized with three types of innovation stimulus cues. Two types of internal reference price perception-expected price and fair price, preference, and 9 items of product quality perception-8 functional properties and overall quality of stimulus were measured with a questionnaire. The result supported the difference of reference price and quality perception by product innovation cue. The higher cue level group perceived two types of reference price and the overall quality higher than the lower cue level group. The difference of the expected price and fair price, the influence of functional properties on overall quality, and relations of the variables were discussed in depth.

This study presents a T-shirt design process that utilizes modernized traditional patterns; in addition, italso includes various modernization techniques for Korean traditional patterns. T-shirts are a representativecasual wear item worn in everyday life, especially among young people. The association of traditional ele-ments and public goods such as T-shirts effects the diffusion of the Korean image into global society. Throughthe whole design process, target groups and design concepts were determined first: collegiate students aswell as clean, natural, refined, simple and sporty image, respectively. Subsequently, Dokkaebi, lotus, Dang-cho, dragon and Taegeuk patterns were selected as traditional pattern sources. Along with the technique ofthe division, transformation, and configuration of original patterns, the combining method of geometricalfigures, stripe patterns, and check patterns with traditional patterns was helped create modernized tradi-tional motives. Finally, T-shirt designs with a Korean image were developed with the harmonized deploy-ment of modernized motives and color planning. The survey showed that designs had a clean, natural,refined, simple and sporty image that was preferred by collegiate students. This study is relevant in threeaspects. First, the design process of modernization was very creative to combine traditional patterns andbasic figures. Second, this study expanded the scope of traditional image design to casual wear to promotethe Korean image to young people all over the world. Third, the whole design process, from planning tofinal product development, presented in this study is applicable to other design processes.Key words: Korean traditional patterns, T-shirts, Modernized motif, Design process; 한국 전통문양, 티셔츠, 현대적 모티프, 디자인 프로세스

This study presents the process of fashion item development with velvet through creative thinkingmethods. Creativity is one of the most important requirements for a successful job career and educationenhancing creative thinking is needed in the area of fabrication, product design, and marketing strategydevelopment. Velvet was selected as a research stimulus because it is a luxurious fabric with various dif-ferential properties such as a soft touch, unique luster, excellent drapability, and fine physical properties.The research methodology included creative thinking methods review, the selection of the tools, ideasourcing and listing, sequential idea evaluation and sample product making. After review of the variouscreative thinking methods, a combination method and forced connection method were employed as researchtools to confirm the usefulness of creative thinking training because of their independence of use and ap-plication simplicity. A total of 12 university students participated as subjects in this research. After sometraining, each student derived ten ideas for velvet products that utilized a combination method and forcedconnection method. A total of 120 ideas were evaluated for novelty, technical possibility, practicality, andmarketability; subsequently, 24 ideas were adopted and developed as sample products. The effectiveness ofcreativity education in fabrication and product design classes was verified through the whole process ofproduct planning.Key words: Creative thinking, Product development, Velvet, Combination method, Forced connectionmethod; 창의적 발상, 상품 개발, 벨벳, 조합법, 강제연결법

This study suggests basic data on optimum thermal insulation for spring wear through an investigation of subjective thermal sensation, self-health image and actual wearing conditions. A survey of university students using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted to collect data on subjective thermal sensation, self-health image, wearing conditions, demographics and physical characteristics. The variable of wearing conditions was measured as the response to the clothing they were wearing. Garment items (26 types for males and 41 types for females) were suggested and the items worn by the students were converted into the thermal insulation values for clothing. The main results are as follows. As for the body type perception, males perceived themselves as not fat while females perceived themselves as not thin. As for the health perception, males perceived themselves healthier than females. As for the climate adaptability perception, females were more sensitive to cold than males. The average thermal insulation of clothing was 0.97clo (0.34-1.95clo) with higher insulation for males than females. Students were more sensitive to the cold when their BMI was lower, their body surface area per body weight was larger, and the more they perceived themselves as not healthy. There was a significant correlation between the self-health image of sensitiveness to cold and the thermal insulation of clothing. The results were synthetically discussed in terms of environmental physiology.

