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PurposeThe knowledge- and Internet-based economy demands a reexamination of the accounting treatment for intangibles and a thorough understanding of the empirical evidence on this topic.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviews the literature on research and development (R&D), a specific internally developed intangible asset, using meta-analysis techniques that allow to highlight the areas of consensus and disagreement in quantitative empirical results. The literature the authors review addresses four main research questions on (1) the determinants of the decision to capitalize R&D, (2) stock market-based outcomes of capitalizing R&D, (3) firm-based outcomes related to expensing R&D and (4) stock market-based outcomes of expensing R&D.FindingsThe authors find higher value relevance of capitalized compared with expensed R&D. There is, however, little robust evidence on the determinants of the capitalization decision and the characteristics of capitalizers.Originality/valueThe authors conclude by highlighting future research that can allow accounting academics to contribute to standard setting.

The purpose of the research to determine the main features of the use of cryptocurrency and its identification as an object in the account. A comparative description of cryptocurrencies, electronic money and paper money is given. It has been established that there are no grounds to classify various types of cryptocurrencies in the accounting system as ordinary currencies or assets in a given period of time because they: are not regulated by any jurisdictions; it is not possible to identify the issuer or the specific organization responsible for its issuance; cryptocurrency exists only in the virtual Internet environment. Methods. General scientific methods and approaches, systematic approach, general research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison), statistical methods. Results. The list of stages for reflection of activity of the business entity with use of cryptocurrency is offered and considered. The mining process is analysed and the list of cost items for the extraction of new digital coins is highlighted. The variant on reflection in the account of operations with cryptocurrency on accounts of accounting is offered. There are options for reflection in the accounting of cryptocurrency depending on its recognition: virtual goods, intangible assets, financial investments, digital money. To calculate the cost of cryptocurrency obtained by self-extraction, it is necessary to consider the main costs that need to be identified and reflected in the account. In addition to cryptocurrency, you can extract altcoins, lightcoins or convert cryptocurrencies into stablecoins, which cannot be extracted, but can only be purchased. The article presents the main aspects of calculating the cost, which include: the cost of electricity for individuals and legal entities in the country; the cost of the necessary equipment, its depreciation and maintenance, depreciation; residual value at which you can sell old mining equipment; hash – the speed of solving mathematical problems with one or another equipment; network load and production complexity; monetary value or exchange rate of a particular cryptocurrency or digital assets. Practical meaning. Despite all the scientific developments, the issue of accounting for cryptocurrency from the point of view of IFRS is quite debatable. On the one hand, most propose to account for it as a specific intangible asset. Virtual currency is a huge amount of computing power and digital assets. At this stage of technological development of mankind, cryptocurrency is gaining a stable position in the international market. Prospects for further research. Rapid development is causing further capacity growth and interest, but may eventually lead to collapse. However, if the price stability of the cryptocurrency is achieved, it can be used in international transactions, not just for speculative gain. However, this issue will be directly related to the legalization of the new currency and its recognition by central banks as a means of exchange or storage of money. There is a need for further research to understand the basic conditions for the use of digital currency in the payments market.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether tax aggressiveness is influenced by CSR, capital intensity, inventory intensity and intangible assets. Tax aggressiveness is one of the tax planning schemes. The act of tax aggressiveness is not only caused by the behaviour of the taxpayer’s noncompliance with tax regulations but can also be caused by the taxpayer’s desire to make tax-saving in accordance with the regulations. Method: The sample was selected using a purposive samplings technique with the result of 31 transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2019. The analysis method used in this research is multiple regression analysis. Findings: The results obtained indicate that the hypotheses put forward three hypotheses were accepted and one was rejected. Capital Intensity has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness, Inventory Intensity has a negative effect on tax aggressiveness, Intangible Asset has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness, the results are accepted. Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure has a negative effect on tax aggressiveness, the results rejected. Novelty: The study reveals that tax aggressiveness can support intangible assets in transportation companies. The Currently developing transportation company is not owned by the company.

The article is devoted to the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation in Ukraine of the legal status of cryptocurrency (cryptoassets), primarily in terms of the need to clearly define its place in the system of objects of civil rights. The author emphasizes on the current uncertainty at the national and international level about the legal nature of cryptocurrency that causes gaps in the legal regulation of this phenomenon, which on the one hand allows its free and accelerated development, but on the other - creates significant legal risks for participants of the relevant legal relationships. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the approaches of different countries to the qualification of the legal essence of cryptocurrency, as well as the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption", "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime, Financing Terrorism and Financing Spread of the Weapon of Mass Destruction”, the draft Law of Ukraine“ On Virtual Assets ”№3637 of 11.06.2020 adopted as a basis and prepared for the second reading by the Parliament and opinions of national regulators of financial market and securities market the author considers as a debatable approach of Ukrainian authorities to regulation circulation of virtual assets and, in particular, such their type as a cryptocurrency, as an intangible asset (other intangible goods). There is a contradiction of such a qualification in terms of traditional features of intangible assets (pronounced personal nature, the impossibility of the existence of such goods in isolation from the subject of law without his consent, lack of property and economic content) and the economic purpose of cryptocurrency as a mean of payment. In this regard, the author concludes that there should be an expediency of classifying this object of civil rights as a special (private) form of money, for which he proposes to carry out a more detailed civil law classification with a division into fiat (cash, non-cash, digital) and private (cryptocurrencies and electronic money).

With two multilevel studies, the present research applies sensemaking theory to examine the ignored cross-level relationship of corporate reputation with consumer-company identification, along with moderators of this effect. The results indicate that reputation has a positive effect on consumer-company identification, but only when consumers have (1) established interpretive languages to perceive reputation cues and (2) a favorable disposition towards reputable companies as a social identity. The observed cross-level effect suggests the literature overestimates reputation’s effect size by focusing on perceived reputation. However, the existence of a cross-level effect supports the critical role of corporate reputation as an intangible asset and a rationale for firms to properly support stakeholder relationships.

