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В статье рассмотрены культурные коды Океании, ставшие неотъемлемой частью мировой культуры: сёрфинг, превратившийся в стиль жизни для множества людей по всему свету, искусство нанесения татуировок, которое стало набирать популярность в Европе после путешествий Джеймса Кука по Океании в конце XVIII в., «культура тики», вобравшая в себя атрибутику полинезийской экзотики, и др. Приводятся свидетельства участников морских научно-исследовательских экспедиций XVIII—XIX вв., которые наряду с писателями, художниками и учёными стали основными проводниками океанийской культуры в глобальный мир. Анализируется влияние Океании на культуру Европы, Америки и России на рубеже XIX—XX вв., связанное с именами Поля Гогена, Марка Твена, Джека Лондона, Константина Бальмонта. Особое внимание уделяется вкладу в развитие науки, сделанному благодаря зоологическим, антропологическим и этнографическим исследованиям, проведённым на островах российским учёным Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклаем. Показано, как соприкосновение с Океанией привело целый ряд выдающихся личностей к мировой славе. Обосновывается мысль о том, что за последние двести лет культурные коды этих уникальных островов оказали значительное воздействие на философскую мысль, литературу, изобразительное и кинематографическое искусство, а также проявили себя в различных практических сферах, таких как спорт или ресторанное дело., The paper deals with the cultural codes of Oceania which have become an integral part of world culture: surfing as a lifestyle for many people around the world, the art of tattooing, which began to gain popularity in Europe after James Cooks’ trips to Oceania in the late eighteenth century, the “tiki culture” inspired by the attributes of Polynesian exotica, etc. The evidence is presented by the participants of maritime research expeditions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who, together with writers, artists and scientists introduced the Oceanic culture to the global world. The paper analyses the influence of Oceania on the culture of Europe, America and Russia between the end of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries associated with the names of Paul Gauguin, Mark Twain, Jack London and Konstantin Balmont. Special attention is given to the contribution to the development of science due to zoological, anthropological and ethnographic studies carried out on the islands by the Russian scientist N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. It is shown how the contact with Oceania led a number of prominent figures to world fame. It is argued that over the last two hundred years the cultural codes of these unique islands have had a significant impact on philosophical thought, literature, visual and cinematic arts, as well as manifested themselves in various practical fields, such as sport or catering.

This article discusses the role of colonial oppression in creating conflicting perspectives in the reproduction of dance as Indigenous cultural heritage. The debate on kahiko, the ancient Hawaiian dance, of which practice was severely controlled and then revived through the cultural renaissance, demonstrates that the radical deprivation of the practice has created multiple understandings of the dance among different practitioners. Of primary importance in these respects is the intergenerational divide within the dance community, manifest in the critical perspective of the post-renaissance variant of kahiko, which highlights the “continuity” of the practice through the colonial rupture.

Background Native Hawaiians have higher hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates than non-Hispanic whites, calling for culturally responsive interventions to close this gap. Purpose We tested the effects of a 6-month behavioral intervention, a cultural dance program based on hula (the customary dance of Hawai'i), for improving blood pressure (BP) and CVD risk among Native Hawaiians with uncontrolled HTN. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, we tested the effects of the hula-based intervention among 263 Native Hawaiians with uncontrolled HTN (systolic ≥ 140 or ≥ 130 mmHg if diabetes) and no CVD at enrollment. All participants received a brief culturally tailored heart health education before random assignment to the hula-based intervention (n = 131) or the education-only waitlist control (n = 132). Intervention received hula lessons and group-based activities for 6 months. Control received only 1-week education through 6 months. Results Intervention yielded greater reductions in systolic (−15.3 mmHg) and diastolic (−6.4 mmHg) BP than control (−11.8 and −2.6 mmHg, respectively) from baseline to 6 months (p < .05). At 6 months, 43% of intervention participants compared to 21% of controls achieved a HTN stage, Native Hawaiians with hypertension who participated in a cultural dance program show clinically meaningful improvements in blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk than those who did not participate.