This study identifies the effect of customer-to-customer interactions on the preference of fashion purchase environment. An empirical study surveyed male and female consumers 25 years of age and older in Daegu, Korea, in August 2011. A total of 338 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis of SPSS 19.0. The results identified the effects of the number, gender, age, attractiveness, and taste of other customers in fashion retail settings. In addition, differences in the effect of customer-to-customer interactions according to consumer attributes were also verified. The sample of this study preferred a shopping condition of many shoppers in the store, the same gender shoppers in the store, the same aged shoppers in the store, an attractive shopper in the store, and a shopper having the same taste in the store. Female consumers showed a preference for a store environment with many shoppers and the same gender shoppers to a store of no shoppers and different gender shoppers compared to male consumers. Aged consumers and fashion-involved consumers liked to shop with more attractive persons than less attractive persons. Fashion-innovative consumers wanted to enter a store where the other customers have similar tastes.

This study investigated the main origin of the thermochromism of a novel compound, 1,3-bis(hydroxyethylamino)-4,6-dinitrobenzene (BDB). In order to unravel the relative dependence of reversible color change between yellow and orange on proton transfer reaction and crystal-crystal phase transformation, kinetic experiments were executed. The recovery rates of thermochromic transition, proton transfer reaction, and crystal-crystal phase transformation were calculated from the data measured through UV-vis spectrophotometry, IR spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometry with a lapse of time at fixedtemperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) after cooling from heated temperature (150 °C). The kinetic experiments revealed that the recovery takes place more quickly at lower temperature. At each fixed-temperature, the recovery rate is in the order of the crystal-crystal phase transformation > the proton transfer reaction > the thermochromic transition. It is concluded that the proton transfer reaction is the main origin for thermochromism of BDB in solid state and the crystal-crystal phase transformation is a collateral one.

This study identifies consumer satisfaction with medical services and the patient gowns of hospitals. Also analyzed are the elements that influence hospital satisfaction and the general satisfaction with patient gowns. A survey was conducted among Korean male and female ex-patients regardless of their age. A total of 513 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, correlations, regression, and factor analysis derived from data collected in April and May, 2009. The results are as follows. The general satisfaction with the hospital recently visited was higher than the general satisfaction with all of the hospitals visited. The satisfaction with medical services were high in good services, trustful medical examinations, easy access to utilities, and clean utilities. Hospital satisfaction was determined by good services, trustful medical examinations, easy access to utilities, patient gowns, and fresh indoor air. The satisfaction factors of general patient gowns were determined as functionality, fabric/design, sewing, and the management system factors. The most important factor explaining patient gown satisfaction was fabric/design, and this was the most unsatisfied factor at the same time.

This study investigates the present conditions of hospital clothes management. A survey was conducted with 72 respondents from 28 different hospitals in April and May 2009. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlations using PASW 17.0. The results were as follows: (1) Administrators, nurses, and outside specialists took part in the clothes management process. The administrators participated in the process of purchase determination. Nurses involved in the design, size selection, and outside specialists were responsible for routine management. (2) Most clothes were planned through the discussions between hospitals and manufacturers. Price was the most important element to determine the purchase of clothes. Size systems were various depending on the conditions of the hospital according to the number of beds. (3) Laundry duties were performed by the hospitals themselves or in specialized laundry plants. In addition, the hygienic condition of clothes management were satisfactory. (4) Patient gowns were evaluated positively, yet some complaints from patients were reported. (5) Various medical supplies were used and were uncomfortable related to textile and fitting problems. Future research themes are suggested based on these results.

