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Purpose: By reviewing the available literature this paper made a solid foundation to the current scenario ofold age homes in geriatric care as a social necessity and the satisfaction of the inmates is a factor which measures the administrative efficiency of the old age homes. Administrative inefficiency and inadequacy of governance may contribute to poor treatment and poor treatment of members in old age homes. Medical care provided to the inmates in the old age homes is a major factor which contributes to the satisfaction level of the inmates along with several other factors. This study was taken place to examine the level of satisfaction of the inmates on the infrastructural factors such as atmosphere, facilities, environment, and behavior of staff toward the elderly inmates. Objective: The study tries to examine the administrative efficiency of old age homes for the elderly and the inmate’s level of satisfaction. Design/Methodology/Approach: The codes are taken from the literature and used in the review of literature. This research was explanatory research that was conducted through an exploratory approach. On the internet's platform, desktop research was carried out. Almost 100 research articles were reviewed in depth and studied to identify the research gap. Findings/Result: The review of the articles indicates elderly are quite satisfied with the efficiency of old age homes and they are happy to be there in the old age homes other than being isolated at home and also, they are comfortable with their embers in the caretaking homes. In this study it can be found that the level of satisfaction of old age home inmates is different from each other as there are different types of paid and non-paid old age homes. Originality/Value: This review presents key findings from studies that show the level of satisfaction of the inmates in the old age home. This article was unique in its way of being a review article and compiling a satisfactory report of elderly inmates of old age home in the past 15 years. In all these studies the researcher can find that the efficiency and satisfaction of the old age home are different from each other. Paper Type: It was a review-based study which is also known as an integrative review where many articles from the past 15 years were selected from different search engines such as Google scholar, Research gate, and others.

The pandemic has implied a massive digitalization of psycho-pedagogical and educational interventions in different contexts, including the prison setting. Patrizio Paoletti Foundation (Assisi, Italy) has created Envisioning the Future (EF), a neuropsycho-pedagogical program aimed at increasing personal wellbeing, that was also remotely conducted among the inmates of the Padua (Italy) prison. The program was remotely implemented from May 2021 to June 2021, at the climax of the pandemic emergency, with the collaboration of the University of Padua (Italy) and of Padua prison (Italy). Through key neuroscientific findings and daily practices for wellbeing, EF aims at increasing inmates’ emotion regulation abilities. The responses of nine inmates to the Scales of Personal Self-efficacy in the Management of Negative and Positive Emotions, before and after EF, were paired and subjected to analysis of covariance, revealing an increase in the ability to manage positive emotions after EF. To date, EF is one of the first remote neuropsycho-pedagogical experiences in Italian prisons, able to positively impact on individual well-being.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as políticas sociais voltadas aos apenados e demonstrar como ocorrem os processos de ressocialização. Há uma crise estrutural no sistema prisional e as questões previstas na Lei de Execução Penal são difíceis de serem alcançadas por meio dos métodos utilizados pelas instituições penitenciárias, o que tem levado a diversos casos de reincidência criminal. O estudo tem como foco a análise das políticas sociais que visam a ressocialização dos apenados no Estado de Rondônia, utilizando um referencial teórico construído a partir de pesquisas na área. A metodologia empregada é qualitativa e exploratória, de caráter indutivo e bibliográfico, abrangendo todos os aspectos jurídicos relacionados à temática apresentada, com ênfase nas questões de cidadania e ressocialização dos apenados e nas políticas sociais voltadas a eles.&nbsp

RESUMO Este trabalho busca problematizar as representações da população carcerária construídas pela imprensa hegemônica brasileira. A partir de um caso específico - as mortes em série de detentos em unidades prisionais no início de 2017 -, a análise se concentrará na representação do preso enquanto vítima em três jornais impressos de alcance nacional. A construção narrativa do preso-vítima aparece como o contraponto do detento dito “selvagem”. A perspectiva adotada é a de que tal distinção foi feita revalorizando semanticamente uma parte dos detentos sem, no entanto, deixar de reforçar outra representação, tão difundida quanto estigmatizante. ABSTRACT Oriented Empathy: The Representation of the Inmate as a Victim in the 2017 Penitentiary Crisis News Coverage seeks to problematize the representations of the inmate population made by the Brazilian hegemonic press. Based on a specific case - the mass murders of inmates in prison unities at the beginning of 2017 -, this analysis will be centered on the representation of the inmate as a victim in three nationwide range newspapers. The inmate-victim appears as the antithesis of the so-called “savage” inmate. The perspective adopted here is that this distinction was made by semantically revalorizing some of the inmates without, however, avoiding reinforcing another representation of the inmate, as widespread as it is stigmatizing.

This thesis explores what can be done to improve the quality of life of U.S. inmates who suffer from mental health conditions (MHCs). To that end, this thesis uses a comparative analysis of correctional methods applied in the United States and Norway. These two case studies were selected because Norwegian prisons have spectacularly low recidivism rates compared to the American correctional system. The analysis shows that American prisons focus on punitive corrections while Norwegian prisons focus on rehabilitation. American inmates with MHCs could benefit from some of Norway’s penal philosophies such as decreasing the ratio of inmates to corrections officers, building smaller prisons designed for rehabilitation and mental health therapy, and federalizing all prisons. Federalizing all prisons would help mitigate the challenges corrections officials face when trying to secure appropriate levels of funding, which directly impact the quality of programming, staffing, and training. Moreover, providing mental health, employment, and educational opportunities to inmates with MHCs while they are incarcerated contributes to improving their quality of life once they are released. Civilian, Department of Homeland Security Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Several previous subjective- or interview-based reports indicated a reduced sleep quality and quantity as well as a great incidence of insomnia troubles in prisoners living in jail. The aim of the present study is to assess the quality and quantity of sleep by using, for the first time, actigraphy. A total of thirty male prisoners and thirty male control volunteers accepted to participate in this study: to this end, they filled in some questionnaires to assess state and trait anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and insomnia severity. In addition, their sleep was actigraphically recorded for seven consecutive nights. The main results indicate a worsened mood in prisoners than in controls (with increased anxiety and depression) as well as a subjectively reported low sleep quality (higher scores at PSQI) with a clinical presence of insomnia complaints (as indicated by ISI scores). Moreover, objectively assessed sleep by means of actigraphy exhibited some worrying results, namely a longer sleep onset and a reduced total sleep time was seen in prisoners with respect to controls. The results have been discussed in the light of potential effects of sleep quality and quantity as well as of mood symptoms on cognitive functioning, as well as with respect to prisoners’ health and well-being.

The goal of this project is to document inmates’ knowledge, perceptions, and preferences - how they differ from the majority population and how they evolve over time - and to test selected theories explaining the causes of criminal behaviour in a unified framework. The analysis will be based on survey, experimental, and administrative data on inmates in Czech prisons. Data collection will include two waves with around 550 inmates and 220 students per wave, and one wave of 1000 subjects representing the general population. Surveying prisoners twice is key to measure how knowledge, perceptions, and preferences evolve over the prison time.

Parole is a new correctional measure in the Nigerian penal system. Before 2015 inmates could be released before the expiration of their terms of imprisonment only if they were granted pardons by the governor of a state or by the president. However, this has changed with the coming into force of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015 (ACJA). The ACJA empowers courts, upon the recommendation of the comptroller-general of the Nigerian Correctional Service, to release inmates on parole. The ACJA also states the two conditions that the comptroller-general must consider before he recommends inmates for parole. The first condition is that the inmates must be of good behaviour, and the second is that the inmates must have served their non-parole periods. While there is no ambiguity on the first condition, the scope of the second condition is not well stated in the ACJA. The ACJA states that inmates that are sentenced to at least fifteen years or life imprisonment must have served at least one-third of their sentence before they can be recommended for parole. However, the ACJA does not state the minimum period that inmates who are sentenced to less than fifteen years of imprisonment must have served before they can be recommended for parole by the comptroller-general. Second, life imprisonment in Nigeria theoretically means imprisonment for the remaining period of the natural life of the inmates upon whom such a sentence has been imposed. In this light it is not clear how the comptroller-general would calculate one-third of an indeterminate sentence for the purpose of determining when to recommend such inmates for parole. Another notable omission in the ACJA is that it does not state the conditions that courts may attach to the release of inmates on parole. Also, ACJA does not make provision for medical parole. To make parole an effective correctional measure in Nigeria, this article suggests that the ACJA should be amended to address all these weaknesses.

