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The possibility of forming natural concepts in older preschool children is proved. Analyzed and selected in accordance with the purpose of the study, the definition of the term "concept" indicates that natural concepts are part of ecological competence of the child. Unlike representations, which reflect the object in a set of many different features, both significant and insignificant, the concepts carry a general, social experience, denote the essence of the object and distinguish it from all other objects. An important task of the teacher is to stimulate students' desire to acquire knowledge independently, to transform children in active participants in the educational process, to understand the essential features and connections of phenomena and objects of nature, which means to form concepts about them. In the process of forming a natural concept, it is impossible to do without thinking operations, which include comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization. At about 5 years of age, there are significant changes in the child's thinking, but purposeful pedagogical influence will significantly increase the effectiveness of this. In the course of the research methods, forms and techniques for the formation of natural concepts in students were selected. Verification of data formation initially took place at the ascertaining stage of the experiment and after the forming stage. Compared to the initial study, after organized work, the number of children with a high level of formation of natural concepts increased by 10 %, also the number of children with a medium level of formation increased by 7 %, and the number of low level decreased by 18 %. Thus, specially organized forms of work, selected methods and techniques help to form natural concepts in older preschool children

Against a background of population ageing, rising welfare state costs, and the potential for intergenerational conflict, there is continued belief in the unsubstantiated idea that older and younger workers crowd each other out in the labour market. Taking a longitudinal approach, we historically describe the framing and reframing of the idea of crowding out in Dutch political discourse between 1977–2017. Using a rich dataset of all political party manifestos for this period, we demonstrate the continued belief in employment as a zero-sum game, highlighting how this idea is politically framed and reframed against a backdrop of political and institutional welfare state development. These findings offer empirical evidence on an under-researched topic, providing insights into political and policymaking processes.

Submitted by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-07-05T17:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-09-15T16:28:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-15T16:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 Fundação João Pinheiro O artigo procura entender os principais determinantes da trajetória política-econômica seguida pelos governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores no Brasil. O período foi caracterizado por avanços significativos nas condições sociais, mas os governos falharam em avançar reformas sociais estratégicas, em reduzir as altas taxas de juros e em adotar uma política industrial coerente. As políticas adotadas conduziram, ao final do período, a uma profunda crise econômica, um componente central do impasse político subsequente. O artigo adota uma abordagem centrada no institucionalismo histórico, estabelecendo um diálogo com teorias que enfatizam o papel dos constrangimentos internacionais, a institucionalização do sistema partidário e a influência das ideias e dos grupos de interesse. A principal contribuição é oferecer uma interpretação que, integrando fatores econômicos, políticos e institucionais, contribui para o entendimento das principais decisões de política econômica. The article intends to understand key features of the economic policy trajectory followed by the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil. The period was characterized by advances in social conditions, but the governments failed to advance key social reforms, reduce high interest rates or pursue a coherent industrial policy. The policies adopted led to a deep economic crisis, a key component of the subsequent political impasse. The article adopts a historical-institutionalist approach, establishing a dialogue with theories that deal with the role of international constraints, the institutionalization of the party system, economic ideas and the influence of interest groups. The main contribution is to provide an interpretation which, by integrating economic, political and institutional factors, significantly adds to the understanding of key economic policy decisions. Governo e Política

This article joins with others in this special issue to examine the evolution of our understanding of how the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic impacted policy ideas and routines across a wide variety of sectors of government activity. Did policy ideas and routines transform as a result of the pandemic or were they merely a continuation of the status quo ante? If they did transform, are the transformations temporary in nature or likely to lead to significant, deep and permanent reform to existing policy paths and trajectories? As this article sets out, the literature on policy punctuations has evolved and helps us understand the impact of COVID-19 on policy-making but tends to conflate several distinct aspects of path trajectories and deviations under the general concept of “critical junctures” which muddy reflections and findings. Once the different possible types of punctuations have been clarified, however, the result is a set of concepts related to path creation and disruption—especially that of “path clearing”—which are better able to provide an explanation of the kinds of policy change to be expected to result from the impact of events such as the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.

Policy coherence is crucial in the 2030 Agenda's transformative ambitions and heralded as of paramount importance to ensure the successful implementation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and climate policy targets. Despite political efforts to achieve policy coherence, apparent trade-offs and goal conflicts have emerged – even in a proclaimed ‘front-runner’ country like Sweden. This paper examines the role of ideas in proposing and legitimising policy options and achieving policy coherence in the light of the Swedish recovery debate in 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic. Ideas of a green economic recovery put forward in the public debate are examined through thematic text and frame analysis. We show that ideas of a green transition, boosted by economic recovery spending, draw on a synergistic frame in combining social, environmental, and economic policy options, carrying a potential for coherency. However, the absence of a discussion on power, as in who stands to gain what under which circumstances, coupled with an inherent understanding of a temporal hierarchy of policy priorities does not only impact the ability to design coherent policies but may have considerable impacts on the prospects of achieving sustainability transformations. Funding: Formas Swedish Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 2016-00589, 2018-01706