This study investigates the actual hospital-clothes consumption experience of consumers according to gender and age. An all age survey was conducted among male and female ex-patients in Korea nationally. From data collected during April and May 2009, a total of 513 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, two-way ANOVA, and MANOVA using SPSS 10.1.4. The results are as follows. The hospitalization ratio was higher in the male group than in the female group and increased with age. Many hospitalizations were taken to the department of orthopedics, internal treatment, obstetrics and gynecology, and surgery. The satisfaction with patient gowns was low regarding size, fabric touch, color and pattern, Psychological comfort, and holistic satisfaction, Specifically, the stiffness of the fabric, cheerless colors, and the limited number of sizes were the main complaints; size dissatisfaction was expressed strongly by females. About 35% of respondents showed a positive attitude to wear premium patient gowns. Various medical supplies were used and different items were utilized according to gender and age of patients. Uncomfortableness of medical supplies were highly related to laundry and fabric touch.

This study identifies the relationships among demographic variables, well-being health consciousness, sports/leisure activity, and the perceived premium price for high functional sports/leisure wear. An empirical study was conducted with the data collected by questionnaires distributed to male and female respondents aged 15 and over. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, MANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and regressions were used to analyze 244 answers. As a result, 3 factors were determined for well-being health consciousness: nature-friendly life, premium consumption for health, and health care. The older group pursued a nature-friendly life more than the younger group, the female group pursued premium consumption for health more than male group, and older women and younger men pursued health care more than their counterparts. Sports/leisure activity was relatively intensive in the male group and in the younger group. Sports/leisure activity was explained by male characteristic and health care factors. Sports/leisure activity was the only element for predicting the perceived premium price ratio for high functional sports/leisure wear.

【This study analyzes how well-being lifestyle and functional textile knowledge effect the perception of high functional sports/leisure wear importance. A survey was conducted among male and female sports/leisure wear consumers aged 15 and over in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk area from May $12^{th}$ to June $2^{nd}$ 2009. A total of 288 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and regression. As a result, 9 factors were determined as sub-elements of a well-being lifestyle. Knowledge levels for functional textiles were high in elastic, UV blocking, air permeable, and antibacterial properties. The perception of high functional sports/leisure wear importance was positively influenced by functional textile knowledge and two well-being lifestyle constructing factors ('self-confidence/affirmative thinking' and 'health/environment oriented eating habits').】

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the structure of buyer‐supplier relationship quality perceived by small‐sized fashion businesses with their major supplier.Design/methodology/approachOn the basis of the literature review and in‐depth interviews, a testable relationship quality model is proposed. Two hundred and eighty stores located in Dongdaemun fashion market in Seoul, Korea, are surveyed and 233 complete responses are used in the analysis to test hypotheses.FindingsThe major findings includes the critical role of product design, product quality, and a supplier's honesty in the building of relationship quality. As the relationship ages, geographical proximity, communication, and design factors become more important in determining relationship quality and behavioral intentions, while product quality and power balance factors became less important.Research limitations/implicationsOnly one side of the perception is analyzed. The data is collected from single informants from each buying fashion store. Instead of using longitudinal data, a cross‐sectional research design is employed.Practical implicationsAmong the proposed anteceding factors to relationship quality, product design is found to have the strongest impact on the buyer's perception of relationship quality. Thus, product suppliers in Dongdaemun market should focus on improving their capability to produce superior designs.Originality/valueDongdaemun market has been successfully positioned as a main hub for the distribution of non‐brand fashion products in Korea. This paper is the first to investigate the channel members' relationships and behaviors in Dongdaemun market.

This study intended to identify regional and gender differences between high school students groups in clothing-wearing motives, casual brand preference and actual purchasing condition. Using a sampling frame, 100 responses were collected for each regional and gender group: male students in Seoul, females in Seoul, males in Gumi, and females in Gumi. In terms of clothing-wearing motives, Gumi students and female students showed more highly extroverted motives than males and Seoul students, respectively. And three groups were determined on the basis of clothing-wearing motives: the extroversion group, the introversion group, and the least clothing-cognizing group. Concerning the brand preference factor, female students showed more dispersed brand preference than males. Adidas and Puma were preferred by all 4 groups. Polo and Guess were preferred by Seoul students, and Clide, Banila B, and TBJ were preferred by female students. The determinants of brand preference were identified as quality, reliability, affirmative image, and some brand personas such as `neat`, `natural` and `polished`. The students from Seoul tend to pay more money for clothing than those from Gumi, and Seoul students` main purchasing place was identified as department store while Gumi students shop more at brand chain stores.

