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The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has made a worldwide health emergency. Despite the fact that current vaccines are readily available, several SARSCoV-2 variants affecting the existing vaccine are to be less effective due to the mutations in the structural proteins. Furthermore, the appearance of the new variants cannot be easily predicted in the future. Therefore, the attempts to construct new vaccines or to modify the current vaccines are still pivotal works for preventing the spread of the virus. In the present investigation, the computational analysis through immunoinformatics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to construct an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV2. The structural proteins of SARS-CoV2 are utilized to create a multiepitope-based vaccine (MEV). According to our findings presented by systematic procedures in the current investigation, the MEV construct may be able to trigger a strong immunological response against the virus. Therefore, the designed MEV could be a potential vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, and also it is expected to be effective for other variants.

Anak sekolah merupakan kelompok rentan terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Melalui promosi kesehatan gigi dapat merubah kebiasaan anak dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi. karena pada usia ini anak sedang dalam proses tumbuh kembang, dan perlu perhatian dan pendampingan dari orang tuanya. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah untuk meningkatkan upaya promotif sakit gigi dan pencegahan karies dini pada siswa SDN Balfai Kecamatan Kupang Tengah Kabupaten Kupang. Pengisian kuesioner pre test serta promosi kesehatan gigi dengan metode demonstrasi kemudian post test untuk mengetahui pengetahuan,sikap dan tindakan. Analisis statistik digunakan untuk mengetahui skor pretest dan post test dengan analisis Wilcoxon dengan tingkat kepercayaan (p

SARS-CoV-2 PLpro was investigated as a therapeutic target for potent antiviral drugs due to its essential role in not only viral replication but also in regulating the inborn immune response. Several computational approaches, including homology modelling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) studies, were employed to search for promising drugs in treating SARS-CoV-2. Eighty-one compounds, sub-structurally similar to the antiviral drug, were used as potential inhibitors of PLpro. From our results, three complexes containing the ligands with Pubchem IDs: 153012995, 12149203, and 123608715 showed lower binding energies than the control (Ritonavir), indicating that they may become promising inhibitors for PLpro. MD was performed in a water solvent to validate the stability of the three complexes. All complexes achieved stable structure during the simulation as no significant fluctuations were observed in the validation parameters. Moreover, the binding energy for each complex was estimated using the MM-GBSA method. Complex 1 was the most stable structure based on the lowest binding energy score and its structure remained in a similar cavity with the docket snapshot. Based on our studies, three ligands were assumed to be potential inhibitors. The ligand of complex 1 may become the most promising antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2 targeting PLpro.

Solid waste management is one the leading problems in Malaysia. Rapid development and population growth have prompted researches to improve the recycling and reusing of waste material for sustainable development. Chicken eggshell is discarded in Malaysia as municipal waste, while waste tyre is a waste that is difficult to handle and often ends up in the landfill. This paper presents the properties of high performance concrete with eggshell powder and tyre rubber crumb as partial replacement of cement and sand. Grade 45 concrete was prepared with 5% tyre rubber crumb as sand replacement and up to 15% of eggshell powder as cement replacement. The mechanical strength of concrete was investigated for up to 90 days while durability properties were studied through water absorption and carbonation test. Results show that concrete with 5% eggshell powder is optimal for high mechanical properties, lower water absorption and low carbonation depth. X-Ray Diffraction of concrete shows increase of calcite compound which contributes to the gain of strength. Microstructure analysis with SEM and EDX provides insight of the improved performance, which is attributed to a denser C-H-S gels and finer pore structure.

Toll roads are alternative roads that are commonly used in urban areas to avoid congestion on local roads due to the increase in the number of vehicles during peak hours such as in the morning and evening. The existence of the Elevated Toll Road as a new icon in Makassar City has further increased the public’s desire to choose to cross the Toll Road. This situation causes changes in the volume of vehicles which are in the number of vehicle emissions that pass along the toll road. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound produced by vehicle emissions, but this has not been studied much because in general NH3 is produced from biological processes in the soil and processing factory waste. When ammonia enters the atmosphere and combines with the main pollutant it will form PM 2. The research was conducted at 9 points of the Makassar Toll Road including 3 points in Reformasi Toll Road and 6 points in Ir. Sutami Toll Road. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of NH3 concentration in ambient air based on direct measurements using an impinger according to SNI 19-7119.1-2005 and to analyze the distribution pattern of pollutants using AERMOD software. The results showed that the concentration of NH3 pollutants on the Makassar Toll Road ranged from 5.99 g/Nm3 – 17.07 g/Nm3, while the results of NH3 dispersion modeling showed concentrations between 1.55 g/Nm3 – 13.3 g/Nm3. The concentration level of Ammonia (NH3) is still below the threshold value required by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, which is 400 g/Nm3.

The growth rate of mineral mine exploitation is increasing due to the advancement and sophistication of industrial technology equipment, causing the carrying capacity of the environment to be exceeded and becoming a threat to the sustainability of natural resources and causing environmental damage. This research studies the impact of environmental damage on andesite mining activities in Gampong Kuala Ligan, Sampoiniet District, Aceh Jaya Regency, making a good mining management strategy for good mining practice. Environmental damage impact analysis using data collection and maps, weighting and scoring as well as strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis. Overlay analysis shows the mining location including the eligible and conditionally eligible mining areas. Impact forecasts at the research site include topography, landslide process, erosion rate, sources of livelihood and income levels of the population, as well as public health, are the significant impacts. In contrast, land cover vegetation and crime rates are insignificant impacts. The matrix analysis shows that the research site is in very unfavorable situation. So a strategy turn around in needed which utilizes strengths to overcome threats. In the External Strategic Factor Analysis, the total score for strengths minus weaknesses is 2.29 and the total score for opportunities minus threats is -0.33. Analysis of internal and external factors shows that environmental management strategies that need to be carried out are implementing bench system mining technology, making drainage channels, providing socialization and making regional regulations that technically regulate mineral mining management for impact control and control in limiting land clearing and carrying out reclamation post-mining area. For occupational accident, risk management theory is carried out through elimination, substitution, engineering design, administration, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