Данной статьей продолжается тематический цикл работ, демонстрирующий вклад личности в развитие педагогической теории. На примере использования натурального метода в процессе воспитания и социализации молодежи, с опорой на эволюционные идеи методики выдающегося французского исследователя и практика Жоржа Эбера (1875–1957) представлен диахронический анализ развития физического воспитания во Франции первой половины ХХ века. В работе натуральный метод позиционируется как комплекс культурных, терапевтических, дидактических максим, восходящих к неогиппократовской доктрине витализма, связанной с оздоравливающими силами природы. Ценностный потенциал эбертистской методики раскрывается через концепты здоровья, благополучия, патриотизма, они касаются мировоззренческой составляющей личностного и общественного роста, роли физической культуры и спорта в нравственном становлении личности, в осознании ею готовности служить отечеству. Показано, что идеи Ж. Эбера получили развитие и современное звучание в неоэбертерианских концепциях физического воспитания, связанных с популярными сегодня во всем мире моделями устойчивого развития, экологического атлетизма. Именно они противопоставляются идеологии конкуренции и зрелищности современного спорта, попыткам преодоления физиологических пределов человеческого организма. В статье использован широкий массив аутентичных текстов, позволяющий познавательно отнестись к привлеченному материалу, терминологически обогатить и пополнить научный тезаурус в рассматриваемой области, составить персональное представление о личности и исследовательском пути авторитетного, но незаслуженно забытого деятеля науки и практики физического воспитания молодежи. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы для реализации межпредметных исследований, проблематика которых связана с влиянием (социальным, институциональным, методологическим) эбертистской школы физического воспитания на эволюцию натурального метода в различных исследовательских школах различных исследовательских направлений., This article continues the thematic series demonstrating the contribution of the individual to the development of pedagogical theory. It presents a diachronic analysis of the development of physical education in France in the first half of the 20th century on the example of using the natural method in the upbringing and socialization of young people based on the evolutionary ideas of the methodology of the outstanding French researcher and practitioner Georges Hébert (1875–1957). In This paper demonstrates the natural method as a complex of cultural, therapeutic, didactic maxims, dating back to the neo-Hippocratic doctrine of vitalism, associated with the healing forces of nature. The value potential of the Hébert's methodology is revealed through the concepts of health, well-being, patriotism, which relate to the worldview component of personal and social growth, the role of physical culture and sports in the moral development of the individual, in realizing her readiness to serve the fatherland. It is shown that the ideas of G. Hébert were developed and modernized in the neo-Hébertism concepts of physical education, which are associated with the models of sustainable development, ecological athleticism that are popular today. They are opposed to the ideology of competition and entertainment of modern sports, attempts to overcome the physiological limits of the human body. In this paper, the authors used a wide array of authentic texts, which allows them to treat the information cognitively, enrich and replenish the scientific thesaurus terminologically in the area under consideration, form a personal idea of the personality and research path of an authoritative, but undeservedly forgotten figure in science and practice of youth physical education. The materials of the article can be used to implement interdisciplinary research, the problems of which are related to the influence (social, institutional, methodological) of the Hébert's school of physical education on the evolution of the natural method in various research schools in various research areas.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist Vorstellungen und Überzeugungen zum Thema Lehrer*in-Schüler*in-Beziehungen von Lehramtsstudierenden der Sekundarstufe (Allgemeinbildung) im vierten Ausbildungsjahr in Linz erheben. Die Datenerhebung fand mittels narrativen Interviews im Rahmen der BAT-Studie statt. Insgesamt wurden drei Interviews aus dem Turnus 2020 für die Analyse herangezogen und mit der dokumentarischen Methode ausgewertet. Zu beachten ist, dass nur Textpassagen bearbeitet wurden, die vorab dem Thema Lehrer*in-Schüler*in-Beziehung zugeordnet wurden. Die Ergebnisse lauten, dass Vorstellungen zur Lehrer*in-Schüler*in-Beziehungen von Aspekten der Arbeit, der Lehrer*innenpersönlichkeit, über die Bedeutung für den Unterricht bis hin zur Gestaltung von Beziehung reichen. Erhobene Überzeugungen wiederum betreffen die eigene Arbeit als relevant zu erachten, dass Beziehungsarbeit die Basis für Unterricht darstellt, ein Naheverhältnis entstehen und die Arbeit mit den Schüler*innen kooperativ und gemeinsam erfolgen soll. Die Schlussfolgerung daraus ist, dass, obwohl die Thematik in den Interviews nicht explizit angesprochen wurde, alle Interviewteilnehmer*innen die Lehrer*in-Schüler*in-Beziehung vielseitig erwähnt haben. Dadurch kann rückgeschlossen werden, dass diese für sie eine gewisse Bedeutung hat. Sie scheinen darüber hinaus die Überzeugungen zu haben, dass ihre Arbeit wichtig ist, eine gewisse Nähe im Miteinander notwendig ist und Beziehungsarbeit einen Teil des Lehrer*innenberufs darstellt. The aim of this work is collecting ideas and beliefs on the topic of teacher-student relationships of student teachers (secondary education - general education) in the fourth year of their university education in Linz. The data collection took place by means of narrative interviews within the framework of the BAT study. A total of three interviews from the rotation 2020 were used for the analysis and evaluated using the documentary method. It should be noted that only text passages were processed that were assigned to the topic of teacher-pupil relationship in advance. The results show that ideas about the teacher-pupil relationship range from aspects of the work, the teacher's personality, the importance for teaching up to the shaping of the relationship. In turn, the beliefs raised are that one's own work is relevant, that relational work is the basis for teaching, that a close relationship should be developed and that the work with pupils should be cooperative and joint. The conclusion from this is that although the topic was not explicitly addressed in the interviews, all interview participants mentioned the teacher-pupil relationship in many ways. This suggests that it has a certain significance for them. They also seem to have the beliefs that their work is important, that a certain closeness is necessary, and that relationship work is part of the teaching profession. eingereicht von Maria Liisa Resch, MA, BEd Angefertigt an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Oberösterreich Masterarbeit Universität Linz 2023

The language experience approach integrates speaking and listening, reading and writing through the development of a written text based on first hand experiences.

В статье рассматриваются образная система и тематическое многообразие поэзии ингушского поэта Г. Гагиева. Даётся краткий анализ его поэтическим произведениям, которые отличаются песенностью и звучностью. Также рассматривается поэтический язык и характер лирических стихов, посвященных любимой Родине и её прекрасной природе, человеку-патриоту и всему народу. Отмечается, что одной из основных проблем его поэзии является проблема восприятия его героями прекрасного, и соответственно, данная тема там занимает большое место. К торжеству справедливости и чистоты во взаимоотношениях между людьми устремлены все его помыслы. И некоторая наивность в выражении этих устремлений отнюдь не умаляет достоинства его стихов, в которых отражается чистота и первородность мотивов. Его творчество, начиная от двустиший и кончая поэмой, притягивает интерес читателей. Она наполнена любовью к людям, к красоте родной земли; проникнута душевностью, добротой, чувством постоянного беспокойства за судьбу не только своих соотечественников, но и народов других стран и наций. Проникнутая любовью к Родине и ко всему прекрасному поэзия Гирихана Гагиева живет и будет жить всегда. Свободолюбивое поэтическое слово его доходит до сердец читателей, пробуждая все лучшие человеческие чувства, объединяя их нравственно и духовно, помогая познавать и открывать для себя полнее любимую Родину., The article examines the figurative system and thematic diversity of the poetry of the Ingush poet G. Gagiev. A brief analysis of his poetic works, which differ in song and sonority, is given. The poetic language and character of lyrical poems dedicated to the beloved Motherland and its beautiful nature, the patriot man and the whole people are considered. It is noted that one of the main problems of his poetry is the problem of his characters’ perception of the attitude to the beautiful, and accordingly, this topic occupies a large place there. All his thoughts are directed to the triumph of justice and purity in the relationship between people. Some naivety in the expression of these aspirations does not detract from the dignity of his poems, but expresses the purity and primordial motives. His work, starting from couplets and ending with a poem, attracts the interest of readers. It is filled with love for people, the beauty of the native land; imbued with sincerity, kindness, a sense of constant concern for the fate of not only his compatriots, but also the peoples of other countries and nations. The poetry of Girikhan Gagiev, imbued with love for the Motherland and for everything beautiful, lives and acts today, and will always live and act. His freedom-loving poetic word reaches the hearts of readers, awakening all the best human feelings, uniting them morally and spiritually, helping to know and discover their beloved Homeland more fully.

First published online: 25 August 2021 Ideational explanations of policy change are popular in the fields of political economy, comparative politics and policy analysis. And yet, to make the case for ideational explanations, we must make further progress on the nature of ideas, where they come from, what they consist of, and how they change over time. We highlight four critical building sites concerning the definitional aspects of ideational explanations, micro-foundations, mechanisms and the difference between ideational and cognitive analysis. We make recommendations on how to carry out work in the building sites and describe the range of suggestions and ways forward found in the articles of this Symposium. We also suggest cross-fertilising political science with the findings of neighbouring disciplines that have developed empirically robust models of ideation and cognition.