[ES] La comunicación organizacional como un componente empresarial ha cobrado mayor relevancia en la estructura de los activos intangibles que dispone una entidad, pero la realidad es que aún son muchas las instituciones que desaprovechan el potencial de esta herramienta corporativa y más si pertenecen al sector público de una nación. La Universidad de Guayaquil no es ajena a esta realidad por lo que permanentemente presenta escenarios de desinformación e incertidumbre; así también el ruido es una constante en su ciclo comunicacional. Es por lo antes mencionado que este estudio doctoral tiene la finalidad de proponer un modelo de comunicación interna para instituciones públicas de educación superior (IES) adaptable a las necesidades de esta organización para que sean superados todos estos espacios negativos que le afectan. Para alcanzar el objetivo de esta trabajo académico se empleó una metodología mixta bajo un enfoque descriptivo y no experimental que permitió recolectar datos del personal docente, el personal administrativo y los estudiantes de esta institución para plantear un modelo de comunicación institucional funcional para la Universidad de Guayaquil y adaptable a otras IES, acompañado de un manual de comunicación interna que ayude a normar el sistema comunicacional que se desarrolla actualmente dentro del alma mater más grande del Ecuador., [CA] La comunicació organitzacional com un component empresarial ha cobrat major rellevància en l'estructura dels actius intangibles que disposa una entitat, però la realitat és que encara són moltes les institucions que desaprofiten el potencial d'aquesta eina corporativa i més si pertanyen al sector públic d'una nació. La Universitat de *Guayaquil no és aliena a aquesta realitat pel que permanentment presenta escenaris de desinformació i incertesa; així també el soroll és una constant en el seu cicle comunicacional. És per l'abans esmentat que aquest estudi doctoral té la finalitat de proposar un model de comunicació interna per a institucions públiques d'educació superior (IES) adaptable a les necessitats d'aquesta organització perquè siguen superats tots aquests espais negatius que l'afecten. Per a aconseguir l'objectiu d'aquesta treball acadèmic es va emprar una metodologia mixta sota un enfocament descriptiu i no experimental que va permetre recol·letar dades del personal docent, el personal administratiu i els estudiants d'aquesta institució per a plantejar un model de comunicació institucional funcional per a la Universitat de *Guayaquil i adaptable a altres IES, acompanyat d'un manual de comunicació interna que ajude a *normar el sistema comunicacional que es desenvolupa actualment dins de l'alma mater més gran de l'Equador., [EN] Organizational communication as a business component has become more relevant in the structure of intangible assets available to an entity, but the reality is that there are still many institutions that do not take advantage of the potential of this corporate tool, especially if they belong to the public sector of a nation. The University of Guayaquil is no stranger to this reality, which is why it permanently presents scenarios of misinformation and uncertainty; noise is also a constant in its communication cycle. It is for this reason that this doctoral study aims to propose a model of internal communication for public institutions of higher education (IES) adaptable to the needs of this organization to overcome all these negative spaces that affect it. To achieve the objective of this academic work, a mixed methodology was used under a descriptive and non-experimental approach that allowed collecting data from faculty, administrative staff and students of this institution to propose a functional institutional communication model for the University of Guayaquil and adaptable to other IES, accompanied by an internal communication manual that helps to regulate the communication system that is currently developed within the largest alma mater of Ecuador.

After fitting a topic model to 40,927 COVID-19–related paragraphs in 3,581 earnings calls over the period Jan. 22–Apr. 30, 2020, we obtain firm-level measures of exposure and response related to COVID-19 for 2,894 U.S. firms. We show that despite the large negative impact of COVID-19 on their operations, firms with a strong corporate culture outperform their peers without a strong culture. Moreover, these firms are more likely to support their community, embrace digital transformation, and develop new products than those peers. We conclude that corporate culture is an intangible asset designed to meet unforeseen contingencies as they arise.

Introduction. Business reputation is an important asset that is acquired over the years and is very expensive. The material published on social networks directly affects the reputation of the enterprise (organization, institution). Reputation management is effective, both for your own and the company's search engines, through the focused use of reputation management tools. Reputation support tools provide an opportunity to change the tone of the information field from negative to positive in the event of a negative, to create new channels of communication or to form from scratch a dense information field in the Internet space for new companies (organizations, institutions). Purpose. The purpose of the article is to separate the support of business reputation on the Internet from the general concept of reputation management, to determine its features and possibilities of application by the company to build and maintain a positive image on the Internet, its content and implementation technology. Methods. To achieve this goal, a set of theoretical methods was used: analysis of the literature; systematization, structuring, generalization of the obtained results. Originality. The concept of "business reputation" is understood as a strategic intangible asset that can generate additional income, which consists of a set of ideas of different audiences about the company (organization, institution), the process of creating and maintaining a positive impression of the company is quite complex and requires continuous intervention. The image it’s the starting point for building a business reputation. Now without Search engine reputation management or reputation management in search engines it is impossible to imagine the creation or maintenance of reputations, individual, group, subject or corporate images. or reputation management in search engines it is impossible to imagine the creation or maintenance of reputations, individual, group, subject or corporate images. Support of business reputation on the Internet is a set of steps that involve manipulating the opinion about it among its users: assessing and analyzing the image (business reputation) of competing companies in social networks; selection of the most used types of social networks; detailed definition of the target audience of the organization in social networks; formation of interesting content; work with negative feedback on social networks; promotion of activities with the help of advertising tools; comprehensive use of all information sources. Conclusions. Summarizing the above, we can draw the following conclusions: The Internet today is the main channel through which you can get information about the activities of a company. In times of crisis, companies make unpopular decisions that are widely discussed on the Internet. These discussions leave "traces" in the information field of companies for a long time and directly affect its reputation. From the above, it is clear that building and maintaining a business reputation is gaining popularity today. Especially for companies whose main target audience is active Internet users. This is a rather complex and time-consuming process, which includes such stages as monitoring, analysis and adjustment. They help to anticipate the spread of negative information in the network about the company, to level its influence, to create the desired image of the company and to form a stable, good reputation.

The 21st century is the century of change and maybe one of the most important changes in the organizations’ life is the transition from focusing on the development of the tangible assets to the development of the intangible assets and the interest for attracting human resources capable to generate performance. The survival of many companies depends on their willingness and capacity to adapt to such changes. (Abdulaali, 2018) In this dynamic and complex economic system, the intangible assets of organizations become primary, being decisive for the organizations’ performance. In the new economic competition, intangible assets provide a sustainable competitive advantage, intellectual capital and intangible assets representing the key factor in company profitability and success. In the knowledge based society, intellectual capital has more value for organizations than tangible assets and knowledge becomes a permanent source of competitiveness (Bhatti, Zaheer, 2014). It is considered by specialists a valuable and strategic resource, since the success of organizations depends on creating, discovering, storing, disseminating, measuring and developing knowledge. The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to offer an overview on the specific problems and needs of the entrepreneurs financed through the Romania Start-up Plus programme, part of Start-UP Hub: The Entrepreneurs Laboratory Cod SIMS: 105648. A primary target of this research is to examine the components of intellectual capital and the way in which the intellectual capital influences the small business performance. The majority of the researchers agree that intellectual capital is directly connected to the performance of the SMEs sector. The results of our analysis shows the fact that intangible assets influence business development in various ways, such as increasing competitive advantage, expanding employee competency and improving organizational performance.

