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Introduction. Ablative fractional laser photothermolysis (A-FLPh), used for rejuvenation of aging skin, is based on its controlled damage. Factors of the immune system are involved in the reparative regeneration processes triggered, which, in turn, is also subject to age-related remodeling or immunostaining. The aim of the work was to evaluate in dynamics the response of the immune system to the A-FLPh procedure performed for correction of age-associated facial skin changes. Materials and methods. The study included 25 women aged 42 to 55 years who underwent A-FLPh treatment of facial skin with an Erbium laser. The number of leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, T-helpers, cytotoxic T-cells, regulatory T-cells, NKT-lymphocytes, NK-lymphocytes were counted in the peripheral blood before, on the 8th and 24th after the procedure. We studied phagocytic function of neutrophils and monocytes, NBT-reducing and lysosomal activity of neutrophils; determined the amount of IgA, IgM, IgG, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results. On the 8th day after A-FLPh, the number of neutrophils, neutrophils and monocytes phagocytosis, the number of lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells, IL-6 and IL-8 levels significantly increased; in parallel, the number of CD11b+ NK-lymphocytes, CD11b+ NKT-lymphocytes, IgA, IgG, IL-10 concentrations decreased. On the 24th day, quantitative functional indices of neutrophils, total number of lymphocytes, concentrations of IgA and IgG had no reliable difference from pre-procedure values, phagocytic parameters of monocytes, number of regulatory T-cells, IL-6 and IL-8 levels remained significantly higher, while the number of CD11b+ NK-lymphocytes, CD11b+ NKT-lymphocytes and IL-10, on the contrary, significantly lower than the initial level. Discussion. The revealed changes of systemic immunity indices after A-FLPh testify to both direct and regulatory-modulatory influence of immune factors on skin repair and remodeling after laser damage. Conclusion. The A-FLPh procedure induces a response from both cellular and humoral factors of the immune system, predominantly innate immunity.

Chronic non-infectious inflammation of low intensity is the most important mechanism of development and progression in atherosclerosis. Under the conditions of persistent non-resolving inflammation observed in the vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque (ASB), permanent tissue damage occurs, thus leading to increased formation of endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The non-histone chromosomal protein HMGB1 may be regarded as a prototypical DAMPs. HMGB1 acts as a DAMP if entering the extracellular space, causing inflammation by its binding to pattern-recognizing receptors (TLR2, TLR4, RAGE, CD36, etc.). A number of clinical studies have revealed higher HMGB1 levels in the blood of patients with coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic disease of the lower limb arteries, as well as its interrelations with the burden of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Currently, the mechanisms of HMGB1-mediated atherosclerosis progression are studied only fragmentary. The aim of our study was to investigate relationships between the serum HMGB1 level and subsets of circulating monocyte subpopulations in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.The study enrolled patients aged 40-64 years with subclinical atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries. Serum HMGB1 concentration was determined using enzyme immunoassay kits (Human HMGB1/HMG-1 ELISA Kit, NBP2-62766, Novus Biologicals, USA). The serum HMGB1 threshold was 18.75 pg/ml, whereas the measurement range was 31.25 to 2000 pg/ml. Phenotyping of the blood monocyte subpopulations was performed by flow cytometry using Navios 6/2 device (Beckman Coulter, USA).An increase in serum HMGB1 concentration was associated with decreased number of classical M2 monocytes, and an increase in intermediate and M1 monocytes. Moreover, an increase in HMGB1 concentration was associated with higher numbers of classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes expressing CD36 and TLR2. Increased HMGB1 concentration (from Q1 to Q4) correlated with higher numbers of classical (p = 0.001) and intermediate monocytes (p = 0.006) but not with non-classical phenotypes (p = 0.147). Upon increase of HMGB1 concentration (Q1 to Q4), we have found an increase in the number of classical (p < 0.0001), intermediate (p < 0.0001), and non-classical (p < 0.0001), CD36-expressing monocytes. An increased number of intermediate (p = 0.022; p1, 4 = 0.034) and non-classical, TLR2-expressing monocytes was also revealed (p = 0.002; p1, 4 = 0.035). By mean of correlation analysis, IL-1β concentrations showed direct correlation with the number of M1 monocytes (r = 0.268; p = 0.035) and inverse relation with the number of M2 monocytes (r = -0.376; p = 0.003).Increased serum HMGB1 concentration in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis was associated with decreased numbers of classical and M2 monocytes, as well as higher numbers of intermediate and M1 monocytes, like as with increased contents of intermediate and non-classical monocytes expressing CD36 and TLR2. IL-1β levels directly correlated with HMGB1 concentration and the number of Mi-monocytes.