The density of population and the increasing needs of Makassar city will affect the movement of society to fulfill their necessary. Public acceptance on rail transportation is one of the important keys in implementing sustainable transportation policies in the Mamminasata area. The aim of this study is to evaluate public acceptance regarding the planned public transportation. The survey in this study used the methods of questionnaire and interview that included the South Sulawesi Provincial Office with a total of 1002 civil servants who were also the users of commuters, then the data analysis was carried out by conduct the research about characteristics of the respondent’s acceptance on rail-based transportation. The method of data collection was conducted with respondent chooses their perspective and their acceptance with likert scale. The results of this study show the perception of acceptance is the main factor that affect the policy of implementing rail-based public transportation in the Mamminasata area.

Makassar as a developing city is experiencing development from the transportation sector. This resulted in the increasing number of vehicles. The increase in the number of vehicles produces emissions that cause air pollution, including NO2 emissions from motor vehicles. Currently NO2 concentration can be determined by direct measurement using the Gries Saltman method and pollutant prediction using the Caline program. This research was conducted on the Makassar city toll road which is divided into nine sample points. This study aims to determine the level of NO2 concentration from the transportation sector on the Makassar city toll road. Concentration results from direct measurements and predictions of caline are compared to show the level of concentration present. The results of the NO2 concentration are still below the threshold value that has been set in the latest applicable regulations, which is 200 g/Nm3 with a measurement time of 1 hour. The high or low value of NO2 concentration is influenced by the vehicle volume factor, where the NO2 concentration increases along with the increase in vehicle volume. In addition, it is also influenced by meteorological factors. Based on the results of the Caline-4 software output, the results obtained from the distribution of NO2 concentrations at each receptor found on the Toll Road in Makassar City, it can be stated that it is still below the threshold value set in the latest applicable regulations, which is 200 g/Nm3 with time measurement for one hour.

This study aims to analyze the selection of the A.P. Pettarani Elevated Toll Road route. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires and reviewing respondents to describe the travel characteristics of A.P. Pettarani Elevated Toll Road respondents using Ms. Excel to process the data. The results showed that in the selection of A.P. Pettarani elevated toll road to the airport, and the dominant respondents entered the toll road through the Bakti road where the traveler was aged 50-59 years old, with the last education being a bachelor’s degree, working as an officer, with an income of IDR 4.5M-5.5M. The travel costs incurred are IDR20-30K, travel distance of 7-11 km, travel time of 10-20 minutes, and travel frequency of 15-20 times a month to travel for work/business. In the selection of travel routes using the A.P. Pettarani elevated toll road to the port, the dominant respondents entered the overpass toll road through the Rappocini road, where the traveler was aged 20-29 years old, with the last education being a bachelor’s degree, working as an officer, with an income of IDR 4.5M-5.5M. The travel costs incurred are IDR20-30K, travel distance of 7-11 km, travel time of 20-30 minutes, and travel frequency of 15-20 times to travel for work/business.

The development of the area, especially the city of Makassar, has a significant impact on traffic activities which causes traffic problems. For this reason, this study aims to see how much influence the operation of the Makassar elevated toll road has on the surrounding traffic, especially at the intersection of Jln. A.P. Pettarani - Jln. Boulevard and Jln A.P. Pettarani - Jln. Let. Jend. Hertasning. The data required in this study include surveys of traffic volume, vehicle speed, queue length, and geometric road data conducted on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, with survey periods starting at 07.00 – 09.00, 12.00 – 14.00, and 16.00 – 18.00. Engineering studies in the form of traffic simulations using vision software. From the results of traffic simulations on Wednesday, there were three intersections with the most significant queue length occurring at 16.00-18.00, namely the Boulevard short of 273.85 meters on Wednesday and 222.71 meters on Saturday. The application of a traffic design with an alternative change in traffic signal time at the A.P. Pettarani-Boulevard interchange was reduced by 26.21 meters and 23.75 meters from the existing conditions on Wednesday and Saturday. And for the alternative application of changing the direction of traffic movement at the A.P. Pettarani – Let. Jend. Hertasning, the decrease in the length of vehicle queues on Boulevard short was 21.31 meters and 17.56 from the existing conditions on Wednesday and Saturday.

Chini lake water is used as a source of water for domestic, industrial and agriculture. The study was carried out to assess the water quality of the lake and surrounding area. Ten sampling sites were selected representing the open water body in the lake. A total of 14 water quality parameters viz.. temperature, EC, TDS, DO, pH, turbidity. BOD, COD, TSS, PO4, SO4, NH4, NO3 and salinity were measured. The lowest WQI value 77 was recorded at site S4, respectively, which were found to be slightly polluted. Considering the NWQS, temperature 30.04°C, EC 31.42 μS/cm, TDS 19.03 mg/l, NO3 - 0.21 mg/l, SO4 - 0.84 mg/l, PO4 - 0.05 mg/l, TSS 12.03 mg/l and salinity 0.03 ppt are categorized under class I, while DO 6.15 mg/l, pH 6.73, turbidity 4.22 NTU, BOD 1.63 mg/l, COD 19.50 mg/l and NH4-N 0.20 mg/l the lake water quality are categorized under class II. Total coliform was 273, 412, 868, 267, 495, 406, 929, 953, 441 and 398 cfu/100 ml at all S1 - S10 sites, respectively. While E. coli was found 13, 7, 13, 5, 7, 5, 6, 106, 10 and 7 cfu/100 ml, respectively at all S1 - S10 sites. The highest number of both total coliform 953 cfu/100ml and E. coli 106 cfu/100ml were observed at site S8. The sources of coliforms and E. coli pollution were wastes from human and animals and domestic effluent, which might be due to lack of improper sanitation systems and effects of land use from surrounding agricultural area.