This research examines the effect of innovative capability, knowledge management and intellectual capital (intangible assets) on competitive advantage and firm performance (studies on budget accommodation in Semarang). The increasing number of hotels in Semarang city is an intriguing phenomenon; considering the background of the city itself for its lack of fame on its tourism business. However, it does not hinder investors’ intention to keep opening their businesses in the area of accommodation services. The results of the pre-research interview stated that the increasing competition made the occupancy level troubling for the accommodating service entrepreneurs, both budget accommodation and standard and upper-class hotels. This research processed 50 samples consisting of 1 - 3 star hotels, budget hotels (non-star ones) and guesthouses. The data collection method was collected by spreading out questionnaire form to the respondents. Furthermore, the data was processed using analysis tool known as Partial Least Square (PLS). This study concludes that innovative capability, knowledge management, and intellectual capital which are part of the intangible assets of the firm have a positive effect on competitive advantage. Furthermore, competitive advantage also has a positive influence on firm performance. This study provides managerial implications that budget accommodation service entrepreneurs are able to improve their competitive advantage and firm performance through understanding and managing their intangible assets.Keywords: firm performance, competitive advantage, innovative capability, knowledge management, intellectual capital. AbstrakPenelitian ini menguji pengaruh kapabilitas inovatif, manajemen pengetahuan dan modal intelektual (aset tidak berwujud) terhadap keunggulan kompetitif dan kinerja perusahaan (studi tentang akomodasi anggaran di Semarang). Meningkatnya jumlah hotel di kota Semarang merupakan fenomena yang menggelitik; mengingat latar belakang kota itu sendiri karena kurangnya ketenaran pada bisnis pariwisatanya. Namun hal tersebut tidak menghalangi niat investor untuk tetap membuka usahanya di bidang jasa akomodasi. Hasil wawancara pra penelitian menyatakan bahwa persaingan yang semakin ketat membuat tingkat hunian semakin meresahkan pengusaha jasa akomodatif, baik akomodasi budget maupun hotel standar dan kelas atas. Penelitian ini mengolah 50 sampel yang terdiri dari hotel bintang 1 - 3, hotel melati (non bintang) dan losmen. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada responden. Selanjutnya data diolah dengan menggunakan alat analisis yang dikenal dengan Partial Least Square (PLS). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kapabilitas inovatif, manajemen pengetahuan, dan modal intelektual yang merupakan bagian dari aset tak berwujud perusahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap keunggulan bersaing. Keunggulan bersaing juga berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Studi ini memberikan implikasi manajerial bahwa pengusaha jasa akomodasi anggaran mampu meningkatkan keunggulan kompetitif dan kinerja perusahaan melalui pemahaman dan pengelolaan aset tidak berwujud mereka.Kata Kunci: Kinerja perusahaan; Keunggulan bersaing; Kapabilitas inovatif; Manajemen pengetahuan; Modal intelektual

Recently, a landmark representing the local community is formed by giving meaning to a building or place based in the area. By giving artificial meaning along with natural conditions, it plays a role in attracting tourists as well as residents. Therefore, this study intends to study service design targeting the Dulle-gil of Korea Transportation University located in Chungju. For this, a new design method was studied by identifying the current condition of the Dulle-gil and analyzing the inconvenience factors. Dullegil is a space where facilities with the functions of exercise, rest, and walking harmoniously harmonize with the natural environment. It is a sufficient space to seek satisfaction, gain experiences, and recharge. In particular, it can become a medium that can instill a positive image of Korea and schools to foreign students, and furthermore, it will become an intangible asset that can serve as an ambassador for future Korea. Therefore, by researching and suggesting the design elements that make up the Dullegil of Korea Transportation University, the purpose is to build a landmark image of Korea Transportation University as a local attraction that not only students, faculty, but also residents can enjoy.

Competition in small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) is growing in the era of transition. As a result, these advances are putting pressure on the retail sector to find new and efficient solutions to boost retail and customer experience. Meanwhile, in Central Java, Indonesia, there is one specific SME type that is part of the nation's cultural heritage, namely Batik SME. This study aims to determine the effect of Intangible Assets and Innovation Orientation on the Competitive Advantages of Batik SMEs in Central Java, Indonesia. This study's method was an explanatory survey method with a type of decompression-verification study from primary data obtained from Batik SMEs and using PLS SEM in analyzing the data of the book. The results of this study indicate that Intangible Assets with Path coefficient (β) = 0.320, P value

PurposeDrawing upon the intellectual capital-based view theory, this study explored the relationship between green intellectual capital (IC) and environmental performance (EP) with the intervening effect of green human resource management (GHRM).Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional data were collected from 187 human resource directors/managers working in manufacturing firms of Pakistan. A partial least squares approach was applied to test the hypothesized relationships.FindingsThe results showed a mediating effect of GHRM on the relationship between green human capital and the organizational EP. Also two dimensions of green IC (green human capital, green relational capital) were also found positively related to the EP of the firm.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should devote their attention to the preservation and enhancement of their employees' knowledge as green human capital is possessed by the employees. Furthermore, managers must exchange information with key stakeholders to better understand and resolve their environmental concerns. Organizational leaders must also ensure the implementation of GHRM policies that, in turn, improve the EP with the aid of green IC.Originality/valueThe current research contributes to the literature by defining green IC as an antecedent and GHRM as an intervening variable for EP. In addition, this study underlines the significance of GHC as a valuable intangible asset for the achievement of environmental sustainability. It also illustrates the importance of GRC, which creates an exchange partnership with the stakeholders to promote corporate environmentalism.

Managing an online corporate reputation (OCR) is increasingly strategic to improving the corporation's eco-nomic performance. What becomes crucial is to collect, process and analyse the comments expressed in the online medium, considering them as an intangible asset with an impact on tangible assets and consequences on business value. This research contributes to show the potential of the big-data environment, enhanced by the use of business intelligence tools and combined with panel econometric models. This is complemented by the elaboration of an Online Corporate Reputation Index (OCRI) to measure the economic corporate performance. The findings show that after applying the conceptual model to the banking sector, the experience associated with ethics is the intangible asset that has the most impact on the economic performance associated with each bank. In addition, the definition of an index helps to position one company in relation to another and to an entire economic sector. FCT - Foundation for Science and TechnologyPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [UIDB/04020/2020]; University of the Algarve, Portugal; University of Malaga, Spain info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The objective of this research is to examine the influence of intellectual capital and intangible assets toward firm value. The use of intellectual capital and intangible assets in this research is very interesting because they represent the similar idea, the ability to generate future benefit. However, intellectual capital is not represented in the presentation of financial statement directly, while the intangible asset is presented in the financial statement. The samples are taken from the trade, service, and investment companies classification which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in from 2015 until 2018. Using the purposive sampling, there are 27 companies put as data for the multiple linear regression. The result of the research shows intellectual capital has positive significant relationship toward firm value, meanwhileintangible assets have negative significant relationship toward firm value. It means the lower intangible assets, the higher firm value is. This might be happened if the company cannot utilize the intangible asset optimally.