The use of lasers in medical cosmetology today is widespread. The effects of laser techniques are pronounced and persistent. It is known that skin microcirculation increases after the procedures, renewal of keratinocytes and fbroblasts is stimulated, but there is little information about the molecular basis of the action of ablative lasers, about the mechanisms underlying the formation of new tissues (various types of collagens, laminin, vessels of the microvasculature).Purpose of the study. Formation of a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regenerative processes of the skin after ablative laser exposure.Results. After ablative laser exposure, the amount of interleukin-1α signifcantly increases, which leads to stimulation of the formation of type I and III collagens, laminin. There is an increase in vascular, fbroblast growth factor, which also helps to stimulate the proliferation of fbroblasts, increase its blood supply.Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that fractional photothermolysis improves the elastic properties of the skin, enhances skin trophism and activates the metabolism of the skin. The prolongation of the effects of a single procedure is due to the activation and stimulation of the skin’s own regenerative resources, which contributes to an increase in its own fbroblasts, collagens, vessels of the microvasculature, cells of the epidermis and dermis.

The aim of the study was to determine the number of lymphocytes, intracellular cytokines produced by lymphocytes, and the cell cycle of lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients when exposed to various drugs, as well as to assess the functions of cultured lymphocytes when exposed to drugs in vivo and in vitro.Materials and methods. The study involved lymphocytes isolated from the blood of healthy women under various conditions. At the first stage of the study, T-lymphocytes were isolated from the blood of patients before exposure to the drug. The absolute and relative lymphocyte count, the number of intracellular cytokines, and the cell cycle were determined.At the second stage, the drugs were added to the nutrient medium, where lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients who did not receive systemic drugs were cultured. The placental extract preparation was added to the lymphocytes isolated from the first group of patients, while the hyaluronic acid preparation was added to the lymphocytes isolated from the second group of patients.At the third stage, the lymphocytes isolated from the blood of patients after systemic exposure to the placental extract preparation or hyaluronic acid preparation were isolated and cultured, after which the same lymphocyte parameters were determined.Results. The number of T-lymphocytes increased with the systemic use of the placental extract and hyaluronic acid preparations and practically did not change compared with the baseline data, when these drugs were added to the nutrient medium. Placental extract and hyaluronic acid had a positive effect on the mitotic activity of cells; it is worth noting that the effect of placental extract was greater than that of hyaluronic acid. Both drugs did not have a negative effect on apoptosis of T-lymphocytes. Under the effect of placental extract, lymphocytes secreted more interleukins, which contributed to proliferation of keratinocytes.Conclusion. The placental extract and hyaluronic acid preparations have a stimulating effect on keratinocytes. The placental extract preparation has a stimulating effect on T-lymphocytes after systemic exposure of the body to it.

The study is devoted to the study of the content of collagen types I and III, laminin in the epidermis and dermis, insulin-like and vascular growth factors in the skin of women with a preserved menstrual cycle and women in menopause. A study was also made of the content of the same indicators after cosmetic procedures aimed at improving the quality of the skin. The degree of effectiveness of cosmetic procedures for skin regeneration was determined depending on the presence or absence of menopause.