Marriage is away for humans to developing off spring, there fore important thing is that marriage is regulated by the state, religion and customs. In Batak custom marriageis legal if it is done according toreligionthen the marriageis considered invalid, and peoplewho do marriage like this may not take partin any traditional ceremonies. This reseach is an exploratory study using primer and secondary data, the data collection is done by interviews, questionnaries andobservations the data coollectedis evaluatedqualitativelyand quantitatively so based on theabove datait canbe concluded that the batak toba people in Medan still do traditional marriage such giving “dekke si mudur udur” give to hula- hula. Hula-hula will give good words of blesssingor advise for the bride’s life in the future.

Aims To describe a pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) isolated and associated with game therapy (PFMT + GT) for women facing mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) during climacteric period. Methods To standardize a randomized controlled clinical trial intervention, a protocol was created, in an attempt to decrease women's symptomatology generated by MUI, through pelvic floor and abdomino-loin-pelvic muscles strength, and endurance. This study protocol will be composed of 32 volunteers, divided into two groups of 16. They will perform PFMT isolated or PFMT + GT, twice a week during 8 weeks. Interventions will last 40 minutes and will be divided into warming (5 minutes), training (30 minutes), and 5 minutes will be composed of resting time between exercises (1 minute each). Isolated PFMT sessions will be performed through four modalities of exercises: diaphragmatic, bridge, abdominal (plank), and pelvic mobility. PFMT + GT training will be carried out by using Wii Fit Plus games, such as Lotus Focus, Penguin Slide, Basic Step, and Hula Hoop from Wii equipment. Assessments will occur before, after, and 1 month after interventions. Vaginal manometry, 1-hour Pad Test, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and Patient Global Intervention (PGI) will be used to evaluate the sample. Conclusions It is expected greater increase on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength, endurance, vaginal pressure for PFMT + GG. Moreover, it is supposed that PFMT + GT volunteers present better treatment adherence due to games motivational inclusion.

This book results from an ongoing collaboration between the Benioff Oceania Programme at the British Museum and Dennis Kanaʻe Keawe, a Hawaiian artist and artisan specialised in pahu (drum) making and based in Hilo (Hawaiʻi). Shaped and nutured through the artist’s unique lens, this volume combines a renewed understanding of historical pahu collections at the British Museum with innovative research into pahu making as a living practice. Presenting new and rarely seen photography alongside deep cultural knowledge, and making space for users to become contributors, this book aims to redefine collections stewardship while becoming a resource for those who make, play and care for Hawaiian pahu., London

Unstable pelvic ring lesions are usually treated with internal fixation. In patients presenting clinical instability or soft tissue complication risk, external fixation is a safe treatment option. However, pin tract infection, insufficient biomechanical properties, difficulty sitting and changing decubitus are important drawbacks related to the treatment. The present study reports the association of anterior and posterior subcutaneous internal fixation by applying spine-designed implants on the pelvic ring disruption: supra- acetabular pedicle screws with an interconnecting rod (Infix), plus posterior transiliac fixation with the same system, which the authors have named the “Hula Hoop Technique”.

Objective The aim of this study was to calculate the costs and assess whether a culturally grounded physical activity intervention offered through community-based organizations is cost effective in reducing blood pressure among Native Hawaiian adults with hypertension. Methods Six community-based organizations in Hawai‘i completed a randomized controlled trial between 2015 and 2019. Overall, 263 Native Hawaiian adults with uncontrolled hypertension (≥ 140 mmHg systolic, ≥ 90 mmHg diastolic) were randomized to either a 12-month intervention group of hula (traditional Hawaiian dance) lessons and self-regulation classes, or to an education-only waitlist control group. The primary outcome was change in systolic blood pressure collected at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months for the intervention compared with the control group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for primary and secondary outcomes. Non-parametric bootstrapping and sensitivity analyses evaluated uncertainty in parameters and outcomes. Results The mean intervention cost was US$361/person, and the 6-month ICER was US$103/mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure and US$95/mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. At 12 months, the intervention group maintained reductions in blood pressure, which exceeded reductions for usual care based on blood pressure outcomes. The change in blood pressure at 12 months resulted in ICERs of US$100/mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure and US$93/mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. Sensitivity analyses suggested that at the estimated intervention cost, the probability that the program would lower systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg was 67 and 2.5% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Conclusion The 6-month Ola Hou program may be cost effective for low-resource community-based organizations. Maintenance of blood pressure reductions at 6 and 12 months in the intervention group contributed to potential cost effectiveness. Future studies should further evaluate the cost effectiveness of indigenous physical activity programs in similar settings and by modeling lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years. Trial Registration Number NCT02620709. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41669-021-00291-6.