요 약 본 연구의 목적은 동대문시장의 패션점포와 상품 공급자와의 관계를 이해하는 것이다 구매자-공급자 관계에 영향을 미치는 요인을 구매자-공급자 관계 요인과 공급자 속성으로 분류하고 신뢰, 몰입, 으|사소 통, 장기적 전망, 파워 균형, 지리적 근접성, 디자인 능력, 품질, 낮은 가격, 납기 준수의 총 10개 변수를 추출하였다. 패션점포가 어떤 요인을 더 중요하게 인식하고 있는지 그리고 점포특성에 따라 그 중요성 인식에 차이가 있는지 설펴보았으며, 공급자와의 거래지속기간에 영향을 미치는 요인율 규명하였다. 동 대문 패션점포 233개로부터 수집한 자료를 분석한 결과, 공급자와의 관계에서 가장 중요하다고 응답한 변수는 납기 준수였으며 그 다음이 지리적 근접성, 디자인 능력 등으로 나타나 구매자-공급자 관계 요인 보다는 공급자 속성이 더 중요한 것으로 지각되고 있었다. 점포 특성에 따라 중요도 인식에 차이가 있었 는데, 신흥 소매 상권의 점포들이 다른 상권 점포들에 비해 모든 변수들의 중요도를 낮게 인식하고 있었 으며 도매위주 점포가 소매위주 점포보다, 고매출 점포가 저매훌 점포보다 모든 변수를 더 중요하게 지 각하였다. 총 영업기간에 따라서는 일부 변수에서 장기 영업점포가 단기 영업점포보다 더 높은 중요도 지각을 보였다- 거래지속기간에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해 우선 주로 거래하는 점포롤 상기 10개 변수로 평가하게 하였는데, 지리적 근접성, 신뢰, 디자인 능력, 품질, 의사소통 순으로 높게 평가되 었다. 회귀분석 결과 실제 거래해 온 기간에 영향을 미치는 변수는 디자인 능력, 의사소통, 파워 균형이 었으며, 향후 추가로 기대하는 거래기간에 영향을 미치는 변수는 의사소통과 신뢰로 나타났다.

A novel thermochromic organic compound, 1,5-bis(hydroxyethylamino)-2,4-dinitrobenzene (BDB), was synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, visible and infrared spectroscopy. It was observed that BDB exists in two different crystal structures of A- and B-forms at room temperature. In each crystal structure, there exist intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxy, amino, and nitro groups. As the temperature is increased, the color of BDB crystalline powder changes from yellow to orange. The yellow color was recovered for a specific period of time when it is cooled again, indicating that thermochromism of BDB in the solid state is reversible. Both crystals of A- and B-forms are transformed to the C-form crystal at the transition temperature. From the results of X-ray diffraction, thermal data, and infrared spectra, it is suggested that the thermochromism of BDB originates from the crystal-to-crystal transition accompanying with the configurational transformation between nitro-form and acid-form via intramolecular hydrogen transfer.

The lower 1,3-bis(hydroxyalkylamino) homologues of the strong intramolecular X-type charge transfer (CT) system 1,3-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzene (DADNB) exhibit reversible color change in the solid state from yellow at room temperature (RT) to orange and red at high temperature (HT). To investigate the structural prerequisites for occurrence of this phenomenon, we prepared 10 new derivatives of DADNB where the hydroxyalkyl arms at the amino groups were replaced with substituents having different electronic and steric profiles. Two of the new materials exhibit sharp and reversible thermochromic change in the solid state: when heated, the bis(aminoethyl) derivative (DADNB-1) undergoes color change from orange-red to brown, while one of the three polymorphs of the bisphenyl product (DADNB-2) changes its color from red to yellow. The physicochemical analysis and the crystal structures of seven of these compounds, one of which is trimorphic, confirmed that both phenomena are due to solid-solid phase transitions. The brown high-temperature phase of DADNB-1 presents the first example where the absorption is shifted beyond the red region. Form C of DADNB-2 is the first material of this group that exhibits "negative" thermochromism, where the high-temperature phase absorbs at lower wavelength than the low-temperature one. The results demonstrate the potentials of these simple and easily accessible organic molecular materials for thermal switching of the optical properties by utility of intermolecular interactions to modulate the intramolecular CT.