This paper evaluates the effect of topographical and wind condition on the dispersion of chlorine leaks around Gebeng industrial area Malaysia using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The actual data on wind speed and direction was obtained from a local weather station. The turbulent flow was resolved using a scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) model, whereas the chlorine dispersion was modelled using the species transport equation and compared with the area location of hazardous atmosphere (ALOHA) model. The simulation was compared with the laser doppler anemometry (LDA) measurement on a scaled-down terrain model. A good agreement between the CFD prediction and LDA measurement was obtained. The finding showed that the terrain surface, wind direction and wind speed have a combined effect on the dispersion of chlorine. Residential areas R1 and R2 are affected by the chlorine leak during June to September and November to January, respectively. The plume reached the residential area rapidly under the wind speed above 7.2 m/s but the hazard zone is reduced about 50%. CFD prediction agrees with that of ALOHA in the case of flat terrain, whereas CFD provide a better prediction for the case involving complex terrain. The finding in this work may provide a useful guide to estimate the risk zone from a hypothetical chlorine leak which can be used to plan the safety evacuation procedure.

This study aimed to investigate the trip preferences on relaxation facilities specific to café in Makassar city. For this purpose, 1,184 visitors are the respondents who have visited modern café in Makassar: Anomali, Grid and Pool, Numerica, Fireflies, and Black Canyon Coffee. A descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the trip preference due to socio-demography background. The finding shows that the trip purpose preferences among the socio-demography characteristics were similar. The dominant trip purposes sequentially are “hangout and refreshing”, “eating and drink”, and “study”. The significance of this study is to provide a travel demand preference according to the socio-demography background related to trip purpose in the café as one of the relaxation facilities that affect the trip attraction in the urban area.

Adobe has recently gained further significance, and the associated interest of engineers and researchers, due to its environment friendliness. Several studies can be found in the literature that focus on various aspects of the material behaviour of adobe. This article focuses on the investigation of the effects of wire mesh reinforcement on the compressive strength, uniaxial compression behaviour over the entire loading regime, and the tensile splitting strength of adobe specimens. A total of 30 cylindrical specimens with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length were tested, 15 for tensile splitting and 15 for uniaxial compression. For each type of test, 5 specimens did not have any reinforcement, whereas 10 were reinforced with a single layer of steel wire mesh. It has been concluded that the adobe specimens reinforced with wire mesh do not suddenly split because of tensile stresses. It has also been concluded that the wire mesh reinforcement significantly increases the compressive strength of adobe specimens. The stress–strain response of adobe, which is non-linear with post-peak strain softening in the absence of any reinforcement, becomes bilinear in form with continuous post-cracking hardening when wire mesh reinforcement is added. The use of wire mesh reinforcement in adobe construction has great potential to further promote adobe as a construction material.

The commercial value of black rice husk ash (BRHA) has increased, and it is suitable for use in highway construction. In this study, BRHA waste was ground using a grinding ball mill to fine particles size less than 75μm. Four BRHA contents were considered in the study i.e. 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight of binder. The asphalt mixture performance of the BRHA was evaluated through Marshall Stability, stiffness, flow, and density test. Test results showed that BRHA can be satisfactorily used as a filler material in order to increases the properties of hot-mix asphalt. Test results also indicate that asphaltic concrete containing 6% BRHA showed excellent performance to Marshall Stability properties

Watershed has played an important source of ecosystem services (ES). The Krueng Peusangan watershed (KPW) is considered to be the “lungs” and ecological border in the central region of Aceh, Indonesia. This study aims to monitor landscape patterns in the watershed area of 2009-2019 and to predict changes in 2039 and their relationship with infiltration. The selection of this research area is due to the notion that KPW is one of the numerously deforested watersheds in the country. Temporal spatial monitoring of landscape (land use/cover, LUC) patterns are required to inform policy and support future spatial management planning towards sustainability. Landscape patterns changes in KPW, including the extent of loss and addition of forest over the last few years, have not been quantified. In constructing the regional development policies, information regarding the effects of landscape changes and climatic patterns on ecosystem services is essential. Therefore, the knowledge development of this relationship is encouraged. The comparison value between potential and actual infiltration could identify the watershed category. The upstream area of KPW is classified as a significantly critical watershed due to LUC changes. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to improve the absorption zone for the continuation of groundwater protection.

The existence of river environmental components or sediment and river pollutions are influenced by domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, it will reduce water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the index of water quality and sedimentation due to anthropogenic activities. Pollution Index (PI) method for water quality and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) method for sedimentation. The Krueng Woyla and Krueng Meuruebo watersheds include have the highest intensity of anthropogenic activity at West Aceh District. Surrounding the Krueng Woyla watershed has illegal mining such as class C minerals like sand and stone and gold mining. In the Krueng Meureubo watershed, there are mining activities to dispose of company waste flowing through the Meureubo tributary accompanied by sand mining activities. These activities result in the pollution index (PI) calculation. It shows that there has been a decrease in the water quality of the Meuruebo and Woyla rivers with 1.0

