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Digital media can support Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) businesses to increase brand awareness of their products, so they can gain competitive advantages and reach a broader market. Unfortunately, not all MSME businesses have the capabilities to utilize digital media to support their businesses. The MSMEs in Buah Batu district face problems that can not be resolved by conventional marketing methods, such as lack of brand awareness and drop in sales which results in the decrease of their revenues and profits. This Community Service aims to improve the MSME's knowledge and skills on creative digital marketing strategy and their understanding of the marketplace so they can create online stores for their businesses. Online stores make it feasible for those MSMEs to broaden their market reach. For the problems related to the IT area, the team will provide network training. The method applied was the service-learning approach. The results of this community service are that the MSMEs in Buah Batu District are capable to create their online shops, promote their products through the marketplace and social media and finally increase their revenues. The output of these community service activities is the design of MSME product packaging and website.

The ever-increasing dependency of the utilities on networking brought several cyber vulnerabilities and burdened them with dynamic networking demands like QoS, multihoming, and mobility. As the existing network was designed without security in context, it poses several limitations in mitigating the unwanted cyber threats and struggling to provide an integrated solution for the novel networking demands. These limitations resulted in the design and deployment of various add-on protocols that made the existing network architecture a patchy and complex network. The proposed work introduces one of the future internet architectures, which seem to provide abilities to mitigate the above limitations. Recursive internetworking architecture (RINA) is one of the future internets and appears to be a reliable solution with its promising design features. RINA extended inter-process communication to distributed inter-process communication and combined it with recursion. RINA offered unique inbuilt security and the ability to meet novel networking demands with its design. It has also provided integration methods to make use of the existing network infrastructure. The present work reviews the unique architecture, abilities, and adaptability of RINA based on various research works of RINA. The contribution of this article is to expose the potential of RINA in achieving efficient networking solutions among academia and industry.

As a policy-based routing protocol, the primary purpose of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is to exchange routing reachability information to provide sufficient end-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS). The constant increase of anomalous traffic of BGP affects the connectivity and reachability of routing information among different Autonomous Systems (ASs), which calls for building accurate alerting models to provide stable routing services in the Internet. The previous works classify anomalies without considering the characteristic of multiple time scales, which may lead to inaccurate classification. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Scale Long Short-Term Memory (MSLSTM) model to capture the anomalous behaviors from BGP traffic. In our model, a Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to obtain temporal information on multiple scales, and a hierarchical two-layer LSTM architecture is devised where the first layer learns the attentions of different time scales to generate an integrated historical representation, and the second layer captures the temporal dependency in the learned representation. To evaluate the feasibility in different alerting scenarios, we conduct comprehensive experiments based on several BGP data sets collected from real world applications. The results demonstrate that our model achieves a promising performance compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.

The sensor networks have revolutionized wireless technology with next-generation internetworking and scalable infrastructure. Since, the autonomous sensor operates in vulnerable and unattended environmental conditions, hence, securing the sensed data becomes a critical issue. Advanced Encryption Standard popularly known as AES is one of the most common and extensively used algorithms for private key encryption in sensor networks. However, the substitution box lookup table is a time-consuming process in AES. Therefore, our research targets to improve the running time and throughput of AES by proposing a novel technique of splitting AES S-box followed with parallel substituting of two bytes at a time using multithreading. The proposed Enhanced-AES has the feasibility of implementation in the heterogeneous and hierarchical multicore sensor network. Energy consumption and execution time are the parameters used to evaluate the functioning of the Enhanced-AES. Our proposed model outperformed the existing security mechanisms; thereby increasing the lifetime of the sensor network and maintaining the data freshness.

With prevalent usage of internetworking, online social platforms have greatly revolutionized the traditional exchange of information. Social networking sites, including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn,...

The possibility of dynamic routes change between nodes that are not physically connected is a key feature of the Internet routing. The exterior gateway protocol BGP-4 has been developed to deliver this feature, along with policies and procedures of inter-domain routing. Developed for the network of hundreds nodes that rely on information from each other, after decades BGP-4 is still the same with tens thousands nodes and its crucial lack of routing data integrity. One of the most significant problems deriving from its weaknesses is route leaks and route hijacks. None of the proposed and partially implemented upgrades and add-ons like MANRS and RPKI can not deliver reliable defense against those types of attacks. In this paper, the approach of risk assessment via internetworking links analysis is developed. Although modern information security is based on risk management, in this paper it is proposed to mitigate route hijack risks byenhancing links topology. Estimating the risks of route hijack requires quantitative measurement of the impact of an attack on the routing distortion, and therefore, the loss of information security breach. For this assessment, this paper proposes to use knowledge of the features of the Internet topology at the layer of global routing, which is determined by the interaction of autonomous systems -groups of subnets under common control -according to the routing protocol BGP-4. Based on our formal representation of IP routing, the relationship between topology and the risk of route hijack is shown. A new approach to quantifying information risk using a new risk-oriented model of global routing, which will reflect the properties of Internet nodes in terms ofthe risk of routes hijack. Можливість зміни динамічних маршрутів між вузлами, які фізично не пов’язані, є ключовою особливістю маршрутизації в Інтернеті. Для забезпечення цієї функції був розроблений протокол зовнішнього шлюзу BGP-4, а також політики та процедури маршрутизації між доменами. Розроблений для мережі сотень вузлів, які покладаються на інформацію один від одного. Сьогодні BGP-4 зв’язує мережу з десятками тисяч вузлів попри його критичні вразливості, насамперед відсутність цілісності даних маршрутизації. Однією з найбільш значущих проблем, що виникає унаслідок його вразливостей, є витокита викраденнямаршрутів. Жодне із запропонованих та частково реалізованих оновлень та доповнень до глобальної маршрутизації як MANRS та RPKI не може забезпечити надійний захист від таких типів атак. Отже, існує проблема зменшення наслідків реалізацій загроз через ці вразливості і вона потребує принципово нової методології. В роботі розвивається напрям оцінки ризику перехоплення маршрутів шляхом аналізу міжмережевих зв’язків. Оскільки сучаснаметодологія управління інформаційною безпекою базується на управлінні ризиками, в даній роботі поводження зризиком (зменшення ймовірності настання тригера ризику, зменшення максимального збитку) пропонується шляхом вдосконалення топології зв’язків. Оцінка ризиків перехоплення маршрутів вимагає кількісного вимірювання впливу атаки, який матеріалізується як спотворення легітимних маршрутів проходження інформації та призводить до втрати інформаційної безпеки. Для такої оцінки в даній роботі запропоновано використати знання особливостей топології Інтернету на рівні глобальної маршрутизації, яка фактично визначається взаємодією автономних систем –груп підмереж під загальним керуванням –по протоколу маршрутизації BGP-4. В роботі на основі власного формального представлення IP-маршрутизації показано зв’язок між топологією та ризиком перехоплення маршруту. Запропоновано новий підхід до кількісного визначення інформаційного ризику за допомогою нової ризик-орієнтованої моделі глобальної маршрутизації, яка відображатиме властивості Інтернет-вузлів з точки зору ризику перехоплення маршрутів.