It is known that chronic activation of innate immunity and persistent low-intensity inflammation play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. It was found that atherogenic lipoproteins can act as inducers of the inflammatory response through ligand-receptor interaction with pattern-recognizing receptors of immunocompetent cells, such as CD36 (SR-B2) and Toll-like receptors. It is suggested that expression of CD36 on circulating monocytes may represent the burden of systemic atherosclerosis and, therefore, act as its diagnostic marker. The aim of the present study was to assess the intensity of CD36 expression on circulating monocytes of different subpopulations in patients without established cardiovascular disease (CVD) depending on the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries. One hundred patients without established atherosclerotic CVD, 49 (49.0%) men and 51 (51.0%) women, were included in the study. Monoclonal antibody conjugates were used to phenotype monocyte subpopulations. The expression of CD36 on CD14++CD16- monocytes (classical monocytes), CD14+CD16+ monocytes (intermediate monocytes), CD14+CD16++ monocytes (non-classical monocytes) was determined by the average fluorescence intensity. There was a statistically significant decrease in CD36 expression intensity on classical and non-classical monocytes with increasing number of vascular basins affected by atherosclerosis. A statistically significant decrease in CD36 expression intensity on classical and non-classical monocytes was found in the patients with two vascular beds lesions in comparison with patients with a single vascular bed lesion upon pairwise comparisons.

A supportive homeostatic function of neutrophilic granulocytes is accomplished in the physiology of diverse tissues and body systems. Neutrophils are found along the entire female reproductive tract (FRT), gradually declining in numbers from the upper parts towards the vagina. At the same time, both quantity and activity of FRT mucosal neutrophils are controlled by hormonal changes at different phases of menstrual cycle. Tissue neutrophils serve as an important source of broad-spectrum proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and elastase necessary for extracellular matrix remodeling as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) required for physiological FRT angiogenesis. During pregnancy, decidual neutrophils play a prominent role in vascular remodeling in pregnant uterus as well as development of maternal-fetal immune tolerance. The influx of neutrophils into the intestinal mucosa due to its trauma or infection not only ensures defense against pathogens, but also leads to increased proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Neutrophilic granulocytes elicit signals and events protective for the epithelium by marking them with a “hypoxic signature” to trigger transcription of the gene set responsible for production of mucins, mucin-modifying peptides, antimicrobial proteins, в-defensins, ultimately contributing to lesion healing and recovery of epithelial barrier function. “Inflammatory hypoxia” initiated by neutrophils and subsequent stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) in intestinal epithelial cells trigger mechanisms of self-limited and resolved inflammation, which prevent excessive accumulation of neutrophils in the intestinal lumen and development of chronic inflammatory process. Neutrophilic granulocytes dominate in the oral cavity mucosa and comprise more than 95% of total leukocyte population recruited into the gingival sulcus and gingival fluid. Neutrophils maintain physiological amount and stability of symbiotic microflora composition in dental and gingival biofilms, counteracting pathogenic bacteria via phagocytosis, degranulation and extracellular trap formation, thereby ensuring healthy state in periodontal structures. Finally, similar to some other congenital disorders affecting neutrophil quantity and functions it was shown that in case of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) pathogenesis of periodontitis may not only be associated with a defect in their protective effector activity, but also with altered immunoregulatory function of tissue neutrophils.

Long after chronic radiation exposure mainly of red bone marrow (mean exposure dose was 0.98 ± 0.05 Gy, individual dose range was 0.08–2.14 Gy), changes in the T-cell immunity such as a decrease in the relative number of CD3+ lymphocytes and a decreased absolute number of CD4+ cells, which did not depend on the maximum dose rate and the absorbed dose on red bone marrow and soft tissues, were observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals with increased levels of chromosomal aberrations (mainly dicentrics and translocations). The concomitant increase in the relative number of CD19+ lymphocytes, which was mainly determined by the dose rate and absorbed dose on soft tissues, indicated a shift in the immunological balance in the direction of the humoral immune response.