Research in young children’s ideas, representations, and pre-conceptions about the natural and technical world has a long history. Most of the studies in the field have used individual, semi-structured interviews as a methodological technique to generate and collect empirical data. However, less is known about how tracing procedures can come in line and be incorporated into everyday educational reality in early childhood settings in a way that reflects young children’s interests and needs. The present study uses dramatic play to trace young children’s thinking in science and advance their science learning experiences. The study focuses on a science concept young children are familiar with in everyday life though has not been thoroughly studied in the literature yet: thermal insulation. Empirical data from 6 preschoolers in Greece are presented. Qualitative data were collected through recordings of children’s dialogues, children’s drawings, field notes from the early childhood teachers, and photographs. The findings revealed that during their dramatic play children a) developed basic argumentation to express their thinking about the phenomenon; b) related the phenomenon with the thermal condition and changes in temperature; c) identified materials and objects with insulating properties and distinguish them from others with non-insulating properties, and d) came to the conclusion that the use of amplified insulation materials can lead to better insulation results. The outcomes of the study add to the research methodology in early childhood science education and inform practice providing a pedagogical framework that balances between play-based pedagogies and advanced learning outcomes in science for young learners.

Tired of an endless stream of online meetings? Does your team have important projects that have stalled because they are too complex to discuss on a conference call? Stuck on a project and need to generate some new ideas? Worried that some team members don't feel comfortable speaking up in online meetings? Consider organizing a Virtual Brainstorming Day. A Virtual Brainstorming Day is a group event where everyone brainstorms about a particular topic or theme. The brainstorm is conducted on an online Discussion platform (i.e. Slack, Discourse, Microsoft Teams, etc.) over a 24-48 hour period. Virtual Brainstorming Days are very effective for generating a lot of ideas quickly and identifying shared interests and expertise within a team. This project provides detailed information on how to organize a Virtual Brainstorming Day, including tips, tricks, and instructions.

The beginnings of Venezuelan press were inevitably linked to national political events. This medium of expression and information has become the most expeditious vehicle to convey the modernist thought. The ideas of the Enlightenment and the Encyclopedia have had positive impact positive on the Spanish American Colonies generating numerous independence movements that will shape a new political, economic, social and cultural order, thus becoming independent republics. Ideas of liberty, fraternity, equality, sovereignty, citizenship, liberalism, constitutional order, federalism, confederation, positivism, and nationalism have shaped during the Venezuelan nineteenth century a complex political‑ ideological network that gives birth to a peculiar way of thinking. Through the creation and operation of a considerable number of newspapers and magazines, these ideas were gradually consolidated and entrenched into the society and they served as a support for the changes taking place within it. The infallible work of thinkers, writers, men of letters, amateurs and politicians was worth, and since the beginning of republicanism, the country was flooded with newspapers, papers, periodicals and magazines that give life to a country and preserve intact its cultural heritage that shapes the Venezuelan political thinking of 19th century.

The history of ideas is a relatively new concept, which has not only the theoretical inherent in it but also in the spirit of modernity is able to reveal its own applied potential. The article shows the role of the history of ideas in the search for answers to the crises of the modern world, which makes it possible to establish some regularities in the functioning of intellectual constructs and their social embodiment. The author examines the basic provisions of the research concepts of the adherents of the history of ideas A. Lovejoy and I. Berlin. Using the conceptual foundations of their theories, the author applies them to a deeper understanding of the specifics of such megatrends as the COVID-19 pandemic, armed conflicts and information wars. It was revealed that the specificity of the global world transforms the content of events that traditionally affect one sphere and now spread to various spheres of the nonlinear and fragile world. In conclusion, the author sums up the research results and notes the methodological possibilities of the history of ideas for further study of the logic of social processes. © 2021 Khachatur Abovyan Armenian State Pedagogical University. All rights reserved.

El artículo analiza la implementación de las Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) como instrumento de la política de reforma agraria de 1994 en Colombia. Desde la perspectiva de la sociología de la acción pública, se pone a prueba una hipótesis según la cual la implementación efectiva de una política pública depende de la acción de los actores locales, quienes se apropian del programa público, movilizan sus recursos, ideas e intereses, hacen uso de manifestaciones públicas y mantienen interacciones con las instituciones por medio de negociaciones. Estas dinámicas estructuran la acción local y determinan los resultados de la política. This paper analyzes the implementation of the Peasant Reserve Zones (ZRC) as an instrument of the 1994 Agrarian Reform policy in Colombia. From the perspective of public action sociology, a hypothesis is put to test in which effective implementation of a public policy depends on the action of local actors who appropriate the public program, mobilize their resources, ideas and interests, make use of public demonstrations and require interactions with institutions through negotiations. These dynamics structure local action and determine the results of the policy.

The paper explores the European Commission’s ideas on social policy. It contributes to the debate on asymmetric economic and social policies in the EU from an ideational perspective. Analysing Commission reports on labour markets, employment, and social affairs over a fifteen-year period (2004–2018), I seek to understand what ideas on employment of underrepresented labour market groups are prominent in the reports and whether there is variation over time. To do so, I draw on the theoretical literature on ideas. The paper concludes that the Commission’s approach to underrepresented groups in the labour market has been and remains justified by an economic growth-discourse, leading to frames and policy ideas dominated by supply-side thinking. Thus, there has been a lack of new policy solutions to underrepresented labour market groups over the past fifteen years, revealing a lack of ideational innovation in the Commission’s early-stage policy formulation.

This article demonstrates how the innovation capacity in the public sector, such as in elderly care, can be recognized and enhanced if the daily experiences of the employees, i.e. what women are doing in their everyday work, are taken into account. Women working in elderly care encounter a number of challenges and have different strategies for solving them in order to provide good care for the elderly. These solutions are often non-technical and non-digital and, therefore, not regarded as “good ideas” and innovations. Asking for “ideas” and “potential innovations” prevents the staff from identifying these innovative solutions since they regard them as nothing special. However, when the point of departure is taken in everyday experiences, it is possible to challenge the male-dominated discourse on innovation and capture innovations. Consequently, this article suggests that innovation activities and innovation models in for instance the public sector should address and be grounded in experiences rather than “ideas”.