The worldwide flourishing of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the past decade has enabled numerous new applications through the internetworking of a wide variety of devices and sensors. More recently, visual sensors have seen their considerable booming in IoT systems because they are capable of providing richer and more versatile information. Internetworking of large-scale visual sensors has been named Internet of Video Things (IoVT). IoVT has its own unique characteristics in terms of sensing, transmission, storage, and analysis, which are fundamentally different from the conventional IoT. These new characteristics of IoVT are expected to impose significant challenges to existing technical infrastructures. In this article, an overview of recent advances in various fronts of IoVT will be introduced and a broad range of technological and system challenges will be addressed. Several emerging IoVT applications will be discussed briefly to illustrate the potentials of IoVT in a broad range of practical scenarios.

In recent years, the development of Cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) integrated applications are becoming more and more popular among developers, and this combined system is described as Cloud of Things (CoT). Cloud of Things can be utilized for finding optimal solutions for various problems. CoT is one of the essential methods for the construction and development of smart cities. With the installation of CoT based technologies, people can be able to check, control environmental parameters through intelligent embedded devices. In this paper, we present a CoTarchitecture based on proxy using Peer to Peer (P2P) connectivity for interworking IoT devices and Cloud. Proposed Cloud of Things architecture supports IoT devices’ contextual data transformation to the Cloud-based on P2P connectivity using Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) IoTivity and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The proposed system provides a collection of huge sensing information via Internet of Things devices and upload gathered data to Cloud for further analyzation. The proxy can acquire sensor data from the Internet of Things networks and then publish the data as messages to the subject in Internet of Things global Cloud. Moreover, this Cloud of Things architecture supports the peer to peer internetworking for communication of client devices and embedded devices. Finally, we also compared the IoT service of global Cloud platforms in CoT experiments.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the internetworking of diverse devices in an ad-hoc manner to support pervasive applications. IoT devices often generate a wealth of data that ought to be accessible and managed in a distributed manner. Such operational model requires architecture that supports contextual and information centric retrieval of data, and efficient data storage. In this paper, we argue that peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are well suited for IoT systems. However, existing P2P systems do not efficiently handle queries of data within a range, which is a popular access pattern in IoT applications. Moreover, many of the IoT devices are constrained in their computational resources and consequently the data management model has to cope with such limitation. Existing P2P solutions do not factor the heterogeneity of the involved nodes and assume abundant storage space. This paper opts to fill the technical gap and proposes an effective P2P solution for efficient handling of range queries in IoT (RQIOT). RQIOT employs a data distribution model based on both consistent and order-preserving hashing and introduces a novel scheme for capacity management of the involved devices. The simulation results have confirmed the effectiveness and scalability of RQIOT, and the superiority of its performance over competing approaches.

Flood verification and mitigation based on ground survey has been impeded by many factors. For instance, damage assessment exclusively by onsite expedition could be delayed by restricted access, especially during heavy flooding. To devise appropriate mitigation measures, resources required to thoroughly investigate the incidents in response to disaster could be overwhelming. Moreover, inadequate equipment and non-standardized flood reporting process could also undermine the maneuver. As a consequent, rescue mission was inevitably deferred until the reported incidents had been confirmed. To address these issues, this paper presents an internetworking system for assisting flooding disaster mitigation. Its main contributions were two folds. Firstly, its data intelligent was driven by convergence of both user and official reports of flood incidents and those automatically detected from remotely sensed images. Secondly, the reliability of reported information was ensured by two-factor verification, i.e. by using a state-of-the-art deep learning strategy and by official investigations. The verified incidents were then presented in augmented graphical reports, which were practical in public inquiry and official uses in devising efficient and cost-effective disaster mitigation measures. The developed system was deployed in different cities, most affected by recent floods. Numerical and subjective assessments herein demonstrate the merits of the system.