Over the past few decades, thanks to the use of new technologies, the spectrum of functional capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes has been significantly expanded. Their effector potential with respect to infectious agents, including phagocytosis, the production of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, degranulation with the release of numerous enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, and the formation of extracellular traps were studied in detail. However, it has been found that many of the factors that neutrophils use to directly destroy pathogens have a regulating effect on other cells of the immune system and the neutrophils themselves. In addition, upon activation, neutrophils are capable of synthesizing a number of de novo biologically active molecules. Traditionally considered as inducers of an inflammatory reaction, neutrophils demonstrate the ability to simultaneously incorporate mechanisms that contribute to limiting and resolving inflammation. Ambivalent both helper and suppressor effects of neutrophils on cells of congenital and adaptive immunity testifies to their important immunoregulatory role both in homeostasis and various types of pathology, particularly in the development of malignant tumors.

Aim. To study the qualitative composition, the quantitative content of microorganisms, to assess the viability and functional status of neutrophils in the oral fluid of patients using removable and non-removable DOC. Materials and methods. The present study used a free oral fluid of 100 patients aged 21 to 79 years. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora was determined using the PCR method by means of the Femoflor-16 system (NPO DNA-technology, Russia). Determination of the total number of leukocytes was carried out in Goryaev's chamber, analysis of their viability was carried out with Trypan blue staining. Acridine orange was used to study the indices of lysosomal activity of neutrophils. Oxygendependent metabolism was studied using the Nitro Blue-Tetrazolium (NBT) test, and the phagocytic function was determined by the absorption of latex particles. Results. In persons using dentures, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the oral cavity changes. The method of hygienic care of the DOC significantly does not affect the composition of the microflora of the oral fluid of patients. In persons using DOC, a decrease in the total number of leukocytes and their viable forms in the free oral fluid was established. However we registered the stability of functioning of viable neutrophils in patients with removable DOC and a significant decrease in the phagocytic ability and microbicidal oxygen-dependent potential of neutrophils when using non-removable DOC. Conclusion. Foreign body in the form of a removable or non-removable DOC changes the functioning of the factors of congenital anti-infective protection of the oral mucosa, which can lead to the development of infectious complications during dental prosthetics.

We studied functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. It was shown that phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes increases, their intracellular oxygen-dependent bactericidal activity decreases, and the number of monocyte extracellular traps increases in women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in comparison with the follicular phase.

Study effects of microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of the SHF range in vitro on viability and functional status of neutrophilic granulocytes.Neutrophils of peripheral blood of 30 conditionally healthy donors aged 18 - 20 years were exposed to the effect of broadband (natural, similar to sun radio emission) and, mono-frequency (technogenic, similar to emission of cell phones, PCs, microwave ovens, etc.) EMR with frequency range of 4 - 4.34 GHz, generated by a SHF-generatorAIMT-1. 16 minutes after the effect, viability of neutrophilic granulocytes, phagocytic activity, lysosome activity ofcells were studied, NBT-reducing ability and cytokine content in supernatant were evaluated.The amount of viable neu- trophils significantly reduced after the effect of modelled EMR with technogenic frequency- temporal structure, functional status of viable cells did not change. Neutrophils retained viability after the effect of EMR of natural origin, increased levels of IL1β and TNFα was determined in supernatants, functional status of neutrophils of men remained stable, and in women an increase of phagocytic ability and a reduction of production of oxygen radicals was noted.The detected reduction of the amount of viable neutrophils under the effect of EMR of technogenic origin could result in disturbances in the system of innate immunity, other homeostasis elements of the human organism and development of pathologic conditions. At the same time, the de- tected effects of EMR of natural origin. open perspectives of use of modelled microwave EMR of SHF range in prophylaxis and clinical medicine.

Express-test by the method of coherent fluctuation nephelometry for urine contamination was carried out on two prototype instruments with standard polystyrene photometric cuvettes. We analyzed 209 and 119 urine samples. Due to high sensitivity of the method, up to 50% negative samples were detected within 10 min by initial opacity and 90% negative samples were detected during 3.5 h by registration of the bacterial growth curves.

We demonstrated the contribution of cytoskeleton, calcium channels, energy metabolism, and membrane of neutrophils in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.