Emission of the greenhouse gases has a significant impact on the environment of the whole planet. Innumerable international plenary sessions have agreed only on partial solutions. The signatory countries came up with the instrument which should improve the air quality- the emission allowances. The politicians and environmentalists involved in the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent Paris Agreement have negotiated emission reductions. Achievement of this goal is established for years 2005 - 2030. 43 % of current greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. Each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Allowances are distributed among individual countries, which allocate them free of charge to plants, factories and other fixed installations. These emission allowances can be the subject of trade between these operators. All these facts result in questions related to the accounting methods. How many allowances are needed? Should they be recognised as an asset? Is their price regulation necessary? Can emission allowances reduce greenhouse gases or are government subsidies and compensations - alternatively carbon taxes - more suitable for this purpose? Is the business environment more or less destroyed? The goal of this article is to contribute by critical discussion to easier, fair and true recognition of emission allowances.

The starting point of this paper is the fact that multicriteria decision-making systems have not had the greatest impact on cultural studies, and few researchers have addressed this problem. The paper focuses on the analysis of the main object of an ongoing Doctoral thesis. More specifically, it examines the proposal of a new multicriteria evaluation based on a decision-making method. The paper intends to relate culture with multicriteria decision-making methods. This systematic review provides the direct analysis and assessment of the existing bibliographic references, and addresses a gap of knowledge in the intangible research field, identifying trends in the broader cultural heritage sector. The two basic principles of the paper are the recording and the evaluation of the cultural significance of the intangible and tangible heritage assets of a place. More specifically, the paper seeks to address a new scientific tool that initially records and&mdash, in the process&mdash, evaluates, using quantitative and qualitative criteria, specific cultural assets. Moreover, the paper outlines a new approach to the calibration&mdash, from optimal to worse&mdash, of the heritage of a place according to its significance. The purpose of the record and the evaluation is to create a ranking list of the most culturally significant tangible and intangible asset of places, in order to manage them. The design of the multicriteria method is based on a system that can be constantly updated diachronically, and can be fulfilled with new cultural assets and then re-evaluated. The explanation of the system is given through a step-by-step guide to the data analysis process, ensuring that the system has elements that are easy to access, to understand, and to use by each state actor (institution, individual, company, etc.).

This study aims to examine prudence's role in moderating the effect of bonus mechanism, intangible asset, and inventory intensity ratio on transfer pricing decisions. This research population is all property, real estate & construction companies, and manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018. The sampling technique uses a purposive sampling method to obtain 109 units of analysis. This study uses moderated regression analysis (MRA), which is processed using IBM SPSS 21. This study proves that the bonus mechanism does not affect, while intangible assets and inventory intensity ratio significantly affect transfer pricing decisions. Prudence is proven to moderate the intangible assets' influence but does not moderate the impact of the bonus mechanism and inventory intensity ratio on transfer pricing decisions. This study concludes that the bonus mechanism does not affect the transfer pricing decision. Prudence is proven to moderate the effect of intangible assets but does not moderate the impact of the bonus mechanism and inventory intensity ratio on transfer pricing decisions.

purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), Inventory Intensity, Corporate Image and Intangible Asset to Economic Performance in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 4-year period 2015-2018. This study population includes all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2015-2018 period. The sampling technique was using purposive sampling technique. Based on the predetermined criteria, 17 companies were obtained. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analysis method used is linear regression analysis of panel data.The results showed that Inventory Intensity and Corporate had a significant effect on Economic Performance. while Enterprise Risk Management and Intangible Asset has no effect on intellectual capital.

The evolution of the economic category "intangible value of the enterprise" and the content of the objects that present it are summarized. The historical formalization of intangible components of the value of the enterprise is given and the development of accounting methodology and methods of reflection of objects related to the concept of "intangible asset" is analyzed. The article presents theoretical and applied aspects of the reflection of intangible assets by accounting in the global and regional sections. The first part of the study highlights the generalized and systematized by the author historiography of the basic principles of accounting for intangible assets with an emphasis on existing problem aspects and ways to solve them at the turn of the century. The second part of this historical and accounting investigation reveals the panorama of solving the problem of accounting for intangible assets in Eastern Galicia. The study of this component has the character of theoretical scientific knowledge and is based on literary criticism, based on selected textbooks and scientific works of accountants of the study area. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption of the development of Western Ukrainian scientists in the period declared by the article of certain ideas that can be rationally used to develop modern concepts of accounting for intangible assets. Among the scientific novelty of the article is a proposal on the principles and approaches to writing off the value of intangible assets, as well as methods of accounting for goodwill in the accounting method, substantiated in the past. The study is based on historical-retrospective analysis, and therefore the main methods of historiographic analysis and historical-genetic method were used.

PurposeThis paper analyzes two types of potential intangible public-sector assets for consideration by public-sector accounting boards. Government investments in health and social programs can create two potential intangible assets: the intangible infrastructure used to deliver the health or social program and the enhanced human capital embodied in the recipients of program services. Because neither of these assets is currently recognized in a government's year-end financial statements or broader general-purpose financial reports (GPFR), these reports may underrepresent the government's true fiscal and service capacity.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses an international accounting standards framework to analyze: whether investments in health and social programs create intangible assets that meet the definition of an asset as set out by International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), whether they are assets of the government and whether they are recognizable for the purpose of financial reporting.FindingsThe intangible infrastructure asset created to facilitate the delivery of health and social programs would often qualify as a recognizable asset of the government. However, the enhanced recipient human capital asset created through the delivery of health and social programs would, in most instances, not qualify as a recognizable asset of the government, though there likely would be benefits from reporting on it through GPFRs or other mechanisms.Originality/valueThis paper makes two contributions. First, it identifies a previously overlooked intangible asset – the infrastructure created to facilitate the delivery of health and social programs. Second, it presents an argument regarding why, even when it fails to generate a recognizable intangible asset to government, it would be valuable for government to report such investments in supplementary statements.