Recently, quantum computing and communications rapidly developed to interconnect heterogeneous quantum devices. In particular, some researchers have been performed about terrestrial quantum communications over typical optical fiber links. However, this technology is affected by extremely high losses that can be faced only through the deployment of several repeaters, which in turn involve impractical costs for end-to-end (E2E) route management. Quantum Satellite Networks (QSNs) can overcome the limitations of terrestrial optical networks, such as a remarkable signal attenuation over long distances and difficulty of intercontinental communications. The recent studies on quantum satellite communications motivated our research towards a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) quantum satellite backbone for interconnecting quantum on Earth Servers in order to achieve an unprecedented computational capacity. Specifically, our paper proposes a near optimum E2E path evaluation procedure allowing an efficient switching in order to maximize the entanglement generation rate. Indeed, this is one of the main issues that involve the Data Link Layer and the Network Layer of the Quantum Internet (QI) protocol stack, which is in its early standardization phase. In particular, the design of our approach is based on the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm with the aim of minimizing the number of hops for E2E connection and maximizing network capacity. Therefore, we compare distributed and centralized approaches in order to achieve a trade-off between performance and cost.

IoT is developing rapidly with frequently appearing new wireless standards and applications. However, besides a large number of IoT benefits, its further development is now being slowed down due to the repetition of old Internet development flaws while dealing with IoT heterogeneity. The current misleading trend aims to solve all IoT interoperation problems by inserting IP Addresses into those wireless protocols where the IP stack clearly slows down application performance and drains the battery, e.g. LPWANs such as LoRaWAN and SigFox. This paper tackles IoT heterogeneity from a different perspective: it is the application interoperation which matters the most. The protocols beneath the application layer shall work for smooth upper-layer service provisioning where the IP shall be just one of the many underlying integration options instead of being the essential one. Inspired by previous proposals for a more flexible internetworking architecture, this paper applies those theoretical concepts in practice by proposing a protocol-independent distributed interoperation model for smooth service provisioning over heterogeneous IoT wireless contexts. The arguments pro the IP-agnostic IoT application interoperation are supported by the model's prototype which showed 1.6-2 times faster MQTT application operation over LoRa and WiFi compared to the legacy IP-based MQTT provisioning over that protocols.

The need to integrate actual or real-time audio-visual communications infrastructure in networks and their uses, along with the web, sparked a development that resulted in introduction of numerous new technologies. In today's converging networks, real-time communication is critical. Today, Ip - based services such as collaborative video calls, videoconferencing, conferencing, chatting, message, and appearance are highly famous and widespread utilized. Such services completely dismantled communications boundaries throughout the world. Many parts of our life are now influenced by these technology, including schooling. One of the most essential are the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC). If 2 computers using different service providers wish to communicate with each other, they need a VoIP signalling protocol like SIP to do so. Gateway is the element that works as an intermediary between WebRTC and SIP. This paper describes technology of the elements of merging these two key internet technologies, SIP and WebRTC, to build a bridge between them.

This memo describes the Host Identity (HI) namespace, that provides a cryptographic namespace to applications, and the associated protocol layer, the Host Identity Protocol, located between the internetworking and transport layers, that supports end-host mobility, multihoming and NAT traversal. Herein are presented the basics of the current namespaces, their strengths and weaknesses, and how a HI namespace will add completeness to them. The roles of the HI namespace in the protocols are defined. This document obsoletes RFC 4423 and addresses the concerns raised by the IESG, particularly that of crypto agility. The section on security considerations describe also measures against flooding attacks, usage of identities in access control lists, weaker types of identifiers and trust on first use. This document incorporates lessons learned from the implementations of RFC 5201 and goes further to explain how HIP works as a secure signaling channel.

In this modern internet generation, routing protocol plays an important role. The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an advanced protocol for distance-vector routing used on a computer network to simplify routing and configuration decisions. Data packets are transmitted from router to router via internet networks before they reach their destination device on the Internet. The main objective of this paper is to configure and monitor the network by the provider. The protocol implemented, EIGRP is analyzed using the GNS3 software. In GNS3 software, the setup that includes routers and hosts is simulated to display a network that consists of three areas. It analyzed the ping test, display neighbours and topology table, and the number packet received and sent. As a result, the simulated protocol, EIGRP show acceptable performance with hellos sent/received packets are 3544/1766, 144/143 and 6383/2107 of a router; R1, R2, and R3 respectively. In conclusion, EIGRP is the best in routing protocol and it provides excellent internetworking.

This article overviews the new Flex Ethernet implementation agreement standardised by the Optical Internetworking Forum and its applicability for the transport of Massive MIMO 5G New Radio fronthaul traffic with deterministic delay. Thanks to the proper dimensioning of FlexE calendar slots to each individual fronthaul traffic flow, bounded delays below the 100 μs requirement imposed by the IEEE 802.1CM can be achieved.

Since the dawn of civilization, human beings have been using different energy sources in order to fulfil their various requirements. Energy is one of the human civilization’s basic requirements for development. For example – electricity powers our household appliances like TV, air-conditioners, phones , washing machines etc. We also use energy to run vehicles like cars, buses and trains and it is used to run most industries and factories. Most of these energy sources are non-renewable in nature, and might get depleted soon, such as the Oil and coal. This creates a requirement for renewable energy resources which has cheap costs. Solar energy is considered as one of the main energy resources in warm countries. Also solar energy is a clean, easily accessible and abundantly available alternative energy source in nature and has been used traditionally since ages in the absence of energy sources. Hence we require a system which will be able to efficiently utilize solar energy such as solar panels but these have some drawbacks as they don’t rotate with the movement of the sun, hence the need arises for that of a solar tracker. KEYWORDS- IoT, Ldr, Servomotors, Solar Panel

For the operation of the spinning frame in the spinning mill, Hall sensors are used to test the running rate of each axis of the spinning frame. In order to centrally monitor the operation of the spinning frame, analyse the production site environment, communication distance and node layout, ZigBee is used to establish a networked monitoring system to improve the stability of rate acquisition and enhance the stability of data transmission. According to the actual condition at the production site, the ZigBee traditional routing algorithm is improved to be more convenient and efficient in the textile mill environment and have the packet loss rate reduced. The rate collection node sends the collected data to the coordinator. The coordinator uploads the data to the upper computer by WI-FI module through WI-FI gateway. The results show that the improved routing algorithm greatly reduces the packet loss rate and the entire monitoring system is stable and reliable.