Aim. To assess the interrelations in the dynamics of immune, clinical, and functional parameters among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and early fluvastatin administration. Material and methods. The study included 129 men, aged from 42 to 67 years (mean age 57 years): 99 MI patients and 30 healthy controls. In all participants, clinical, biochemical, functional, and immune parameters were assessed, with comparisons between healthy individuals vs. MI patients, as well as between MI patients taking fluvastatin (80 mg/d) vs. MI patients not receiving this medication. Results. In men with MI, chronic systemic inflammation was manifested in elevated levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL8, tumor necrosis factor α, immunoglobulin A and G, and complement components, as well as in decreased levels of IL1 receptor antagonist, CD 3, CD 4, CD 16, and CD 4/CD 8, compared to healthy controls. Early fluvastatin administration (first post-MI hours) was associated with reduced severity of immune disturbances and systemic inflammation. Conclusion. In MI patients, early fluvastatin administration is associated with a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, compared to controls, as well as with a substantial increase in exercise capacity at 2 months.

Evaluation of microbiological effectiveness of longidaze preparation use during therapy of active non-specific endometritis in women with uterus myoma.2 groups of women were formed by a method of random selection. The first was composed of patients with active chronic endometritis, that had received standard etiotropic antibacterial therapy. The second included patients, that had received longidaze in addition to the standard therapy. Therapy effectiveness evaluation was carried out based on the analysis of microbial landscape of cervical canal and uterine cavity 2 months after the therapy during phase I of the menstrual cycle.Non-plasma-coagulating staphylococci, enterococci and anaerobes were established to be present predominately in the examined women of both the first and the second group.The application of longidaze in combination with antibacterial therapy results in the most significant improvement of microbial landscape of cervical canal and uterine cavity.

The DNAase I is the most studied one among other DNAases. The comparative studies demonstrated that DNAase I from various biological fluids has similar characteristics. The article presents the results of detection of concentration of DNAase I in seminal fluid of conditionally healthy males using technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The adaptation of test system DNase ELISA Kit is demonstrated to detect DNAase I in seminal fluid using two modes of calculation of end results.

The effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on functional activity and viability of neutrophil granulocytes in the saliva of women at various phases of menstrual cycle were studied using NBT-test and method for detection of neutrophil traps in mucosa secretions. The activator increased the number of neutrophil traps and parameters of neutrophil NBT-test.

Substance A5 isolated from supernatants of activated neutrophils from donors significantly increases the percentage of neutrophils and macrophages in the peritoneal exudation of mice on days 3 and 7 of staphylococcal inflammation and stimulates functional activity (lysosomal, phagocytic, and NBT-reducing) of these cells, reduced as a result of inflammation, on days 3, 7, and 14 of the inflammatory process.

The goal of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of microbilogical use of Longidaza in the treatment of active nonspecific endometritis in women with uterine myoma. By a random sample they were divided into two groups of women. The first comprised patients with active chronic endometritis were treated with standard causal antibiotic therapy. The second group included patients, who had an additional Longidaza to standard therapy. It was found that the women surveyed both in the first and second groups predominantly found non plasmacoagulating staphylococci, enterococci and anaerobes. Application of Longidaza in combination with antibiotic therapy leads to a significant improvement in most of the microbial landscape of the cervical canal and uterine cavity, which is confirmed by microbiological methods of investigation.

We studied the effect of low-intensity laser radiation with constant pulse generation on bactericidal activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, in particular, on their capacity to form extracellular structures, so-called extracellular neutrophil traps. It was found that exposure to low-intensity laser radiation with constant pulse generation enhanced bactericidal activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, which manifested in the increase of the percent of neutrophils forming extracellular neutrophil traps.

Observations of the changes in the functional states of athletes of two specializations (wrestlers and skiers) carried out for four years are summarized. The effects of seasonal changes superimposed on adaptive changes caused by training are analyzed. Changes in the erythron reflecting the modulating effect of seasonal environmental changes on the state of the blood system have been found.