The study examines the role of public relations in building and maintaining corporate reputation in Ghana. Corporate reputation is largely regarded as the most important, albeit, intangible asset of an organisation. The paucity of research in a developing country such as Ghana makes this research even more essential. PR practitioners from selected multinational organisations were used for the study. Results indicate that public relations plays a critical role in building the reputation of an organisation. Practitioners use a number of activities including interpersonal communication, corporate social responsibility, community engagement to build reputation. The strategic nature of PR as practiced in these organisations ensures practitioners are able to perform their roles effectively. This study has significant implications for theory and practice of public relations in non-western cultures.

The growing role of intangible assets in the conditions of economic transformation is substantiated. The problems of accounting for intangible assets that need to be addressed are highlighted. The value of a company is determined by both its tangible and intangible assets. In modern conditions of development, the social digital presence of the enterprise becomes an important intangible asset that creates value. To increase the level of interaction with customers, business uses various methods social networks have become such universal tools. Social intangible assets include websites, chatbots, blogs, media libraries, social media pages, etc. Investment in social intangible assets increases significantly each year, which in turn encourages stakeholders at all levels to request accurate and objective information about such assets. Although there is currently no generally accepted method of valuing social intangible assets, it is advisable to consider the methods used to value intellectual property. Presentation of incomplete information about the value of the enterprise and income generation tools affects the distortion of financial and property status, the assessment of its financial stability, solvency, liquidity, the ,ability to attract investment. Current accounting standards and guidelines, both international and national, prohibit the capitalization of intangible assets on social networks and the Internet. Further research on this issue will develop not only the direction of testing the studied approaches and methods for valuing social intangible assets that affect the formation of social capital, but also the direction of developing other methods of valuing intangible assets in particular Ukrainian enterprises.

Despite recent interest in measuring household activities, investment in household RD that is a household intangible asset. This paper takes a step toward valuing household innovation in the U.S. by developing time series of nominal and real investment and capital stocks for household R&D. We find that household investment in R&D was more than 11 percent of R&D funded by the private business sector in 2017 and about half of what businesses spent on R&D to develop new products for consumers. If household R&D were judged to be in scope for GDP, GDP would have been 0.2 percent higher in 2017. We conclude that household R&D is important and warrants closer attention.

A brand is the identity of an organization as well as the intangible asset that has significant added value for an organization. Currently, there are many organizations that are aware of the important role of brand for developing their organizations. Based on the internal branding concept, this research is aimed to gain the brand identity. The internal branding consists of three variables, namely brand orientation, brand knowledge, and brand involvement. The case was taken in Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN) "Veteran" Jawa Timur (UPNVJT) that built its brand as “Bela Negara” campus since it changed its status to be a state university in 2014 and it was managed as a public organization. The samples were all employees of UPNVJT used as 267 respondents. SmartPLS software is used to test the hypothesis. The results of this research indicated that all three variables (brand orientation, brand knowledge, and brand involvement) had a positive and significant effect on brand identity. And by comparing the three variables, brand involvement had a more dominant effect on brand identity than the two other variables.

Introduction. Cryptocurrency and related activities in Ukraine are not regulated by specialized law. Transactions with currency «crupto» are increasingly used in the accounting practice of domestic enterprises. The correctness of an accounting of such transactions is influence on actuality of the financial statements, the completeness of the taxes payment and the amount of income and profits of enterprises. The main aim is to analyze the peculiarities of the formation and movement of cryptocurrency, its recognition as an object of accounting, justification for further accounting evaluation and impact on performance. Methods. Methods observation, comparison, analogy, grouping and classification, abstraction and specification, analysis and synthesis, tabular and structural-logical methods are used. The information base of the research is the scientific achievements of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists, own experience and observations. Results. The definition of cryptocurrency as an object of accounting and a source of economic benefits is considered. The possibilities and advantages of cryptocurrency using in different spheres of economy are determined and systematized. The role and significance of cryptocurrency with the functions of money are compared. The possibility of classifying cryptocurrency as a certain type of enterprise assets in accordance with IAS and UAS (P(S)BO) is analyzed. The peculiarities of valuation and accounting of cryptocurrency as an intangible asset are substantiated. The problems of taxation of cryptocurrency transactions are identified and certain solutions are proposed until the regulatory settlement of this issue.

The natural resource‐based view suggests a relationship between corporate environmental responsibility (CER) and corporate financial performance (CFP), because intangible assets accrued by a firm constitute competitive advantages. However, the role of corporate reputation as a valuable intangible asset in the CER–CFP link has yet to be examined. We fill this gap by examining the effect of a firm's reputation in terms of prominence and favorability in interactively mediating the CER–CFP link. Using a sample of 10,995 firm‐year observations in China, we find that CER enhances a firm's prominence and favorability, through which CER indirectly improves CFP. Additionally, the results of moderated mediation analysis indicate that the indirect effect of CER on CFP via improving prominence (favorability) is more positive and significant in high levels of favorability (prominence) than in low levels.

This article is dedicated to conceptualization of the notion of glory in the Russian religious culture and secular discourse. Texts of the Holy Scripture indicate etymological relation of glory to the Ancient Hebrew root kbd (to be heavy, important, liver), which imposes additional meanings to the concept, not recorded in the dictionaries. For example, ancient Jews interpreted glory as a true value of the objects of corporeal and incorporeal world, which could be measured, “weighed”. Usage of the word glory in folklore, particularly in Christmas carols, as an imperative incantation can testify to the belief in the magic qualities of this word, as well as to connection of paganism and a religious rituals in people’s mind. As a result of comparative and hermeneutic analysis, the author concludes that in the religious context, glory retains the idea of the interconnectivity and interconditionality of hearing and speech, typical to the Indo-European root kleu, from which is stems from. A centuries-old process of de-ontologization led the loss of the internal form and value elements of semantic structure of glory, which caused distortion of this Christian concept in consciousness of the Russian native speakers. In the secular, profane discourse, fame became the key meaning of glory. However, in consciousness of the Russian native speakers, the word glory remains a significant source of cultural-linguistic information, which cannot be understood without reference to the history, traditions and religion of the nation.