The multi-radio–multi-channel wireless mesh networks (MRMC WMNs) have attracted much attention due to their low cost, reliable coverage, stable topology, and so forth. Load balancing among gateways (GWs) is a challenging task in MRMC WMNs. The GW nodes with higher loads will lead to disconnected network. GW and shortest path selection may increase traffic concentration which leads to congestion and collision in network. In this study, a multi-objective competitive swarm optimiser (MO-CSO) with analytic hierarchy process-based (AHP) load-balancing technique is proposed among the multiple GW nodes that provide communication between server and user to select the lightly loaded GWs, so that more packets will be delivered to the fixed host in Internet. The proposed method selects four GW parameters that are GW connecting degree, GW capacity indicator, traffic in collision domain, and path cost. The objective functions are minimisation of delay and maximising the channel utilisation, network throughput, and balancing network traffic. The MO-CSO with AHP method is utilised to select the best GW and path which combines all four parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed MO-CSO improves the network performance by maximum throughput while compared with the existing routing strategies such as SBR, ETX, LG, NG, and IR.

Space-ground integration information network is one of the national science and technology major projectstoward 2030, however, the existingnetwork architecture and technical systemsarestill faced with a series of challenges such as high-performance network node, efficient internetworking and integrated security architecture. The main research object of this study is the application of mimic technologies. Based on the analysis of the technical challenges and the existing protection technologies and the ideas of space-ground integrated information network, the application of mimic defense, mimic computing and software defined interconnection technology in the space-ground network architecture and key information system is proposed. Related technical ideas and the proposed design can be used to provide reference for building of space-ground integration informationnetwork with high-speed, efficiency, flexibility and security.

By providing a global infrastructure for information exchange, the Internet has had a transformational impact on society at large. At the same time, a number of indicators, among them an observed ossification phenomenon, raise concerns about the ability of the Internet to support future communication needs and stipulate interest in alternative methods for internetworking. This paper considers an internetworking approach based on self-organizing application-layer networks. Rather than building a single global infrastructure that provides universal access, these networks take advantage of a diverse collection of network infrastructures to interconnect users and devices participating in a networked application. In this paper, we discuss aspects such as scalability, ability to adapt after disruptions, heterogeneous substrate networks, distributed security, and dynamically created network services. The discussions are supported by numerous measurement experiments.

The Internet, since its genesis in 1970's, has already become a global broadcasting potential for information dissemination and a channel for information collaboration and an interface between disparate users and their systems, separated by large geographical locations. The rate of growth of interconnected devices has been on exponential scale from the last decade. As of now, more than 5 billion devices are accessing the Internet. The Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) which is a three decade old standard internetworking protocol using 32-bit address, fails to cater such a large number of hosts. In February 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), the nodal agency for IP address allocation exhausted the central pool of IPv4 addresses completely. This rapid depletion of IP addresses was inevitable as a large number of devices are getting connected to internet. Also, inefficient utilization and remiss planning of IP address space acted as catalyst in the process of depletion. NAT, CIDR and Subnetting only serve as short interim solutions provided by IPv4. Moreover, IPv4 fails to scale up and bridge the security enhancements required by the modern Internet today. The only feasible option lies in unabridged transition to IPv6. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) provides an address space of 2128 i.e. trillions of addresses, making the IP address space potentially inexhaustible. Thus, adopting IPv6 makes a paragon choice of replacement for IPv4. This article reviews the next generation internet protocol IPv6 and explicates the discussion over the need for migrating to IPv6. The article also presents technical as well as non-technical challenges related to migration and presents overall statistics regarding IPv6 adoption around the world.

Blangsinga Waterfall merupakan salah satu objek wisata dengan kondisi geografis yang sangat ekstrim, Dimana area tersebut belum tercover sinyal GSM akibatnya wisatawan tidak bisa mengakses jaringan internet. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan spot infrastruktur jaringan Wireless serta Hotspot dan kemudian melakukan pengukuran kekuatan sinyal untuk coverage areal wisata. Berdasarkan analisa lapangan ditentukan 3 (tiga) titik untuk pembangunan jaringan dan penempatan Access Point sebagai Hotspot. Implementasi diawali dengan membangun jaringan LAN. Kemudian untuk scanning channel dan pengujian sinyal access point digunakan tools Wifi Overview. Pengujian kekuatan sinyal dilakukan di sekitar areal tempat wisata dengan mengambil jarak 5m, 10m, dan 15m ke segala arah dari Access point ditempatkan. Hasil yang dicapai adalah terbangunnya internetworking untuk areal wisata Blangsinga Waterfall. Hasil berikutnya adalah adanya akses internet dimana semua areal wisata ter-cover sinyal wifi. Dengan terbangunnya infrastruktur internet, wisatawan mendapatkan akses komunikasi lebih mudah serta pengelola tempat wisata dapat mengembangkan fasilitas lain dengan berdasar jaringan internet yang sudah dibangun.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is currently considered the new frontier of the Internet, and a lot of research results about this topic can be found in the literature. One of the most effective ways to investigate and implement IoT is based on the use of the social network paradigm: Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is an excellent attempt in this direction. In the last years, social network researchers have introduced new paradigms capable of capturing the growing complexity of this scenario. One of the most known of them is Social Internetworking System, which models a scenario comprising several related social networks. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of applying the ideas underlying Social Internetworking System to IoT, and we propose a new paradigm, called MIoT (Multiple Internets of Things), capable of modeling and handling the increasing complexity of this last context. Furthermore, in order to facilitate knowledge extraction and exploitation in presence of a huge number of things, we also propose a crawler specifically designed for an MIoT. Finally, through an experimental campaign, we show that classical crawlers are not adequate for MIoTs, whereas our own is well suited and outperforms all of them in this context.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of terminal physical devices depends on application programming interfaces and sensors to be connected to the Internet for collecting and exchanging data. According to the characteristics of IoT, it can provide rich services for the terminal user. However, the centralized cloud computing-based storage architecture in IoT faces many challenges, such as data security, identity privacy, and high latency. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces an IoT network storage architecture based on mobile edge computing, which not only achieves low-latency message response and computation offloading of the terminal user but also preserves identity-privacy of the terminal user. Afterward, we presented a novel non-interactive pairing-free ID-based proxy re-signature scheme (ID-PRS), which is a kernel technique to construct the aforementioned storage architecture. Compared with most of proxy re-signature schemes constructed based on traditional public-key-infrastructure, the proposed scheme avoids expensive pairing operation and intricate certificate-maintenance. And it is demonstrated to be provably secure under the classic security assumptions: integer factoring problem and the RSA assumption. Finally, in contrast to the other two ID-PRS schemes, the proposed ID-PRS scheme has more advantages in terms of security, functionability, and computation costs. Thus, it is very suitable to be applied to the resource-constrained mobile users.