Jails admit nearly 11 million individuals each year, including a high number of inmates with mental illnesses, infectious diseases, and chronic diseases. Since the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Estelle v. Gamble (1976), federal and state correctional systems (including prisons, jails, and juvenile detention facilities) have been constitutionally mandated to provide “reasonably adequate” health care to the incarcerated population. Yet, unlike health care systems that provide services to the nonincarcerated population, there is no legally-mandated accreditation system for health care provided in U.S. correctional systems, including jails. As a result, jails may struggle to provide needed health care services. This may result in increased morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. Jail reforms are also often piecemeal and in response to inmate litigation. In this study, we propose to randomize the offer of health care accreditation via the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) to 40 medium-sized jails. NCCHC, the organization that pioneered standards for jail health care services, operates a voluntary accreditation program based on a set of consensus-driven standards that provide a framework for the care inmates receive. We hypothesize that the process of preparation, verification, and maintenance of accreditation will improve health care processes, inmate health outcomes, and satisfaction and retention among correctional staff, and potentially reduce recidivism, litigation, and health care costs for jails.

Aim of the studyThe main goals of this article are to describe the Growth Resources Model and to present the preliminary results of a research project that applied this model to an actual male prison population.Subject or material and methodsThe study was conducted in two prisons in Southern Poland – 37 inmates took part in it. To compare the results with a control group, 34 men that had never been in prison were also tested with the GRQ form.ResultsThe results indicate that prisoners put a high value on their psychological resources, with positive emotions being of highest importance. Furthermore, prisoners exhibit less trust in others than non-prisoners.DiscussionThe dominance of positive emotions and a high evaluation of personal psychological resources are surprising characteristics of inmates. The key to the analysis of the results seems to be the notion of self-enhancement. The term can be used both in the context of self-promotion and self-protection. Maintaining a positive self-image is often related to a preference for information consistent with such positive self-image, even if this requires a biased interpretation or unrealistic reinterpretation of features or events. When a person intends to act contrary to his or her own image, there are various ways of reducing cognitive dissonance that allow such incongruous behaviour while maintaining a positive self-image.ConclusionsWe argue that the Growth Resources Model can be used in the context of criminal psychology and social rehabilitation.

Introducción: La victimización penitenciaria ha sido el foco de atención de la comunidad científica con estudios que indican una alta prevalencia y efectos negativos en la salud mental y en la reintegración social de los presidiarios. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre las intervenciones, por lo que es relevante obtener datos confiables sobre estrategias de intervención que busquen mitigar sus consecuencias y ofrecer apoyo a las víctimas. Método: Revisión sistemática (RS) mediante el método PRISMA. La investigación se realizó en 10 bases de datos electrónicas y el proceso de recolección y análisis de datos fue realizado por dos investigadores independientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco publicaciones, tres estudios cuantitativos y dos artículos teóricos, aunque ninguno se centra específicamente en la intervención con personas sometidas a victimización penitenciaria. Esta limitadamente se aborda y analiza teóricamente a lo largo de la discusión. Conclusión: Existen pocas publicaciones sobre intervención con víctimas de victimización penitenciaria y las existentes no enfocan específicamente la intervención acerca de este tipo de victimización. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron pistas importantes para ser incluidas en futuras propuestas de intervención. Existe consenso en cuanto a la necesidad de adoptar modelos de intervención validados empíricamente, refiriéndose a la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (TCC), específicamente al Tratamiento Informado por Trauma (TIT). Background: Prison victimization has been the focus of attention by the scientific community with studies that indicate a high prevalence and negative effects on mental health and social reintegration of prisoners. However, there is few information on intervention responses, so it is relevant to obtain reliable data about intervention strategies that seeks to mitigate its consequences and provide support to victims. Method: Systematic review (SR) using the PRISMA method. The research was carried out in 10 electronic databases and the data collection and analysis process carried out by two independent researchers. Results: Five publications were included, three quantitative studies and two theoretical articles although none specifically focuses on intervention with individuals subject to prison victimization. This feature is addressed and theoretically analysed throughout the discussion Conclusion: There are few publications on intervention with victims of prison victimization and existing ones do not focus on specific intervention in the context of this type of victimization. However, important guidelines were obtained to be included into future intervention proposals. There is a consensus regarding the need to adopt empirically validated intervention models, referring to the Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), specifically the Trauma-Informed Treatment(TIT).

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a análise das representações sociais (RS) de Escola por professores da rede pública de Maceió, que lecionam em escolas que atendem (EQA) e que não atendem (EQNA) a adolescentes infratores ou apenados, e suas relações com o nível de desempenho escolar em Matemática. A pesquisa desenvolvida abrangeu 31 escolas e um total de 400 professores do 6º ao 9º ano. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a técnica de associação livre de palavras e recorreu-se ao softwareTrideux para a realização da análise dos resultados, definição do campo semântico das RS, e identificação das diferenças entre elas a partir da análise dos planos fatoriais. Percebemos que existem diferenças entre as RS de escola para professores das EQA e das EQNA: nas EQA destaca-se por definir a função social de escola àquela de disciplinar os alunos, enquanto que nas EQNA o papel da escola é de proporcionar crescimento social e intelectual aos alunos. Não foi, porém, identificada diferença entre os desempenhosdos alunos avaliados pela Prova Brasil de Matemática. Pode-se constatar que o que tem impacto nas RS dos professores é, sobretudo, a violência nos bairros em que as escolas estão inseridas.

The aim of the article is to present the problem of foreigners in prisons in Italy, Poland and Hungary. General sociodemographic data of the countries as well as basic informationon the crimes of foreigners in the context of contemporary migration movements are presented.

Prisoners who undergo imprisonment tend to experience 5 (five) types of deprivation, deprivation of liberty, deprivation of goods and services, deprivation of heterosexual relationships, deprivation of heterosexual experiences, deprivation of liberty deprivation of autonomy, and deprivation of security. The research was conducted with a sociological juridical approach with a sample of Cipinang Class I Correctional Institution research sites and Banjarmasin Class II Correctional Institution as a correctional facility with prisoners' occupancy levels in excess of available capacity (overpopulation). In conditions with very high percentage of overpopulation, deprivation in the perspective of victimization has created victims in this case individual prisoners are caused because the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in this case the prison has carried out policies and actions that are not in accordance with existing provisions especially related to several provisions of Article 12 of the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 12 of 1995 Concerning Corrections, as well as the 4 (four) principles of the 10 (ten) Correctional Principles as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017 About the Grand Design Overcrowded Handling in State Detention Centers and Penitentiaries. Efforts to reduce the existence of overpopulation or overcrowded that can cause victims of human rights violations for prisoners have been carried out through the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017, but not yet effective.

Various studies have examined intelligent quotients (IQs) in samples of pedophiles and child molesters. However, intelligence is not a monolithic construct; rather, it is made up of different dimen...

Q fever is a major public health problem in French Guiana. In recent years, a considerable number of cases has been reported in French Guiana’s penitentiary center. The main objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of these cases. A retrospective study was conducted at the prison to identify cases of acute Q fever in people incarcerated between 2010 and 2021. During the study period, 16 patients were diagnosed with acute Q fever. The positivity rate varied between 13 and 57%. The annual incidence rate in 2019, 2020 and 2021 was 269 (95% CI: 0-640) 1,120 (95% CI: 290-1950) and 1,931 (95% CI: 60-3810) per 100,000 person-years, respectively. While several vertebrate species have already been shown to play an important role in the transmission of Coxiella burnetii, the full epidemiology picture in the tropics is far from clear, and the prison context, with its controlled environment, could help provide answers.

Psychological time is a complex concept. We examined how male inmates (N = 32) experience selected aspects of time. The study focused on the experience of the present and how it is related to the past and the future. To explore how time is experienced, we referred to spatial metaphors that conceptualize time in simpler categories based on spatial relations. Inmates tend to experience the present as brief moments, and when defining it – and other dimensions of time – they use a limited vocabulary. They tend to have an egocentric perception of time, in their estimations focusing more on the life time than the history time. Inmates seem to be primarily present-oriented, and they think about the present and the future frequently. At the same time, they do not perceive the interrelations between the three dimensions of time. It is discussed that the temporal dispositions of the inmates can be influenced by specific conditions of prison isolation, in which time serves as a method of discipline.