The study of seasonal changes in the state of cellular and humoral immunity in trained athletes with predominantly aerobic energy supply of muscle activity, but different different dynamics of the level of physical activity in the annual cycle has been performed. The immune status of athletes, the level of several hormones and interleukins have been established to undergo significant, regular fluctuations training--competitive load throughout the annual cycle that may affect the level of morbidity of athletes.

It is established that in patients with chronic pyelonephritis of single kidney the antibacterial defense of organism and balance between pro- and antioxidant systems are disturbed both in active and latent stages of disease. The results testify the need of organization of comprehensive immunologic and biochemical examination to establish a prognosis of complications and evaluation of effectiveness of applied treatment.

New methods are proposed for the measurement of the number of extracellular neutrophil traps in peripheral blood and mucosal secretion. Effect of microbial factors on the ability ofgranulocytes to release nuclear DNA into extracellular space and form extracellular traps is evaluated. Normal microflora species are shown to more actively stimulate build-up of extracellular network. Formation of extracellular neutrophil traps may be a major efficacious mechanism for mucosal antimicrobial protection.

To assess the role of thermolabile enterotoxin of Enterobacter cloacae on level of caspases 3, 7, and 10 in experiment.Observation of apoptosis in mice splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells. Experimental infection was created by intraperitoneal injection of live bacteria and cultural fluid of E. cloacae producing thermolabile enterotoxin.The study showed that thermolabile enterotoxin of E. cloacae does not have equal effect on apoptosis of studied cells: it slows apoptosis of splenocytes and virtually does not have any influence on peritoneal phagocytes.Apoptosis of infected cells is a protective reaction of microorganism to invasion of infectious agent. Cell death leads to rapid elimination of pathogenic agent. Furthermore, cell death by apoptosis compared to necrosis is more favorable for bacteria because it is not induce inflammatory reactions. In our experiments thermolabile enterotoxin of E. cloacae had had antiapoptogenic effect on mice splenocytes that could be a key element in pathogenesis of diseases caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of Enterobacter.

To study the effect of Enterobactercloacae thermolabile enterotoxin (LT-enterotoxin) on different arms of immune system of mice.Proprietary clinical strain E. cloacae 258 was used and intraperitoneal inoculation of outbred white mice with LT-enterotoxin-producing E. cloacae comprised experimental model. Phagocytic and lysosomal activity of peritoneal macrophages as well as level of APC to sheep erythrocytes were measured, spontaneous and induced NBT tests were also performed.Pleiotropic immunotoxic effect of LT-enterotoxin of studied bacteria was established, which characterized by suppres- sion of antigen-presenting and antigen-processing functions of macrophages, stimulation of mitotic activity of lymphocytes, decrease of activity of hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes in peritoneal macrophages as well as abnormalities in formation of specific B-lymphocytes.Obtained data allowed to reveal separate steps in pathogenesis of infectious process caused by LT-enterotoxin-producing bacteria from Enterobacter genus.

To study the role of production of several cytokines by macrophages and neutrophils in experiment.Production of cytokines--IL-2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 15 as well as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) by macrophages and neutrophils during experiment on mice inoculated with enterotoxigenic strain of Enterobacter cloacae was measured. Expression of cytokines was determined by reverse transcription PCR and dot-hybridization on the basis of specially synthesized nucleotide sequences.In macrophages of experimental animals inoculated with enterotoxigenic strain of E. cloacae increased production of TGF-beta, IFN-gamma and decreased level of TNF-alpha were revealed. Transcription of mRNAs of IL-15 and IL-6 was detected in macrophages and neutrophils of experimental animals at 24 h after inoculation. Transcription of mRNAs of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 was detected neither in macrophages nor in neutrophils.Thermolabile enterotoxin of E. cloacae renders negative effect on IFN-gamma, promotes enhanced expression of TGF-beta and suppresses production of IL-2, IL-4, IL- 10. Absence of expression of key cytokines suggests that effect of thermolabile enterotoxin of Enterobacter bacteria excludes it from cytokine regulation of immune response during infectious process.