The Hula Valley, a gateway from Syria and Lebanon to the southern Levant, was dominated in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages by the city-state of Hazor. Following the desolation of the latter in the 13th century BCE, it seems that Abel Beth Maacah became the leading polity in the region, showing a remarkable sequence of Iron Age I architecture. We examine this regional power shift using a zooarchaeological sequence from Abel Beth Maacah, which suggests the economic impact of pastoral nomads on the region during the Middle Bronze Age, and a reversion to traditional, extensive agro-pastoralism in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages.

The problem in this research is whether through the activity of playing with media hula hoop can improve motor abusive ability of child. The purpose of this Classroom Action Research is to develop gross motor skills in the jumping of children on the strength and balance effects on the group B children in PAUD Al-Syafaqoh Rejang Lebong District. This study proved that playing with hula hoop media can improve the development of gross motor abilities of children. Evidenced by the increase of Rough Motor Capacity in children, seen in the first cycle meeting I on the aspect of strength and balance aspects of the average value reached 2.27 with the criteria Enough, then in cycle II The third meeting reached 4.3 with the criteria Good.

Long-term data sets of headwater river discharges and precipitation record in the northern part of the Kinneret drainage basin were compiled and analyzed. Previous conclusions related the headwaters discharge decline to anthropogenic enhancement of consumption. Wider and deeper search of the regional balances confirmed enhancement of gravitating water loss in the Hula Valley. The Hula Valley soil properties of Field Capacity, Bulk Density and Wilting Point confirm the potential loss of gravitating water during periods of dryness due to Climate change through preferential pathways.

Hula hoops are a popular piece of fitness equipment used to attempt to slim the waistline and improve core muscle endurance. Although there are obvious visible movements at the waist and hip, no study has quantified the intensity of muscle activity during hula hooping. Therefore, this study analyzed muscle activation in the torso and hip during hula hooping. Because injury to the waist often occurs after prolonged, repeated impact between the waist and a hula hoop, this study developed a novel waist fitness hoop that eliminates impact, called the “Mini Hoop,” and determined the effects of mini hooping on hip movement and muscle activation. A total of 16 healthy females performed hula hooping and mini hooping at a self-selected pace. Results showed that hula hooping caused larger muscle activation, with 46%–49% maximum voluntary isometric contraction for the external oblique, spinal erectors, and gluteus medius, whereas gluteus maximus and adductor longus muscle activation were with 22%–29% maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Mini hooping required a smaller range of hip motion in flexion, extension, abduction/adduction, higher pelvic oscillation frequency, and lower muscle activation for the external oblique, spinal erectors, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and adductor longus (13%–33% maximum voluntary isometric contraction) compared with hula hooping ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, hula hooping and mini hooping differ in their range of hip motion, pelvic oscillation frequency, and muscle activation requirements. Hula hooping is suitable for moderate-intensity core muscle activation, whereas the Mini Hoop is suitable for low-level core muscle activation.

Potassium dynamics of soils is constituted by constantly changing relationship between soil K forms, and this relation is affected by some soil physical and chemical properties. Most Sidama (south Ethiopia) farmers grow enset crops which have high K requirements. The soils were collected from Awassa-Zuriya and Dale districts; ’Woinadega’ (warm subtropical climate) and Hula district ‘Dega’ (wet, cool temperate climate). Overview of K dynamics in soils via Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves was used to evaluate the dynamics of K in fifteen soil samples representing the enset farming systems of Sidama. All of the Hula district soils and half of the Dale district soils had low percent K saturation. There were significant correlations between some soil properties and Q/I parameters and among equilibrium solution parameters and Q/I parameters. Variations among the mean quantity (±âˆ†K) values of the soils were not significant. The Dale and Hula district soils had higher K intensity than the Awassa-Zuriya district soils; where the Hula (Adola kura kebele) soil had the highest value. Therefore, the Dale and Hula district soils will require frequent and split K applications since they have lower capacity to maintain long-term supply of K. On the other hand, Awassa-Zuriya district soils had high K quantity than the Dale and Hula district soils. This shows that the Awassa-Zuriya district soils have a higher potential to supply K for a longer period of time from the exchangeable pool. However, the Awassa-Zuriya district soils require less frequent and higher K fertilization to saturate the exchangeable pool to meet immediate potassium requirement of crops. The low equilibrium activity ratio of potassium and low potassium replenishing capacity of nearly all of the soils studied also indicated the need for K application. Key words: Dynamics of potassium, potential buffering capacity, activity ratio, quantity-intensity isotherms, potassium saturation.