Background Globally, ocular morbidity has emerged as a major public concern with at least 2.2 billion people having vision impairment or blindness. Prisoners (inmates) tend to have limited access to health care especially eye health, and as a result some conditions may go undiagnosed or mismanaged. With the increasing prison population in Uganda and in the face of limited facilities, little is known about the prevalence and factors associated with ocular morbidity amongst inmates of Luzira prison. Method This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on inmates of Luzira prison. The study included both male (334) and female (33) inmates using the proportionate stratified random sampling. Data on social demographic characteristics, medical, imprisonment factors and ocular assessment was collected using a questionnaire. All complete data was entered using an Epidata version 3.1 entry template, and logistic regression was used to determine associated factors. Results Overall, a total of 367 inmates were examined consisting of 334 (91%) males and 33(8.9%) females. The male-to-female ratio was 10:1 with ages ranging from 18 to 76 years. The mean age being 39 years (SD + 13.4) and the overall ocular morbidity was found to be 49%. The most common ocular morbidity included; presbyopia (27.4%), allergic conjunctivitis (19.6%) and cataracts (11.4%). Other disorders included; refractive errors, pterygia, optic atrophy and vitamin A deficiency. There was a statistically significant relationship between ocular morbidity and age (OR 11.96, CI 0.85–2.74), trauma (OR 5.21, CI 1.52–17.87), non-prison food (OR 0.45, CI 0.26–0.79). Conclusion The prevalence of ocular morbidity among inmates was found to be high and significantly associated with age, trauma and having meals besides prison food. A fully functional eye unit established within the prison, and timely referral of complicated cases would help in offering quality eye services to the inmates.

The use of videoconferencing in the Spanish Administration of Justice, and more specifically, in the Spanish criminal process, is not something new, not even in prisons, where for more than a decade this technology has been used to facilitate the practice of some judicial proceedings. However, its use for other purposes is complete or practically non-existent, although it may be very appropriate, among other things, to facilitate communications between the inmate and his family, to provide the inmate with medical assistance, or for videoconferencing of inmates with the defence lawyer or with the lawyer expressly called in relation to criminal matters. Precisely, this work focuses on the latter possibility when analysing whether this type of communication is currently regulated or not in the Spanish penitentiary regulations, if there are antecedents in this respect in our country, what advantages and disadvantages does it present, how it must be developed and what guarantees it must have., El uso de la videoconferencia en la Administración de Justicia española, y, más concretamente, en el proceso penal español, no es algo novedoso, ni siquiera en los centros penitenciarios, donde desde hace más de una década se hace uso de esta tecnología para facilitar la práctica de algunas actuaciones judiciales. Sin embargo, su uso para otros fines es completa o prácticamente inexistente, a pesar de que puede ser muy adecuada, entre otras cosas, para facilitar las comunicaciones entre el interno y sus familiares, para que se le preste al interno asistencia médica, o para las comunicaciones por videoconferencia de los internos con el abogado defensor o con el abogado expresamente llamado en relación con asuntos penales. Precisamente, este trabajo se centra en esta última posibilidad al analizar si actualmente este tipo de comunicaciones está regulada o no en la normativa penitenciaria española, si existen antecedentes al respecto en nuestro país, qué ventajas y deseventajas presenta, cómo ha de desarrollarse y qué garantías debe tener.

Mindfulness intervention aims to reduce stress and to improve physical and mental health. The present study investigated feasibility and effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in a prison context, in both a qualitative and quantitative fashion. Specifically, the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention was investigated, in a retrospective pre–post design, in five Dutch prisons. Twenty-two inmates (out of 25 approached, mean age: 40.1 years ( SD = 11.1), convicted of murder, manslaughter, sexual offenses, drug offenses, robbery with violence, and/or illegal restraint/kidnap, and sentenced to incarceration between 15 and 209 months ( M = 5.5 years; SD = 3.8) took part in a semistructured interview after completion of the MBSR intervention. The interviews addressed level of satisfaction and challenges regarding the MBSR intervention as well as potential effects on stress responsivity, coping style, impulse control, aggression, and self-esteem. Ten staff members and four MBSR instructors were interviewed about their own practical issues experienced while providing or facilitating the MBSR intervention, and about the effects or changes they observed in the inmates who underwent the intervention. Both participants and instructors/prison staff reported improvements in all of the addressed domains and expressed satisfaction with the intervention. Challenges were mainly identified in practical issues regarding the organization of the intervention sessions. Future studies should investigate mindfulness in longitudinal randomly controlled designs, should strive for a multi-method approach, and distinguish inmates according to personality characteristics.

Basé sur une recherche de terrain menée en France auprès de personnes détenues et de proches de prisonniers, cet article interroge les diverses manières dont le temps est vécu dedans et dehors au cours des différentes phases de l’incarcération et comment celles-ci sont mises en présence d’autres rythmes sociaux, en particulier l’injonction qui est faite aux prisonniers de « donner du sens à leur peine » (ou « faire son temps »), alors que les proches sont assignés à une position d’attente. L’auteure décrit d’abord les différentes expériences du temps (dedans et dehors), qui varient selon la durée de la peine et le temps déjà effectué. L’auteure décrit ensuite diverses formes de discordance entre le temps vécu dedans et dehors et la manière dont elles se traduisent dans les relations et solidarités familiales. Enfin, l’auteure analyse comment les prisonniers, les anciens prisonniers et leurs proches rationalisent un temps initialement pensé comme « perdu » et comment leurs stratégies sont influencées par la longueur de la peine et le type de prison où la peine a été effectuée., This article draws on interview-based research among relatives of prisoners and inmates in France. It explores the different ways in which time is experienced inside and outside prison during different phases of incarceration and discusses how this experience relates to other social rhythms, particularly the way in which inmates are encouraged to “make sense” of their sentence or “do their time”, while relatives of prisoners are expected only to wait. I look at the different ways time is experienced (inside and outside prison), which vary depending upon sentence length and time already served. I then describe various forms of incompatibility between time as experienced inside and outside prison and discuss how this affects family relationships. Finally, I analyze how inmates, ex-inmates, and their relatives develop rationalizations to deal with a period of time initially seen as wasted and how these strategies are influenced by sentence length and type of prison., Basado en una investigación de campo realizada en Francia con personas detenidas y con familiares de prisioneros, este artículo aborda las diversas formas en las que la pena es vivida, adentro y afuera, durante las diferentes fases del encarcelamiento y cómo estas se confrontan con otros ritmos sociales, en particular con el mandato dirigido a los prisioneros de “darle un sentido a su pena” (o “cumplir su condena”), mientras que los familiares son asignados en una posición de espera. En primer lugar, la autora describe las diferentes experiencias del tiempo de la pena (adentro y afuera) que varían según la duración de la pena y el tiempo ya pagado. Describe después diversas formas de discordancia entre el tiempo vivido adentro y afuera y la manera en la que se traducen en las relaciones y en las solidaridades familiares. Finalmente, la autora analiza de qué manera los prisioneros, los ex prisioneros y sus familiares racionalizan un tiempo inicialmente pensado como “perdido” y cómo sus estrategias están influenciadas por la duración de la pena y por el tipo de cárcel en la que se paga la pena.