This paper studies an investor’s optimal investment, optimal net debt ratio with collateral security and optimal consumption plan in an economy that faces both diffusion and jump risks. The underlying assets are tangible and intangible assets. There have been major challenges of quantifying intangible assets. In this paper, we assume that the price of our intangible asset follows a jump-diffusion process. The tangible asset of the investor is divided into two parts: financial and nonfinancial (fixed) assets. Financial assets are invested into a market that is made up of a riskless asset and multiple risky assets (stocks). The fixed asset and stock prices follow jump-diffusion processes. This paper aim at (1) maximizing the total expected discounted utility of consumption in the infinite time horizon in the presence of both tangible and intangible assets, (2) determining the optimal net debt ratio for an investor in the presence of jumps, (3) determining the effect of intangible assets on the investor’s portfolio and (4) determining the optimal portfolio strategies of an investor who invest in an economy that is exposed to both diffusion and jump risks. This paper obtained the optimal consumption, optimal portfolio strategies and optimal net debt ratio of an investor under some suitable utility functions. We found that the value of the intangible assets depends explicitly on all the market parameters including the production rate, optimal wealth and optimal debt ratio of the investor over time. This implies that any change in the market parameter values, optimal investment, optimal net debt ratio and the production rate will lead to changes in the values of the intangible assets.

Purpose While the current anti-globalisation wave is considered as a regional and cyclical relapse among Western countries, the new era of globalisation has shifted away from stagnant developed economies towards the rising prosperity of emerging Asia, where it is attracting substantial global inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Focussing on Vietnam, the country that is seen as Asia’s next economic tiger, the question of how important intellectual properties (IP) protection is in the international competition for FDI inflows is still unsettled, especially on the under-researched topic of trademarks. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes on the business history approach, which allows rich evidence from the dynamic and evolving natures of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to drive the research process, so that international business scholars can test models rigorously. The evidence provided in this paper is essentially qualitative and combines trademark registrations data, with trade and FDI statistics between 1986 and 2016, also draws on companies’ archives, industry reports and related newspaper articles. Findings This paper provides the chronology of intellectual property right (IPR) legal landscapes and the dynamic co-evolution of trademarks and FDI inflows in Vietnam. Three trademark protection strategies for MNEs and their patterns here are addressed. The paper also argues that trademarks bring new insights and IP protection strategy for pharmaceutical MNEs for the case of Vietnam is as important in trademarks as it is in patents. In emerging markets with strong incentives for FDI such as Vietnam, MNEs are not necessarily put off by weak IPR, but rather create alternative strategies for dealing with the lack of IP protection in these emerging market settings. Originality/value This study challenges the stream of thoughts that view trademarks as a “neglected intangible asset” among different IPRs, while in fact, trademarks advance MNEs’ knowledge by ensuring competitiveness and long-run survival in emerging markets. This paper is among the first few attempts to look at pharmaceutical industry through the lens of trademarks, moving away from the traditional patent-focussed approach. It extends the understanding of OLI paradigm and highlights that MNEs need to possess Oa and Op advantages not only at the beginning of internationalisation process but rather evolving through the time to cope with imitation risks in the host country.

PurposeAccounting standards for goodwill may intensify the agency conflict. Since auditors evaluate intangible asset valuations, this study examines to what extent being an auditor (including Big 4 auditors) and being female as indicators of professional skepticism and conservatism predict accounting professionals' critical views of goodwill accounting under US GAAP.Design/methodology/approachStatistical analyses of a survey of accounting professionals in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.FindingsThe respondents' views are dispersed from trust in GAAP to views reflecting management opportunism in goodwill accounting. While being an auditor (including Big 4 auditors) does not predict a critical perception, being a female auditor is correlated with critical views to some extent.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey was carried out in a limited geographical area and personal contacts were used to maximize the response rate, which may limit generalizability.Practical implicationsStandard setters can use the results to learn how practitioners perceive the current accounting standards for goodwill. The results provide users and preparers knowledge about potential pitfalls of goodwill accounting. Preparers could increase transparency to alleviate user concerns regarding managerial opportunism in goodwill accounting.Originality/valueThis paper extends the IFRS-based literature exploring practitioners' perceptions of accounting standards by focusing on goodwill accounting in the US GAAP environment. This study also contributes to the auditing literature by providing further evidence on how gender moderates an auditor's perception of accounting standards.

A plethora of studies indicate that brand equity is an intangible asset that played a vital role in increasing overall performance and customer preferences. The next logical questions would be the following: “How can a firm offer eco-friendly brands?” and “How can one measure green brand equity?” The purpose of this research is to propose an original, unique, and validated scale to measure multidimensional green brand equity for both products and services in a cross-cultural context. This study used a multistep scale development research design, and collected data from 980 consumers of telecommunication and home appliances industries in Pakistan and Italy. The six-dimensional green brand equity scale consists of social influence, sustainability, perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association, and brand leadership. As the green brand equity scale was invariant across Pakistan and Italy, researchers can test this scale both conceptually in the research and theoretically in the corporate environment.

PurposeThis research examines the likelihood that Panamanian and Colombian banks listed on their respective stock exchanges voluntarily disclose intangible liabilities based on such variables as their size, profitability, indebtedness, age and growth. The presented findings concur with agency theory, signalling theory and the owner-cost theory.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose a probabilistic model to test the influence of size, profitability, indebtedness, age and growth on the disclosure of intangible liabilities. The dependent variable, the disclosure index, was constructed from a dichotomous approach using Harvey and Lusch's (1999) model, which has 24 characteristics, plus six that we added in our research. These were grouped into four categories: procedures, human activity, information and organisational structure.FindingsBanks in Panama and Colombia with a larger size, higher profitability, lower age and higher growth are more likely to disclose more information about their intangible liabilities. However, indebtedness does not serve as a determinant of the disclosure of these liabilities, even though its relationship is negative.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of the research was the voluntary disclosure of information about these liabilities on firms' websites.Practical implicationsThe contributions of this research are as follows. First, we used an intangible asset disclosure methodology to verify the disclosure of intangible liabilities, in line with Harvey and Lusch's model, as well as providing another six indicators, thereby producing an extended model. Second, being the first empirical research to study the disclosure of intangible liabilities in Panama and Colombia opens a door to future research on this topic.Social implicationsThis research provides a significant practical contribution to society because banks listed on public stock markets, understanding that undisclosed intangible liabilities lead to opportunity costs in their profitability, might tend to disclose more information, thus promoting greater transparency in the market.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this research is applying an intangible asset disclosure methodology to the disclosure of intangible liabilities, following Harvey and Lusch's (1999) model, as well as the creation of an expanded model.