Hawai’i evokes images of palm-fringed beaches, hula dancers and big lū’aus. However, few visiting tourists are aware of: the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian government in 1893; the history of set...

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the three woredas of Sidama zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPRS) with the aim of determining the overall prevalence of African horse sickness (AHS) in equines and the effect of putative risk factors on the prevalence of AHS. A total of 230 equines (66 donkeys, 161 horses and 3 mules) were included. Serological examination was conducted using blocking enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (blocking ELISA) revealing a point prevalence of 46.97, 13.66 and 33.33% AHS in donkeys, horses and mules, respectively. The overall prevalence of AHS in equines in Sidama zone of the three districts was 23.47%. The prevalence at Dale, Hula and Wonsho woreda’ was 52.72, 10.47 and 17.98%, respectively. Statistical analysis of the result showed significance difference in prevalence among donkeys, horses and mules (P< 0.05). The prevalence of 52.72% in midland and 14.28% in highland revealed statistically significant difference (P

BACKGROUND. Studies have shown that physical activity can reduce the risk of mortality for female breast cancer patients and improve quality of life, reduce weight, and alter circulating biomarker levels. We conducted a pilot trial to determine the feasibility of increasing physical activity through a cultural dance intervention to achieve similar benefits. METHODS. Conducted a pilot trial implementing a cultural dance intervention to increase and sustain physical activity for breast cancer survivors, which consisted of a six-month group-based intervention of Hula Dance. Anthropometric measures, fasting blood draws, and self-reported questionnaires to assess physical activity, mood, and quality of life, were completed at baseline, at the end of the 6-month intervention (time point month-6), and at two additional post-intervention time points at month-12 and month-24 to assess sustainability. RESULTS. A total of 11 women with a median age of 63 years were enrolled in the intervention trial. Eight of the 11 (73%) completed the trial to month-12 and demonstrated an overall significant increase in weekly moderate exercise. There were no significant changes in intra-individual body mass index (BMI). However, there was a sustained post-intervention reduction in waist circumference and significant changes in circulating biomarker levels. For the self-reported measures, there was a significant increase in vigor/activity (p

If one rolls a vertically standing hula hoop forward with backspin applied, it moves once far away and then eventually back to hand. In this paper, we study such a motion of a rolling hula hoop from both theoretical and experimental aspects. The hula hoop is rolling with slipping immediately after it leaves the hand, and its motion will transit to that of without slipping due to the transition of the frictional force from kinetic friction to static friction. We show that the experimental results analyzed by Tracker software can be well described by equations of motion that take into account the deformation of the hula hoop. Theoretical and experimental studies in this paper are suitable for university students in physics courses. The video analyzed in this paper can be viewed at https://youtu.be/i4j1lDhCI2os .

Introduction: Eye injuries are common in sports and have the potential for major morbidity with sight threatening consequences. However, a small number of sports, such as soccer, rugby or hockey are responsible for most injuries. To our knowledge, hula hoop penetrating eye injury is not described in literature. In this report, we present a case of an unusual eye injury caused by a hula hoop. Case presentation: A 17-year-old female was admitted as an urgent penetrating right eye injury caused by a hula hoop. Penetrating wound covered 2/3 of the cornea and was associated with iris prolapses and incarceration; iridodialysis of more than half of the circumference, and traumatic cataract. Her best corrected visual acuity of the right eye was “hand motion”. The second corneal wound in parallel with the first one was noticed while she was being treated surgically under general anesthesia. Iris was repositioned, anterior chamber was formed with the viscoelastic and wounds were repaired using 10-0 nylon sutures. Iridopexy was performed using straight needle 10-0 prolene, while standard cataract surgery with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were done. The postoperative recovery was uneventful beside elevated intraocular pressure (TOD = 24 mmHg) that was treated successfully by topical beta blockers. Six months later, her best corrected visual acuity was 0.6 stenopeic, with evident linear corneal opacification and traumatic mydriasis. Conclusions: Although seemingly impossible, hula hooping can be dangerous to the eyes if practiced in incommodious areas and close to other people.

