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Objective Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in diagnosis of tuberculous tubo-ovarian (TO) mass. Methods MRI was performed on 33 patients of tuberculous TO mass of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB). Results Mean age, BMI, and parity was 27.5 ± 4.2 years, 22.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2, and 0.27 ± 0.13. All patients (100%) had infertility; primary infertility (72.72%) and secondary infertility (27.23%) with mean 5.8 years. Abdominal/pelvic pain 33 (100%) cases, abdominal lump 4 (12.12%), adnexal mass 33 (100%). MRI findings showed pelvic masses 33 (100%), bilateral TO masses 11 (33.33%), cystic lesion 4 (12.12%), solid cystic lesion 3 (9.09%) with bilateral pyosalpinx 1 (3.3%), homogeneous content with ascites 1 (3.03%), rim enhancing lesion abutting pelvic wall in 1 (3.03%). Right adnexal mass 11 (33.33%), right adnexal cyst 2 (6.06%), right adnexal cystic mass in 1 (3.03%), right sided complex TO mass 1 (3.03%), right sided hydrosalpinx in 1 (3.03%) case, right sided TO mass in 4 (12.12%) cases and right sided para-ovarian cyst in 2 (6.06%). Left sided adnexal mass was seen in 11 (33.33%), cystic lesion in 1 (3.03%), ovarian cyst in 3 (9.09%) cases, left sided hydrosalpinx in 2 (6.06%), left ovarian cyst 2 (6.06%) cases, left sided ovarian cyst with encysted ascites 1 (3.03%) case and with left sided paraovarian cyst 2 (6.06%) case. Miscellaneous finding were generalised ascites (6.06%), encysted ascites (3.03%), pelvic (1; 3.03%) and mesenteric lymphadenopathy 1 (3.03%). Incidental finding were fibroid 3 (9.09%) and adenomyosis 1 (3.03%) case. Conclusion MRI appears to be useful diagnostic modality for tuberculous TO masses where differential diagnosis is malignancy but molecular diagnosis remains the gold standard.

Objectives: Currently available hysteroscopic tubal patency testing relies only on anatomical passage of air bubbles or flow of irrigating fluid and debris via tubal ostia. The aim of this study wa...

Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) is considered an acceptable alternative for hysterosalpingography (HSG). By combining HyFoSy with two and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) ultrasound and hysterosonography, a complete fertility work-up can be done. We aimed to evaluate the value of a combined ultrasound examination for fertility work-up. During the study period 113 women were examined. Five of 113 (4.4%) examinations were abandoned due to intra-uterine adhesions that were detected by hysterosonography, and five (4.4%) were abandoned due to technical difficulties. Of 103 women who had completed the examination, 2D ultrasound revealed six patients with hydrosalpinx (5.8%) and sonographic signs of adenomyosis in 13 (12.6%) patients. By combining 2D ultrasound with hysterosonography, two (1.9%) fibroids that were penetrating the uterine cavity and seven (6.8%) endometrial polyps were detected. HyFoSy showed bilateral patent tubes in 58 patients (56.3%), unilateral tubal occlusion in 29 (28.1%) and bilateral tubal occlusion in 16 (15.5%). This study shows that the 'one-stop shop' examination is feasible. The combined examination had detected 16 pathological findings that would have not been detected by HyFoSy alone. Hence, it should be offered to couples undergoing routine infertility work-up.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? The accuracy of the HyFoSy alone has been evaluated in different studies, but this presented ultrasound scan is integrating 4 different modalities in one exam (2D scanning of the pelvis, 3D scanning of the uterus, hysterosonography and HyFoSy) and we were able to evaluate the female pelvic organs, including the uterine cavity, the tubes and the ovaries, in order to expand the range of diagnosed pathologies.What do the results of this study add? The concept of 'one-stop shop' for the evaluation of female pelvis in couples suffering from infertility is feasible, has comparable accuracy as HSG for tubal occlusion, and higher detection rate for uterine malformations.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We suggest to incorporate this examination in routine fertility work-up.

Which parameters affect the likelihood of miscarriage after single euploid frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer (FBT)?In this retrospective study, clinical and laboratory data from 1051 single euploid FBTs were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were endocrine or systemic pathologies, uterine anomalies or pathologies, unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx, karyotypic abnormalities (either maternal or paternal) or thrombophilia. Patients were divided into two groups according to pregnancy outcome: live birth and miscarriage.Body mass index (BMI) (25.98 ± 0.5 versus 24.36 ± 0.21, P = 0.019), duration of infertility (6.62 ± 0.54 versus 4.92 ± 0.18, P = 0.006) and number of previous miscarriages (1.36 ± 0.13 versus 0.79 ± 0.05, P0.001) were significantly higher in the miscarriage group (n = 100) than in the live birth group (n = 589). Although the trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) percentage scores were not statistically different among the miscarriage and live birth groups, the percentage of day-6 biopsied embryos was significantly higher in the miscarriage group. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI (OR 1.083, 95% CI 1.013 to 1.158, P = 0.02) and number of previous miscarriages (OR 1.279, 95% CI 1.013 to 1.158, P = 0.038) were independent factors for miscarriage. Patients with elevated BMI and a higher number of miscarriages were at increased risk of miscarriage.After a single euploid FBT, BMI and number of previous miscarriages are predictors of miscarriage. Lifestyle interventions before FBT may decrease miscarriage rates.

A patient became pregnant by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). She had a history of laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy and enucleation of a left ovarian tumor due to bilateral hydrosalpinx and left endometriotic cyst in primary infertility. She noticed abdominal pain and visited the nearby general hospital by ambulance (gestational age 6 weeks and 1 day). She was admitted to our department because of ascites. An abdominal hemorrhage due to a rupture of the residual corneal segment of the fallopian tube was suspected and emergency laparoscopic surgery was performed. Simultaneous internal and external pregnancy resulted in rupture of the right tubal corneal at the ectopic site of pregnancy. The baby in the uterus grew smoothly and was delivered by cesarean section. This is a report of a case in which live birth after rupture of uterine cornua in simultaneous corneal and intrauterine pregnancies. We searched the literature for similar cases and examined management methods.

Aim Ectopic pregnancy implantation on the tubal stump after salpingectomy is a rare location for extrauterine pregnancy, whose pathogenesis is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the time interval elapsed from salpingectomy may predispose the embryo to implantation on the tubal stump in the next pregnancy subsequent to tube removal. Methods Nine women operated for stump pregnancy (study group) between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively identified. For each case in the study group, 12 consecutive cases that underwent laparoscopic salpingectomy constituted the control group. A sample size of 100 control patients was calculated to achieve statistical power (97.8%) and an α of 0.05. The control groups were triple-matched with the study group for patients' age, indications for salpingectomy (tubal pregnancy or hydrosalpinx prior to in vitro fertilization treatment) and mode of conception of the subsequent pregnancy following salpingectomy. Results Nine women underwent surgery for stump pregnancy during the study period. All women had a surgical history of laparoscopic salpingectomy. The time interval from prior salpingectomy to subsequent pregnancy was significantly shorter in study group than in the control group (4.3 ± 2.1 months vs. 15.6 ± 13.7 months, respectively, p = 0.016). Conclusion A possible association between the short time interval from prior salpingectomy to ectopic implantation on the tubal stump in the subsequent pregnancy was found. The clinical implications of these findings and in particular whether patients should be advised to wait at least 4 months from the salpingectomy to the subsequent pregnancy remain unclear.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic tubal anastomosis for tubal occlusions associated with infertility in patients with previous laparoscopic salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of the pregnancy outcomes of 173 infertile patients who underwent hysteroscopy and laparoscopic tubal anastomosis treatment between January 2013 and August 2018 in the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology in West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University. All patients had a history of laparoscopic salpingostomy for tubal pregnancy. The primary outcomes were intrauterine pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and delivery rates. We further studied the associated factors that could influence the change in pregnancy status. Results The 24-month cumulative clinical pregnancy rate of all patients was 107/173 (61.8%). The distribution of outcomes for the entire group of pregnancies was as follows: intrauterine pregnancy rate, 76/173 (43.9%); ectopic pregnancy rate, 31/173 (17.9%); delivery rate, 68/173 (39.3%); and miscarriage rate, 8/173 (4.6%). Age, type of anastomosis, hydrosalpinx, and endometrial polyps were significant prognostic factors in the multivariate model. Conclusion Laparoscopic tubal anastomosis is an effective treatment for tubal-associated infertility due to previous laparoscopic salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy, especially for women under 35 years of age.

A hydrosalpinx is a condition that occurs when the fallopian tube is blocked and fills with serous or clear fluid near the ovary (distal to the uterus). The blocked tube may become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx. Keywords: Haemetosalpinx, Bicornuate uterus, Contua, Ehsre, Esge.