Published research on the effects of sport among the prison population in Spain has come to conflicting conclusions, creating a confusing picture: is it rehabilitation, mere fun, or a form of social control? What lies behind this disparity of findings? Can a prison sports programme have positive effects on inmates, contributing to their reintegration into society? If so, what specific features should the programme have in order to achieve this outcome? To shed some light on the area, answering these questions, is the objective of this article. Firstly, we carried out a review of the Spanish and international literature on the subject, which led us to conclude that a sports programme could in fact have positive effects on inmates’ reintegration, provided that it complied with a certain set of requisites. However, the studies we reviewed made no mention of these requirements, despite their importance. Thus, the second step in our research was to select a sports programme in a Spanish prison which complied with the requisites and to investigate its effects on the inmates taking part. Through participant observation and interviews we found that the programme did indeed have positive effects among prisoners. This represents an important advance in our knowledge, since we were then able to set out the guidelines which the design and implementation of prison sports programmes should follow if they are to aid the social reintegration of inmates. This is the foremost contribution and value of the present study. Las investigaciones publicadas sobre los efectos del deporte entre la población reclusa en España muestran conclusiones contradictorias, creando una situación confusa: ¿es rehabilitación, simple diversión, o una forma de control social? ¿Qué se esconde detrás de esta disparidad de resultados? ¿Puede un programa de deportes de la cárcel tener efectos positivos sobre los internos, contribuyendo a su reinserción en la sociedad? Si es así, ¿qué características específicas debería tener un programa que busca alcanzar este objetivo? Para arrojar algo de luz sobre este tema, el objetivo de este artículo es responder a estas preguntas. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura española e internacional sobre este tema, lo que llevó a la conclusión de que un programa de deportes podría, de hecho, tener efectos positivos sobre la reinserción de los internos, siempre que se cumpla con un conjunto claro de requisitos. Sin embargo, en los estudios revisados no se hace mención de estos requisitos, a pesar de su importancia. De esta forma, el segundo paso en nuestro estudio fue seleccionar un programa de deportes en una cárcel española que cumple con estos requisitos e investigar sus efectos sobre los internos que participaron. A través de la observación participante y las entrevistas encontramos que el programa tuvo efectos positivos entre los presos. Esto representa un avance significativo en nuestro conocimiento, ya que permite establecer las directrices y el diseño para implementar programas deportivos en centros penitenciarios con el fin de ayudar a la reinserción social de los internos. Esta es la principal contribución y el valor del presente estudio.Palabras clave: deporte, actividad física, centros penitenciarios, reclusos, España. Actividad Física y Deporte

Custodial sentences are aimed at preventing inmates from perpetrating additional criminal offenses once their sentence ends. Criminal recidivism rate in Serbia ranges from 50% to 70%, which implies that the proclaimed goal of custodial sentences is seldom achieved. Therefore, the criticism of the concept of custodial sentences seems justifiable. Predominantly based on segregation and isolation, custodial sentences do not contribute to the reduction of recidivism if no adequate treatment programmes are implemented throughout their duration. One of the forms of treatment is directed towards the education of inmates. The dispersion of educational needs of inmates and the results of research on the effectiveness of prison educational programmes in the reduction of recidivism justify the investment into such programmes. The education of inmates and the improvement of competences contribute to the reduction of recidivism by means of successful employment. Besides improving competences, such a category of employment minimizes the frequency of negative opinions that potential employers may hold about former inmates. Cilj izvršenja kazne zatvora je da osuđeni ne čini nova krivična dela kada izađe na slobodu. Podaci o kriminalnom recidivizmu u našoj zemlji, koji se kreće od 50% do 70%, ukazuju na to da se proklamovani cilj kažnjavanja zatvorom retko ostvaruje. Stoga se i kritike koncepta izvršenja zatvorskih kazni čine opravdanim. Kazna zatvora, zasnovana dominantno na segregaciji i izolaciji, ne doprinosi redukciji recidivizma ukoliko se tokom njenog izvršenja ne sprovode adekvatni tretmanski programi. Jedan od vidova tretmana je usmeren i na obrazovanje osuđenih. Disperzija obrazovnih potreba osuđenih i rezultati istraživanja o efektivnosti zatvorskih obrazovnih programa u redukciji recidivizma opravdavaju ulaganja u te programe. Obrazovanje osuđenih i povećanje kompetencija doprinose redukciji recidivizma putem uspešnog zapošljavanja. Zapošljavanje te kategorije, i pored podizanja kompetencija, otežava postojanje negativnih stavova potencijalnih poslodavaca prema bivšim osuđenim.

espanolLa violencia de pareja (VP) psicologica es la forma mas prevalente de VP y habitualmente suele preceder a la VP fisica. Sin embargo, la VP psicologica ocurre a menudo independientemente de otras formas de VP y puede darse en interacciones rutinarias con la pareja. Utilizando datos de hombres recluidos en prision, hemos investigado el efecto del sexismo hostil y benevolente sobre la VP psicologica, asi como el rol mediador de las actitudes positivas hacia el abuso de la pareja. Hemos investigado tambien ese efecto cuando estan presentes otros factores de riesgo de VP psicologica senalados en la literatura reciente estan presentes: comunidad (desorden social), familia de origen (clima conflictivo en la familia de origen) y factores individuales (rasgos de personalidad antisocial). Participaron en el estudio 196 hombres internos en el Centro Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, Espana). Los resultados de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales estimados indican un efecto total, directo e indirecto significativo del sexismo hostil sobre la VP psicologica, pero no del sexismo benevolente. Cuando las variables de la comunidad, la familia de origen y factores individuales se incorporaron al modelo unicamente el efecto indirecto del sexismo hostil a traves de las actitudes positivas hacia el abuso siguio siendo significativo. Los resultados se discuten en relacion con el debate sobre el rol de las actitudes sexistas sobre la VP psicologica en el marco de modelos mas generales de violencia. EnglishPsychological intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent form of IPV and is often thought to precede physical IPV. However, psychological IPV often occurs independently of other forms of IPV, and it can often emerge during routine relationship interactions. Using data from imprisoned male offenders we investigate the effect of hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes on psychological IPV and the hypothesized mediating role of positive attitudes toward IPV and this effect when accounting for broader risk factors at the levels of community (social disorder), family-of-origin (conflictive climate in family of origin), and personality (antisocial personality traits) variables. The sample involved 196 male inmates of the Penitentiary Center of Villabona (Asturias, Spain). Structural equation models result showed significant total, direct and indirect effect of hostile sexism on psychological IPV, but not of benevolent sexism. When individual, family-of-origin, and community variables were considered, however, hostile sexism showed only an indirect effect on psychological IPV via positive attitudes toward abuse. These results are discussed in light of the debate of the role of sexist attitudes in the psychological IPV explanation when broader models are considered.

Background. The recent spread of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has raised concerns about protection against COVID-19 in congregate settings such as prisons, characterized by a high risk of transmission and possible difficulties in obtaining adequate vaccination coverage. The present study aims to investigate the spread of an outbreak of COVID-19 in an Italian correctional facility during the dominant circulation of the Omicron BA.1 variant, and also considers BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination coverage among inmates. A COVID-19 screening campaign by RT-PCR was performed on 515 detainees from 4–30 January 2022, in response to an outbreak that began in the correctional facility. Furthermore, 101 serum samples collected from healthy inmates 21 days after having received the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine were tested for neutralizing antibodies against both the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant. The global attack rate during the study period was 43.6% (RR 0.8), progressively reducing from unvaccinated inmates (62.7%, RR 1.8) to those who had one dose (52.3%, RR 1.5), two doses (full cycle) (45.0%, RR 1.3), and the third dose (booster) vaccinated group (31.4%, RR 0.7). The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects among unvaccinated inmates was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between inmates with one or two vaccine doses. Only two of the positive inmates were hospitalized for COVID-19. The geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibodies in the tested sub-group after two doses of vaccine was lower than in previous studies against the wild-type virus, and showed a complete lack of neutralization against the Omicron variant in 92.1% of individuals. The findings support the need to prioritize vaccination in correctional facilities, as a public health measure to increase the protection of inmates and consequently of prison workers and the community against COVID-19, in coordination with the other prevention strategies.