Non-Budget Financing The government raises alternative sources of financing to be used to contribute the financing strategic national infrastructure projects that have commercial value and have an impact on improving the Indonesian economy. One example of this scheme is PPP (Government and Business Entity Cooperation). The purpose of this study was to see the readiness of the South Sulawesi regional government in the Mamminasata Urban Railway Project with Non-State Budget / Regional Budget Financing. It is believed that the Public-Private Partnership Scheme with Business Entities (PPP) was believed to be alternative financing that can improve infrastructure development and the efficiency of development implementation which creates the quality of a product and service in the distribution of capital and risk as well as the competence of human resource expertise together. It was hoped that the PPP Project in the construction of the Mamminasata Urban Railway Infrastructure could become a way out in Non-State Budget / Regional Budget financing and become a solution by the National Mid-Term Development Plan (NMTDP) and Regional Mid-Term Development Plan (RMTDP) to achieve the construction of a 3258 Km railway line. The suggestion put forward into this study is the government needs to establish a transportation management body that integrates all modes of transportation and manages commercial areas following the authority of the PJPK in increasing revenue for an investment return on Availability Payment (AP).

On June 5th 2015, Malaysia was shocked by an earthquake with Mw6.1 which had struck Ranau, one of the districts in Sabah. The moderate earthquake was the strongest recorded since the Mw5.8 earthquake which occurred in Lahad Datu in 1976. The Ranau earthquake had caused minor to severe damages to local buildings. Although Sabah is located outside the Pacific Ring of Fire, there are some regions which set at risk of earthquake namely as Kundasang, Ranau, Pitas, Lahad Datu and Tawau. After experiencing the tremors from both local and regional earthquakes, Malaysian now aware on the importance of seismic design on buildings and structures. However, the effect of seismic design application on cost of materials need to be studied beforehand. In relation to that, this study presents the seismic design of reinforced concrete hotel or dormitory building with consideration of different magnitude of reference peak ground acceleration, αgR and different soil type. Result shows that both parameters strongly influencing the cost of steel reinforcement. The latter is estimated to be increase around 14–247% higher compared to similar building without seismic design.

This study proposed an empirical study of risk assessment module for public road infrastructure construction projects. This study employs a case study of a public road infrastructure construction projects located at a state in East Coast of Malaysia. The projects involve the construction of new four (4) lane road along 5.875km aligned from the state route to federal route. The project will be benefited to the federal and state economic development, while for the local residents, they will benefited with reducing of traffic congestion. However, due to several uncertainties, schedule delays have occurred to the particular area. Thus, this study conducted to explore the risk associated with the project, and four delay factors and thirteen sub-factors have emerged prior to the consultations with project team experts. The delay risk assessed quantitatively employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique by prioritising the risk delay factors. Design of the AHP model and the operation of the pair-wise rating was employed the super-decision software. The analysis revealed that when considering all factor concerning the goal, the project risk (0.348) captured the most prioritised risk factor that caused by land acquisition issues (0.555), followed by environmental (0.233) caused by the uncertainty of weather (0.733), operational risk (0.309) caused by late submission of approved for construction drawing causing a delay in projects submission delay (0.396) as the last prioritised risk factors in the construction project and technical risk (0.110) caused by the new design does not consider existing drainage system causing flood (0.352). Findings of this study will beneficial to the project team, as the prioritised risk will act as their references and guidance to avoid delays and incurring of project costs.

Malaysia is fortunate because it is located outside the Pacific Ring-Fire region which is seismically active. However, it still exposes to earthquake hazard from Far-Field earthquake from neighbouring countries. In Peninsular, it is exposes to Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from Indonesia. In East Malaysia, to states namely as Sabah and Sarawak are expose to Philippines earthquake. Besides, Malaysia also experienced earthquakes from local faults such as Bukit Tinggi in 2007. On 5th June 2015, a moderate earthquake with Mw6.1 occurred in Ranau, Sabah which caused 18 fatalities. The same event also caused damage to 61 buildings around Ranau and Kundasang. For the sake of safety, construction of new buildings in Malaysia has to consider seismic design. This paper presents a study to evaluate the increment of construction materials used due to consideration of seismic design. A typical four-storey generic reinforced concrete school building had been used as model. This study adjusted the value of reference peak ground acceleration, α gR in modelling, analysis, and design process. The concrete grade was fixed as C30. Four soil types had been considered for all models with seismic design consideration. Findings from this study demonstrate that the consideration of seismic design caused the increment of steel reinforcement around 16% to 32% for beam and 1% to 14% for column. In term of cost of structural work, consideration of seismic design increases the cost in range of 2% to 5% compared to the nonseismic design. Therefore, it is worth for Malaysia to fully implement the seismic design in new development.

Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) are being used for the estimation of the ground motion parameters which are needed for the design and evaluation of important structures. The seismic hazard may contribute greatly to the total risk; therefore the selection of appropriate GMPEs may have a substantial influence on the design and safety evaluation. For low-seismicity areas, however, the available database of strong ground motion measurements is limited, with determination of an appropriate GMPE been a rather difficult task. The objective of this study is to evaluate the next generation attenuation (NGA) ground-motion models to be applied in Sabah region. In this study, six next generation attenuation (NGA) models have been selected to be evaluated. The representation of all NGA models, are compared with the Sabah ground motion database comprises 209 two horizontal-component acceleration time series recorded within 10 to 1000 km of source to site distances for 173 earthquakes with moment magnitudes (M W ) ranging between 3.0–6.0. The comparisons are made using analyses of root of the mean square (RMS) and residuals. Two GMPEs present better residual fits than other models with smaller RMS value and indicates better estimation of the peak ground acceleration (PGA). Based on these findings, it is recommended on using the NGA relations for seismic hazard assessment of Sabah.