Background Hydrosalpinx is the most common lesion of the distal part of the tube. Hydrosalpinx is well known to have deleterious effect on fertility. Methods Two options are doable in case of hydrosalpinx: radical treatment(salpingectomy) or conservative treatment (salpingoneostomy). Results This work demonstrates that in experienced hands and with an acute selection, salpingoneostomy gives results comparable to those obtained after IVF. The cuff salpingoneostomy technique is much better than racket form salpingoneostomy and should be preferred whenever it is possible. Conclusions Conservative treatment should be discussed in infertile patients having hydrosalpinx after a careful selection.

We report a case of a 33 years old female patient anxious for issues since 2 years. Patient was having Bad Obstetric History (BOH) in her previous 2 pregnancies with history of Ectopic pregnancy in her last preg-nancy for which linear salpingostomy was done. Patient underwent diagnostic investigations and proce-dures to rule out the cause. She was found to have Bilateral Hydrosalpinx in her HSG findings. So, the treatment was planned accordingly, and she was treated with Ayurvedic regimen consisting of Shodhana and Shamana therapy. HSG was repeated 6 months after treatment which was found to be normal with Bi-lateral patent tubes and she was managed to conceive successfully after treatment. Though she was a K/C/O BOH also, so she was provided all the necessary advice and examinations in her Antenatal period including Masanumasika Garbhini Paricharya and she delivered healthy female child of 2.8 kgs on 21.11.2020. So, implementation of Ayurvedic approach with X ray HSG resulted in successfully treating this case without tubal corrective surgery.

A fistula is an abnormal connection between two luminal structures of different epithelium. The majority of urological fistulas in developed countries are consequences of iatrogenic injury most commonly laparoscopic hysterectomies, or from radiotherapy in the treatment of pelvic cancers.1 Contrary to this, most obstetric fistulas in developing countries result from obstructed labour during childbirth.2 Common factors that contribute to obstructed labour in developing countries are delayed presentation after trial labour at home, cephalopelvic disproportion and poor nutrition. Due to prolonged compression by head on the pelvic tissues there happens ischemic necrosis of vagina, bladder neck, and urethra3 called obstructed labour complex. Necrosis and fibrotic healing lead to fistula formation with adjacent structures. The vesicovaginal fistula was the most frequent one (78 %) and the common site involved was trigone (51 %) and based on the level it could be a high or low fistula. Others are vesicouterine fistula, vesicourethral fistula, vesicoureteral fistula and rarely vesico-salpingo fistula. During the acute phase of fistula, tissue oedema, hypovascularity, infection, and nonviable tissue hinder proper tissue healing and hence delayed repair is done after 3 months. Recent literature advises early repair for simple fistulas to reduce patient morbidity and delayed repair of complex fistula, multiple fistulas, infected fistulas, post-radiotherapy, fistula due to foreign bodies, immunocompromised patients, hypoproteinaemia patients, urosepsis patients. 4 Fistula repair is preceded by contrast evaluation of ureter and bladder by CT –IVU and cystogram or MRI followed by cystoscopy or retrograde pyelography. Apart from fistula closure, bilateral ureteric implantation may be needed if ureters are close to the fistula. 5 Abdominal hysterectomy is done in uterovesical fistulas. Huge fistulas close to the bladder neck cannot be repaired without compromising continence hence bladder neck closure is done with the Mitrofanoff procedure. 6 A vesico-salpingo fistula is an abnormal epithelial-lined communication between the urinary bladder and the fallopian tube. This rare type of urogenital fistula has only 7 previously published cases in the literature.

The present study aimed to evaluate and diagnose pathologies of the reproductive system of slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia since there are few data on the subject as well as it is important to note the diagnosis of these diseases to apply appropriate control and prophylaxis measures. The research was carried out in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia according to the “Serviço de Inspeção Federal” and “Serviço de Inspeção Estadual” for sheep slaughter. From July 2018 to February 2019, visits and monitoring of 1,072 slaughtered sheep were carried out. The animals came from 22 municipalities in the state of Bahia, aged from six to 18 months. During slaughter, the sheep reproductive systems were sectioned for evisceration and lesion collection. Additionally, epidemiological surveys related to origin, age, and race were obtained. For bacteriological examination, collections were performed with sterile scalpel slides and swabs in Stuart medium sterile tubes and refrigerated in a thermal box. For histopathological analysis, fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and routinely processed for histology, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). A study of the sheep’s main pathological changes in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia was carried out, in which 1.072 genital systems were evaluated, and 211 alterations were identified. The most affected reproductive organs were the ovaries (65.3%), followed by the uterus (29.4%) and uterine tubes (5.3%). In the ovaries, the most frequent lesion was a follicular cyst (34.1%); in the fallopian tubes, the cysts represented 3.3% of the lesions, and in the womb, endometritis was observed in 9% of the animals. Other pathologies identified in the ovaries were: luteinized cyst (2.3%); cystic granulosa cell tumor (0.5%); benign lesion (0.5%); agenesis unilateral (0.5%), in addition to other changes of little clinical significance, such as corpus luteum cysts (11.8%) and paraovarian cysts (15.6%). In the fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx was observed (1%), as well as adenoma (0.5%), agenesis (0.5%), and cysts (3.3%). Uterine lesions included hydrometra (2.3%); Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH), abscess, and pyometra (1.4% each); adenomyosis, womb sera petechiae, and total segmental aplasia (1% each); two pregnant uterus, in early pregnancy, presented pyometra (0.9%), however, no change was observed in the fetuses; and uterine polyp (0.5%). Ectopic pregnancy with fetal maceration (0.5%) was observed; vaginitis occurred in 0.5% of the animals, and endometrial melanosis in 8.5%. The high incidence of follicular cysts and endometritis are characterized as diseases that reduce the reproductive efficiency in herds, causing infertility and economic losses in production.

Relevance. Despite the assisted reproductive techniques being widely used in modern gynaecology, the challenge of restoring fallopian tube patency in patients with hydrosalpinx, distal tubal occlusion, peritubal and periovarial adhesions remains relevant.Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery in restoring fertility in patients with tubal factor infertility.Materials and methods. We included 99 patients, who underwent laparoscopic surgery for tubal factor infertility. During the follow-up we assessed the rate of spontaneous pregnancy and pregnancy after IVF.Results. Pregnancy occurred in 41 (41.4%) patients with a history of tubal factor infertility. Moreover, after reconstructive plastic surgery on the fallopian tubes out of 66 patients, in 17 cases (25.8%) pregnancy occurred spontaneously. In 33 patients tubectomy was performed due to impossibility of adequate fallopian tube reconstruction. In 24 (24.2%) patients, pregnancy occurred after IVF (after salpingo-ovariolysis or after tubectomy). The frequency of pregnancy after IVF in these patients was 1,5 times higher than in patients that underwent IVF in the same medical institution during the same period (42.5% and 27.8%, respectively).Conclusion. In patients with tubal factor infertility younger than 35 with preserved ovulation and the absence of pathospermia in a partner, laparoscopy is an effective method for restoring patency of the fallopian tubes. If a severe falopian tube lesions are present in patients with infertility, bilateral tubectomy should be considered, since bilateral tubectomy in such patients increases the effectiveness of IVF.

Background: Investigation of the probable causes of female infertility is complex and in many instances a compli-cated process. Aim of Study: To discuss the role of ultrasound in detection of causes of female infertility (including those disorders of cervix, ovaries, fallopian tube and uterus) illustrated by few cases. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on thirty female patients seeking fertility at Itay scan private radiology center, Itay Elbaroud and Al Dlangat General Hospitals, during the period from January 2018 to January 2020. All patients were subjected to examination using (GE healthcare Voluson P8 and Toshiba Nemio 30 and Medison Sono Ace R3) Ultrasound Machines. Results: Uterine abnormalities represent about 60%, cervical abnormalities represent 3.3% and ovarian abnormal-ities represent 23.3%, while tubal abnormalities represent 13.3% of the study group. Mean age of uterine abnormalities is about 30.5 years old, cervical abnormalities about 26 years old, ovarian abnormalities about 26 years old while mean age of tubal abnormalities is 30.5 years old in the study group. In most cases of female infertility in our study, ultrasound has been of great value: e.g. uterine malformations (sub septate and bicornuate uterus), endometrial abnormalities (endometrial polyp and focal endometrial hyperplasia), myometrial diseases (fibroids and uterine adenomyosis), tubal abnormalities (in-cluding hydrosalpinx and endometriosis), ovarian functional abnormalities (polycystic ovary) and cervical abnormalities (cervical masses). Conclusion: Ultrasound is a reliable tool in the diagnosis of many anatomical causes of female infertility and is com-parable to gold standard investigations in many circumstances, so we recommend it as primary investigation modality that could be complemented by other tools e.g. MRI, HSG, and laparoscopy when needed.

