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Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a new and fast advancing technology, which is opening up many opportunities in the field of remote sensing and data monitoring. In spite of the numerous applications of WSN, issues related to determining a suitable and accurate radio model that will foster energy conservation in the network limit the performance of WSN routing protocols. A number of radio models have been proposed to address this issue. However, the underlying assumptions and inaccurate configuration of these radio models make them impractical and often lead to mismanagement of scarce energy and computational resources. This paper addresses this problem by proposing an enhanced radio model that adapts to the frequent changes in the location of the sensor nodes and is robust enough to report reliable data to the base station despite fluctuations due to interference. The impact of incorporating stepwise energy level and specialized data transmission schemes in the proposed radio model is also investigated in this paper. The performance of the proposed radio model is evaluated using OMNET++ and MATLAB and the results obtained is benchmarked against PEGASIS. It is shown by simulation that the novel LEACH-IMP performs better with respect to energy consumption, number of links faults, number of packets received, signal attenuation, and network lifetime.

Introduction: Oral cancer is a common disease in Asia. However, our ability to deliver effective and targeted therapy remains limited by our lack of understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of oral carcinogenesis. One method to understand the nature of genes and gene products whose aberrant expression promote malignant transformation is by using microarrays. However, such studies have been limited by the availability of specimens with intact RNA and adequate clinical data to enable the identi?cation and validation biomarkers either as predictive or therapeutic tools. Objective: We have determined the global gene expression pro?les of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the buccal mucosa using formalin ?xed paraf?n-embedded specimens. Materials and Methods: Gene expression analyses using the DASL Assay were performed on 34 paraf?n embedded tissues, of which 22 samples were OSCC of the buccal mucosa and 12 samples were normal surface epithelium of reactive lesions such as the ?broepithelial polyp from matched site. We used the Illumina Beadstudio Software to compare the expression pro?les of normal and OSCC samples. We selected genes which were differentially expressed by at least two-fold (with the detection p-value

Purpose: To assess the expression of pRb and EGFR in oral epithelial lesions using TMA technique. Methods: Paraffin embedded specimens were selected from the archives of the Diagnostic Laboratories at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Selected epithelial areas were cored and developed into tissue microarray blocks. A total of 32 samples for pRb and 50 samples for EGFR were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques. Results: Abnormal pRb staining (1+ or less) was seen in 80% (8/10) OSCC, 38.5% (5/13) dysplastic and 22.2% (2/9) normal/hyperplastic epithelium. Positive EGFR staining was observed in 25/35 (71.4%) OSCC cases with 11 cases (31.4%) showing staining of 2+ or more. Out of 5 epithelial dysplasia and 10 normal/hyperplastic epithelium, positive EGFR staining was noted in 3 (60%) and 8 (80%) cases respectively. Interestingly, only 1(20%) epithelial dysplasia and 1(10%) normal/hyperplastic epithelium showed staining of 2+ or more. Conclusion: High frequency of abnormal expression of pRb is observed in OSCC cases as compared to dysplastic and normal/hyperplastic epithelium. EGFR is expressed in OSCC as well as epithelial dysplasia and normal/hyperplastic epithelium. However, higher EGFR positivity is more common in OSCC cases. This study supports the feasibility and ease of using TMA technique for immunohistochemical studies. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.

Purpose: Human b-Defensin (hBDs) is an epithelial origin, cationic antimicrobial peptides. Their expression is reported in oral mucosa, gingiva and salivary glands. However, their protective role is not well understood. It has been suggested that bacterial and viral infection are an important factors in the process of carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of hBD-3 in oral squamous cells carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: 29 OSCC and 23 samples of normal and dysplastic tissues were obtained from Oral Pathology diagnostic laboratory, faculty of Dentistry, UKM and UM. The tissues were arrayed and the expression of hBD-3 was analysed using immunohistochemistry technique. Results: Higher levels of hBD-3 expression were found in stage II and II of OSCC compared to stage I and IV. Expression of hBD-3 was also seen higher in the tumour front arrays. Healthy and dysplastic tissues also seen to expressed hBD-3 but most are moderately stained. Conclusion: High levels of hBD-3 expression is seen especially in stage II and III as well as in tumour front suggest a potential tumour marker, correlation between level of expression and probable infective cancer causes need to be investigate further. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.