Catchment area is very important known for the protection of water resources as a provider of environmental services. Increasing population will increase water demand and the extent of land utilization. The purpose of this research is to determine the areas of high conservation value in the control of water catchment area at Peusangan Watershed as a provider of environmental services. One of the High Conservation Value (HCV) approaches is focused on water providers and flood control for downstream communities; and control of erosion and sedimentation. HCV is a spatial analysis, hence the use of multi-temporal satellite imagery and data processing using GIS plays an important role in the HCV assessment process. The results obtained, water catchment area in both natural and normal conditions 57.92%, getting critical 25.08% and rather critical, critical and very critical categories 17.0%. Sub-watershed in Peusangan Watershed area which has the largest critical area is Krueng Ceilala Sub-watershed (75, 56%) and Lut Tawar Sub-watershed (77.35%). Moderate Krueng Simpo Sub-watershed (35.44%) and Krueng Mane Sub-watershed (42, 17%). Krueng Ceulala Sub-watershed and Lut Tawar Sub-watershed is the upstream area of Peusangan Watershed which serves as a conservation area that needs to be kept in order to provide water availability in the transition and downstream Krueng Peusangan areas are to be maintained, as well as providing an impact in providing natural environment services and area that serves as water provider and flood controllers for downstream communities. The existence of water springs and rivers whose water has been utilized by the community is evidence that the area of watershed is high conservation value, due to the conversion of the land function that removes vegetation cover on the upstream causing functionality of the catchment area decreases.

This research aimed to analyze the noise reduction based on the noise barrier along the Makassar-Parepare railway. The measurement was conducted on Makassar-Parepare line, which consists of 4 types of areas. Six of the observation points are in residential areas, 1 point in commerce area, 1 point in the green open space area, and 1 point in the station area. Each region has 6 measurement points. So that the whole measurement points are 54 measurement points. The noise level measurement was conducted using simple SLM (sound level meter) placed at 3 meters from the side of the road with a height of 1.2 meters from the road surface and omitted the background noise by using windscreen from the SLM. Measurements were operated every 10 minutes for four-time intervals which are 06.00-09.00, 09.00-14.00, and at 14.00-17.00. The research result shows the settlement areas consisting of 36 measurement points, in which 69% has exceeded the quality standard, and 31% are still below the standard. For the green open space area which includes six measurement points, 17% has exceeded the quality standard, and 83% are still below the standard. For the commerce area and stations which consist of 6 measurement points, 100% of the areas are still below the standards. The noise barrier design could reduce the noise level 5.0 until 7.7 dB.

The commonly used approach to predict and evaluate the wind risk in Peninsular Malaysia is to employ the basic wind speed (Vs) hazard map, which underestimates the real damage due to the limitation of factors considered by the current map. This paper aimed to develop a new wind hazard map for Peninsular Malaysia based on the site wind speed (Vsite) rather than the Vs using the Geographical Information System. The development of the Vsite map considered the effects of the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and the topography conditions that were not taken into consideration by the Malaysian Standard during the development of the Vs map. The statistical analysis proved that the wind hazard in Peninsular Malaysia is directly proportional to the LULC and inversely proportional to the Hill Shape Multiplier. In addition, the results showed that the existing Vs map underrated the wind hazard in Peninsular Malaysia by almost 9.02% to 17.79% compared to the developed Vsite map. Therefore, the use of the newly developed map to evaluate the wind hazards will significantly enhance the assessment, and the new map has the potential to be incorporated into the Malaysian Standard for this purpose.

Indonesia is located in a high seismic region and is in one of the most vulnerable countries likely to experience earthquakes. The impact of earthquakes on port structures can have an enormous impact on the economy if the earthquake hazard is not acknowledged, essential elements of the transportation system not identified, and damage prevention procedures not applied. In this project, the seismic performance of critical infrastructures, such as post structures as designed and constructed, are assessed. Outcomes of the assessment enable vulnerable elements to be identified leading to design recommendations. The project is conducted based on data collection, field survey, site investigations, experiments, and computer modelling and simulations.

The issue of abandoned housing project happens across the globe, and it brings nothing positive to the stakeholders as well as to the economic and environment. Even though there are numerous policies and the Malaysian government has promulgated laws, yet the problem of abandoned housing projects is still occurring and not yet been fully addressed. The objectives are to investigate the factor of government policy that contribute to the abandoned housing project and to suggest the suitable solution in mitigating the problem. After the extensive literature review and multi-choice questionnaire survey method been done, the author found that the requirement of 30% low cost house for each development and unstandardized policy together with strict regulation from authorities is one of the main factor that contribute to the abandoned housing project. This paper suggested that the requirement of 30% low cost house for each development should be revised and the requirements for statutory approval should be standardized and short. This study will be contributing an information to the stakeholder involved in housing development.

Consultant selection is a complex problem involving qualitative and quantitative multi criteria decision. In this study, an AHP-based consultant selection model is applied to develop and assist in decision making process to resolve the consultant selection problem in choosing the most favourable consultant’s criteria combination. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an established decision method used to synthesize judgements and select the best alternative. When the objectives and scopes of study are set, then the data collection are made through two methods which are through literature review and pair-wise questionnaire survey. Information obtained from the questionnaire is interpreted into a simpler form and analysed by using the Expert Choice software. Results shows that financial capability of the consultant prioritize the decision of the selection while dominating the sub-criteria for selection is the profit made by the consultant within the last 3 years.