To study the influence of Solcotichovac vaccine on formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.Solcotrichovac vaccine administered in various doses was used in order to assess the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in peripheral blood of women of childbearing age.Therapeutic dose of Solcotrichovac stimulated the most prominent formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.Solcotrichovac vaccine stimulated non-specific arm of mucosal immunity due to formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and it is probable that this mechanism explains the effect of this vaccine.

To develop express method for detection of neutrophil extracellular traps represented by extracellular strands of neutrophils' DNA.Acridine orange staining was used for visualization of neutrophil exracellular traps, which allows to quickly reveal the forming structures and to quantify this phenomenon.Performed studies showed that after 30-min of in vitro interaction of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacteria, bifidobacteria and latex particles with neutrophils, the latter produces extracellular net-like structures, which were well visualized after staining of fixed preparations with acridine orange. Such structures are able to trap latex particles and bacteria more efficiently than live cell. Additionally, representatives of normal flora (bifidobacteria) actively stimulate production of traps.Production of neutrophil extracellular traps could be one of the main and effective mechanisms in antimicrobial defense of mucosal surfaces.

Neutrophils migrate on the epithelial surface and interact with microflora of mucous membrane, then activate, realize their effect or functions and destroyed as a result of necrosis or apoptosis. We determined the influence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. on viability of neutrophils. It was revealed that influence of different bacterial factors on the process of neutrophils' apoptosis is not equal: resident bacteria of women genital tract mucous membrane (Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.) have powerful apoptogenic effect on neutrophils, unlike the facultative microorganisms (S. aureus and E. coli) which have lesser activity.

Effect of low-intensity laser radiation on the main effector functions of neutrophils from the cervical discharge was studied in women with mycoplasma infection and dysfunction of neutrophil granulocytes manifest in the first place as a reduced number of phagocytic cells and decreased intensity of phagocytosis. The fraction of intracellular active forms of oxygen in cervical neutrophils from infected women was smaller than in healthy ones. Irradiation by low-intensity laser light increased both activity of pagocytosis and intracellular generation of active oxygen forms. It is concluded that low-intensity laser radiation normalizes disturbed neutrophil function.

Study of dynamics of formation of spontaneous and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin - PHA, concanavalin A - ConA)-activated blast lymphocytes showed increase of number of transforming T-lymphocytes under the influence of Enterobacter cloacae thermolabile enterotoxin. Itwas noted that PHA mainly stimulated mitosis of T-cell population, ConA - of natural killers, whereas enterotoxin stimulated mitotic activity of both cell types.

The influence of vaginal liquid on adhesive reactions in the system "Candida albicans - vaginal epitheliocytes". Preliminary treatment of C. albicans by mucin, natural or absorbed vaginal liquid resulted in decrease of adhesive activity (p0.05). C. albicans did not change its adhesive properties in case of preliminary treatment of vaginal epitheliocytes by the same substances. In the system "Candida albicans - vaginal epitheliocytes" vaginal liquid has the expressed antiadhesive effect, which probably belongs to mucin.

Influence of thermolabile enterotoxin bacteria of Enterobacter genus on the immune system of mice was studied. Assessment of phagocytic functions of the immune system as well as antigen-presenting functions of macrophages during infection with enterotoxin-producing strains of bacteria from Enterobacter genus revealed pleiotropic effect of the toxin which is characterized by inhibition of antigen-presenting and processing functions of macrophages.

Influence of termolabile enterotoxin (LT-enterotoxin) of Enterobacter cloacae on functional activity of mice peritoneal macrophages was studied and following combinations were used: LT-enterotoxin-producing E. cloacae, its isogenic pair--LT-enterotoxin non-producing E. cloacae, supernatantof broth culture containing LT-enterotoxin, and physiological salt solution (in control group). Data showing decrease in phagocytic and lysosomal activity, disorder in functions of hexosemonophosphate shunt enzymes in peritoneal phagocytes were obtained.

Reactive anxiety, immune system function, and metabolism were studied in healthy volunteers. Temperament characteristics, state of health, number of leukocytes and platelets, and concentration of glucose, albumin, and fibrinogen significantly differed in subjects with low, moderate, and high level of reactive anxiety.