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the etiological factors of female primary infertility. Place and Duration of the Study: This prospective study was conducted in the Gynaecology clinic of Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, from August 2016 to February 2018. Methods: All the reproductive age group women coming to Gynaecology opd out patient clinic with history of anxious to conceive. Those patients who satisfy the above criteria those have been selected for the study. The test has been carried out in hospitalized patients: A detailed history were taken. General physical and systemic examination were done. Ovarian factors and uterine factors ruled out. For tubal cannulation. The data collection technique adopted in this technique is structured questionnaire on the evaluation of infertility in couple of less than 35 years of age in a period of infertility less than 5 years from infertility OPD for one and half years of Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital. Detailed history obtained from the couple and evaluate, informat ion with the help of various investigation in evaluating an infertile couple [1]. Results: Age: The prevalence of infertility in the age group 21 – 29 years were about 76% in women. Menarche This showed that maximum number of female attain menarche at the age group of 12 to 14 years. In our study, it is observed that there is a strong relation of infertility with BMI, the prevalence of infertility increases as BMI Increases in population. 22% of the women have BMI above 30 (obese). In our study, 8% of the women has hydrosalpinx, 4% of the women had fibroids and 6% of the women has polyps. We observed that 4% of the women had unilateral fallopian tubal block and 2% had bilateral fallopian tubal block [2]. Conclusion: In modern era of economically growing world we have concluded that the prevalence of infertility is about 76% in women age group of 21-29, 40% of the women has attained menarche at 12-14 years, observed hydrosalpinx in 8%, polyps in 6% and fibroids in 4% [3].

Background: Fallopian tubes are affected by a wide spectrum of diseases varying from salpingitis to carcinoma. Most pathological processes involving the fallopian tube are inflammatory and are of clinical significance because they interfere with the function of the fallopian tube and result in infertility. Although fallopian tube is affected by a wide spectrum of diseases, a literature search reveals that there are only occasional studies, documenting histologic changes in the fallopian tube removed for all reasons. This prompts the present study. The aim is to study the gross and microscopic features of the excised fallopian tubes and to study the common and unusual lesions in them and to study the frequency of histological findings and relative frequencies of different findings. Materials and methods: Four hundred and forty-five cases of fallopian tubes that were removed were studied retrospectively, and their histopathological findings documented. Results: The majority of the fallopian tubes had inflammatory changes comprised of acute and chronic salpingitis, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, tuberculous salpingitis, xanthogranulomatous salpingitis, hematosalpinx, and hydrosalpinx. Sixteen cases comprised of ectopic pregnancy. One case of primary fallopian tube adenocarcinoma and two cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The majority of the fallopian tubes remain unremarkable in a majority of the surgical pathology specimens, yet the fallopian tube must be subjected to a thorough histopathological examination to evaluate the various pathological lesions.

Objective This study sought to answer the following question: What are the complications and assisted reproductive technology outcomes among women with hydrosalpinges managed by hysteroscopic microinsert tubal occlusion compared with women with hydrosalpinges managed by laparoscopic proximal tubal occlusion or salpingectomy? Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2009 to December 2014 at two academic, tertiary care, in vitro fertilization centres in Toronto, Ontario. All patients (n = 52) who underwent hysteroscopic tubal occlusion for hydrosalpinges were identified. Patients who proceeded with embryo transfer cycles after hysteroscopic microinsert (n = 33) were further age matched to a cohort of patients who underwent embryo transfer after laparoscopic proximal tubal occlusion or salpingectomy (n = 33). Main outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rate per patient and per embryo transfer cycle. Results Among 33 patients, there were 39 fresh and 37 frozen embryo transfer cycles in the hysteroscopic group (group A); among 33 patients in the laparoscopic group (group B), there were 42 fresh and 29 frozen embryo transfer cycles. The cumulative clinical pregnancy rate in group A and group B was similar (66.7% vs. 69.7%, respectively; P = 0.8). The clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer cycle was also similar in both groups (28.9% in group A vs. 32.4% in group B; P = 0.6). There were two incidents of ectopic pregnancy in the laparoscopic group and no ectopic pregnancy in the hysteroscopic group. There were three major complications: tubo-ovarian abscess, distal migration of the coil after microinsert placement, and an acute abdomen following the hysteroscopic procedure. Conclusion Pregnancy outcomes after hysteroscopic placement of a microinsert for hydrosalpinx management before embryo transfer were comparable to those following laparoscopic proximal tubal occlusion or salpingectomy. However, caution is advised regarding microinsert placement for hydrosalpinges before proceeding with assisted reproductive technology.

To investigate typical features of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate it from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).Twenty-one patients with PFTC and 35 patients with EOC were included. The clinical and pathological features of patients were analysed. The following MRI features were compared: maximal diameter, laterality, configuration, shape, signal intensity, enhancement pattern, hydrosalpinx, intrauterine fluid accumulation, rim enhancement, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values within the solid components of tumours in PFTC and EOC.The maximal diameter of PFTC was 4.50±2.10 cm. The shapes of PFTC were mural papillary nodules (2/21, 10%), sausage-like (8/21, 38%), nodular (3/21, 14%), or irregular (8/21, 38%). Enhancement was mild (10/21, 48%), moderate (8/21, 38%), or marked (3/21, 14%). Associated hydrosalpinx and intrauterine fluid accumulation were observed in six (29%) and three (10%) cases, respectively. Significant differences between PFTC and EOC were found in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, maximal diameter, shape, enhancement pattern, hydrosalpinx, and intrauterine fluid accumulation (p=0.002, 0.0040.001,0.001, and 0.048, respectively). Rim enhancement was more prevalent, thicker, and exhibited higher continuity in PFTC than in EOC (p=0.002,0.001, and 0.002, respectively).Rim enhancement is a useful feature in distinguishing PFTC from EOC, particularly when continuous or seen in combination with a sausage-like shape, hydrosalpinx or intrauterine fluid accumulation. When the tumour is associated with other MRI signs, for example, (i) hydrosalpinx with mural papillary nodules or sausage-like shape with mild-to-moderate enhancement of solid components, (ii) hydrosalpinx, or (iii) intrauterine fluid accumulation, the diagnosis of PFTC should be considered.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify the experience of five Italian centers on the diagnosis and management of isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT) in children. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of 20 patients aged 1–16 years of age with surgically diagnosed IFTT between 1991 and 2017 from five Italian centers of pediatric surgery. We analyzed common presenting signs, symptoms, and radiographic findings, as well as surgical interventions to describe management offering further insight into the diagnosis and treatment of this rare entity. Results Twenty cases of IFTT were collected. Median age was 13.1 years. Menarche was present in 14 cases. A clinical history of abdominal pain was present in 13 patients, whereas in 7 patients the clinical picture was an acute abdomen. Ultrasonography was the first diagnostic examination in 16 cases. Surgical approach was by laparoscopy in 16 cases and laparotomy in 4 cases. In 11 patients IFTT was associated with another pathologic condition. In 7 of the remaining 9 IFTT without pathologic association, the girls played sports. Salpingectomy was performed in 13 patients and de-torsion in 7. Conclusions IFTT is a rare condition that seems to occur in younger adolescents. Vague clinical presentation contributes to low preoperative suspicion. IFTT should be considered in girls with abdominal pain who practice sports with sudden body movements. Preoperative suspicion may be increased based on radiographic findings of an enlarged tubular/cystic structure with adjacent normal ovary. Conservative management is controversial but could be preferred in order to provide the best option for future fertility of these girls. Type of Study Treatment Study (Retrospective Study) – Level IV.

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an integral part of the Conventional clinical evalu­ation of infertile women. Now a day, Sonohysterography is a modern technique widely used in the clinical evaluation. The objective of this study was to identify pelvic pathology; compare the effect and findings of tubal patency test between Sonohysterosalpingography and single film HSG radiograph. Methods: This is a prospective evaluation of infertile women who attended the infertility unit of the gynecology department from 2017 March to 2018 October. Women 220 clients were subjected to clinical including SHSG evaluation followed by a single film HSG radiograph on the single sitting. The Chi-square test, multinomial logistic regression analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics version 20. Results: Women had bilateral tubal patency 181(82.2%) in SHSG and conformed the same number later by HSG. SHSG showed bilateral tubal occlusion in 33 (15%) whereas HSG conformed only in 22(10%) and block was seen in 18(8.18%) only by HSG. The pathological findings were polycystic ovaries in 33 (15%), Fibroid uterus 11 (5%), ovarian cysts 5(2%), endometrial polyps in 2 cases, en­dometriotic cyst with hydrosalpinx 8(4%). Procedural side effects were no pain in 69(31.1%), mild pain 125(56.3%), Moderate pain 21(9.5%), vasovagal symptoms 7(3.1%). Conclusions: The outcome of the Sonohysterosalpingraphy (SHSG) test for tubal patency is sig­nificantly synergized by concurrent HSG in the same sitting. The combined test is best indicated if SHSG alone is not able to demonstrate the sign of tubal patency.