espanolEn la investigacion de la educacion superior existe hoy un giro que resal-ta la importancia de las ideas en todas las dimensiones de la organizacion academica. El presente articulo propone un marco analitico para observar el rol de las ideas en la gobernanza de los sistemas de educacion superior. Con este fin, indaga como se manifiesta el poder idea-cional –esto es, el poder ejercido a traves, sobre y en las ideas– en relacion con las principales dimensiones de la gobernanza (regulaciones estatales, encuadramiento de las partes interesadas, autogobierno academico y gerencial, competencia y financiamiento). A continuacion, se pone a prueba este marco para hacer un examen general de las principales tendencias de la gobernanza en la educacion superior contemporanea. El articulo finaliza con un resumen y una reflexion general, basada en los analisis anteriores, sobre el papel de las ideas en la gobernanza EnglishIn the field of higher education research an ideational turn can be observed that underlines the importance of ideas in all dimensions of academic organization. This article seeks to present an analytical framework for describing and understanding the role of ideas in the governance of higher education. To this end, it explores how ideational power –power exercised through, over and in ideas– manifests itself in relation to the main dimensions of governance (state regulations, stakeholder framing, academic and managerial self-governance, competition and funding). This framework is then used to provide an overview of the trends in the governance of higher education. Our article concludes with a summary and a reflection, based on the analysis, on the role of ideas in governance portuguesAtualmente existe na pesquisa do ensino superior uma tendencia que ressalta a impor-tância das ideias em todas as dimensoes da organizacao escolar. O presente artigo propoe um marco analitico para observar o papel das ideias na governanca dos sistemas de ensino superior. Com este fim, questiona como o poder ideacional se manifesta, ou seja, o poder exercido atraves, sobre e nas ideias– com relacao as principais dimensoes da governanca (regulamentacoes do Estado, enquadramento das partes interessadas, autogoverno academico e gerencial, competencia e financiamento). Posteriormente, o marco e posto a prova, fazendo um exame geral das principais tendencias da governanca no ensino superior contemporâneo. O artigo finaliza com um resumo e uma reflexao geral, baseada nas analises anteriores, sobre o papel das ideias na governanca

The article discusses the main provisions of the book, in which its author described the development of man with certain differences from the ideas existing in universities on this problem, which arose as a result of his many years of research, analysis of his own and literary data. Human development at different stages, before and after birth, the author studied on the basis of taking into account the close relationship of all parts of the body of the individual, all his organs, such important features of his development as uneven growth rates and directions of organs and asynchronous during ontogenesis development of different emerging organ systems. The greatest novelty of such a representation in the book under discussion concerns the digestive, venous and lymphatic systems, the development of which the author has investigated to the greatest extent, although he has conducted other studies

Comparative education relies on experiences, expertise, data, and criticism derived from multiple contexts and diverse levels to generate insights, facilitate understanding, and explain change. Marked by connectivity, our contemporary era vastly increases the (potential) diffusion of ideas essential for scientific advance. Three interlocking trends emphasise the growing relevance of comparative educational research. Firstly, competition has become more potent – among scholars, their organisations, and within as across countries. Secondly, educational studies, as science more generally, are increasingly conducted in collaboration – across disciplinary, cultural, linguistic, and organisational boundaries – enhancing the potential for discovery while producing influential scholarship. Thirdly, while educational research and policymaking are increasingly comparative, comparative knowledge stores are often only selectively used. To counter such reductionism, in-depth comparative institutional analyses across divides of academy, policymaking, and practice remain crucial. The multidisciplinary field must claim its relevance more persuasively, even as scholarly exchange, mobilities, and cultural knowledge endure as vital foundations.

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar as semelhanças entre o espírito livre de Nietzsche e o gênio de Schopenhauer. Em primeiro lugar, ambos compartilham de uma abordagem mística do conhecimento: perdem sua individualidade e identificam-se aos objetos do conhecimento com o intuito de obter conhecimento do mundo. Em segundo lugar, ambas as figuras (gênio e espírito livre) encontram-se associadas à loucura. Em terceiro lugar, o espírito livre e o gênio são indivíduos excepcionais que, diferentemente do que se passa com a maior parte dos indivíduos, já não se encontram atrelados a questões mundanas. Conduzem-se na vida pacificamente, pairando sobre os valores em que as pessoas mais acreditam, cientes de sua falsidade. Abstract This article aims to show the similarities between Nietzsche’s free spirit and Schopenhauer’s genius. First of all, both share a mystical approach to knowledge: they lose their individuality and identify themselves with the objects of knowledge in order to obtain knowledge of the world. Secondly, both figures are associated with madness. Thirdly, the free spirit and the genius are exceptional individuals who unlike the majority of people are no longer attached to worldly matters. They conduct their lives peacefully, hovering over the values in which most people believe, aware of their falsehood.

Сон и сновидения в жизни человека обычные явления. Каждый знает, что они есть и на нас действуют, но это знание сводится лишь к описанию, констатации и личностной каждый раз интерпретации. Но, возразят иные, есть и стремительно развивается коллективная интерпретация научных сообществ на основе объективно фиксируемых данных приборов. Отметим тривиальное: не весь сон есть сновидение, о чем предупреждают нас и все естественные языки. О сне ныне науке известно все больше объективных данных, о сновидениях, сугубо субъективном, сугубо индивидуальном по своему содержанию явлении известно не более, чем тысячи лет назад. Это же относится и ко всему субъективному в человеке, всему комплексу бессознательного, подсознательного и сверхсознательного в нем. Сновидение наиболее яркая и емкая форма бессознательного, в которой многие исследователи усматривают скрытые импульсы творчества, интуиции, преодоления логики рационального мышления, внезапных озарений. Общечеловеческими являются проблемы здорового, достаточного сна и здоровых сновидений. Дефицит сна, его нерегулярность и прерывистость, несоответствие бодрствования и отдыха-сна причина нарушения здоровья или стабильно плохого настроения у миллионов людей планеты. В современных технико-технологических обществах вследствие непрерывного ускорения ритма жизни большинство взрослого населения спит недостаточно и некачественно. Это же касается и сновидений: они все более наполнены кошмарами, сумрачно-тревожным настроением и мрачными предчувствиями., Sleep and dreams in human life are common phenomena. Everyone knows that they exist and act on us, but this knowledge comes down only to description, ascertainment and personal interpretation each time. But, others will argue, there is and is rapidly developing a collective interpretation of scientific communities based on objectively recorded data from instruments. Note the trivial: not all sleep is a dream, as all natural languages warn us about. More and more objective data are now known to science about sleep, about dreams, a purely subjective, purely individual phenomenon in its content, no more than thousands of years ago. The same applies to everything subjective in man, to the whole complex of the unconscious, subconscious and superconscious in him. A dream is the most vivid and capacious form of the unconscious, in which many researchers see hidden impulses of creativity, intuition, overcoming the logic of rational thinking, sudden insights. The problems of healthy, sufficient sleep and healthy dreams are common to all mankind. Sleep deficiency, its irregularity and discontinuity, the discrepancy between wakefulness and rest-sleep is the cause of health problems or a consistently bad mood in millions of people on the planet. In modern technical and technological societies, due to the continuous acceleration of the rhythm of life, the majority of the adult population sleeps insufficiently and of poor quality. The same applies to dreams: they are increasingly filled with nightmares, gloomy and disturbing mood and gloomy forebodings.