When heated above room temperature, some crystalline polymorphs of the 1,3-bis(hydroxyalkylamino)-4,6-dinitrobenzenes (BDBn, n = 2-5), bis(hydroxyalkyl) analogues of the intramolecular charge-transfer molecule 1,3-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzene, exhibit "dual" thermochromism: gradual color change from yellow to orange at lower temperatures, and sharp color change from orange to red at higher temperatures. These two thermochromic changes are related to different solid-state processes. When allowed to cool to room temperature, the yellow color of the thermochromic molecules with different alkyl length (n) is recovered with unexpectedly different kinetics, the order of the respective rate constants ranging from 10(-7)-10(-6) s(-1) for BDB2 to about 0.1 s(-1) in the case of BDB3. The thermochromic mechanism and the reasons behind the different kinetics were clarified on the basis of detailed crystallographic characterization, kinetic thermoanalysis, and spectroscopic study of eight crystalline forms (seven polymorphs and one solvate). It was found that the polymorphism is due to the possibility of "locking" and "unlocking" of the alkyl arms by formation of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl groups at their hydroxyl termini. The locking of BDB2, with shortest alkyl arms, is reversible and it can be controlled thermally; either of the two conformations can be obtained in the solid state by proper thermal treatment. By use of high temperature in situ single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of BDB3, direct evidence was obtained that the gradual thermochromic change is related to increased distance and weakened pi-pi interactions between the stacked benzene rings: the lattice expands preferably in the stacking direction, causing enhanced oscillator strength and red shift of the absorption edge of the intramolecular charge transfer transition. The second, sharp thermochromic change had been assigned previously to solid-solid phase transition triggered by intramolecular proton transfer of one amino proton to the nitro group, whereupon an aci-nitro form is thermally populated. Contrary to the numerous examples of solid thermochromic molecules based on either pericyclic reactions or keto-enol tautomerism, this system appears to be the first organic thermochromic family where the thermochromic change appears as an effect of intermolecular pi-pi interactions and thermal intramolecular proton transfer to aromatic nitro group.

This study investigated difference of product interest and its relation to consumers` innate innovativeness according to gender as well as compared the perceptive construct of products between male and female consumers. A survey involving male and female college students was conducted in the Daegu and Gyeong-buk areas in December 2013. Subsequently, 400 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, independent sample t-test, reliability analysis, ANCOVA, and multidimensional scaling. Among 45 products, male respondents showed a significantly high degree of interest over 12 categories such as watches, desktop computers, cars, sports products, and video games compared to females. The female sample showed a significantly high degree of interest for 29 product categories such as clothing, movies, skin care shops, cosmetics, eating-out, teeth whitening, coffee, cameras, and performances compared to males. Innovative male consumers were interested in traveling, movies, clothing, eating-out, running shoes, and wallets; however, female consumers` innovativeness was significantly related to previously determined items of interest. Two dimensions explaining the male consumers` products perception construct were `hard versus soft` and `usual versus special`. Instead, female consumers` were `special versus usual` and `expressive versus functional`.

This study investigated consumer`s fragrance preferences as well as image, color, and TPO associations with fragrance. Eight branded perfumes of four fragrance families were selected according to the top note (floral, fruity, green, and citrus) as stimuli; consequently, fragrance preferences and associations were measured. A survey that included a scent test was conducted; subsequently, 186 responses from male and female consumers in their twenties were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square analysis. The fruity fragrance was shown to be preferred the most. The perfume itself was associated with cool image, blue or pale tone colors, summer, and casual occasions in general, while a citrus fragrance was related to warm, winter, and deep tone colors in specific. Fragrance associations could be utilized in perfume marketing plans and activities such as advertising and packaging development.