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) are designed to deal with the long delay of space network and frequent link interruption, in 2002. Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) was designed to replace the Internetworking Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in the DTN protocol stack. However, LTP has no congestion control mechanism. If a packet is dropped, the performance of the network will be worse. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes the Ecn-based TFRC Licker Transmission Protocol (ET-LTP) which extends the LTP data packet to record the network condition. The ET-LTP refers to congestion control approach applied on streaming media transmission on this question. A detailed control strategy is proposed in this paper as well. Finally, the simulations are built to test the performance of the ET-LTP. The results prove that the ET-LTP is more robust than LTP when facing the congestion.

Our paper focuses on the Interface Message Processor (IMP), an important device in the history of ARPANET. Designed as the interface between ARPANET nodes and the common carrier telephone system, t...

Delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) [1] is proposed as an internetworking architecture for reliable data delivery despite a long propagation delay and/or lengthy link disruptions. DTN targets challenging networking environments where traditional networking protocols such as the terrestrial Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) typically do not work effectively. The challenging problem of mission control and data delivery in space communications is a typical application scenario of the DTN technology. Reliable and highly efficient data delivery of DTN relies heavily on the bundle protocol (BP) [2]. BP is intended to establish an overlay network that is able to withstand intermittent data link connectivity in the delivery of DTN data units, termed bundles. BP adopts a store-and-forward mechanism and a custody transfer option for transmission reliability.

The recent networking research trends express the need for more reliable protocols or networking architectures. The main requirements of modern networking have included security, heterogeneousness, and programmable QoS. But the architectural limitations of the existing network architecture caused it to depend on various add-on protocols to meet the modern networking demands. Many network architectures have evolved, but a clean state network architecture called recursive internetworking architecture (RINA) seems to be a promising alternative. Its architectural design has enabled inbuilt security, compatibility to heterogeneous networking, and QoS programmability. The proposed work investigates the network performance in terms of response times when a RINA-based IoT SCADA application ported over the Internet with the help of one of its adoption tools; shim-tcp-udp. The results confirmed that shim-tcp-udp executes SCADA control and data acquisition effectively but with added communication overheads when compared to IP networks.

IoT is revolutionizing the consumer world these days. IoT being an element of ubiquitous networking gathered much interest among industry and academia. Its limitless capability of integrating the cyber world with the physical world made it one of the dominant technologies of the day. But heterogeneous nature of IoT along with its authentication and identity management in large-scale environments present a potential threat to its security. Many new technologies like SDN and Blockchain improved their security but with some limitations. In this context, we present an IoT model based on a secure network architecture called recursive internetworking architecture (RINA) which is fully programmable. The proposed work discusses porting of an IoT-enabled CPS model on to RINA network, verifies the acceptability of latency in remote control and data acquisition according to the IEEE standards, and presented a secure authentication that can be achieved by the RINA password authentication mechanism. Results demonstrate the acceptability of latency as per IEEE standards and resiliency against device authentication threats.

In this research we propose a framework that will strengthen the IoT devices security from dual perspectives; avoid devices to become attack target as well as a source of an attack. Unlike traditional devices, IoT devices are equipped with insufficient host-based defense system and a continuous internet connection. All time internet enabled devices with insufficient security allures the attackers to use such devices and carry out their attacks on rest of internet. When plethora of vulnerable devices become source of an attack, intensity of such attacks increases exponentially. Mirai was one of the first well-known attack that exploited large number of vulnerable IoT devices, that bring down a large part of Internet. To strengthen the IoT devices from dual security perspective, we propose a two step framework. Firstly, confine the communication boundary of IoT devices; IoT-Sphere. A sphere of IPs that are allowed to communicate with a device. Any communication that violates the sphere will be blocked at the gateway level. Secondly, only allowed communication will be evaluated for potential attacks and anomalies using advance detection engines. To show the effectiveness of our proposed framework, we perform couple of attacks on IoT devices; camera and google home and show the feasibility of IoT-Sphere.

Boarder Gateway Protocol (BGP) is mainly used for inter-domain routing in terrestrial internetworking. However, when the traditional BGP is used for space internetworking, inter-domain link interruption might occur more frequently and the time of routing convergence will tend to be long, which would greatly reduce the stability of the network. A new variant of border gateway protocol, N-BGP is proposed in this paper for space internetworking. Firstly, the existing NTD-BGP method are adopted in N-BGP to deal with predictable link changes caused by orbital dynamics of satellites. For the unpredictable link break, BGP finite state machine is modified and a new link break detection mechanism is also introduced. Considering the predictability of satellite motion, the backup routing mechanism is also used to maintain the stability of the network, which realizes the high stability of inter-domain routing. The experimental results show that the improved routing protocol N-BGP is superior to the traditional BGP in reducing the detection time of link interruption and maintaining the network stability.