Цель статьи – на основе эмпирических данных выявить, как соотносятся между собой тип отношений в родительской семье и проекция своей будущей семьи. Гипотеза исследования направлена на проверку положения о том, что опыт родительской семьи может привести как к прямому воспроизведению родительской модели семьи, так и к формированию обратной по отношению к ней проекции. Статья основывается на данных пилотажного исследования, проведенного среди студентов г. Саранска в апреле 2021 г. Данные были получены на основе применения теста «Шкала семейной адаптации и сплоченности», разработанного Д. X. Олсоном, Дж. Портнером, И. Лави, в сочетании с рефлексивным методом «синквейн». Были выявлены уровень удовлетворенности отношениями в родительской семье, уровень семейной сплоченности и гибкости, что позволило определить, на какие модели будущих семейных отношений ориентируется молодежь. В статье показано, что опыт жизни в родительской семье может привести как к прямому воспроизведению родительской модели семьи, так и к обратной проекции. Авторы отмечают перспективность дальнейшего изучения внутренних семейных процессов и характеристик, которые влияют на формирование представлений молодежи о своей будущей семье., The purpose of the article is to reveal on the basis of empirical data, how the type of relationship in the parental family and the projection of one's future family correlate with each other. The hypothesis of the study is aimed at testing the proposition that the experience of the parental family can lead both to direct reproduction of the parental model of the family, and to the formation of its opposite projection. The article is based on data from a pilot study conducted among students in Saransk in April 2021. The data were obtained based on the application of the “Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scale” test developed by D. H. Olson, J. Portner, I. Lavi in combination with reflexive method known as “cinquain”. The level of satisfaction with relationships in the parental family, the level of family cohesion and flexibility were revealed, which made it possible to determine which models of future family relations young people prefer. The article shows that the experience of living in a parental family can lead to both direct reproduction of the parental model of the family, and to the reverse projection. The authors note the prospects for further study of internal family processes and characteristics that influence the formation of young people's ideas about their future family.

En el marco de la igualdad de género y considerando el ámbito privado como un nodo estructural crítico para el logro de esta igualdad, esta tesis tiene como cuestión de investigación analizar los supuestos ideológicos de género que fundamentaron la formulación del permiso de paternidad en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente y a raíz de eso institucionalizaron la paternidad en Brasil. Para eso partimos de dos ejes conceptuales centrales. El primero establece el marco teórico-metodológico de la investigación y se basa en las premisas ontológicas y epistemológicas del Constructivismo Social. ―Ideas‖ y ―discurso‖ son los conceptos centrales, considerándose las ideas como variables explicativas per se y el Análisis Crítico del Discurso, la inspiración de la metodología desarrollada para el análisis de los discursos que conformaron el permiso de paternidad. El segundo eje conceptual se refiere al contenido de los supuestos de género a analizar a través de los discursos, siendo los conceptos ―sistema sexo-género‖ y ―régimen de bienestar social‖ centrales para abarcar las diferentes dimensiones que rodean el tema de la institucionalización de la paternidad. La paternidad será considerada un derecho de ciudadanía masculina que ubica a los hombres en la intersección entre las esferas pública y privada, entre la provisión y el cuidado, y se cotejará con la ciudadanía femenina en la misma intersección. Within the framework of gender equality and considering the private sphere a critical structural node for achieving this equality, this thesis has as a fundamental research question to analyze the ideational assumptions of gender that founded the formulation of paternity leave in the National Constituent Assembly and thus institutionalized fatherhood in Brazil. To do so, we start from two central conceptual axes. The first establishes the theoretical-methodological framework of the research and is anchored in the ontological and epistemological premises of Social Constructivism. ―Ideas‖ and ―discourse‖ are the central concepts, with ideas considered as explanatory variables per se and Critical Discourse Analysis, the inspiration for the methodology developed for the analysis of the discourses that formed the paternity leave. The second conceptual axis concerns the content of gender assumptions to be analyzed through the discourses, with the concepts "sex-gender system" and "welfare regimes" being central to encompass the different dimensions that surround the issue of institutionalization of paternity. Paternity will be considered a male citizenship right that locates men at the intersection between the public and private spheres, between provision and care, and will be collated with female citizenship at the same intersection.

Янги Ўзбекистон тараққиётида фалсафий ва ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг ўрни муҳим аҳамият касб этади. XXI -аср бутун дунё миқёсида, шу жумладан Республикамизда фан , таълим ва техника соҳасида эришилаётган улкан ютуқлар барча фанлар қатори фалсафа ва психология сохасининг ҳам ривожига ижобий таъсир кўрсатаяпти. Айниқса, республикамиз мустақилликка эришгач, фан ва таълим соҳасида туб ислохотларнинг амалга оширилиши психология фани соҳасида тараққиётни, ижобий маънодаги кескин бурилишларни юзага келтирди. Эндиликда мамлакатимиз файласуфлари ҳамда психологлари зиммасига халқимизнинг миллий ўзига хос психологик хусусиятларини тадқиқ этиш, миллий мафкура ва миллий тафаккурни шакллантиришнинг психологик асосларини ишлаб чиқиш, ёш авлодни миллий истиқлол руҳида тарбиялашнинг психологик ва маънавий омилларини асослаш ҳамда тарғиб этиш каби улкан вазифалар юклатилди. Бу вазифаларни бажаришда мамлакатимиз психолог олимларининг олиб бораётган илмий изланиш фаолияти муҳим аҳамиятга моликдир., The role of philosophical and social sciences in the development of new Uzbekistan is important. The great achievements of the XXI century in the world, including in the Republic in the field of science, education and technology, have a positive impact on the development of all disciplines, including philosophy and psychology. Especially after the independence of our republic, the implementation of radical reforms in science and education has led to progress in the field of psychology, a sharp turn in a positive sense. Now the philosophers and psychologists of our country have been entrusted with the huge task of studying the national psychological features of our people, developing the psychological basis for the formation of national ideology and national thinking, substantiating and promoting the psychological and spiritual factors of educating the younger generation in the spirit of national independence. In carrying out these tasks, the research work carried out by psychologists of our country is of great importance.