Study Objective To investigate the relationship between previous ipsilateral salpingectomy and interstitial pregnancy, and report on our experience of laparoscopic cornuostomy for interstitial pregnancy. Design A single-center, retrospective review. Setting A university-based hospital. Patients Patients who had a previous ipsilateral salpingectomy diagnosed with interstitial pregnancy and treated from July 2010 to September 2018. Interventions Laparoscopy or laparotomy as treatment for interstitial pregnancy following ipsilateral salpingectomy. Measurement and Main Results 414 cases of interstitial pregnancy were identified of which 46 (11.1%) were following ipsilateral salpingectomy; 20 of the 46 patients (43.5%) were pregnant by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Ipsilateral salpingectomy was the result of ectopic pregnancy in 40 patients, hydrosalpinx in 5 patients, and torsion of ovarian tumor in 1 patient. The laparoscopic approach was used to treat 78.3% of patients with history of previous salpingectomy. Patients who underwent previous ipsilateral salpingectomy by laparoscopy had a shorter interval from salpingectomy to interstitial pregnancy (24 months vs. 60 months, p=.038) compared with patients who had ipsilateral salpingectomy managed by laparotomy. Laparoscopic cornuostomy was carried out in 38 cases (82.6%); 12 had fetal cardiac activity, 15 had ruptured, and 16 used prophylactic methotrexate (MTX) intraoperatively. Median size of the ectopic mass was 2.5 cm (1.0–5.0 cm). At the time of laparoscopic cornuostomy, more cases of interstitial pregnancies with intact ectopic mass cases were administered prophylactic MTX (81.3% vs. 45.5%, p =.043). Only 1 patient with a ruptured ectopic mass, high preoperative human chorionic gonadotropin levels, and not administered prophylactic MTX experienced persistent ectopic pregnancy (PEP) . Conclusions Patients with history of ipsilateral salpingectomy should be cautioned regarding the possibility of interstitial pregnancy. Laparoscopic cornuostomy appears to be an appropriate treatment for interstitial pregnancy in patients wishing to preserve fertility, and the use of concomitant prophylactic MTX may reduce the risk of PEP, especially in patients with ruptured masses and high human gonadotropin levels.

To investigate whether there are left–right asymmetries in tubal endometriosis and the factors affecting this predisposition. Women who underwent salpingectomy for gynecological diseases and were diagnosed with tubal endometriosis between January 2002 and July 2019 were included in the study. The frequencies of left and right tubal endometriosis were compared with the expected 50% using a binominal test. The demographic characteristics and presence of ovarian endometrioid cysts, adenomyosis, and hydrosalpinx were also analyzed. During the study period of more than 17 years, 305 women were diagnosed with tubal endometriosis. The distribution of tubal endometriosis in the left or right fallopian tubes was analyzed. Tubal endometriosis was found in the left fallopian tube in 168 (55.08%) women, in the right fallopian tube in 93 (30.49%), and bilaterally in 44 (14.43%). Left unilateral tubal endometriosis was found most frequently (64.37%, 168/261), and its incidence was significantly higher than 50% (P

WOS:000525432300003 PubMed: 32072606 Although physiologic amount of inflammation is necessary for successful implantation, pathological inflammation inhibits the expression of receptivity molecules and genes. Because hydrosalpinges is an inflammatory disease, adverse effects of hydrosalpinges on implantation may be in part mediated by disturbed endometrial expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), a dimer implicated in inflammation. We examined the expression of NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) during the window of implantation in the endometrium of infertile women (n = 14) with uni or bilateral hydrosalpinges prior to and following salpingectomy and of fertile controls (n = 14) by immunohistochemistry. We assessed the influence of salpingectomy on NF-kappa B p65 expression by comparing pre- and post-operative endometrial samples. To evaluate the intensity of endometrial NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) immunoreactivity, H-score method was used. We showed a decrease in NF-kappa B p65 expression in 13 out of the 14 post-salpingectomy endometrial samples. The mean NF-kappa B p65 level was significantly higher in the endometrium of women with hydrosalpinges before salpingectomy compared with control cases without hydrosalpinges (3.94 +/- 6.2 vs 2.18 +/- 0.7, p < .02). Salpingectomy decreased the mean endometrial NF-kappa B p65 levels in both unilateral and bilateral hydrosalpinges (2.87 +/- 1.1). When we compared the endometrial NF-kappa B p65 levels of the post-salpingectomy samples with their age-matched fertile controls, we did not observe any significant difference. After salpingectomy, the mean H-score of endometrial NF-kappa B p65 expression significantly decreased to a level similar to that of the fertile group (2.87 +/- 1.1 vs 2.18 +/- 0.7, p > .64). NF-kappa B p65 expression was detected in cytoplasmic and membranous parts of luminal and glandular epithelial cells of endometrium obtained before salpingectomy. Both epithelial and stromal components of the endometrium showed decreased staining for NF-kappa B p65 compared with the pre- and post-salpingectomy samples. The decreased NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) immunoreactivity was predominantly localized to luminal and glandular epithelial cells. Uni or bilateral hydrosalpinges causes pathological endometrial inflammation. Improvement in pathological inflammation following salpingectomy in women with hydrosalpinges may be in part mediated by the downregulation of endometrial NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) expression.

Study Objective To evaluate in vitro fertility (IVF) outcomes of proximal fallopian tube embolization by interventional radiology compared with laparoscopic salpingectomy before embryo transfer (ET) in patients with hydrosalpinx. Design A single-center, off-label, nonrandomized prospective study. Setting Academic university hospital. Patients One hundred and fifty-five patients with hydrosalpinx were identified on ultrasound or hysterosalpingography desiring IVF between April 2016 and December 2017. Interventions Radiologically guided tubal occlusion with embolization microcoils (RTO-EM) and laparoscopic salpingectomy. Measurements and Main Results Of 155 analyzed patients, 42 were treated with RTO-EM and 113 with laparoscopic salpingectomy. The subsequent IVF outcomes including implantation, clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and ongoing pregnancy (fetal heartbeat on ultrasound beyond 10 weeks) were compared between the two groups. Implantation and clinical pregnancy per ET cycle in the RTO-EM group were similar to that of the salpingectomy group (26.7% vs. 30.2%, p = .511, and 39.0% vs. 45.3%, p = .400, respectively), with a similar miscarriage rate. There was no statistically significant difference in ectopic pregnancies between the two groups. Moreover, no difference was detected in ongoing pregnancy per cycle between the two groups (33.9% vs. 41.2%, p = .324). The ongoing-pregnancy rate per patient following RTO-EM was 47.6% (20 of 42) compared with 61.9% (70 of 113) following salpingectomy (p = .108; odds ratio: 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.27–1.14). Conclusion Pregnancy in the RTO-EM group was comparable to the salpingectomy group in patients with hydrosalpinx prior to ET treatment. Radiologically guided tubal occlusion with embolization microcoils may be an alternative to salpingectomy for patients with hydrosalpinx planning IVF-ET.