The vehicular industry is evolving towards unmanned and connected vehicles that offer numerous benefits such as traffic congestion control and improved road safety. Lately, a considerable progress has been made in the radio access technologies for vehicular communication, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies. An extensive set of related pilot use-cases have been developed, each pilot use-case with its particular requirement. In this chapter, we have developed and analyzed set of pilot use-cases for the vehicular environment (V2V & V2I) that involves exchanging road weather information between vehicles considering transport layer protocols, TCP and UDP. Here, we have focused on the Internet Protocol (IP) layer that contains the information including prefix and IP address of an external network interface for the internetworking between vehicles and infrastructure. In VANET’s, TCP is generally not employed, which leaves UDP as the only viable substitute within the standard IP stack. Pilot measurements have been performed on a test track in Sodankyla, Finland, owned by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Both IEEE-802.11p and cellular 5G test network have been used for this performance analysis considering TCP and UDP. The performance of IEEE-802.11p and 5G technology is highly dependent on the distance and defined parameter settings. In this performance evaluation, the network layer protocols (TCP/UDP) were majorly analyzed by considering throughput, data rate, packet loss, and network latency. In our comparison, results indicated that UDP performs better than TCP at the cost of low network reliability with less latency. With a less queuing delay but high bit packet loss percentage (%), and in contrast to TCP, UDP performance was better to exchange real-time road weather data in V2V and V2I scenarios. These pilot use-cases provide us a deep insight into the network performance of intelligent traffic infrastructure exchanging road weather data. The performance evaluation in this chapter would help to improve the vehicular networking with increased Intelligent Transport System (ITS) efficiency.

The paper introduces the CHARITY framework, a novel framework which aspires to leverage the benefits of intelligent, network continuum autonomous orchestration of cloud, edge, and network resources, to create a symbiotic relationship between low and high latency infrastructures. These infrastructures will facilitate the needs of emerging applications such as holographic events, virtual reality training, and mixed reality entertainment. The framework relies on different enablers and technologies related to cloud and edge for offering a suitable environment in order to deliver the promise of ubiquitous computing to the NextGen application clients. The paper discusses the main pillars that support the CHARITY vision, and provide a description of the planned use cases that are planned to demonstrate CHARITY capabilities.

The manual reading of electricity, water, gas, and fuel tank meters requires increased fieldwork efficiency and improved measurement accuracy and monitoring related to service users and reducing fraud potential. The implementation of measurement services needs to be supported by communication technology, which has low cost and reliability characteristics.AMI (Advanced Meter Infrastructure) is an integrated smart meter system, communication network, and data management system that enables two-way communication between utilities and customers. With AMI's application, it is expected to increase efficiency in monitoring and detecting leaks to overcome losses. IoT is a concept where particular objects can transfer data over the network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. There is technology standardization, namely LPWAN.Planning is done by comparing LoRaWAN, Sigfox, and NB-IoT with the main topic of discussion regarding network connectivity for AMI service needs. Based on the planning results, LoRaWAN requires at least 31 gateways with an average signal level of -83.11 dBm, an average throughput of 21.88 kbps, and an average SNR -0.13 dB. Sigfox requires at least 32 gateways with an intermediate signal level of -81.28 dBm, an average throughput of 0.6 kbps, and an average SNR of 14.79 dB. NB-IoT requires at least 31 gateways with an average signal level of -57.38 dBm, an average throughput of 220.36 kbps, and an average SNR of 8.87 dB.

LoRa is a long-range and low-power wireless communication system suitable for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). This LoRa supports the communication between the end-nodes in the sea and the gateway in the seashore, as an example for monitoring the fishing ships. As communication systems work in Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) unlicensed frequency bands, the design of these systems has to comply with the regulations. This article's aim is to prepare the design of the parameter LoRa physical layer to fulfill the regulations. The parameter discussed here is the transmitted power and receiver sensitivity. To design a long-range with a low-power link, spreading factors were added to the systems which result in low bits rate, spectral efficiency, and the required SNR. Therefore, these LoRa systems offer a long-range with low-power and low bit rate communication systems.

Energy conservation and high data rate requirements are considered as major challenges in wireless networks. In this work, we investigate the concept of three-layered networks, such that the proposed theory consists of smart grids, Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), and satellite networks where all can be employed in different IoT platforms. We developed four performance metrics that applied in the MANET layer for multi-gateway selection. Also, we provided the MANET layer with a proper routing protocol which can reduce the amount of traffic pressure. The experimental results show the performance of our proposed approach in terms of quality, average delay, and the network load balance for different network's conditions. Moreover, the numerical results prove that the proposed design for MANET can improve throughput performance, gateway lifetime, and packet transmission rate.

The space information network (SIN) is a network system that acquires, transmits and processes space information in real time using space platforms as carriers. Due to the large spatial and temporal coverage of the SIN and the dynamic change of the network topology, the design of the network protocol is of great significance to the overall performance of the SIN. The adoption of Internet Protocol (IP) technology for the SIN, especially the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) technology, which is same as terrestrial network, will facilitate the internetworking of space network and terrestrial network. This paper first reviews the related work of space IPv6 networks at home and abroad and proposes protocol architecture for SIN based on IPv6. Then, the selection strategy of the on-board IPv6 protocol stack is described and the software design of space IPv6 node is proposed. Finally, two test scenarios are designed to test the connectivity of space IPv6 node with terrestrial IPv6 node and terrestrial IPv4 node, respectively. The test results show that the designed space IPv6 node has the ability to internetworking with terrestrial IPv6 node and terrestrial IPv4 node.