Simple urban residential building must meet the technical requirements set forth in the building and structure law number 28 of 2002. In the city of Bogor, especially in the densely populated village of Kayumanis, there are areas that have the potential of landslides. In that area, there are some houses that have been damaged by the movement of land and landslides that can threaten the safety of its inhabitants. Therefore they need to stay aware about potential collapse of several parts of house structures, and then understand how to evacuate to safer area, outside of the house after the incident was stopped. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to evaluate buildings in accordance with FEMA on the safety level of buildings. The structure and modeling analysis using SAP 2000-V10 and Indonesia Standard. Specification of simple urban residential building using the reinforced concrete material with the quality of concrete (fc’) 17 MPa, 15x15 cm column dimension, 15x18 cm beam dimension and 4D12 BJTP main reinforcement, and shear reinforcement D8-20. The results of the analysis of urban residential building structures shown in 3D form, obtained values for column structure elements almost close to failure are marked with orange color, while for the element of the beam structure is declared safe marked with green color. From result of modeling analysis referring to FEMA 356 obtained value C0 = 1.0; C1 = 1.378; C2 = 1.0; C3 = 1.0; Sa = 1.011; and Te = 0.2206, which states the value of the displacement target is 0.02 m which is categorized to be at ‘The Life Safety’ (LS) performance level. This means that if there is a movement of land, the structure of the house is declared stable and has adequate service capacity and damage non-structural part is still controlled.

Construction projects is progressing rapidly in Malaysia and have been as one of an important factor in contributing the boost of country’s economic. Well known as a sectors with involvement of multiple players, thus, contractor selection is an important aspect in construction sector especially for client or parties involve that need to hire the best contractor to manage and complete their project within time-line and bearable cost couple with comprised quality. Furthermore, without a suitable method use in selection of contractor, it will affect the completion of whole project. This paper aiming in make use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as a decision support model to select contractor. The AHP allows constructing decision as hierarchies and each criterion can be evaluated through weighted determined by the expert in construction field. The objectives of this study is to develop the main criteria used by client in selection of contractors also identify the weighted criteria by using AHP method from current practice in Malaysia. Besides, this method is one of the decision-making that is necessary to eliminate the risks of project failure due to poor contractor’s performance.

This paper presents a preliminary methodological study of a seismic risk assessment in a residential area to classification of damage state immediately subsequent after earthquake happen. This paper compared with difference research of a seismic risk assessment in the same area, i.e. Kertosari, Banjarnegara Indonesia. This methodological study to identified compatibility of the building vulnerability assessment with Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) method for determine the probability of damage that has 5 different damage statuses (slight, moderate, extensive, complete and none), where the criteria damage states in vulnerable building has additional damage parameters based on the latest building damage regulations issued in 2013, which have totally 104 data difference criteria. The results from determine the probability of damage processing using the NBC methodology in Kertosari Banjarnegara that most type of damage states is extensive damage. There is a difference with 2018 research data, where the most damage state is the moderate damage, and there is also a difference with the Banjarnegara Municipal Disaster Management Authority (BPBD Banjarnegara) data, which has the most damage state is the complete damage. The difference is caused by the criteria in determining the damage conditions are still too general and the uncertainty value is high. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and detailed the building type model and damaged condition criteria for Indonesian buildings, based on the assessment and suggestion of experts who have good and long experience in earthquake risk management and understand the state of damage to Indonesian building regulations, such as: (1) researchers/scientists; (2) small and medium-sized contractors; (3) construction supervisors; (4) government officials; (5) business leaders; (6) academics/educators; (7) non-governmental organizations, in order to obtain an assessment of damage to residential houses quickly and accurately.

The present work attempt to derive a risk index that causing performance failures among Public-private partnership (PPP) housing construction project, and to propose a risk response and monitoring strategy based on the risk index obtained. A total of thirty-three (33) respondent involved in the PPP housing construction assessing the risk elements employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings reveal that among the risks that were captured for high to extreme risks (0.100 < RI ⩽ 0.150) are geologic hazard risk (0.125), and inflation and interest rate risk (0.116) whereas strategy proposed for both of the extreme risks are avoiding the risk and it best to be assigned the risks to the private sector. On contrary, results for moderate risks captured with unreliable value for money (0.066), fluctuation in currency exchange rate (0.058), absence of transparency and accountability during procurement process (0.084), absence of robust and clear agreement (0.077), unforeseen ground condition (0.058) and shortage of technical expertise (0.054) the strategy advocated for the moderate risk is to transfer the risks and shared within both parties i.e. public and private. Eventually, low risks occupied within the risk index of (0.000 < RI ⩽ 0.050) are financial incapacity if private partners (0.034), weak state intervention (0.039), persistent land acquisition (0.039), insufficient capacity in procurement and negotiation (0.035), frequent design change (0.039), design over specification (0.023), poor quality workmanship (0.029), absence of specific PPP framework (0.046) and inadequate PPP skills and knowledge leading to poor planning (0.043) all the risks best to accept and retained within the public sectors. Taken together, the development of risk response and risk mitigation plan that emerged from the risk index offered significant contribution which has gain a new understanding that risks with severe or low exposure can be reduced or avoided taking into account its strategic and effective response and mitigation approaches.

Method in construction industry is very important in construction industry. The type of method used in construction may affect the quality of the project. Three distinct method that will be explore in this paper are traditional method, design and build and industrial building system (IBS). The traditional procurement method, known for its separate entity by the client, architect and contractor. The architect will responsible for design work, while contractor will responsible for construction work. Meanwhile, the design and build, whereby the contractor accepts responsibility for some or all of the design finally the IBS is when the construction built using pre-fabricated components. This paper aiming in identifying the criteria and suitability for selecting different kind of construction delivery method in construction by using the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) namely the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Results provides some empirical finding which contractor for Grade 7 is suitable employing the industrial building system(IBS) method while the traditional method is appropriately for the Grade 1 contractor.

The creep stiffness and voids properties of asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil at different aging conditions i.e. unaged, short term aging and long term aging were presented in this study. 60/70 penetration grade asphalt binder was used in this investigation. 5% of asphalt binder was replaced with untreated and treated waste cooking oil. The voids properties of asphalt mixture were determined based on Marshall Mix design test where creep stiffness were evaluate through dynamic creep test. In general, the results showed that creep stiffness modulus at the three different aging conditions were improved when treated waste cooking oil was used. However, the creep stiffness was decreased when untreated waste cooking oil was introduced in asphalt mixture.