Context and Objectives: Tubal factor infertility accounts for a large portion of female factor infertility. Tubal disease is responsible for 25% - 35% of female infertility. The most prevalent cause of tubal factor infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease and acute salpingitis. The incidence of tubal damage after one episode of pelvic infection is approximately 12%, 23% after two episodes and 54% after three episodes. Various modalities for investigating tubal factor infertility exist including: saline Infusion sonography (SIS), Hystero-contrast sonography (HyCoSy), hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy with chromopertubation, the latter being the gold standard. The aim of this study was to determine the role of diagnostic laparoscopy in the evaluation of tubal factor in infertile women. Settings and Design: A retrospective descriptive study on all diagnostic laparoscopic procedures carried out to evaluate tubal factor infertility in the endoscopic gynecology unit of a tertiary-level hospital from 2010 to 2019. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary-level hospital in Ghana. A total of three hundred and ninety-one (391) records of all diagnostic laparoscopy procedures performed because of infertility in the endoscopic gynecology unit of a tertiary-level hospital between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed. Clients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy to assess tubal factor infertility in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Directorate of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi, from 2010 to 2019 were included in the study. Tubal patency was tested by laparoscopy and chromopertubation using methylene blue dye. The clinical characteristics of these women (age, parity, type of infertility), the intra-operative findings and complications were evaluated. Data on age, parity, type of infertility and intra operative findings were extracted using a proforma. Cases in which the bio-data or other clinical and laparoscopic findings were missing were excluded from the study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Research and Development (R & D). A simple percentage method was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 391 women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for investigation of tubal factor infertility between 2010 and 2019. The women’s mean age was 33.16 years. The youngest patient was 20 years and the oldest was 46 years. 232 (59.3%) patients were in primary infertility group while 159 (40.7%) patients were in secondary infertility group. 265 (66.8%) of the women were in the age group 20 - 35 years. The main laparoscopic findings for tubal factor were: 57.28% with bilateral tubal occlusion, 16.39% with unilateral tubal occlusion and 7.92% with hydrosalpinx. 18.41% had bilateral tubal patency. Other findings were identified during the laparoscopic procedure. For peritoneal abnormalities, 200 (51.15%) had normal findings, 184 (47.06%) had adhesions and 7 (1.79%) had peritoneal endometriosis. For uterine factor, 185 (47.31%) had normal uterus with no fibroids or adenomyosis, 202 (51.67%) had uterine fibroids, 2 (0.51%) had uterine anomaly and 2 (0.51%) had adenomyosis. For ovarian pathology, 13 (3.32%) had simple cyst, 2 (0.51%) had endometrioma, 184 (47.07%) had the ovaries involved in adhesions. 192 (49.10%) of patients had normal looking ovaries. There was no mortality or conversion to open laparotomy in this series. Conclusions: Unilateral and bilateral tubal blockade was detected in 73.67% of cases of infertile women. Diagnostic laparoscopy is a safe procedure.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a leading infectious cause of infertility in women due to its induction of lasting pathology such as hydrosalpinx. Chlamydia muridarum induces mouse hydrosalpinx because C. muridarum can both invade tubal epithelia directly (as a first hit) and induce lymphocytes to promote hydrosalpinx indirectly (as a second hit). In the current study, a critical role of CD8(+) T cells in chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx was validated in both wild type C57BL/6J mice and OT1 transgenic mice. OT1 mice failed to develop hydrosalpinx partially due to the failure of their lymphocytes to recognize chlamydial antigens. CD8(+) T cells from naive C57BL/6J mice rescued the ability of recipient OT1 mice to develop hydrosalpinx when naive CD8(+) T cells were transferred at the time of infection with Chlamydia. However, when the transfer was delayed for 2 weeks or longer after the Chlamydia infection, naive CD8(+) T cells no longer promoted hydrosalpinx. Nevertheless, CD8(+) T cells from mice immunized against Chlamydia still promoted significant hydrosalpinx in the recipient OT1 mice even when the transfer was delayed for 3 weeks. Thus, CD8(+) T cells must be primed within 2 weeks after Chlamydia infection to be pathogenic, but, once primed, they can promote hydrosalpinx for >3 weeks. However, Chlamydia-primed CD4(+) T cells failed to promote chlamydial induction of pathology in OT1 mice. This study optimized an OT1 mouse-based model for revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-specific CD8(+) T cells.

STUDY QUESTION What is the risk of developing intracavitary fluid (ICF) during ovarian stimulation in patients with an isthmocele after previous caesarean section (CS) delivery? SUMMARY ANSWER In patients with an existing isthmocele, the risk of developing ICF during hormonal stimulation for IVF is almost 40%; therefore, special attention has to be paid to exclude fluid accumulation during stimulation and particularly at the time of transfer, in which case the reproductive outcomes of frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles appear to be uncompromised. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Lately, there is an increasing focus on the long-term impact of CS delivery on the health and future fertility of the mother. Development of an isthmocele is one of the sequelae of a CS delivery. The presence of ICF in combination with an isthmocele has been described previously, and the adverse effect of endometrial fluid on implantation is well recognised by reproductive medicine specialists. Accumulation of ICF has been previously described in patients with hydrosalpinx, less commonly in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI, and even in some patients without any identifiable reason. Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) are a means to overcome infertility. Reproductive medicine specialists commonly see patients with secondary infertility with a history of having had one or more previous CS and with ultrasound confirmation of an isthmocele. However, the available data pertaining to the prevalence of intracavitary fluid during ovarian stimulation in patients with ultrasound confirmation of an isthmocele is limited. Furthermore, data on the influence of ICF in a stimulated cycle on the ART outcome of a subsequent FET cycle is scarce and merits further studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective observational exploratory study was performed in IVI Middle East Fertility Clinic, Abu Dhabi, from June 2018 to March 2019, and retrospective analysis of the reproductive outcomes was performed until July 2019. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Patients with secondary infertility, defined as a minimum of 1 year of infertility after a previous successful pregnancy, undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI and having a history of one or more previous CS with ultrasonographic visible isthmocele, were included (n = 103). Patients were monitored as a clinical routine with vaginal ultrasound examinations during ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI treatment. All patients included in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their previous obstetric history. Development of ICF was recorded as well as changes in the measurements of the isthmocele during the course of ovarian stimulation. Reproductive outcomes of FET cycles of the patients with an isthmocele were retrospectively compared to those of patients with infertility and without isthmocele in our clinic during the same time period. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Patients with an existing isthmocele after previous CS have a risk of ~40% of developing ultrasonographic visible fluid in the endometrial cavity during the course of ovarian stimulation. Development of ICF was significantly correlated with the depth of the isthmocele on Day 2/3 (P = 0.038) and on the day of trigger (−1/−2 days) (P = 0.049), circumference of the isthmocele on the day of trigger (−1/−2 days) (P = 0.040), distance from the C-scar to the external os (P = 0.036), number of children delivered (P = 0.047) and number of previous CS (P = 0.035). There was a statistically significant increase in the parameters related to the size of the isthmocele during ovarian stimulation. No significant differences in the reproductive outcome (pregnancy rate and rates of biochemical and ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages and ongoing/delivered pregnancies) after FET were found between the patients with and without an isthmocele, when ICF was excluded prior to embryo transfer procedure. LARGE-SCALE DATA NA. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was not primarily designed to investigate the causes of ICF during ovarian stimulation or to evaluate the reproductive outcomes. Further, the small number of reported reproductive outcomes may be seen as a limitation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The data highlights the need for an increased awareness on the part of reproductive medicine specialists towards the potentially adverse impact of an isthmocele on ART treatment, as there is a potential to develop intracavitary fluid during ovarian stimulation for IVF. The increase in the circumference of the isthmocele may increase embryo transfer difficulty. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No funding of the study has to be reported. The authors have no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This prospective study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov. under the number NCT03518385.

Background and purpose The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is still high, whereas the prevalence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis such as female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) affecting infertility is unknown. FGTB caused irreversible severe damaged of tubes and endometrium, resulting in tubal occlusion and partial or total obliteration of the uterine cavity. Diagnosis of FGTB is difficult. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary TB in women can prevent fertility complications. This study aims to analyze the correlation of clinical features taken from the history, physical examination, investigation of blood laboratory and gynecological ultrasound of pulmonary tuberculosis women with infertility. Patients and methods This was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional method. Subjects were women with pulmonary TB treated in TB-DOTS (tuberculosis-directly observed treatment, short-course) services at Dr Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung during December 2016 until March 2017. Subjects were divided into two groups consist of 32 TB patients with infertility, and 35 TB patients without infertility. Results The results showed that clinical features such as intermenstrual bleeding, endometrial synechiae, hydrosalpinx and endometritis appearance were the difference between two groups (p

Objective: To identify the prevalence and risk factors for chronic endometritis (CE) with tubal factors and the correlation between chronic endometritis and tubal factors among infertile populations. Method: A total of 52 patients with chronic endometritis (CE group) who underwent laparoscopy and hysteroscopic surgery were recruited between July 2020 and December 2021. A total of 38 patients without chronic endometritis (non-CE group) were included as a control. Patients with endometriosis and intra-uterine abnormalities were excluded. Endometrial samples were collected during surgery for CD138 immunohistochemistry staining for the diagnosis of CE. Preoperative information (including age, reproductive health characteristics, previous medical and surgical history), intra-operative information (including the patency of the fallopian tube, the presence of hydrosalpinx, score and the grade of tubal lesion condition) and post-operative information (counts of CD138-positive HPF in the endometrial specimen) were collected. Result: A multivariate analysis revealed that tubal factors with unilateral or bilateral occlusion were significantly higher in the CE group (OR 3.066, 95% CI 1.020–9.213, p = 0.046). The bilateral occlusion of fallopian tubes (OR 8.785, 95% CI 1.408–54.818, p = 0.020) rather than unilateral occlusion (OR 2.860, 95% CI 0.893–9.162, p = 0.077) was significantly associated with chronic endometritis. The presence of a hydrosalpinx on one side (OR 7.842, 95% CI 1.279–48.086, p = 0.026) or both sides (OR 9.450, 95% CI 1.037–86.148, p = 0.046) was significantly associated with chronic endometritis. The comparison of CD138-positive HPF counts among the tubal occlusion patients without hydrosalpinx, patients with unilateral hydrosalpinx and patients with bilateral hydrosalpinx were as follows: 1 HPF (50.00% vs. 12.50% vs. 11.11%, p = 0.051), 2 HPF (38.89% vs. 25.00% vs. 22.22%, p = 0.615), ≥3 HPF (11.11% vs. 62.50% vs. 66.67%, p = 0.005). The stage of tubal condition was positively correlated with CD138-positive HPF counts in women with chronic endometritis (r = 0.460, p = 0.001). Conclusion: CE was closely related to the blockage of fallopian tubes and hydrosalpinx. The severity degree of the fallopian lesion condition was associated with inflammation of the endometrium.