Aim of the paper is to illustrate a platform able to support internetworking of edge devices for health monitoring and control where the data sensed by the sensors in a network may be used to activate actions of actuators located in a network with a different administrator. This platform give rises to a wide real time system to monitor and control health parameters at distance, everywhere the people and the control processes are located and at every time. The paper discusses how this platform may be used to pervasive monitor and control people in the age of Covid. Some hints on how to forecast Covid diffusion and timely discover Covid incipience are given. Also the paper demonstrates how this platform may be built by means of micro gateways that support the networking of the main sensors and actuators available on the healthcare market and by web services that support their internetworking. This allows patients at home, doctors at hospitals and technicians at clinical analysis laboratories to be part of a distributed system to better control global events such as the Covid epidemy satisfying privacy conditions.

End-to-end encryption is now ubiquitous on the internet. By securing network communications with TLS, parties can insure that in-transit data remains inaccessible to collection and analysis. In the IoT domain however, end-to-end encryption can paradoxically decrease user privacy, as many IoT devices establish encrypted communications with the manufacturer's cloud backend. The content of these communications remains opaque to the user and in several occasions IoT devices have been discovered to exfiltrate private information (e.g., voice recordings) without user authorization. In this paper, we propose Inspection-Friendly TLS (IF-TLS), an IoT-oriented, TLS-based middleware protocol that preserves the encryption offered by TLS while allowing traffic analysis by middleboxes under the user's control. Differently from related efforts, IF-TLS is designed from the ground up for the IoT world, adding limited complexity on top of TLS and being fully controllable by the residential gateway. At the same time it provides flexibility, enabling the user to offload traffic analysis to either the gateway itself, or cloud-based middleboxes. We implemented a stable, Python-based prototype IF-TLS library; preliminary results show that performance overhead is limited and unlikely to affect quality-of-experience.

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) is an emerging area of research. It helps to extend network architecture for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which allows end-to-end connectivity between a 6LoWPAN node and any IP devices of the network. To make a low powered mesh network, 6LoWPAN is a promising solution on a simple embedded system. It's target is to carry IPv6 packets efficiently within a small link layer of IEEE 802.15.4 frame. Currently the absence of IP address hinders the process of accessing sensors directly. To overcome the problem, IP supporting sensors are necessary. According to 6LoWPAN technology each sensor will have a unique IPv6 address that will be auto-configured. So, the user can easily access the sensors data directly from the Internet without any gateway. In our proposed home automation, we have implemented it through COOJA simulator which is basically designed for wireless sensor network. It is exceptionally helpful for performing various and versatile tasks. It works in framework Contiki. In this proposed system a Contiki-based 6LoWPAN gateway is designed to interconnect with 6LoWPAN nodes through the Internet. Our home automation has found a better end to end communication, mobility, scalability and lower overhead which makes the system more convenient compare to other technology based automated system.

Today’s wireless networks have become increasingly heterogenous, mobile and dense. To satisfy the rising demands of ubiquitous connections, billions of multi-radio gateways have to be deployed, inevitably incurring high deployment cost and extra traffic overhead. Recent advances on Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) have shown its ability to avoid these drawbacks. However, the state-of-the-art CTCs from Bluetooth to WiFi, two of the most popular wireless techniques, still suffer from low data-rate (e.g., 3.1Kbps), which severely restricts their applicability. We present BlueFi, the first physical-layer CTC (PHY-CTC) from Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to WiFi, which enables high throughput, bidirectional and parallel transmissions between BLE and WiFi via spectral analysis. The key observation is that commodity WiFi chipsets can operate in the spectral analysis mode, in which WiFi can recognize specific BLE signal waveforms in frequency domain at symbol-level granularity. Leveraging this feature, we manufacture desired waveforms by choosing frame payload at BLE side, and observe spectral patterns at WiFi side. To achieve bidirectional links, we design a PHY-CTC method from WiFi to BLE based on signal emulation. We implement our prototype on USRP (with 802.11g PHY) and commodity BLE devices. Extensive evaluations show that BlueFi can achieve 120Kbps per link from BLE to WiFi with more than 95% frame reception ratio, over 38x faster than state-of-the-art CTCs. Moreover, BlueFi can support 9 wireless links in parallel, leading to the total throughput over 1Mbps.

Current Internet Protocol routing provides minimal privacy, which enables multiple exploits. The main issue is that the source and destination addresses of all packets appear in plain text. This enables numerous attacks, including surveillance, man-in-the-middle (MITM), and denial of service (DoS). The talk explains how these attacks work in the current network. Endpoints often believe that use of Network Address Translation (NAT), and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can minimize the loss of privacy.We will explain how the regularity of human behavior can be used to overcome these countermeasures. Once packets leave the local autonomous system (AS), they are routed through the network by the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The talk will discuss the unreliability of BGP and current attacks on the routing protocol. This will include an introduction to BGP injects and the PEERING testbed for BGP experimentation. One experiment we have performed uses statistical methods (CUSUM and F-test) to detect BGP injection events. We describe work we performed that applies BGP injects to Internet Protocol (IP) address randomization to replace fixed IP addresses in headers with randomized addresses. We explain the similarities and differences of this approach with virtual private networks (VPNs). Analysis of this work shows that BGP reliance on autonomous system (AS) numbers removes privacy from the concept, even though it would disable the current generation of MITM and DoS attacks. We end by presenting a compromise approach that creates software-defined data exchanges (SDX), which mix traffic randomization with VPN concepts. We contrast this approach with the Tor overlay network and provide some performance data.