The Great Appalachian Flood of 1977 was a historic flood that killed over 100 people, damaged nearly 1,500 homes, and displaced almost 30,000 Appalachian residents. The flood lasted from April 2nd to April 5th, 1977 affecting southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. This project focuses on the disaster relief efforts by the incarcerated population of Wise County Correctional Facility, commonly known as Unit 18, in Wise, Virginia. This project utilized locally produced primary sources known as the Mountain Community Television interviews. These interviews were archived online through the Appalshop Archives in Whitesburg, Kentucky. The Mountain Community Television interviews used for this project were recorded three to four weeks following the early April flood in Wise by media activists and volunteers. The reporters interviewed incarcerated men from Unit 18, the administrative staff and correctional officers at Unit 18, local business owners, and residential community members of Wise. This article examines how the community of Wise, Virginia reacted to the disaster relief efforts in the community. The disaster relief work performed by Unit 18 inmates in the aftermath of the 1977 flood exemplifies a growing reliance on prison laborers in central Appalachia specifically, and rural America more generally. The majority of residential community members in Wise expressed NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) attitudes toward the prison facility and incarcerated population at Unit 18. On the other hand, local business owners who directly benefited from disaster relief work and prison labor changed their opinions about Unit 18 inmates. This project details how the April flood influenced local business owners to move from "Not In My Backyard" to an expanding reliance on incarcerated labor. Most of the Wise community retained NIMBY perceptions about Unit 18 and the incarcerated population after the April flood relief efforts excluding local business owners, a small but important sect of the Wise population. The article concludes by examining Unit 18 inmates' reflections on their labor, wages, and the rehabilitation programs at the Wise County Correctional Facility in the late 1970s. Master of Arts In 1977, a catastrophic flood impacted the central Appalachian region of the United States. This flood later became known as the "Great Appalachian Flood of 1977." The flood primarily affected small towns and rural communities in southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and southern West Virginia. Disaster relief efforts in the aftermath of the flood varied across the region causing regional activists to criticize the government's relief efforts. In Wise, Virginia imprisoned men from Wise Correctional Facility Unit 18 volunteered to help the local community in their time of need. This project pays direct attention to Wise, VA community members' changed or solidified opinions about the local prison population at Wise Correctional Unit 18. The writing examines how Unit 18 prisoners viewed their role in the Wise community, their labor and wages, and the different approaches to prisoner rehabilitation. This project uses primary sources from the Appalshop Archives labeled as the Mountain Community Television interviews. In the late 1970s, Mountain Community Television interviewers were a group of local activists and volunteers that circulated broadcasts in southwestern Virginia. The Mountain Community Television interviews were conducted in the following weeks after the Great Appalachian Flood in Wise,Virginia. The interviews describe how local business owners of Wise and Unit 18 correctional administrators worked closely to change the working relationship between the community and the inmates at Unit 18. The vast majority of community members of Wise did not change their opinions about the location of the prison or the population of Unit 18 despite prisoners volunteering to help the community in the aftermath of the flood. On the other hand, the imprisoned population at Unit 18 advocated for more inclusion in the community with an expansion of educational and rehabilitative programs at the correctional facility after. This research is important because it highlights how rural communities and small towns contribute to mass incarceration in the United States. The project can be used to explain how Wise, Virginia directly, and central Appalachia generally, became an important landscape for the U.S. prison regime before the end of the twentieth century.

Background: Studies on comorbidity of personality disorder (PD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) have largely been done on normal and unrestricted environments and on free and unrestricted patients. Illicit drugs are used in prisons despite their highly structured controlled environment. The few studies on the health of prison inmates have indicated high levels of mental disorder, yet no studies have been done on comorbidity of SUDs and PD in the prison community. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of SUDs and PD in the prison community and the degree of comorbidity between both disorders in this community. Methods: Prison inmates who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed using (IPDE) International Personality Disorder Examination and Sections 10 and 11of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Both instruments are semi structured questionnaires modified to conform to DSM-111-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) and ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) classifications. ICD-10 classification was used for the diagnoses. The data was fed into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS/PC+) and cross- tabulation of the variables obtained using chi-square and t- test. Results: The study showed that out of the 213 inmates that consented to the study, (77) 36% had SUDs, and (111) 52% had PD with Borderline/ Impulsive PD Dissocial PD and Anankastic PD having the highest prevalence of comorbidity. Conclusion: The prison communities harbour inmates with SUD and PD. A strong association has been established between both disorders with a comorbid prevalence rate of 70%. An urgent need for a close medical and psychiatric care is advocated.

Investigating the effectiveness of inmates’ educational programs was the major focused of this research in Ilorin remand homes, Nigeria. Specifically inmates’ views on effectiveness of vocational and literacy educational program were investigated. This study was descriptive survey.108 inmates were sampled using simple random sampling technique. Two research questions were formulated and a researcher’ designed questionnaires containing10 items in two sections with 4-point rating scale was used for data collection while data collected were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. The result showed that most inmates positively acknowledged literacy education in recreational, guidance and counseling, religious and social sciences as highly effective and effective respectively and the result also established that most inmates acknowledged vocational education in fashion designing, laundry/dry-cleaning, catering/home management, metal fabrication and electrical maintenance work as highly effective and effective respectively. It was concluded that literacy and vocational education policy for the inmates should be vigorously pursued and implemented in Ilorin, Nigeria. In addition, government and private organization should invest in inmates’ literacy and vocational education to correct the erroneous impression that under play inmates’ education which leads to their stigmatization at the point of re-entry into the society.

Simple Summary Inmates usually suffer from depression, anxiety, or loss of empathy. Thus, animal-assisted therapies, and in concrete dog-based assisted therapy, were introduced in prisons in order to ameliorate the consequences of being into prison. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide an up-to-date analysis of the research on the effects of dog-based animal-assisted therapy in the prison population. Results showed that mental health, emotional control, empathy, or academic skills could be improved after dog-based assisted therapy. Most of the studies included activities related to dog training, dog caring, or activities. The duration of dog-based therapies ranged between 60 and 120 min, with the frequency being between 1 and 3 days/week. In conclusion, these potential enhancements might lead to a reduction in recidivism and violence. Abstract Background: Animal-assisted interventions, in concrete dog-assisted intervention, have been introduced in prisons to reduce recidivism as well as to improve the well-being of prisoners. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the research on the effects of dog-based animal-assisted therapy in prison population. Methods: An electronic search of the literature was performed, and 20 articles were included. The PRISMA guideline methodology was employed. Results: Included studies involved a total of 1577 participants. The vast majority of protocols included activities related with dog training, dog caring, or activities, which included vocational or educational components. Duration of dog-based therapies ranged between 60 and 120 min, with the frequency being between 1 and 3 days/week. Statistically significant improvements in prisoners were observed in 13 studies. Conclusions: Dog-based animal-assisted therapy may improve anxiety, stress, recidivism, and other social variables in male or female inmates.

This article provides a reflective discussion of and narrative approach to incarcerated fathers based on the attendees of a Fatherhood Faith-Based Values Intervention programme at the Potchefstroom Remand Detention Facility. It is important to note that one-third of South African inmates are between the ages of 18 and 25 years – hence the reason why the majority of intervention and community engagement programmes at correctional services take place amongst the youth age group. The Department of Correctional Services reported in 2011 that South Africa had 159 265 incarcerated inmates at the time, of whom 110 905 were sentenced offenders and 48 360 were awaiting trial. In 2013, the World Incarcerated Brief reported that South Africa had the largest incarcerated population in Africa and the ninth largest in the world. Seventeen-year-olds comprised 53 000 of this number and were guilty of committing serious crimes. These numbers increased tremendously over the years. According to the former South African Minister of Correctional Services, Mr Sibusiso Ndebele, in 2013, 30% of inmates were awaiting trial, and most of them were young black men. He also indicated that, although 23 000 inmates were being released each year, 25 000 were introduced into the correctional services system. South Africa currently has overcrowded places of incarceration even though the president of South Africa, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa, granted special remission to 14 647 offenders in 2019. Incarcerated fathers are traumatised and affected by these places of captivity, even when they are on parole or released from detention. The effect of incarceration on fathers is a serious concern in South African society and challenge to the researcher who studies the fatherhood phenomenon and the dilemma of father absence.

Objectives To systematically review and meta-analyze the psychological effects and mortality rate in inmates having been exposed to solitary confinement in correctional settings. Methods PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using keywords describing solitary confinement in combination with keywords for psychological or mortality outcomes. Eligible case-control studies for the systematic review met an operational definition for solitary confinement and evaluated outcomes after exposure to such confinement. Studies presenting statistical data which allowed to compute standardized mean differences for symptom scales or odds ratio for mortality were further meta-analyzed using random-effects models. Results Systematic review identified 13 studies for inclusion, with a total sample of 382,440 inmates (23% having been exposed to solitary confinement). Higher quality evidence showed solitary confinement was associated with an increase in adverse psychological effects, self-harm, and mortality, especially by suicide. Meta-analysis of five studies (n = 4,517) showed a standardized mean difference of 0.45 for general psychological symptomatology, which increased to 0.51 upon outlier exclusion. Small to moderate significant effects were observed for mood, psychotic, and hostility symptoms specifically. In addition, meta-analysis of two mortality studies (n = 243,050) showed a trend for a moderate effect for mortality by any or unnatural causes (i.e., suicide, homicide, overdose, and accidents). Conclusions Analyses showed that solitary confinement is associated with the psychological deterioration of inmates. This effect appears to be beyond that of general incarceration or presence of prior mental illness. Thus, solitary confinement may pose significant harm for inmates. Still, further studies are required to show that exposure to SC can increase risk of post-release death. Finally, add-on treatments and alternatives to solitary confinement that could alleviate the associated psychological harm are discussed.

A hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening and treatment program was conducted in Hungarian prisons on a voluntary basis. After HCV-RNA testing and genotyping for anti-HCV positives, treatments with direct-acting antiviral agents were commenced by hepatologists who visited the institutions monthly. Patients were supervised by the prisons’ medical staff. Data were retrospectively collected from the Hungarian Hepatitis Treatment Registry, from the Health Registry of Prisons, and from participating hepatologists. Eighty-four percent of Hungarian prisons participated, meaning a total of 5779 individuals (28% of the inmate population) underwent screening. HCV-RNA positivity was confirmed in 317/5779 cases (5.49%); 261/317 (82.3%) started treatment. Ninety-nine percent of them admitted previous intravenous drug use. So far, 220 patients received full treatment and 41 patients are still on treatment. Based on the available end of treatment (EOT) + 24 weeks timepoint data, per protocol sustained virologic response rate was 96.8%. In conclusion, the Hungarian prison screening and treatment program, with the active participation of hepatologists and the prisons’ medical staff, is a well-functioning model. Through the Hungarian experience, we emphasize that the “test-and-treat” principle is feasible and effective at micro-eliminating HCV in prisons, where infection rate, as well as history of intravenous drug usage, are high.

O presente trabalho monográfico versa sobre a questão da resiliência, com a pretensão de conhecer esta categoria de análise do ponto de vista conceitual. Dentre os objetivos deste estudo destaca-se a importância de compreender as possibilidades de aplicar os pilares resilientes na Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA - em contexto prisional, como resultado do bem-estar de convivência no Centro de Reeducação Feminina. Nesse sentido, a metodologia pauta-se na escuta e análise da história de vida de três reclusas, fundamentada na natureza descritiva e qualitativa. Para a discussão dos dados, utilizou-se ainda de um questionário elaborado e aplicado pelo grupo de Educação do Projeto de Extensão do Núcleo de Direitos Humanos “Ressocialização Feminina, Direitos Humanos e Cidadania”. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para a necessidade de promover os pilares da resiliência através da Educação, uma vez que este exercício transpõe os limites da simples leitura e escrita exigida pela sociedade grafocêntrica, isto é, possibilita uma melhor reinserção social das mulheres que se encontram em situação de cárcere, podendo resultar na prática da cidadania.

The policy of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2020 regarding the release and release of prisoners through the process of assimilation and integration in the response to Covid-19 caused many pros and cons. There are some groups who judge that the decision is the right step to respect the law and the Criminal Justice System. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical approach, namely through the analysis of a legal problem according to the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. The type of legal material used is primary law, namely related legislation and secondary legal materials in the form of literature that the author reads such as scientific articles and books. The deepening of this research uses descriptive analytical method which has the aim of being able to describe precisely where in this study the object of research is the release of prisoners in the perspective of the concept of assimilation. The purpose of this research is to find out and understand how the release of prisoners from the perspective of the concept of assimilation is viewed from the point of view of punishment. Based on the results of the study, it showed that the assimilation policy given to prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic was in accordance with the concept of assimilation, namely by fulfilling the requirements and conditions as stipulated in the legislation. The Class IIB Bantul State Detention Center continues to monitor inmates who are undergoing a virtual assimilation program and continues to coordinate with law enforcement officials including the National Police, Attorney General's Office, Courts, and community leaders around the prisoners' residences.

Although Muslims comprise 5.3% of the NSW population, they account for 9.3% of prisoners in correctional centres. The high rate of Muslim representation in the prison population is the result of longterm neglect of the needs of second and third generation of Muslims by the wider Muslim community and by governments. This article first argues the high rate of the Muslim population in the prisons is not a failure of Muslim community alone, but is a product of a combination of individual, familial and societal failures due to various factors. These factors are multidimensional and need to be identified accurately to fashion appropriate responses. This article proposes a strategy for reintegration of Muslim parolees into society and reducing recidivism in prisons based on the experiences from a parolees mentoring program, which was conducted in 2016 by a community based institution, Islamic Science and Research Academy of Australia (ISRA), in collaboration with Bankstown Community Corrections Centre (a department of NSW Corrective Services). The findings show a mutual collaboration between NSW Corrective Services and faith-based organisations can assist in reducing recidivism in Muslim parolees.

Background: Since inmates in Canada are excluded from household statistics, very little information is known about obesity prevalence or associated risks in this vulnerable population. This is a problem since obesity rates are high in Canada, and obesity is considered a public health crisis. Furthermore, the burden of obesity is disproportionately carried by low-income, vulnerable and marginalized populations (such as inmates). The goal of this study was to determine weight changes during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries, and to determine which factors were influential at the socio-demographic, behavioral, institutional and policy level. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study that used a quantitative approach. The setting for this study was 12 correctional institutions in Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (or the “Atlantic region”). Administrative data were collected from 1420 inmates, with 754 of these participants also participating in a face to face interview to gather additional data on self-reported behavioral determinants and measured anthropometric data. Eligibility criteria for inmates to participate were: a recorded admission weight in their medical chart, housed in their current institution for at least 6 months, not acutely or terminally ill (and requiring hospitalization), and not pregnant or in a wheelchair. Results: We found that almost three quarters of inmates (73%) gained weight during incarceration. Obesity rates increased by 71%, going from 26.6% to 45.4%. The observed weight gain was associated with the tobacco ban (macrosystem level), the use of commissary store (or “canteen”) (at the microsystem level), and many determinants at the individual level (physical activity, diet, smoking status). The observed weight gain was also significantly associated with age, ethnicity, length of incarceration, duration of total sentence and region. It was however not associated with the national menu, food service/feeding system, sleep, screen time, mental health status or psychotropic medication use. Some inmates who gained excessive weight also developed obesity related illnesses. Interpretation: The observed weight gain was deemed to be unhealthy, since obesity rates increased significantly (and the proportion of inmates with normal weight decreased). These findings have potential repercussions on inmate health, since the observed weight gain was associated with the development of obesity related illnesses. Lastly, many of the factors associated with the observed weight gain were modifiable, which means it is possible to intervene to manage weight gain during incarceration.

The government of the State of Ohio determined to design several mandatory programs in regular classes to help NRC’s female in mates to prepare themselves upon their release back to the community; one of the programs is Islamic teaching. It is a chance to insert and implement the innovated peaceful Islamic propagation ( dakwah ) beside the conventional one, especially in western countries like the United States of America (USA). The chance for an innovated dakwah is open upon observing that a lot of non- Muslimah in mates were curious about Islam in an inter-religious meeting. The Arabic script classis not a part of mandatory NRC programs, it is voluntary for non- Muslimin mates designed and implemented by the author. They learn to write and pronounce the Arabic alphabet from “alif’ to ‘ya’ within six weeks. This free class is to support the government programs in order to reduce recidivism among in mates, and upon completing this class they are encouraged to attending the Islamic teaching class. This paper is qualitative research using a sociology approach. The data collection for this research is using participative observation(2013-2015), voluntary interview, and documentation; the collected data were analyzed in the descriptive-qualitative method. The effectiveness and efficacy of the research should be measured in a quantity of non- Muslimah in mates who gradually and peacefully convert to become Muslimah after attending the Arabic script class. The benchmark of effectiveness should be affirmed in mathematic formula i.e. the effectiveness is equal to the number of Muslimah converts divided by the total participant time 100; it is (3/9) x 100 = 33.33%. Among 9 non- Muslimah participants of free Arabic script class,3 of them converted to be Muslimah .