The importance of corporate reputation is a crucial issue for survival and business success, representing an intangible asset key for business management. In the field of management research, reputation has also a prominent place, as reflected in the high number of publications dealing with this topic. This paper provides an exploratory review of the literature, based on a bibliometric analysis through the Web of Science (WoS) database. In this paper, a search of publications in the last 25 years has been made, identifying a total of 1276 studies, including 589 in the final sample. The results of this study show a vision of the lines of research that are being carried out, analyzed by countries, institutions, the most productive authors, as well as the main scientific journals published in the field. The main research topics found are discussions about the concept and different measurement methodologies, organizational studies and marketing, as well as its relationship with other intangible assets, such as Corporate Social Responsibility.

Historically, tax reforms have always been a response to societal transformations, which aim to modernize relations between states, businesses and citizens. The contemporary digital transformations of social relations intensified by globalization have become another challenge. The tax system has been at the centre of ongoing changes. Consequently, there arises a need for reforms of tax systems. Likewise, it is necessary to reassess and review the principles ensuring the efficiency of such systems.The research aim is to investigate the impact of the digital society and economy on tax equity. This purpose also includes a critical analysis and a summary of the ways in which tax systems in different countries and corporations respond to digital challenges. The challenges in question are associated with tax burden on the activity of the abovementioned entities when they implement business models in virtual reality.The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of the Russian tax law with particular regard to the mandatory elements of taxation. Additionally, the research method involves the classical principles of taxation such as equity, certainty, convenience and economy. The authors have also developed an original approach to consider the formation of excess profits by digital companies and digital rentiers.The analysis of the terms ‘digital presence’, ‘market jurisdiction’ was conducted with due consideration of jurisdiction in digital markets directly related to the activity of digital platforms. The paper also examined the potential opportunities and dangers that arise in the process of automated payment of taxes in each deal. Furthermore, specific problems regarding the determination of border crossing by an intangible asset or a provided service which can consist of both a tangible asset and a digital service were addressed. The research on the impact of digital solutions in business was performed in conjunction with the analysis of the European approach to similar issues. In accordance with the European framework, attribution of profits to the jurisdictions of those countries where consumers reside establishes the principles of equity. Based on this evidence, therefore, it was demonstrated that it is becoming a fundamental necessity in modern society to increase tax certainty of virtual businesses despite the opportunist attitude of some companies (with respect to national governments) as well as governments (with respect to the global economy). As taxpayers’ physical presence in a particular jurisdiction to generate profits which form the tax base is no longer required, a balance between national tax systems and the appearance of supranational taxation should be found. This objective poses a risk of failing to provide conditions necessary to ensure tax equity.The thesis that tax competition exists in countries and various territories was supported, which enabled the authors to demonstrate potential of concerted effort to develop supranational taxation aimed at tax equity restoring. Furthermore, such mandatory elements of taxation as ‘object of taxation’, ‘tax base’, ‘tax rate’ are still valid in the digital world. At the same time the evolution of business models used by digital and supranational companies, servicization of the economy, digital service development and smart products creation require revising the definitions of these terms.

This paper distinguishes between value creation through redistribution of physical assets and that from intangible assets. We decompose the market-to-book ratio into fundamental value and unexplained components and find that mergers create wealth when high-value firms primarily acquire physical assets from low-value firms. In contrast, deals motivated by transfer of investment opportunities generate wealth when growth-constrained low-value firms acquire substantial intangible assets from high-value targets. By separating the two motives for mergers, we provide empirical evidence of two diametrically opposed effects of relative firm value on wealth gains to shareholders, thus reconciling the conflicting evidence of the ‘high-buys-low’ effect from earlier studies. Concomitantly, our findings also explain the patterns of firm pairings in merger data that run contrary to conventional wisdom. Our empirical framework considers the effects of mispricing, governance, and size of assets reallocated and addresses concerns of selection bias. Additionally, we find evidence of post-merger wealth generation through the acquisition of growth opportunities in the form of intangible asset transfer from a high-value target to a low-value acquirer.

Hoy día, medir el valor para los accionistas es una práctica incorporada en el mundo de la valoración de las empresas. Estas valoraciones generalmente no incluyen al cliente como un activo generador de valor, por lo que desde el marketing se propone una visión en la que el cliente es concebido como un activo intangible de la empresa, un agente generador de valor que se construye y desarrolla durante su ciclo de vida, a través de un proceso de relaciones perdurables en un periodo de tiempo determinado. En tal sentido, el Valor Presente Neto del cliente como línea de base, permite predecir el valor del cliente, además facilita la definición de las estrategias comerciales y de mercado y por ende para que su ciclo de vida sea generador de valor tanto como para el cliente como para la empresa. Así, el cálculo del valor del cliente durante el ciclo de vida de un contrato o compromiso, respaldado por medidas como la atracción, retención, profundidad de penetración del producto y/o servicio, satisfacción o número de referencias integra herramientas de evaluación que permiten a una empresa tener una mayor comprensión del valor generado por su inversión en el cliente como un verdadero activo de la organización.

PurposeCorporate reputation (CR), the new buzz word has created many waves in the business world and thereby has become a topic of interest of many researchers. CR is often addressed as an intangible asset that brings with itself lots of advantages and benefits that may build the company and push it forward or may bring a company completely down. CR is a multidisciplinary concept generating parallel interpretations, and as a consequence, disagreements arise regarding its definition and its measurement techniques.Design/methodology/approachThis paper attempted to address this issue by bringing in more clarity to the concept and objectivity in its measurement. To address this issue a new comprehensive definition of CR is developed by reviewing the semi-centennial evolution of the construct. By bringing a critical analysis of the currently followed methods of measurement the paper has classified them into the five broad categories on the basis of the guiding definition, methodology and data sources, multiple stakeholders emphasised and the extent of objectivity inherent in the methodology. Establishing linkage between different concepts a model is developed for better understanding of the process of corporate reputation building.FindingsBased on the renewed understanding, a new method has been suggested for measuring corporate reputation from the perspective of multiple stakeholders.Originality/valueThis method is claimed to be superior as it is founded on a comprehensive meaning of the concept and designed to use easily available and accessible objective data.

Intangible assets play an important role in increasing the value of companies. The performance of companies increasingly depends on ideas, information, and professional services rather than tangible assets. The question of how to accurately measure intangible assets remains a challenge for many scientists. This study aims to measure intangible assets of 396 companies listed on Vietnam’s stock market between 2010 and 2014 using the panel data technique by Yamayuchi (2014). The estimation shows that intangible assets make up a large share of total assets of companies. In addition, construction, steel, building materials, mining, and food are sectors with high intangible assets in Vietnam. The study also finds a positive impact of intangible assets on improving company performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of investing in intangible assets, such as R&D, technology, advertising, and human resources, to increase the value of a company in the future.