Las empresas son un pilar fundamental para el crecimiento económico sustentable de los países. Actualmente se nota como las empresas se ven obligadas a adaptarse a los cambios tecnológicos y a la competencia, a fin de lograr un crecimiento económico, una sólida cultura empresarial, un fuerte liderazgo y, una gestión del conocimiento e innovación. Por ello, las empresas no solo deben centrarse en el crecimiento económico, la búsqueda de la máxima producción y beneficio, sino más bien, también buscar lograr además, otros factores que vayan más allá de las mejoras en la economía, la eficiencia, la efectividad, la productividad, la competitividad y, los mejores niveles de liquidez, gestión, solvencia y rentabilidad y; se vean reflejados en el desarrollo del país, la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Es así como en la actualidad se demanda que las empresas contribuyan al desarrollo de territorios sostenibles, es un gran desafío tanto ambiental como de gobernanza, por lo tanto, será necesario fomentar un desarrollos territoriales inclusivos para humanos y para el medio ambiente a fin de salvaguardar el patrimonio natural y cultural de los países. Las empresas de la mano con los gobiernos deben trabajar en conjunto para crear ciudades autosuficientes, resilientes e inteligentes, ayudar a mejorar la infraestructura, como en la eficiencia y la calidad de vida de cada uno de los habitantes. La Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas de la Universidad Libre Colombia Seccional Cúcuta, el Grupo de Investigación en Competitividad y Sostenibilidad para el Desarrollo - GICSD – y la Revista Gestión y Desarrollo Libre, convocaron a profesionales, estudiantes, investigadores, académicos nacionales e internacionales, a participar en el VIII Congreso Internacional Ciencias económicas, Administrativas y Contables (CICEAC) “Desarrollo Empresarial y Territorios Sostenibles”. El objetivo del CICEAC fue crear un espacio en las Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Contables en torno a la evolución de las organizaciones en el marco de la adaptabilidad y la sostenibilidad a entornos complejos, a fin de promover el dialogo y debate académico que oriente la construcción de competencias para responder a las perturbaciones e inestabilidades propias del entorno actual. El CICEAC 2022 ha ido creciendo, mejorando y abriéndose al mundo. El evento contó con la participación de más de catorce países de Latinoamérica en las distintas modalidades, estos son: México, El salvador, República Dominicana, Honduras, Haití, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Brasil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay y Cuba. No hay mejor manera de haber celebrado el día del Administrador de Empresas, generando espacios para la presentación de conferencias, ponencias y presentaciones culturales, a fin de escuchar la disertación y exposición de resultados de investigaciones de sus propios autores. Companies are a fundamental pillar for the sustainable economic growth of countries. countries. Nowadays, it is noticeable how companies are forced to adapt to technological changes and competition in order to achieve economic growth technological changes and competition, in order to achieve economic growth, a solid business culture, strong leadership, knowledge management and innovation. strong leadership, knowledge management and innovation. Therefore, companies must not only focus on economic growth, the pursuit of maximum production and profit, but also on the and profit maximization, but rather, also seek to achieve other factors that go beyond the factors that go beyond improvements in economy, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, competitiveness and the best levels of liquidity, management, solvency and profitability. and profitability, and are reflected in the development of the country, society and the environment. and the environment. This is how companies are currently required to contribute to the development of sustainable territories. sustainable territories is a great environmental and governance challenge. Therefore, it will be necessary to promote an inclusive territorial development for humans and for the environment in order to the environment in order to safeguard the natural and cultural heritage of the countries. The businesses and governments must work together to create self-sustaining, resilient and smart cities. self-sufficient, resilient and smart cities, helping to improve infrastructure, as well as the efficiency and quality of life in each country. efficiency and quality of life for each and every inhabitant. The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of the Universidad Libre Colombia, Cúcuta Seccional Seccional Cúcuta, the Research Group on Competitiveness and Sustainability for Development - GICSD - and the Development - GICSD - and the Journal Gestión y Desarrollo Libre, convened professionals, students, researchers, academics, national and international professionals, students, researchers, national and international academics, to participate in the VIII International Congress to participate in the VIII International Congress on Economic, Administrative and Accounting Sciences (CICEAC) Accounting Sciences (CICEAC) "Business Development and Sustainable Territories". The objective of the CICEAC was to create a space in the Economic, Administrative and Accounting Sciences around the evolution of the organizations around the evolution of organizations within the framework of adaptability and sustainability to complex environments, in order to and sustainability to complex environments, in order to promote dialogue and academic debate to guide the construction of and debate that guides the construction of competencies to respond to the perturbations and instabilities of the current and instabilities of the current environment. CICEAC 2022 has been growing, improving and opening up to the world. The event was attended by more than fourteen Latin American countries participated in the different modalities. modalities, these are: Mexico, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Haiti, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba. There is no better no better way to have celebrated the day of the Business Administrator, generating spaces for the conferences, lectures and cultural presentations, in order to listen to the dissertation and and presentation of research results by their own authors. authors.

What ideas guide European political leaders during a transboundary European crisis, and when and why do their ideas change? When faced with major political challenges in Europe, answers to these questions provide important insights to understand the complexity of European crisis management. In her dissertation 'The role of EU leaders and ideas in managing the Eurozone crisis: navigating uncharted territory', Marij Swinkels explored the role of ideas of European political leaders in the Eurozone crisis. In her dissertation, she shows how ideas shape leaders' responses to a transboundary crisis. First, contextual conditions (including economic pressure) and personality traits (such as a leaders’ belief to control events) influence the way leaders define a crisis as well as their ideas about the economy. Second, leaders with more stable and rigid ideas about a crisis or the economy limit the possibilities for joint decision-making. And third, frequent interaction between leaders can reduce ideational differences as a larger group of leaders with shared ideas assume important positions. This helps to create a joint response to cope with European crises. With her dissertation, Swinkels shows that crisis management in the EU is not a technical and rational process per se, but a struggle and puzzle about definitions of and solutions for a crisis.

The problem of studying the ideas of responsible fatherhood in young people aged 18 to 25 years, who do not have their own children has been considered. An empirical study of the existing attitudes towards responsible paternity in young people at this age has been presented. Fatherhood as a dynamic, socio-cultural phenomenon, which has a clear image in every culture, as well as fixed in national traditions and ideas, has been revealed. A projective technique “Unfinished sentences” has been carried out to identify unconscious attitudes to fatherhood, reveal constructive and non-constructive components of these concepts. The aim of the study is to identify ideas about responsible fatherhood in young people in this age group.

Cross-regional free trade agreements (FTAs) have flourished in East Asia since the late 1990s. Japan and Korea were at the forefront of this trend. Nevertheless, most policymakers’ preferences orbited around region-oriented FTAs out of reluctance to make a sudden policy shift away from their conventional emphasis on World Trade Organization-based multilateral negotiations. The trend continued in Japan throughout the 2000s. In contrast, Korea took a sharp turn toward a cross-regional strategy in 2003. By the mid-2010s, this had created a significant gap in the two countries’ overall FTA partner choices. What caused policymakers’ ideas in the two countries to diverge from their initial focus on region-oriented FTAs? This paper focuses on the conditions that enabled policymakers’ ideas to explain the divergence by developing the contextual‒dynamic framework of FTA policies. At the dynamic level, individuals are more likely to emerge with new ideas when their expertise comes from outside the decision-making body, accompanied by their social qualities and power. Contextual conditions should also be met: the trade policy environment should reciprocate agent-level qualities to create a supportive atmosphere for policy change.

In many countries throughout the EU recent planning reforms have reduced the possibilities for comprehensive and long-term planning. This paper explores the factors that explain why one of these countries, Poland, lost many of its tools for coordinating the policies and practices affecting spatial organization at the local level. The study, based on the discourses of spatial planners, traces the institutionalisation of local spatial planning in Poland since the 1920s identifying dominant policy paradigms and internal and external determinants leading to the reform in the early 1990s. It shows that the planning reform was driven by attempts to adapt planning institutions to changing political and legal environments after 1989. The new institutional framework that emerged from the reform failed to introduce alternative and effective forms of local spatial planning. Once options for planning were reduced, it became difficult to revive them. The case of Poland shows that a revision of long-term planning institutions might have unexpected outcomes and that it might be difficult to restore particular instruments and planning approaches once they have been removed from the toolbox of the planning system.