Introduction: There is growing scientific interest in understanding the biological mechanisms affecting and/or underlying violent behaviors in order to develop effective treatment and prevention programs. In recent years, neuroscientific research has tried to demonstrate whether the intrinsic activity within the brain at rest in the absence of any external stimulation (resting-state functional connectivity; RSFC) could be employed as a reliable marker for several cognitive abilities and personality traits that are important in behavior regulation, particularly, proneness to violence. Aims: This review aims to highlight the association between the RSFC among specific brain structures and the predisposition to experiencing anger and/or responding to stressful and distressing situations with anger in several populations. Methods: The scientific literature was reviewed following the PRISMA quality criteria for reviews, using the following digital databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, and Dialnet. Results: The identification of 181 abstracts and retrieval of 34 full texts led to the inclusion of 17 papers. The results described in our study offer a better understanding of the brain networks that might explain the tendency to experience anger. The majority of the studies highlighted that diminished RSFC between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala might make people prone to reactive violence, but that it is also necessary to contemplate additional cortical (i.e., insula, gyrus [angular, supramarginal, temporal, fusiform, superior, and middle frontal], anterior and posterior cingulated cortex) and subcortical brain structures (i.e., hippocampus, cerebellum, ventral striatum, and nucleus centralis superior) in order to explain a phenomenon as complex as violence. Moreover, we also described the neural pathways that might underlie proactive violence and feelings of revenge, highlighting the RSFC between the OFC, ventral striatal, angular gyrus, mid-occipital cortex, and cerebellum. Conclusions. The results from this synthesis and critical analysis of RSFC findings in several populations offer guidelines for future research and for developing a more accurate model of proneness to violence, in order to create effective treatment and prevention programs.

Objectives: To analyze the perception of access to Chilean prisons in a representative national sample of persons deprived of liberty as well as to examine the most important covariates of such access. Materials and methods: This study uses secondary data from the First National Survey on the Quality of Prison Life (2014), which investigated inmates’ perceptions regarding access to health services inside the prisons. To do this, it uses descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. Results: Descriptive results at the national level show that access to health services in prisons tends to be “difficult” (44.7% of cases in this category). Multivariate logistic regression results indicate that men (OR=0.43) and those who reported better infrastructure (OR=0.70) were less likely to report “difficult access to health services”. On the other hand, prison inmates (OR=1.61) and those who had reported higher levels of mistreatment (OR=1.26) were associated with a higher probability of reporting “difficult access to health services”. Discussion: Our study suggests that access to health care is dynamically linked to other aspects of life within prisons such as the composition of the prison population (gender), some of the material aspects of prisons (infrastructure, type of facility), and even some relational aspects (level of mistreatment/abuse). Future studies could further extend the debate on healthcare in prisons, incorporating more complex both variables and analyses.

Background Different studies with varying magnitudes were conducted on depression among inmates and associated factors in Ethiopia. However, there is no consistent finding of the magnitude and factors associated with it. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis was intended to draw the pooled magnitude of depressive disorder and associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods A number of databases such as Pub Med, Medline, HINARI, Cochrane library, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for studies reported on depression among inmates in Ethiopia. Stata/SE V14 was used for statistical analysis, and publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger’s test (P = 0.063). Result A total of 13 full-text articles were found, and 7 full articles were used for the analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression among inmates in Ethiopia was 44.45% (95%CI: 40.28, 48.61). The factors that were associated with depression among inmates were the age (AOR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.59–0.82), presence of chronic diseases (AOR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.42–2.05), and history of Khat chewing (AOR = 1.57, 95%CI 1.32–1.86), smoking (AOR = 1.52, 95%CI 1.10–2.10), suicidal attempt (AOR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.43–1.93), and not having paid job in the prison (AOR = 0.39, 95%CI 0.20–0.74). Conclusion There is a high prevalence of depression among prisoners in Ethiopia. Many of the modifiable associated factors should be a target for intervention by stakeholders involved in prison healthcare service. This service should be strengthened, with a focus on the identification of high-risk inmates towards more effective prevention of depression.

Backgrounds and aims: Approaching the convicted patient is a topical issue in terms of alignment with EU provisions and recommendations, more so in the context of year by year increase in the number of convicts and consequently, prison patients. The prison patient exhibits increased vulnerability in regard to the rest of the convicts due to his/her medical status overlapping personality changes induced, while coping with a new environment. This represents a challenge for the physicians involved in the expertise process, which must act objectively within the limits and by the principles of professional ethics, while confronting a patient influenced by the prison environment.Methods: We studied the existing legal and ethical framework concerning the expertise in view of sentence postponement/interruption on medical grounds and made a comparison between the theoretical information available and the “real life” situations encountered in our experience at the Institute of Legal Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Following this step we tried to establish some principles needed to optimize health care in the penitentiary system by detecting and sanctioning situations of deceptive behavior, doubled or not by simulation and over-simulation.Results: Convicts present pathologies documented in medical records, but accuse new symptoms that could suggest a new pathological condition. During the expertise, convicted patients emphasize their symptoms and/or claim new symptoms unrelated to their documented medical condition. Convicts submit repeated requests for which treatment solutions within the NAP healthcare system had been already formulated.Conclusion: The patient must be properly informed about the steps to be taken and duration expected in performing a legal medicine expertise in pursuit of sentence postponement or interruption for the treatment of a medical condition that cannot be properly addressed within the NAP sanitary system. Information should come from authorized sources. Efforts to determine unauthorized sources (mainly "experienced" detainees with records of unsubstantiated demands) are surely beneficial.

Social reintegration has been known to protect against recidivism, but its effects against drug-use relapse have previously remained unclear. To address this gap, the present study sampled 196 inmates imprisoned for drug-related offenses in Japan. We examined the protective effects of a social reintegration (parole) program against recidivism and drug-use relapse using a 4-year prospective design. During the 4-year follow up, 79 (40.3 %) of the participants reoffended and 61 (31.1 %) relapsed into drug use. The results suggest that the parole program was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recidivism, even if participants’ age, sentence length, number of prison terms, educational levels, and gang membership were controlled for. However, the effects of the parole program on drug relapse disappeared when the above variables were controlled for. To decrease the risk of relapse, drug-related inmates may need both prosocial communities and rehabilitative environments. The Japanese criminal justice system needs to introduce drug treatment courts for drug users.

Prison inmates are highly susceptible for several infectious diseases, including vaccine-preventable diseases. We conducted a systematic international literature review on vaccination coverage against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), combined HAV/HBV, tetanus-diphtheria, influenza, pneumococcal, and combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) in prison inmates, according to the PRISMA guidelines. The electronic databases were used Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cinhal. No language or time limit were applied to the search. We defined vaccination coverage as the proportion of vaccinated prisoners. There were no limitations in the search strategy regarding time period or language. Of 1079 identified studies, 28 studies were included in the review. In total, 21 reported on HBV vaccine coverage (range between 16–82%); three on HAV (range between 91–96%); two studies on combined HAV/HBV (77% in the second dose and 58% in the third); three studies on influenza vaccine (range between 36–46%), one of pneumococcal vaccine coverage (12%), and one on MMR coverage (74%). We found that data on vaccination coverage in prison inmates are scarce, heterogeneous, and do not include all relevant vaccines for this group. Current published literature indicate that prison inmates are under-immunized, particularly against HBV, influenza, MMR, and pneumococci. Strengthen immunization programs specifically for this population at risk and improvement of data record systems may contribute to better health care in prisoners.