Low-intensity laser impact on the main effector functions of the cervical secretion neutrophils in females suffering from Chlamidia infection has been studied. Dysfunction of neutrophil granulocytes of the cervical secretion was revealed. This manifested in the decreased number of phagocytes and lower rates of phagocytosis. The study of cervical secretion neutrophils has found that the content of active intracellular forms of oxygen was decreased in patients compared to healthy subjects. Low-intensity laser stimulated not only phagocytosis but also intracellular generation of active oxygen forms. Thus, low-intensity laser eliminates dysfunction of cervical secretion neutrophils.

The influence of neutrophils and their secretory products on the microflora of the vaginal contents in healthy women and in women having dysbiotic processes in the vagina was studied. The secretory products of neutrophils were found to produce a bactericidal effect on the representatives of the opportunistic bacteria, this effect being less pronounced with respect to lactic-acid bacteria. The established effect of neutrophils on bacteria is regarded as one of the mechanisms of microbiocenosis formation, ensuring colonization resistance.

The effect of neutrophilokine, a secretory product of neutrophils, on the blood system response to 9-h immobilization and zymosan-induced peritonitis is examined. Pretreatment with neutrophilokine (7×10−7 mg per animal, 3 times) diminishes the stress-induced changes in the blood and has no effect on the blood reaction to zymosan-induced peritonitis.

In cervical secretions of healthy non-pregnant women of the reproductive age high concentrations of ant-inflammatory cytokines, greatly exceeding those in blood serum, were detected. During pregnancy the level of TNF-alpha in cervical secretions dropped. The inflammation of the uterus neck was accompanied by a drop in the levels of IL-alpha and IL-1beta and a rise in the level of IL-8 in cervical secretions in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Similar changes in the cytokine profile occurred also in the blood serum, but they were less pronounced and could be observed only in non-pregnant women. The threat of the interruption of pregnancy, developing simultaneously with cervicitis, was accompanied not only by changes in the levels of cytokines in cervical secretions, but also by a perceptible increase in the content of IL-1alpha in the blood serum.

The functional activity of neutrophils, peroxidation products and antioxidative activity of cervical secretion in women with the acute inflammatory process in the upper section of the reproductive tract were under study. The most pronounced changes in the function of neutrophils were observed in women with the low antioxidative activity of cervical slime.

A total of 52 women with established presence of the causative agent of chlamydial infection in the cervical canal were examined. The chlamydial lesion of the cervix uteri was characterized by the absence of clinical manifestations in 25% of cases, faintly pronounced local inflammatory process in the lower part of the genitals in the form of chronic cervititis in 57.7% of cases and the symptoms of subacute cervicitis in 17.3% of cases. In case of a chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis a low content of cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and an elevated concentration of IL-8 were observed. In the cervical slime of patients with chlamydial cervicitis no changes in the total content of leukocytes were noted in comparison with healthy women, but the number of nitro blue tetrazoliu reducing neutrophils increased, while their functional reserve and phagocytic activity dropped. Autoneutrophilokins used for local immunocorrection in the treatment of women with chlamydial cervicitis produced a normalizing effect on the local infectious protective factors of cervical secretion, thus enhancing the effectiveness of therapy.

The response of the blood system to injection of neutrophilokin, a secretory product of latex-stimulated neutrophils, is studied. Neutrophilokin is shown to induce neutrophilic leukocytosis, eosinopenia, and lymphocytopenia and to reduce the cell count in the spleen. The ability of neutrophilokin to increase spontaneous oxidation of lipids is noted in the rat brain.

Drinking of mineral waters influences human immune system. Among the mechanisms of this action is a stress effect confirmed by increasing levels of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, by hyperglycemia, etc. Regular drinking of mineral water brings about adaptation. Development of long-term adaptation provokes defensive cross effects. It is suggested that an immunotropic action of mineral waters may be a manifestation of a defensive cross effect of the organism adaptation. Immunostimulation may also be related to suppression of T-suppressors activity and changes in cytokines levels.