This study aim to examine the effect of financial derivatives, financial leverage, and intangible assets on transfer pricing aggressiveness. The samples are nonfinancial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2012 to 2016. Using purposive sampling method, 44 selected companies’ data were selected (220 year-firm observations). The data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis with panel data. The results suggest that financial derivatives, financial leverage, and intangible assets have a positive effect on transfer pricing aggressiveness. This study shows that financial derivatives in Indonesia, both with the aim of hedging and with speculative purposes, have the same nature and are closely related to profit shifting conducted by the companies.

The effects of R&D investment on innovation such as patents and intangible assets, and the effect on the corporate performance such as revenue and profit growth, were analyzed using path analysis. In particular, this study compared and analyzed the performances of non-cooperative R&D and cooperative R&D. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, R&D investment has a significant impact on innovation performance. This supports the existing research results. Second, patents have a significant impact on intangible asset growth. Third, in the case of corporate groups carrying out cooperative R&D, intangible asset growth forms a significant causal relationship with revenue growth. Fourth, in case of cooperative R&D, intangible asset growth has a significant mediating effect between patent and revenue growth. Like the existing research, the results of this research support the innovation performance of R&D investment. It also supports the existing argument that the results of cooperative R&D are more favorable to increase corporate value. However, unlike the existing research, we found a path leading to increased revenue through patents and intangible assets, and confirmed that such a path is likely to be achieved through cooperative R & D rather than internal R&D.

Subject/subject. The national economic system of Russia in general substantially depends on readiness of the innovative sector to participate in global production. The control system of intangible assets in Russia represents the certain structure needing legislative support today. The world practice demonstrates efficiency of such cooperation. However so far in Russia the methodological base of development and reproduction of objects of non-material character is not created, as represents a subject of discussions. Purposes/tasks. The purpose of the present article is the analysis and identification of the factors influencing rather low level of objects of non-material character in structure of balance of the enterprises. The purpose caused need of the solution of the following tasks: 1. To carry out the analysis of a share of intangible assets in structure of accounting reports of large enterprises of the Russian Federation. 2. To describe advantages of increase in volume of intangible assets in structure of balance of the enterprises; 3. To create recommendations about increase in a share of intangible assets in structure of balance. Methodology. In article modern methods and tools of the complex analysis on the basis of systematization and structuring thematic material were used. So, dynamics of a share of intangible assets in structure of accounting reports of large enterprises of the Russian Federation and Republic of Tatarstan in 2017 which emphasizes relevance of the chosen research subject is presented in article. Results. Conclusions and recommendations concerning increase in intangible assets in structure of balance which, undoubtedly, will be reflected in financial performance of activity of the enterprises became result of the conducted research. Conclusions/importance. The significance of this article is determined by the results of studies that can be used in the practical activities of enterprises.

This study measured the rate of returns for knowledge asset as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, (a human progress indicator) rather focuses on production and consumption of scarce tangible assets. Knowledge investment rate of return is beneficial, because, knowledge is a limitless intangible asset, growth enhancing and sustainable, thus, also averting the challenges of Knowledge Economy Index (KEI). Sustainable Knowledge Investment Returns can ensure quality higher education, improvement in scientific research and accelerate attainment or consolidation of achieved Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in a poor country like Ghana. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ghana, data from 2009 to 2015 was used. In 2009, a rate of return of approximately 54% was obtained through the production function method. The financial method was used to calculate the remaining mean rates of approximately 36% for 2010 and 2011, negative 18% for 2012 and 2013 and approximately 59% for 2014 and 2015. Fluctuation in investment returns were accounted for by investments, incentives and schemes that foster demand for knowledge (IP patenting etc). Establishment and or operationalisation of Knowledge Production Fund and its open competitive access were recommended for sustaining higher knowledge investment and returns.

Relational Capital (RC) is referred as intangible asset that an organization acquires while sustaining effective relations with suppliers, customers or business partners. Prior research suggests that enhanced RC could significantly improve organizational performance. Therefore, for accentuating the role of RC in a manufacturing concern, an organizational development intervention called Appreciative Inquiry (AI) was conducted in this study. The primary objective of this action-oriented study was to develop relational capital, which was identified by respondents as one of their strengths, through the application of appreciative inquiry. The study was carried out by involving 26 participants from procurement and sales departments in 4-D cycle of AI. Post-intervention survey revealed improved RC and more friendly exchanges among stakeholders. Findings of this study would be useful to inform practitioners about the effectiveness of AI and would set new directions for appreciating the strengths of employees and other stakeholders.

This study examined the determinant of Commercial Banking Sector Intangible Asset Disclosure in Egypt. For the period 2010-2019 a sample of (17) selected banks were used. The thesis was based on the concept of both Ex-post facto and quantitative studies and used secondary data for interpretation. The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics, matrix of correlation and regression of ordinary least square. The result indicated that there is a substantial and negative interaction between bank size and Intangible Asset Disclosure which was statistically significant at 5 per cent significant level while a favorable and significant relationship was reported against Bank Age and Intangible Asset Disclosure which was statistically significant at 1 per cent significance level. The finding shows that all the independent variables of our sampled banks over the 10-year period accounted for 71 percent of the system variation in Intangible Asset Disclosure, while about 29 percent of the total variations were not accounted for, thus captured by the stochastic error term. The study therefore recommends, among others, that a reduction in the size of banks should be encouraged as it enhances the disclosure of intangible assets among banks in Egypt while encouraging the existence of old generation banks (Al Ahly Bank-Bank Misr) as it helps to comply with disclosure policy.

The current study aims to answer dual, related questions: Does corporate environmental policy affect corporate reputation, and does this link also influence risk-adjusted profitability and company's risk? With a comprehensive framework involving analyses of each question, among a sample of firms traced by the Reputation Institute, this study reveals several notable results, after correcting for endogeneity biases. First, environmental engagement and green product innovation are both antecedents of corporate reputation. Second, corporate reputation has a positive impact on risk-adjusted profitability and Z score indicator of financial distress risk. Thus, corporate environmental responsibility and green practices represent cospecialized assets that enhances an intangible asset, namely, corporate reputation. The latter influence constitutes a missing link between sustainable development and the firm's financial performance. Overall, environmental engagement and corporate reputation act as insurance-like protections of firm competitiveness.

A company should measure an intangible asset at its fair value at the time of acquisition. The costs of internally developing, maintaining, or restoring intangible assets generally should be expensed as incurred (with some exceptions). Intangible assets other than goodwill may or may not be amortized depending on their useful lives to the entity: Assets with finite lives are amortized; assets with indefinite lives are not. Goodwill is not amortized.