Strong wind is an annual natural hazard in Malaysia due to the geographical location. The northeast monsoon season usually commences in early November and ends in March. During this season, steady easterly or northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The strong wind events such as hurricane and storms often caused severe damage to the large number of low rise building especially at the roofing system. At end of year 2014, the series of thunderstorm hit the Northern area of Peninsular Malaysia and caused million ringgit losses. This paper is focused on the roofing system failure of the low rise houses at the rural area that constitute the great majority of the infrastructure in less affluent communities. These non-engineered structures are typically built with very little, or no technical engineering input, and are often the product of varied building traditions and cultures.

Objectives:Air pollution dispersion is greatly affected by the wind speed and direction. Most often the pollution dispersion from industrial area is not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of surface topology on the wind speed and atmospheric turbulent around the Gebeng industrial area in Pahang was studied using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The typical southeastern wind with a speed of about 1.3003 m/s corresponding to the actual speed of approximately 5 km/h was considered for validation. The turbulent flow was modelled using k-e model. The model was compared with the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurement onthe scale-down rig. Findings:The CFD prediction showed good agreementwithin 10% deviation with the experimental measurement via LDV. It was found that the plume of noxious gas driven by the eastern wind can affect the nearby residential area R2, whereas the western wind is affecting the residential area R1. In the presence of hill obstacle, the gas plume moves southward into the flat terrain. Application/ Improvements: Results from this work may be useful to understand the risk of air pollutant dispersion around Gebeng industrial area.

This current study is evaluating the risks of Chereh Dam failure. A dam break study basically consists of rainfall analyses; hydrologic modeling; dam breaching analysis and inundation mapping of the resultant flood. Precipitation analyses and development of Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curve has been prepared and published in Urban Storm water Management Manual by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia. In here, hydrologic modeling was performed with the HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Modeling System). The results of hydrological analysis revealed that the observed and simulated flow hydrographs in the calibration and confirmation exercises were reasonably close. Furthermore, dam breaching analysis and inundation mapping was executed with the HEC-RAS (River Analysis System). Dam break analysis result will be used to arrange policy of the state or city government in order to minimize the hazards of Chereh Dam failure.

The changing of climate pattern will increase the magnitude and frequency of excessive precipitation events which may trigger the possibility of river flooding with more severe and with higher risks. The objective of this current study is to assess and determine the flood inundation at the midstream to downstream part of Kuantan River Basin without and with consideration on Climate Change Factor (CCF). This coefficient is obtained from a technical guide on future design rainstorm with Climate Change Factor (CCF) by National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM). Next, design storm used in this study is a 24-hour storm duration and 100 years Annual Recurrence Interval (ARI). The finding of this study shows that climate change brings a significant impact on flood inundation depth and also in area. This result will be useful for city and or state government in term of formulating of appropriate strategies in order to minimize the negative impacts of flooding in Kuantan River Basin.

Construction management’s knowledge is basis knowledge for one who works as civil engineer in construction industry. A good construction management will make the progressing of the project is more efficient and follow as in the plan also fulfill the customer needed as in the contract. The weak management will cause problem at site such as the delay, over budgeting and so on. As a civil engineer that involve direct with the site activities, they need to master this knowledge to manage the project. The purposes for this research are to identify and to determine the knowledge that a civil engineer in construction industry should have to be a competent engineer. The data collections are taken from the respondents who work as civil engineer with contractor class G6 and G7 in Penang state. The importance of this research is to determine the best knowledge characteristics that will be used for nowadays civil engineer. They will apply this knowledge during manage any project. The result from the survey will be compared with the data that get from the literature review. This is to identify the latest knowledge to be a guideline to become a competent engineer. From the result of the survey, mostly respondents who are civil engineers that involve in construction activities in Penang agree that have the knowledgeable in technical knowledge, decision making knowledge, teamwork knowledge planning and scheduling knowledge also leadership knowledge is very important to be a competent engineer.

One of the most significant regional earthquakes which brought catastrophic impacts is the magnitude of Mw = 9.1 earthquake which occurred on the western coast of Banda Aceh, North Sumatera had generated a massive Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26th, 2004. Apart from that, several local earthquakes also occurred in Bukit Tinggi, Pahang and Ranau, Sabah according to Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia). However, oil and gas industry plays a vital role in Malaysian economy due to the significant contribution to the country's gross domestic product. In fact, the existing fixed offshore structure in Malaysia region only take into considerations the wind load, wave load, and current load rather than earthquake load. The objective of this study is to perform unity check for every element of offshore wellhead platform when subjected to 2004 Aceh earthquake loading. All the environmental loads such as wave, wind, and current load have been designed by referring the American Petroleum Institute (API) design criteria. The computer software SAP2000 is selected to model and analyse the offshore structure. There are three types of analysis that have been performed in this study which are the free vibration analysis, time history analysis, and response spectrum analysis. The time history of earthquake data from 2004 Aceh earthquake has been used in performing time history analysis. For the response spectrum analysis, the analysis was performed by using response spectra curves in Eurocode 8. As a result, the offshore wellhead platforms in Malaysia are situated under a safe condition when subjected to low seismic activity based on the study.