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Every case of premeditated murder carried out by someone must be motivated by certain problems between the perpetrator and the victim that made the perpetrator plan the murder. The purpose of this study is to find out psychological dynamics such as what makes a person commit an act of murder. This study uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. Participants in this study amounted to one person, namely Agus (not real name), a prisoner in a premeditated murder case who was served a punishment at the X penitentiary .In the process, this study used observations, interviews and psychological testing tools that would help researchers in dynamizing participants. The results of this study indicate that Aguscommitted murder was motivated by feelings of jealousy towards his wife, poor coping, inconsistent parenting, bad living environment and imitative behavior make Acapable of killing.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of tuberculosis in vulnerable groups such as prisoners is usually high, and the problem is worsened by poor treatment outcomes. In spite of this, there is limited information regarding tuberculosis in prisons of Ethiopia. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of tuberculosis and treatment outcomes of patients with tuberculosis among inmates of Debrebirhan prison in North Shoa, Ethiopia.METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among inmates of Debrebirhan prison. Data were collected by reviewing the medical charts and other records of prison inmates diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis between September 2010 and August 2015. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.RESULTS: A total of 162 patients with tuberculosis were registered and treated at Debrebirhan prison health center within the five years study period. The overall average prevalence was found to be 32 per 1538 (2139 per 100,000) prison inmates. Regarding treatment outcome, 44(27.2%) were cured, 59(36.42%) completed treatment, 2(1.24%) were treatment failures, 6(3.72%) died and 51(31.5%) were not evaluated. The five year’s treatment success rate was found to be 63.62%. Area of residence (AOR= 3.59; 95% CI: 1.44, 8.93), duration of imprisonment (AOR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.53, 8.78) and history of tuberculosis were significantly associated with treatment outcome of tuberculosis.CONCLUSION: This study showed high prevalence of tuberculosis in Debrebirhan prison. It also revealed that the treatment success rate of patients with tuberculosis was lower than the target set by World Health Organization.KEYWORDS: Tuberculosis, Treatment outcome, Prevalence, Prison, Inmates, Ethiopia

A group of 19th century inmates dead in the prison of Parma are the protagonist of an incredible scientific collection. Lorenzo Tenchini started the creation of this collection and dedicated his work and his studies to its completeness. Anatomist and academic, Lorenzo Tenchini (1852–1906) dedicated his scientific studies to macroscopic anatomy, particularly about central nervous system and its correlation with psychic function. In 1881 he became ordinary professor in Normal Human Anatomy at the University of Parma dedicating himself to the study of the anatomical organization of the brain and psychic and social disturbs. During the study of the skulls and brains of psychotic patients and the deformations of skulls belonging to patients admitted in the Hospital of Brescia, he started a collaboration with Alessandro Cugini (1829–1913), founder of the Institute of Legal Medicine at the University of Parma. Tenchini realized an anatomical collection, preserved today in the Museum of Biomedicine of the University of Parma. This collection represents the masterpiece of his research carried out during his academic activity and still a unicum in the western world, as there are no similar collection assembling such a multidisciplinary information. The peculiarity of this collection is due not only to the scientific interest of the anatomic samples and their full clinical documentation, but also to the methods employed in order to realize it. At the end of the 19th century, as a student of Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), Tenchini based his work on the study of the face, the skull and brain of each dead inmate of Parma’s prison or Colorno’s mental hospital. These individuals as protagonists of Tenchini’s collection, leave a legacy identifiable as scientific heritage. Their skulls and brains, the reproduction of their faces through ceroplastic and other anatomical samples treated with other techniques, are accompanied by an autoptic and psychiatric full documentation, allowing the collection to be complete with every aspect related to the inmates studied. Through his work, a comparison between different kind of studies, such as psychiatry, psychology, neurology, legal medicine and anthropology, is suitable in scientific research to be realized. Moreover, data come from a forensic context: this allows a comparison with different methodologies employed in modern age by forensic expertise such as the comparison between modern and ancient medical diagnostic technique. This masterpiece represents Tenchini’s neuroanatomical research on behaviour and set a pioneering step in the history of biomedical science allowing further multidisciplinary studies.

The aim of the study was to describe the sociodemographic and clinical features of the mothers and their offspring staying with them in prison. The study was planned as a cross-sectional, single-center study of mothers residing in Tarsus Closed Women’s Prison of Turkish Ministry of Justice along with their 0 to 6 years old offspring. Mothers were evaluated via Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. A psychologist blind to maternal evaluations applied the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DII-DST). Children/mothers were also evaluated by a child and adolescent psychiatrist via K-SADS-PL. Twenty-four mothers with a mean age of 29.3 years were included. Most common diagnoses in mothers were nicotine abuse (n = 17, 70.8%), specific phobia (n = 8, 33.3%), alcohol abuse (n = 7, 29.2%) and substance abuse (n = 5, 20.8%). Twenty-six children (53.9% female) were living with their mothers in prison, and the mean age of those was 26.3 months. Results of the D-II-DST were abnormal in 33.3% of the children. Most common diagnoses in children were adjustment disorder (n = 7, 26.9%) separation anxiety disorder (n = 3, 11.5%) and conduct disorder (n = 2, 7.7%). A multi-center study is necessary to reach that neglected/under-served population and address the inter-generational transmission of abuse, neglect, and psychopathology.

RESUMEN : El progreso científico y tecnológico en el campo de la genética forense es de gran utilidad en la resolución de casos judiciales, pero conlleva la necesidad de una honda reflexión ética, dado que pueden verse vulnerados los derechos fundamentales del individuo. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo recoger y comparar la opinión de reclusos y funcionarios de prisiones sobre qué características debería tener la base de datos forense del país. En este contexto, se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se encuestó a 210 sujetos, siendo 101 de ellos internos y el resto funcionarios, de tres centros penitenciarios españoles. Entre los resultados obtenidos, es destacable que la mayoría de los participantes consideraron de utilidad la base de datos de ADN nacional. Además, un 40% de los participantes apoyaron la integración de los perfiles de toda la población y un 64% consideró ético emplear los perfiles de ADN de la base de datos como herramienta para identificar familiares. Integrar la opinión de estos grupos analizados con otros grupos relevantes del ámbito judicial, científico y ético, es de gran interés para conseguir que la regulación tienda a un equilibrio entre seguridad y respeto por los Derechos Humanos de todos los individuos. ABSTRACT : Scientific and technological progress in forensic genetics field is crucial in the resolution of court cases, nevertheless, a deep ethical reflection is needed, since individual’s fundamental rights may result violated. The main purpose of this project is to collect and compare the opinion of both, inmates and prison officials, about what information should, the national forensic database, include. Within this context, a transversal study was carried, and 210 subjects were interviewed, of which 101 were inmates and the rest were prison officials, from three different Spanish penitentiary institutions. The results showed that the majority of the surveyed agreed with the usefulness of a national DNA database. Furthermore, 40% of the participants supported the idea of including the whole population to the register, and a significant 64% considered ethical the use of DNA profiles from the database as a tool to identify family members. Contrast the opinion of the analyzed groups with judicial, scientific and ethics experts point of view, has a great interest in order to achieve a balance between, security and individual’s Human Rights. Grado en Medicina

Um dos mais preocupantes problemas no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica são os moradores dos hospitais psiquiátricos (pacientes institucionalizados por um ano ou mais). As longas internações evidenciam a situação de abandono e podem descompensar transtornos psiquiátricos. O objetivo deste artigo é traçar o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico da população dos moradores de hospitais psiquiátricos do Estado do Ceará. Trata- se de um estudo transversal, baseado em revisões de prontuários, entrevistas e aplicação de escalas (índice de Katz e PANSS). Dos 39 participantes, a maioria era homem, solteiro e em idade economicamente ativa. Da maioria não se dispõe dados sobre a escolaridade (69,2%) e a religião (66,7%); e 12,8% têm o estado civil ignorado. Cerca de ¾ não recebiam visitas de amigos ou familiares. Dois terços mantêm independência total para a realização de AVD (Atividades de Vida Diária). A maioria estava internada por transtorno psicótico primário (76,8%). Nesses pacientes, destacava-se a exuberância de sintomas negativos, configurando uma síndrome negativa em 96,7% dos casos. O estudo destaca a situação de abandono e perda de cidadania dos pacientes cronicamente institucionalizados. Questiona-se até que ponto os hospitais estão preparados para oferecer-lhes a devida assistência. One of the most vexing problems in the context of psychiatric reform are the inmates of psychiatric hospitals institutionalized for one year or more. The long periods of hospitalization indicate that these inmates have been abandoned, which can aggravate their psychiatric disorders. This article seeks to trace a socio-demographic and clinical profile of the inmates of psychiatric hospitals in the State of Ceará, Brazil. It is a cross-sectional study, based on reviews of medical registers, interviews and application of two scales: the Katz Index and the PANSS. Most of the 39 participants were men, single and of an economically active age. Information on education (69.2%) and religion (66.7%) were not known and for 12.8%, their marital status was unknown. Nearly 75% received no visits from friends or relatives. Two thirds maintained total independence to perform ADLs (Activities of Daily Living). The majority were admitted for primary psychotic disorder (76.8%). These manifested a marked negative syndrome in 96.7% of cases. The study highlights the situation of abandonment and loss of citizenship experienced by chronically institutionalized patients. It is questionable to what extent hospitals are prepared to offer the assistance that this population needs.