Resumen: A fines del siglo XIX, mientras se efectuaba la ocupación militar por las fuerzas chilenas en algunos sectores del territorio peruano, varias facciones políticas de ese país debatían en torno a la definición del camino para salir de la crisis. Para la solución de dicha crisis política y social, se presentan dos alternativas ideacionales a elegir: la “guerra a muerte” o la búsqueda de la “paz”. Esta elección forzaría a los actores a redefinir su idea de comunidad política. De ahí que este artículo busca reabrir este debate, colocando especial énfasis en las ideas políticas como mapas orientadores para los actores políticos en momentos de incertidumbre, considerando que este periodo se caracteriza por su escenario dinámico y cambiante, uno en el que los actores contaban con información parcial y contradictoria, y en el que una “estabilidad contingente” y frágil es el fundamento de su construcción. Para esta investigación se utilizaron periódicos que circularon durante este breve periodo como fuente de información. Finalmente, se concluye que la idea de búsqueda de la “paz” logró imponerse sobre la idea de “guerra a muerte”, la que se construyó sobre un pensamiento republicano.

How do institutional logics travel within a political economy? Employing insights from historical and ideational institutionalist theory, this article offers a novel understanding of change dynamics as driven by actors’ creation of institutional interlinkages. It develops the causal mechanism of “invasion from within,” consisting of a three-stage process: the progressive weakening of a policy paradigm within one institutional site coinciding with a strengthening of the policy paradigm in another; the building of a coalition within the exporting field; and the use of framing strategies to “localize” adjacent logics of action and delegitimize adversarial coalitions. The analytical purchase of the argument is corroborated through process tracing of the German pension paradigm shift during the 1990s, showing that ideas about private capital formation developed in finance were redirected toward old-age provision and strategically transferred to the pension arena by a coalition of actors from the German finance domain.

This paper develops an analytical approach to explore institutional barriers to spatial integration between renewable energy (RE) and other land use functions and provides insight into opportunities for institutional harmonization between involved policy domains. Spatial integration of RE with other land use functions provides opportunities to use limited amounts of space more efficiently, allowing for a more fluent roll-out of renewable technologies. However, such integration requires the involvement of various policy domains that are each guided by specific institutional frameworks, which are often tailored to specific sectoral needs. Therefore, spatial integration of RE and other land use functions requires institutional harmonization between involved policy domains. However, there is limited guidance in literature on how such harmonization does or could occur. Moreover, while literature on RE recognizes the merits of institutional approaches, it focuses on institutions as the formal rules of the game, often disregarding the agency component (the 'play of the game'). The analytical approach developed in this paper combines the Institutional Analysis and Development framework with insights from Discursive Institutionalism. The approach enables structured assessment of relationships within and between established institutions (the 'rules of the game') and actors' ideas, interpretations and deliberations regarding these institutions (the 'play of the game'), providing insight in processes of institutional harmonization. This analytical approach is applied to the case of spatial integration of photovoltaics with national transport infrastructure networks in the Netherlands. The findings from the case show that (1) insight in interrelations between institutional barriers is crucial for addressing institutional harmonization; (2) institutional harmonization within policy domains is a precondition for harmonization between policy domains; and (3) the agency component (play of the game) is key to successful harmonization. In conclusion, the analytical approach provides insight into the co-evolution between the rules of the game and the play of the game, which is pivotal to institutional harmonization. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In a crucial paragraph (KrV, A 663-664 / B 691-692) of the first part of the “Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic”, Kant discusses the specific status of the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity. In doing so, he refers to an already proven argument and thus to other passages of the Critique of Pure Reason. In search of this argument the “Transcendental Analytic” but in particular the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic” turn out to be possible reference points. Although this contextualisation demands further systematic and editorial reflections, it also allows the clarification of the status of the principles and their justification in relation to a subjective deduction. Kant offers with the subjective deduction, as introduced in the “Preface” (of the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason) and again in the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic”, a first argumentative strategy, which differs from the objective one but provides “some objective validity” (KrV, A 664 / B 692; Kant, 1998, p. 602) and therefore has systematic importance for the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity. My aim is to offer immanent strategies for a justification of the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity in the framework of the Critique of Pure Reason.

At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy is due to the doctrine of the two worlds, the mundus sensibilis and the mundus intelligibilis, which did not originate in Plato himself, but in the Jewish Platonist Philo of Alexandria. Kant reinterpreted this doctrine by taking the intelligible world as a moral world consisting of free rational agents who ought to transform the empirical world of human society and history according to the norms and standards of moral laws. This was meant to be a programme for a moral reform of the human world, both with regard to individual moral­ity and to the cosmopolitical task of the establishment of an international order of legal institutions. Kant’s practical Platonism insists on the creation of a moral world order through human actions that take their lead from pure practical reason.

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В статье изложены научные основания профессионального образования в области традиционных художественных промыслов с позиций интеграции и дифференциации по результатам исследований Высшей школы народных искусств (академии). Раскрыты: методологическая функция интеграции и дифференциации, интегративные понятия, векторные направления интеграции. Рассмотрена интеграция методологических и теоретических положений при исследовании объектов профессионального образования в традиционных художественных промыслах. Представлены научные достижения в методологии и теории профессионального образования., The article presents the scientific foundations of professional education in the field of traditional artistic crafts from the standpoint of integration and differentiation based on the results of research of the Higher school of folk arts (academy). The methodological function of integration and differentiation, integrative concepts, vector directions of integration are disclosed. The integration of methodological and theoretical provisions in the study of objects of vocational education in traditional artistic crafts is considered. Scientific achievements in the methodology and theory of vocational education are presented.

Why are rich citizens not taxed more heavily–despite growing inequality (aversion)? The literature offers several explanations, all of which ultimately work through the minds and actions of politicians. Taking Germany as a case, we therefore ask in 25 semi-structured interviews which obstacles left-wing politicians perceive in taxing the rich. Overall, tax increases are perceived as difficult projects. Organized business is described as a major barrier, but in a way that goes beyond existing accounts: besides classical lobbying, business interests are seen to influence electoral politics through long-term communication strategies shaping tax preferences. Moreover, the interviews point to a previously unrecognized organizational barrier that we coin the ‘vicious competence cycle’: left-wing politicians are often overwhelmed by tax issues which results in consequential disadvantages when confronted with resourceful anti-tax actors. They describe how party-internal discourses shape these competence patterns by influencing motivations, feasibility perceptions, and electoral strategies.