Research question To evaluate the efficacy of sequential 2D transvaginal ultrasound (US) and hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) after methotrexate (MTX) treatment for tubal pregnancy among patients who desire a future pregnancy. Design A prospective trial was conducted between May 2019 and November 2020. Only patients who had a suspected tubal ectopic pregnancy diagnosed by US and treated by MTX were included. These patients underwent sequential transvaginal 2D-US assessment of the pelvic organs and a complementary HyFoSy for tubal patency. The primary outcome was tubal obstruction in the affected side. Results During a study period, a total of 360 women underwent sequential transvaginal 2D-US assessment of the pelvic organs and a complementary HyFoSy for tubal patency. Of them, 40 (11.1%) women fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. In 6/40 (15%), hydrosalpinx of the affected tube was found during the initial transvaginal US examination and were excluded from further investigation. In the remaining 34/40 (85%) patients, HyFoSy was performed. Tubal block was found in 10/34 (29.4%) the patients. Of these, 8/34 (23.5%) and 2/34 (5.9%) had a proximal block of the affected tube and bilateral proximal obstruction, respectively. HSG confirmed the tubal obstruction in all the affected cases. No procedure-related complications were documented. Conclusions In this preliminary study, almost every second woman who was treated by MTX for tubal pregnancy was diagnosed as having a tubal obstruction. We suggest that sequential transvaginal US and HyFoSy be part of the routine follow-up for these women, thus offering them timely referral to the appropriate specialist. This approach should be considered in clinical guidance addressing the follow-up of women with tubal pregnancy treated with MTX.

Chlamydia is known to both ascend to the upper genital tract and spread to the gastrointestinal tract following intravaginal inoculation. Gastrointestinal Chlamydia was recently reported to promote chlamydial pathogenicity in the genital tract since mice intravaginally inoculated with an attenuated Chlamydia strain, which alone failed to develop pathology in the genital tract, were restored to develop hydrosalpinx by intragastric coinoculation with wild-type Chlamydia. Gastrointestinal Chlamydia promoted hydrosalpinx via an indirect mechanism since Chlamydia in the gut did not directly spread to the genital tract lumen. In the current study, we further investigated the role of CD8+ T cells in the promotion of hydrosalpinx by gastrointestinal Chlamydia. First, we confirmed that intragastric coinoculation with wild-type Chlamydia promoted hydrosalpinx in mice that were inoculated with an attenuated Chlamydia strain in the genital tract 1 week earlier. Second, the promotion of hydrosalpinx by intragastrically coinoculated Chlamydia was blocked by depleting CD8+ T cells. Third, adoptive transfer of gastrointestinal Chlamydia-induced CD8+ T cells was sufficient for promoting hydrosalpinx in mice that were intravaginally inoculated with an attenuated Chlamydia strain. These observations have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells induced by gastrointestinal Chlamydia are both necessary and sufficient for promoting hydrosalpinx in the genital tract. The study has laid a foundation for further revealing the mechanisms by which Chlamydia-induced T lymphocyte responses (as a 2nd hit) promote hydrosalpinx in mice with genital Chlamydia-triggered tubal injury (as a 1st hit), a continuing effort in testing the two-hit hypothesis as a chlamydial pathogenic mechanism.

Background: Except for laparoscopic surgery (salpingectomy or proximal tubal occlusion/ligation), there are also some other common treatments used for hydrosalpinx before IVF such as ultrasonic-guided hydrosalpinx aspiration, hysteroscopic tubal occlusion etc. More evidence is needed to give advice for clinicians on the most effective treatment for hydrosalpinx undergoing IVF-ET.Methods: We reviewed 936 women with hydrosalpinx and 6715 tubal infertile women without hydrosalpinx who underwent IVF/ICSI between January 2014 and August 2019 in our center. Hydrosalpinx patients received different treatments including laparoscopic surgery (only salpingectomy and proximal tubal occlusion/ligation were included), ultrasonic-guided aspiration and hysteroscopic tubal occlusion. Patients received laparoscopic surgery (salpingectomy or proximal tubal occlusion/ligation) before fresh cycles or freeze-thaw embryo transfer cycles. Ultrasonic-guided aspiration was conducted during oocyte retrieval procedure in fresh cycles. Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion was conducted before freeze-thaw embryo transfer cycles. Outcomes were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, Chi-Square test and logistic regression.Results: The live birth rate (LBR) of laparoscopic surgery (salpingectomy or proximal tubal occlusion/ligation) was significantly higher compared with hydrosalpinx aspiration (48.3% vs 39.6%, P=0.024). The cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) of subsequent laparoscopic surgery was significantly higher compared with subsequent hysteroscopic occlusion (65.1% vs 34.1%, P=0.001) and no subsequent treatment (65.1% vs 44.9%, P＜0.005). Subsequent laparoscopic surgery (salpingectomy or proximal tubal occlusion/ligation) significantly improved the CLBR of hydrosalpinx patients who received ultrasonic-guided aspiration and didn't get clinical pregnancy in fresh cycles (Oddis Ratio (OR) =1.875; 95%CI=1.041-3.378, P=0.036).Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery (salpingectomy or proximal tubal occlusion/ligation) leads to significantly higher LBR than ultrasonic-guided aspiration and significantly higher CLBR than hysteroscopic occlusion and no treatment.

Isolated tubal torsion is an unusual cause of acute abdominal pain in young sexually inactive patients. However, it should be still taken into account regarding the differential diagnosis of such conditions.

To evaluate the role of hydrosalpinx in susceptibility to chronic endometritis (CE).This is a retrospective cohort study, which includes 624 patients with hydrosalpinx (group A) and 789 patients without hydrosalpinx (group B) undergoing laparoscopy and hysteroscopy simultaneously. Endometrial morphology was recorded under hysteroscopy. Endometrial biopsy was obtained after hysteroscopy, and immunohistochemical staining for syndecan-1 (CD138) was carried out.No significantly statistical differences were found between the two groups when comparing the incidence of endometrial hyperemia or endometrial micro-polyps under hysteroscopy (P 0.05). Hydrosalpinx had a significant impact on the incidence of CE (P 0.05) (plasma cell count: no plasma cells: odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-0.88, P = 0.002; ≥1/high-power field [HPF]: OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14-1.74, P = 0.002; ≥3/HPF: OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.18-1.91, P = 0.001; ≥5/HPF: OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.27-2.21, P 0.001). There were no significant differences in the comparison of plasma cell count between the unilateral hydrosalpinx group (274 patients) and the bilateral hydrosalpinx group (350 patients) (P 0.05).The presence of hydrosalpinx increased the incidence of CE. Bilateral hydrosalpinx did not significantly increase the incidence of CE compared with unilateral hydrosalpinx.