Peninsular Malaysia coastline is undergoing extreme level of erosion causing economic retardation and life threatening situation. National Coastal Erosion Studies 1984 shows that around 52% of Peninsular Malaysia’s coastline is undergoing erosion and these value might have increased over the years. Hence, this paper aims to locate the erosion prone area in Peninsular Malaysia in response to monsoon by utilizing documented mass media reports. The review of mass media reports were analysed together with wind speed in representative of monsoon for the five years period to achieve the aim of this paper. The outcome of this study shows that the severity of coastal erosion in Peninsular Malaysia is increasing drastically. In addition, the northeast monsoon shows the highest impact on the erosion disaster especially in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The result from this empirical studies shows a good correlation between coastal erosion and monsoon in Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, the coastal erosion is highly catalysed by monsoon (wind) as its prime catalyst.

This paper presents a preliminary study of seismic risk assessment in Kertosari village, Kalibening Subdistrict, Banjarnegara District, after the earthquake incident on 18th April 2018. The study was based on Hazard US (HAZUS) with Damage Probability Matrix to estimate losses of damage state with model building type (Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frames-Low Height (C1L), Reinforced Masonry Bearing Walls with Wood or Metal Deck Diaphragms-Low Height (RM1L) and Reinforced Masonry Bearing Walls with Precast Concrete Diaphragms (RM2L)). From the results, the probability calculation of damage in Kertosari Villages, moderate damaged category is the most. Other damage categories are slight, extensive, complete and none. Meanwhile, based on site preliminary survey and data from Banjarnegara Municipal Disaster Management Authority [1] which has updated on 20th April 2018 in Kertosari village, complete damaged category is the most. Therefore, it is necessary an expert's judgment to refine building type model and the criteria of damage state for compatible Indonesian building.

This paper presents the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modified asphalt binder in terms of its Moisture Susceptibility. This test is essential to evaluate the performance of NS-PA towards the resistance of moisture induced damage. Moisture susceptibility can be defined as the loss durability, strength and stiffness of PA due to the existence of moisture, causing the adhesive loss of binder and aggregate. It is interesting to know that the existence of nanoparticle with different proportion can affect the moisture susceptibility behavior of NS-PA. Three different percentages of nanosilica were mixed with PEN 60-70 type of binder in this study. Then, all these blended modified binder were used to prepare PA Grading B specimens using Marshall Mix Design Method. Nanoparticle used in this study was Nanosilica with the average size of 10 to 15 nanometer. In addition, Moisture Susceptibility of NS-PA was evaluated using Indirect Tensile Strength Test, based on Modified Lottman Test. From the result, the maximum TSR value obtained at 2% NS-PA, which was 91%. Meanwhile, for conventional PA (0% NS), TSR value was only 74%. In accordance to AASTHOT283, TSR value should be equal or more than 80% to withstand moisture induced damage. However, for PA, 70% TSR value is consider acceptable due to porous nature of PA that permit water to flow inside the mix. From this result, it was concluded that the optimum amount of NS required for PA to withstand moisture induced damage was 2%. Thus, with proper NS concentration, the performance of PA with NS modified binder in terms of moisture susceptibility can be enhanced.

The construction industry is one of the industries that currently gave an overwhelming effect to the booster of the developing country. Construction field is one of the areas that need immediate decision during the planning, design or construction stage. A construction project in a broader context is the involvement of multiple construction practitioners with an aim to ensure that the project complete within the time frame and budget with assured quality. In ensuring smoothness of the construction project, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique as a systematic tool has been used widely, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the 40 journal articles, questions of which civil engineering field does AHP mostly employed as decision making tools in any of risk occurrence may be answered. Results revealed that thirteen (13) various civil engineering field was discovered adopting AHP as decision making assessment method and company and managerial, road highway project and building construction remarked the core field attracted much interest.

Construction industry is one of the most dynamic, risky, and challenging industries not only in Malaysia but other countries too. The main issues facing by the construction industry is abandoned building project. The issue of abandoned building had happened across the globe and brings negative impact to the nation and country. In Malaysia, the magnitude of this issue has grown to an unbearable state. According to the Sales and Purchase agreement, abandoned building is a construction work in a project site that has been continuously stalled for 6 months or more, whether during the project completion period or beyond the scheduled. When the projects of the building become abandoned, it gives an adverse effect such as downfall of economic growth. Besides, it will cause a serious problem of sustainability especially a waste of natural resources/material used for the construction. In order to prevent this problem, some mitigation plan is needed. This study was conducted to study the cause, effect and economic analysis on abandoned project. There is a need for broader discussions on its implications to the society and nation. The questionnaire survey was conducted and distributed to most civil engineers around Malaysia. The results was analysed using average index methods and likert scale. The result shows that mismanagement of the project by developer is the main factor that contributes to the abandoned building project. A suitable solution suggested by the despondence is in order to avoid abandoned project, the developer should have a stable financial and risk management systems. By this, the abandoned project can be avoided and will help in the growth of economy in Malaysia.

The scarcities of natural resources and increment in waste production rates have promoted efforts to investigate the potential incorporation of various by-products in roads construction. Reusing of waste materials such as black rice husk ash (BRHA) in asphaltic concrete was considered as one of the proper management of the waste, which ensures economic and environmental benefits. Hence, this study investigates the effect of black rice husk ash on asphalt mixtures properties under different aging condition. BRHA was added in the asphalt mix in a proportion of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of bitumen. 5% optimum bitumen content with 60/70 penetration grade binder was selected for this study. The asphalt mixtures for each fraction was prepared in three different aging conditions i.e. un-aging (UA), short term aging (STA) and long term aging (LTA). The properties of asphalt mixtures were evaluated by voids, stiffness and dynamic creep tests. The results indicate that asphalt mixtures consisting of BRHA have exhibited better performance in term of voids, stiffness and creep modulus when compared to the conventional asphalt mixtures. The STA and LTA mixtures modified with BRHA produced higher performance than the unmodified mixtures. It can be concluded that the optimum additional percentage of BRHA was in the range of 4% to 6%.