Locke seems to have conflicting commitments: we know individual ideas and all knowledge is propositional. This paper shows the conflict to be only apparent. Looking at Locke’s philosophy of language in relation to the Port Royal logic, I argue, first, that Locke allows that we have non-ideational mental content that is signified only at the linguistic level. Second, I argue that this non-ideational content plays a role in what we know when we know an idea. As a result, we can see our knowledge of an idea as a form of knowledge by acquaintance: there is a direct epistemic relation between a mental object (an individual idea) and a knowing subject. But owing to Locke’s logic, that knowledge has a tacit propositional structure expressing the truth of the idea, which gains full signification only linguistically.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of computer technics and computer technologies. The growth rate of computerization contributes to the fact that more and more people are involved in work, communication and leisure activities through the internet. In particular, special attention should be paid to the use of computer technologies for healthy students and students with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of social rehabilitation of students with disabilities. The article considers the possibilities of team esports in the representation of students with disabilities. It is proved that the potential of team esports lies in the fact that students with disabilities begin to develop active strategies and positive thinking, which gives them the strength to fight against difficulties. It is revealed that team esports is an opportunity to communicate and display adaptive skills. It is considered that students with disabilities gain self-confidence due to lively, interesting communication, which increases their chances of psychophysiological rehabilitation. It is determined that team esports has a positive effect on students with disabilities, developing their skills of social adaptation. It is revealed that out of the three forms of aggressive behaviour: physical, verbal, and indirect aggression, after being introduced to team esports, students with disabilities mostly abandoned verbal aggression, decreased resentment, and suspicion based on the belief that others intend to harm them. It is proved that by involving students in team esports, it was possible to correct the level of anxiety of students with disabilities. The high level of school, self-assessment, and interpersonal anxiety was adjusted to the lowest level.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of creative learning at an early age. This article presents the main components of what creative learning is, the type of creative work as synthetic, analytical, practical. We will cover simple and fruitful ways to develop creativity in children. Children naturally love to doodle, dance, move around and sing, and in this article we will look at how to nurture creativity to help children in the learning process, opening up new and unusual possibilities for the future.

Ushbu maqolada Markaziy osiyoing qadimgi davridagi falsafiy fikrlar rijovlanishiga asos bo’lgan insonlar, qadimgi va o’rta asrlardagi diniy falsafiy qarashlar haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan. Tarixiy manbalarga asoslanib, buyuk allomalarimiz tomonidan o’rganilgan falsafiy adabiyotlar va taqiqotlar ko’rib chiqilgan.

Успех образования обусловлен многими факторами, среди которых наиболее важны вопросы, связанные с содержанием учебного курса, методологии обучения, методами, развивающими мыслительную деятельность, проектированием, генерированием идей. Несмотря на существующее большое количество методических работ, которые посвящены обучению различным дисциплинам, нельзя сказать, что все резервы исчерпаны, и не существуют новые идеи, способствующие развитию и совершенствованию методики. В связи с этим, по нашим представлениям, ценными являются те методы обучения, которые относятся не к форме его организации, а к содержанию. Одним из таких методов и видов обучения является опережающее обучение. С дидактической точки зрения рассматриваются во взаимосвязи основные части опережающего обучения, учитывая его принципы, объекты и способы как факторы его успешной реализации., The success of education is due to many factors, among which issues related to the content of the curriculum, teaching methodology; methods that develop mental activity; projection and generation of ideas are the most important. Despite the existence of large number of methodological works that are devoted to teaching various disciplines, it cannot be said that all reserves are exhausted, and there are no new ideas that contribute to the development and improvement of the methodology. In this regard, in our opinion, valuable methods of teaching are related not to the form of its organization but to the content. Advanced learning is one of these methods. From a didactic point of view, the main parts of advanced learning are considered interconnected, taking into account its principles, objects and methods as factors in its successful implementation.

The Co-Design Canvas is a tool for initiating, planning, conducting and assessing- collaborations around societal challenges with various stakeholders openly and transparently. It offers a means for governments, citizens, businesses, non-profit organisations, knowledge institutions and other stakeholders to communicate and collaborate clearly. It clarifies differences in interests, knowledge, experience and power relations, focuses on the desired positive impact and concrete results from the start, and ensures that everyone’s voice is truly heard.

The Co-Design Canvas is a tool for initiating, planning, conducting and assessing- collaborations around societal challenges with various stakeholders openly and transparently. It offers a means for governments, citizens, businesses, non-profit organisations, knowledge institutions and other stakeholders to communicate and collaborate clearly. It clarifies differences in interests, knowledge, experience and power relations, focuses on the desired positive impact and concrete results from the start, and ensures that everyone’s voice is truly heard.

Research on organizational creativity tends to emphasize fairly static notions of coercive power as positional authority and control over scarce resources. The field remains largely silent about power as a positive and generative phenomenon that can produce creativity. We seek to break that silence by amplifying and integrating the work of Mary Parker Follett and Michel Foucault in concert with recent practice-based approaches to creativity. Power in organizational creativity, we suggest, should first of all be explored as processes of connection, abundance and collective agency. We show that whereas established ideas of positional power over is related to assumptions of linearity and singularity of creativity, ideas of power with and power to are associated with a more dynamic, relational and process-based perspective. The latter set of views implies more attention be paid to processes of interactional framing through which people jointly attend to situations, reach new integrations and produce new social realities.

In this paper I present a novel view of the ontological status of possible objects for Descartes. Specifically, I claim that possible objects just are innate ideas considered objectively. In the act of creation, God creates possibilities—in all its richness—in the form of innate ideas. Thus, in acts of thinking, one may clearly and distinctly perceive, via one’s innate ideas, that such and such is possible. To argue this, I first analyze and critique two competing views—one from Calvin Normore who claims that innate ideas represent an independent realm of possibilia, and another from David Cunning and Alan Nelson who claim that Descartes had no theory of modality. I then move on to the defense of my view, both giving a positive account of my argument and noting how my interpretation enjoys certain advantages over my interlocutors.

Significance Innovative research is critical to the advancement of biomedicine. The NIH plays a crucial role in fostering innovation. An empirical assessment of the success of the NIH in this role is an essential step in identifying ways to encourage novel research. This research introduces a measure of the age of the ideas used in published biomedical research papers and comprehensively evaluates the performance of NIH-supported research relative to non-NIH-supported research, using this measure., The National Institutes of Health (NIH) plays a critical role in funding scientific endeavors in biomedicine. Funding innovative science is an essential element of the NIH’s mission, but many have questioned the NIH’s ability to fulfill this aim. Based on an analysis of a comprehensive corpus of published biomedical research articles, we measure whether the NIH succeeds in funding work with novel ideas, which we term edge science. We find that edge science is more often NIH funded than less novel science, but with a delay. Papers that build on very recent ideas are NIH funded less often than are papers that build on ideas that have had a chance to mature for at least 7 y. We have three further findings. First, the tendency to fund edge science is mostly limited to basic science. Papers that build on novel clinical ideas are not more often NIH funded than are papers that build on well-established clinical knowledge. Second, novel papers tend to be NIH funded more often because there are more NIH-funded papers in innovative areas of investigation, rather than because the NIH funds innovative papers within research areas. Third, the NIH’s tendency to have funded papers that build on the most recent advances has declined over time. In this regard, NIH funding has become more conservative despite initiatives to increase funding for innovative projects. Given our focus on published papers, the results reflect both the funding preferences of the NIH and the composition of the applications it receives.

Resumen La estructura es aquello que permite que algo resista. Por eso la palabra sirve por igual para construcciones o ideas: en las primeras, la estructura es la que les permite mantenerse en pie y en las segundas es la que permite organizar los argumentos. Sin embargo hay ejemplos, como los de esta selección, donde ambas nociones van de la mano: cuando una idea sobre estructura llega a materializarse en una construcción física.