Study question What is the comparative effectiveness between salpingectomy and neosalpingostomy in the treatment of bilateral severe hydrosalpinx? Summary answer In women with bilateral severe hydrosalpinx, salpingectomy combined with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment resulted in a higher cumulative live birth rate than neosalpingostomy. What is known already Hydrosalpinx accounts for 25% to 35% of female subfertility and has a negative effect on pregnancy rates in women who undergo IVF. So far salpingectomy before in vitro fertilization treatment has been suggested for the treatment of hydrosalpinx in order to improve the chance of a live birth. Previous studies have reported a pooled live birth rate of 25% through natural conception after neosalpingostomy and an ongoing pregnancy rate of 55.8% after salpingectomy with IVF. Direct comparison of the cumulative live birth rate after salpingectomy versus neosalpingostomy, both followed by IVF is lacking. Study design, size, duration We performed a single center, prospective comparative cohort study in the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China. We studied women diagnosed with tubal subfertility with bilateral hydrosalpinx between January 2005 and December 2012. Based on a shared decision approach, they had bilateral salpingectomy or neosalpingostomy followed by IVF. They were annually followed up until July 2020 for the occurrence of live birth. Participants/materials, setting, methods Out of 113 women, 55 had bilateral salpingectomy and 58 had bilateral neosalpingostomy. Primary outcome was cumulative live birth rate, defined as the cumulative birth rate of the first living neonate through either natural conception or in vitro fertilization. Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis were processed. Cox proportional hazards regression model with potential variables was performed to identify predictors of successful live birth. Main results and the role of chance Baseline characteristics were comparable between two groups. There were 42 live births in the salpingectomy and 36 in the neosalpingostomy group. When the result of IVF was incorporated (55/55 in salpingectomy group and 25/58 in neosalpingostomy group underwent IVF), salpingectomy resulted in a higher cumulative live birth rate (85.3% vs 76.0%; hazard ratio of the whole survival curve, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.37 - 3.45; P = 0.001), a lower risk of ectopic pregnancy (1.8% vs 20.7%; risk ratio, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01 - 0.57; P = 0.013), and a shorter time to live birth (19 [14,27] versus 36 [17,76] months, P = 0.001).The number of live birth rates after natural conception was 0% (0/55) in the salpingectomy group and 28% (16/58) in neosalpingostomy group.The results of PP analyses were comparable with the ITT analyses apart from the biochemical pregnancy rate and the overall live birth rate, they were higher (the former: 76% (42/55) versus 58% (29/50), P = 0.045; the latter: 76% (42/55) versus 56% (28/50), P = 0.027) in salpingectomy group. Limitations, reasons for caution This is an observational study. The small sample size along with the data was obtained from a cohort study in a single center. Wider implications of the findings In women with confirmed bilateral severe hydrosalpinx, salpingectomy followed by IVF results in a higher cumulative live birth rate and decreases the risk of EP as compared to neosalpingostomy. However, neosalpingostomy is the only option to achieve a live birth by natural conception that should be discussed with patients preoperatively. Trial registration number not applicable

Background Sactosalpinx means a collection of fluid (serum, blood or pus) in the fallopian tube. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) is a typical 46XX DSD (Disorder of Sex Development) due to a steroidogenic enzymatic defect. Both conditions are rare and can lead to reduced fertility rate. Case presentation We describe two post-menarche virgin girls with CAH who were hospitalized for acute abdomen due to laparoscopically confirmed sactosalpinx. Case 1 recovered after conservative management, case 2 after a second-look and bilateral salpingectomy. The first case consisted of right sactosalpinx and previous peritonitis reported; the second one of bilateral symptomatic pyosalpinx and previous vaginal stenosis. Recurrent abdominal pain persisted at follow-up in Case 1: post-operative MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) showed bilateral hydrosapinx that disappeared at a following ultrasound scan control. Follow-up was uneventful 36 months after surgery in Case 2, except for the surgical revision of the vaginal introitus. Conclusions CAH-sactosalpinx association is a very rare but not negligible event. We suggest a conservative approach for sactosalpinx if tubal and/or ovary torsion can be excluded. Pyosalpinx is more challenging to treat, but during pediatric age we suggest starting with a conservative approach, especially in patients with CAH who have a potential low fertility rate. Careful gynecological follow-up after menarche is recommended to rule out any further causes of infertility.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To study features of isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT) to promote early diagnosis of this entity and describe options for management. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study from October 2017 through October 2020. SETTING Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS All patients with surgically confirmed adnexal torsion or IFTT during the study period. INTERVENTIONS All of the patients underwent gynecological examination, imaging, and laparoscopy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During this 3-year period, 64 patients underwent laparoscopy owing to confirmed torsion, of which 55 had adnexal torsion, and 9 had IFTT. Patients with IFTT tended to be younger (21.2 years ± 8.2 vs 29.1 years ± 11.9, p = .06) and had more fever on admission (p = .007). On ultrasound examination, isolated hydrosalpinx was demonstrated only in patients with IFTT (p

Chlamydia infection remains the leading sexually-transmitted bacterial infection worldwide, causing damaging sequelae such as tubal scarring, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. As infection is often asymptomatic, prevention via vaccination is the optimal strategy for disease control. Vaccination strategies aimed at preventing bacterial infection have shown some promise, although these strategies often fail to prevent damaging inflammatory pathology when Chlamydia is encountered. Using a murine model of Chlamydia muridarum genital infection, we employed two established independent models to compare immune responses underpinning pathologic development of genital Chlamydia infection. Model one uses antibiotic treatment during infection, with only early treatment preventing pathology. Model two uses a plasmid-cured variant strain of C. muridarum that does not cause pathologic outcomes like the plasmid-containing wild-type counterpart. Using these infection models, contrasted by the development of pathology, we identified an unexpected role for macrophages. We observed that mice showing signs of pathology had greater numbers of activated macrophages present in the oviducts. This may have been due to early differences in macrophage activation and proinflammatory signaling leading to persistent or enhanced infection. These results provide valuable insight into the cellular mechanisms driving pathology in Chlamydia infection and contribute to the design and development of more effective vaccine strategies for protection against the deleterious sequelae of Chlamydia infection of the female reproductive tract.

Salpingectomy is the most widely used treatment for hydrosalpinx. The effect of salpingectomy on the stimulation response during subsequent IVF treatment, however, remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the ovarian response and pregnancy outcome of IVF treatment carried out after salpingectomy compared with other pre-IVF treatment options for hydrosalpinx. We conducted a literature search using PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Five randomized studies and nine observational studies were included in the systematic review and evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration's tool for randomized, Newcastle–Ottawa scale for observational studies and GRADE guidelines for certainty of evidence assessment. The mean number of retrieved oocytes was similar between the groups in randomized (mean difference [MD] = –0.03, 95% CI –0.75 to 0.70) and observational studies (MD = –0.15, 95% CI –2.32 to 2.02). Live birth (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.16), clinical pregnancy (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57) and implantation rates (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.08) were higher in the salpingectomy group in randomized studies. The present systematic review and meta-analysis showed that salpingectomy does not impair the ovarian response during subsequent IVF treatment.

Study Objective To evaluate the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) after proximal tubal occlusion (PTO) or salpingectomy in patients with hydrosalpinx undergoing in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Design Randomized controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I). Setting All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Patients A total of 165 patients were randomized and subsequently allocated to a PTO group (n = 83) or a salpingectomy group (n = 82). Interventions PTO and salpingectomy. Measurements and Main Results Following surgery, compared with the PTO group, the salpingectomy group showed significant decreases in the ovarian reserve parameters serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH; 3.7 ng/mL vs 2.6 ng/mL; p ˂ .001) and antral follicle count (AFC; 10.6 vs 8.6; p ˂ .001). The salpingectomy group also required a significantly higher dose of gonadotropins (3901 vs 3260; p ˂ .001) and more days of stimulation (11.3 vs 10.2; p ˂ .001) compared with the PTO group. The salpingectomy group had a significantly lower fertilization rate (0.74 vs 0.83; p ˂ .001) and a lower number of grade 1 embryos (4.1 vs 5.6; p = .02); however, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to rates of implantation (22.8% vs 23.7%; p = .87), clinical pregnancy (26.3% vs 33.7%, p = .25), live birth (27.5% vs 32.5%; p = .42), and miscarriage (4.7% vs 3.5%; p = .90) Conclusions PTO is a superior to salpingectomy for the surgical management of patients with hydrosalpinx undergoing IVF-ET in terms of ovarian reserve. However, the 2 surgical techniques are associated with comparable pregnancy rates.

Objective Our study aims to evaluate the role of pathology evaluation of fallopian tubesduring hysterectomy for benign indications for the purpose ofearly detection of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) in women at high and low risk for ovarian cancer. Material and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Minia Maternity University Hospital, Egypt, between June 2015 and December 2017. Our study included all women undergoing hysterectomy for benign conditions in the genital tract. Appropriate histories were taken, as well as physical exams, and laboratory and ultrasound evaluations were done prior to scheduling surgery. Abdominal hysterectomies including opportunistic salpingectomies were performed and the whole specimens including the tubal fimbria were sent to the pathology lab for histo-pathological examination. Results A total of 526 patients met inclusion criteria for this study. The mean age of the study participants was 49.75±8.95 years, the mean parity was 3.91±1.62 and the mean BMI was 24.21±2.38 Kg/m2. The most common surgical indications for hysterectomy were postmenopausal bleeding (34.6%), a clinically benign adnexal/pelvic mass (31.7%), and menorrhagia (24.7%). The fallopian tubes were found to have either no pathology or benign conditions in 500 out of the 526 patients. Among these patients, 56% had no pathologic abnormality. The most common benign conditions were paratubal cysts (25%), endometriosis (9%), torsion (2%) and hydrosalpinx (1%). STIC was identified in the fallopian tubes of 8 out of 526 patients. Conclusions Microscopic examination of the entire fimbriae from all patients regardless of the clinical context represents a novel method of early detection of sporadic tubal carcinoma, a putative precursor to advanced-stage pelvic cancer.