In the inter-domain routing infrastructure, a route leak is defined as a violation of the routing policy agreed between two Autonomous Systems (AS). Route leaks have resulted in large-scale outages on the Internet, taking down several services. Although route leaks seem a simple problem, the solution is complex because: (i) ASes consider -partially- routing policy private, (ii) lack of a formal and standard language to express routing policy and (iii) BGP lacks adequate cryptographic-based security. In this paper, we present an experimental analysis of a distributed ledger-based architecture that provides a solution to route leaks. Specifically, the routing policy is unambiguously expressed using a formal language, that is then stored in a blockchain. This decentralized architecture allows private policies and interfaces seamlessly with the current BGP infrastructure, requiring no changes to routers. We build a prototype to evaluate our proposed architecture using Hyperledger, we analyze its performance using a real-world BGP dataset. Our results show that our architecture scales linearly with relevant metrics. Additionally, we validate the architecture preventing an artificially introduced route leak in a realistic 10 AS topology. This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO under contract TEC2017-90034-C2-1-R (ALLIANCE) and the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA).

Thanks to the popularity of smartphones, optical camera communication (OCC) gains more and more attention from markets and research as one of the new internetworking architectures in the future. However, existing OCC modulations treat the signal from the transmitter as a single point light source, which sacrifices the spatial diversity and limits the data rate improvement. In this paper, we investigate the spatial diversity, a natural feature of camera imaging, and propose to combine spatial diversity with amplitude and spectrum diversities to boost the data rate of OCC to support high-speed applications. Based on preliminary experiments, we design and implement RainbowRow, a high-speed and robust OCC system. RainbowRow comprises a LED-based transmitter and a camera-based receiver, which is low-cost (i.e., under $100), with a flexible communication range (i.e., within 2 m), and high speed (i.e., up to 40 Kbps). To validate the RainbowRow performance, we conduct experiments on LabVIEW based platforms in different scenarios. Results show that RainbowRow can robustly recognize the optical symbols with a symbol error rate (SER) less than 0.05 and approach 40 Kbps data rate in the range of 1 m, significant improvement from less than 10 Kbps in OCC state of the art.

As the aviation community integrates Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), one of the technical issues that must be handled concerns the Command and Control (C2) Link from the remote pilot Control Station (CS) to the UAS. The C2 Link can switch between carriers during the UAS mission. For example, the link may switch from a terrestrial network to a satellite-based communications network (SATCOM), or from one terrestrial network to another. Requirements for interworking and security of the C2 Link switchover between two point-to-point Line of Sight (LOS) links, switchover between LOS terrestrial C2 Link and a SATCOM network, and switchover between Radio Line of Sight (RLOS) terrestrial C2 Link and a commercial terrestrial cellular network have been developed, and this paper discusses the validation of those requirements.

This paper♠ presents some design aspects of a generic, multi-service, cloud-based IoT operational platform, called EMULSION, as a representative of the new horizontaltype IoT platforms emerging as a replacement of the existing vertical-type IoT platforms. The architectural overview and main characteristics of the platform are presented, along with its multi-tiered structure, with particular attention paid to the communication tier, designed to support heterogeneous internetworking across different networks.

Wi-Fi-enabled Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) routers have become ubiquitous for having internet access in many network environments. With the advent of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) and smart devices, almost all household devices are connected to the internet via these Wi-Fi-enabled SOHO routers. There have been numerous reports of security issues in SOHO routers because of known vulnerabilities. Except for enterprise networks, these devices acting as gateways are rarely safeguarded properly. The reasons for neglecting the security of these devices are many. Reports suggest that users often deploy these devices with insecure default configurations, leaving them as easy prey in the hands of malice users. Due to the easy exploitability, these devices have become attackers' paradise. The security analysis of these devices is often overlooked and challenging to undertake because of various versions of custom Linux based firmware and bootloaders they use. The security analysis of these devices holds strategic importance as they act as a gateway to almost every household having access to the internet. In this paper, we list the software and hardware interfaces of SOHO routers which are important for security analysis. We present a network environment for carrying out the security analysis of these devices. An iterative approach using static & dynamic analysis is described. Further, the static & dynamic analysis is augmented with symbolic analysis. To validate the described procedures, we present the case study of performing security analysis on a Netis WF2411 router.

Historically communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) technologies were designed independently and operated in a siloed fashion. As 4D trajectory-based operations (TBO), connected aircraft, system wide information management (SWIM) systems, and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are fast becoming reality, an aviation internet, that will enable fast, safe, secure, and cost-effective information sharing across CNS and air traffic management (ATM) domains is emerging as a necessary approach to cope with the challenge of ATM in complex operational environments.The aviation internet will leverage commercial Internet Protocols (IP) and information security technologies to establish an internetworking capability across CNS functions for both manned and unmanned aircraft. Both United States and European Union have set the goal of implementing an interoperable IP-based aviation network around the 2028 timeframe. As more and more aviation stakeholders are eager to contribute to the aviation internet standardization and validation, a practical and systematic transition plan that will orchestrate aviation stakeholders’ efforts to achieve common mission objectives is crucial to the success of aviation internet transformation.In support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) CNS strategy, we first take a systems engineering approach to investigate key practical aspects of the whole lifecycle of the aviation internet transition, including technical standards suitability, regulatory and policy support, acquisition and investment decision process, business model, cost/benefit, market offerings, necessary validation, and implementation activities. Based on the investigation, we then identify technical, regulatory, and programmatic risks and corresponding mitigations, and provide technical feedback to the standardization groups. Finally, we present an action plan for the aviation industry stakeholders to ensure a successful transition from today’s closed custom network to tomorrow’s IP-based aviation internet.