To estimate the benefit of pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after routine pelvic ultrasound (US) in patients with pathologically or surgically proven endometriosis. Patients with surgically or pathologically proven endometriosis who had routine pelvic US followed by pelvic MR within 6 months prior to surgery were included. Patients were excluded if they had previously confirmed endometriosis, pregnancy, or surgery > 6 months after MR. The detection rate of endometriosis by pelvic US and MR was compared to the surgical/pathological reference standard. 83 female patients (mean age 40 ± 9) met inclusion criteria and had surgical/pathological confirmation of endometriosis. The mean time interval between pelvic US and MR was 33 ± 43 days, with 64 ± 69 days between MR examination and surgery. US detected endometriosis in 22% (18/83) of patients compared to 61% (51/83) for MR (p

The study was conducted to evaluate the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in the treatment of tubal factor infertility (TFI) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and investigate their effect on fertility in animal models of chronic salpingitis. In this study, we investigated the therapy effects of the transplantation of hUCMSCs in tubal factor infertility using a chronic salpingitis murine model which induced Chlamydia trachomatis. Twenty rats were divided into two groups: control group (n = 10) and treatment group (n = 10). hUCMSCs were given to mice after exposure to C. trachomatis for 4 weeks. After treatment for 4 weeks, five mice were randomly selected from each of the two groups to sacrifice and we examined the organ morphology and pathology, inflammatory cytokines, proliferation, and apoptosis in fallopian tube (FT).The remaining five mice from each group were caged 2:1 with male mice for another 4 weeks, the numbers of pregnant mice and the mean number of pups in the different groups were enumerated and calculated. Intravaginal inoculation of hUCMSCs alleviated hydrosalpinx of the oviduct. EdU-labeled hUCMSCs are located at the interstitial site of the fallopian tube. Macrophage (F4/80) infiltration was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the control group and expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 were increased after hUCMSCs treatment. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and Caspase-3 were increased and decreased, respectively, in the hUCMSCs’ treatment group compared with the control. Moreover, hUCMSCs’ transplantation improved murine fertility. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of hUCMSCs may play an important role in TFI. Our data suggest that hUCMSCs’ transplantation contributed to the repair of tubal injury and improvement of fertility, providing a basis for assessing the contribution of stem cells in the oviduct for direct repair of the tube to assist reproduction.

Background: Hydrosalpinx is a frequent tubal pathology encoun- tered among infertile female. Hydrosalpinx impairs the expression of factors essential for differentiation of the endometrium impairing en- dometrial receptivity; reducing the in vitro fertilization success rate. Removal of a hydrosalpinx can increase the implantation rate of in vitro fertilization. However, salpingectomy could potentially affect the ovarian vascularity and may impose a potential change in ovarian Doppler indices. . Objective: to assess the changes in ovarian vascularity following laparoscopic tubal salpingectomy in terms of change in ovarian Dop- pler indices. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suez Canal Uni- versity Hospitals, Ismailia, Egypt. Patients and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 25 patients with unilateral communicating hydrosalpinx treated with laparoscopic tubal salpingectomy and ultrasound ovarian Doppler indices were assessed before and after surgery. Main outcome measures: Tubal salpingectomy showed increased local ovarian vascular resistance with significant ovarian Doppler in- dices changes. Results: Both pulsatility index and resistive index increased signifi- cantly 3 months after surgery denoting increased vascular resistance ( p value 0.03 and 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: laparoscopic tubal salpingectomy for treatment of hy- drosalpinx can potentially affect ovarian Doppler indices with signif- icant increase in ovarian local vascular resistance

Women can still conceive naturally or through in vitro fertilization (IVF) with the one oviduct that is properly functioning if only one oviduct is blocked, however, the chances are decreased particularly if the blockage is close to the ovary (hydrosalpinx) because of wash out phenomena and toxic fluid produced by the fallopian tube that is blocked. In situations where only a single tube has hydrosalpinx specialists should advise patients appropriately and must be given options, to choose between undergoing salpingostomy, a surgical process that involves tubal reconstruction to expand their odds of getting pregnant naturally by removing the blockage or IVF treatment. For women with one working oviduct specialists must be on the lookout for ectopic pregnancy. This will enable early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and a treatment technique that spares the tube can be utilized. The patient is a woman of African origin with blood group O staying at Manyame Park Harare. She has never married before and has been trying to get pregnant from 2005. She eventually got a successful pregnancy in 2014 and delivered first child in 2015 after several interventions. Her infertility was initially due to the presence of hydrosalpinx on the left fallopian tube, scarring in the fimbriae of left tube, high prolactin level and was subsequently due to loss of the only working tube after ectopic pregnancy. The patient got pregnant whilst she was on bromocriptine, unfortunately the pregnancy did not last to full term. Chlomiphene was later added to her drug regiment and after six cycles she had an ectopic pregnancy which destroyed her only working tube. The patient then tried IVF treatments to achieve pregnancy. She underwent two IVF treatment cycles which failed to achieve pregnancy. The patient finally underwent tubal reconstruction microsurgery which enabled her to have two successful natural pregnancies. Gynaecologists must be vigilant in diagnosis of infertility factors and should give enough appropriate information to female patients when making decisions concerning fertility interventions. Key words: Fertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF), salpingostomy, hydrosalpinx, prolactin, fimbriae.

With the advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART), the role of reproductive surgery as the primary treatment of infertility has been questioned. Tubo-peritoneal factor infertility is common, and accounts for 30–40% of female infertility. The pathology of tubal disease ranges from peritubal adhesions, proximal and/or distal tubal blockage, hydrosalpinx to previous sterilisation. In tubo-peritoneal factor infertility, reproductive surgery remains an important option and is complementary to ART. It should be considered as the first-line treatment if a good result is expected, when the pathology is amendable or if left untreated will adversely affect the results of ART. The success of reproductive surgery depends on careful patient selection using proper investigative tools, performed in units with expertise following microsurgical principles.

PubMedID: 30966840 Hydrosalpinx is a disease commonly observed in women and characterized by the obstruction which is in the shape of a fluid-filled sac at the distal part of tuba uterina closed to the ovary. In this study, we aimed to obtain endometrial tissue samples from the hydrosalpinx patients, before and after the surgical treatment and compare these endometrial tissue samples by using light and electron microscope. Endometrial tissue samples were obtained from the 24 women with bilateral hydrosalpinx range 19–46 years before and after the surgical treatment, and normal endometrial tissues were collected from five women without hydrosalpinx and evaluated as a control group. In endometrial samples of hydrosalpinx patients; it was observed that large and unregulated interstitial spaces representing the organellar destruction, membranous whorl structures associated with organelle destruction, thinning in the surface epithelium, decreasing in numbers of microvillus and pinopodes in microvilli cells, increasing in heterochromatin and picnotic changes in the nucleus, expansion, and vacuolization in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in the apical cytoplasm and intraepithelial macrophages and lymphocytes were rised in number. Although mild structural changes were observed in endometrial tissues obtained after surgical treatment of hydrosalpinx, surface epithelium, glandular and stromal cell structures were more similar to control endometrial specimens. In conclusion; serious structural changes have occurred in endometrial tissues of hydrosalpinx patients. These structural abnormalities have removed after surgical treatment so it is considered that surgical treatment is effective in patients with hydrosalpinx. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: EMK2017, TYL-2015-4528 This study was supported by a grant from Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: TYL-2015-4528). This work was partially presented at the 23rd National Electron Microscopy (EMK2017) Congress in Antalya-Turkey.

Objective To determine the frequency of occurrence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection in the peritoneal fluid of infertile women as compared to fertile women. Materials and methods We have selected 162 infertile women aged 22–40 years as study subject and 162 women posted for elective caesarean section, were taken as control. Peritoneal fluid of the infertile women and control samples was obtained by suction during diagnostic laparoscopy and M. genitalium infection was diagnosed by PCR method. Results The genetic material of M. genitalium was detected in the peritoneal fluid of 10 subjects in the infertile group and in 1 from the control group. High prevalence was found in cases with unexplained (13.3%) and primary infertility (6.7%) in comparison to explained (4.5) and secondary infertility (4.5%). Consistent relationship was reported between past obstetric history and presence of M. genitalium infection in infertile subjects. M. genitalium infection was two times more common in women with cervicitis (8.6%) and with blocked fallopian tubes (8.4%). Out of the 101 cases with normal looking uterus, 7 had M. genitalium infection, while 3 out of 61 cases with a congested uterus had infection. The fallopian tubes appeared normal in about 53% cases whereas, inflammation, hydrosalpinx, peritubular adhesions and endometriotic patches were noted in 11.7%, 4.3%, 19.7% and 11.1% of cases respectively. Conclusion Present study shows association between M. genitalium infection and infertility. We suggest routine screening and early treatment of this pathogen because prolonged inflammation of upper genital tract sites may lead to significant reproductive morbidity and infertility.