The historical habitat of swamps and a lake in the Hula Valley was modified during the early 1950’s. The Swamps and the old Hula Lake were drained and the land was converted to an agricultural development. As a result of inappropriate cultivation, it was necessary to once more implement management improvement. It was done within the Hula Project. Part of the Hula Project was a modified usage of 10% of the area previously used for agriculture for eco-tourism. Independently, thousands of migratory Cranes attracted by peanut crop leftover started wintering in the valley. These bird flocks significantly improved the management objective to ensure prevention of nutrient flux into Lake Kinneret. Consequently, the partnerships between Kinneret water quality protection, nature conservation and agricultural utilization of the peat land is presently operated. Migratory wintered Cranes is a factor of management stability accompanied by costly artificial feeding for bird in a dedicated land block to prevent damage to adjacent crops.

The carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometer was applied to fresh water snails (Melanopsis spp.) grown in the waters of the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley, in the north of Israel. Modern shells, grown at known temperatures agree with the Δ47-T calibration of Zaarur et al. (2013). Fossil Melanopsis shells from 2 locations, Gesher Bnot Ya’aqov (at the southern tip of the Hula Valley) and the Sea of Galilee provide a temperature record for the region during the time interval of the past 20 kyrs. Glacial temperatures are ∼5 °C cooler than mid-Holocene and ∼3 °C cooler than modern, similar to other records in the region. These Δ47-derived temperatures are combined with δ18O of the shell carbonate to calculate the oxygen isotopic composition of the habitat waters. Contrary to global trends and other regional records, reconstructed δ18Owater values increase from the late glacial through the Holocene. This reversed signal reflects a decrease in the relative contribution of snowmelt to the watershed post-LGM and a transition to a more rain dominated inflow. A fairly constant difference in δ18Owater values between the Hula Valley and Sea of Galilee waters, suggests that the hydrological relationship of the two water bodies had remained constant, with the temperature changes playing only a minor role in the extent of evaporation of the Sea of Galilee relative to the Hula.

The physics of a hula hoop is determined primarily by the effect of the centripetal force acting on the hoop. However, the friction force on the hoop also plays a role. A simple experiment is described showing how an increase in the friction coefficient can help to prevent the hoop falling.

A hula hoop rotating around a person’s waist is an example of circular motion where the centripetal force on the hoop is directed towards the centre of the circle rather than the centre of the hoop. The friction force on the hoop is relatively small by comparison since the hoop rolls around the waist. A slight complication is that the hoop rotates in an elliptical path if the waist rotates back and forth in a straight line or if the waist rotates in an elliptical path. Three simple experiments are described to illustrate the physics involved.

Background: Weighted hula-hoops have gained popularity, but whether they indeed reshape the trunk or have beneficial metabolic effects in overweight subjects is unknown. Objectives: To determine effects of hula-hooping and walking matched for energy expenditure on android fat %, trunk muscle mass, and metabolic parameters in a randomized cross-over study. Design: We recruited 55 overweight nondiabetic subjects, who were randomized to hula-hooping (HULA) for 6 weeks using a 1.5-kg weighted hula-hoop followed by walking (WALK) for another 6 weeks or vice versa. The increments in energy expenditure were similar by HULA and WALK. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline and after HULA and WALK. The primary endpoint was the change in fat % in the android region. Results: A total of 53subjects (waist 92 ± 1 cm, body mass index 28 ± 1 kg/m2) completed the study. Body weight changed similarly (–0.6 ± 0.2 vs. –0.5 ± 0.2 kg, nonsignificant; HULA vs. WALK). During the intervention the subjects hula-hooped on average 12.8 ± 0.5 min/day and walked 9,986 ± 376 steps/day. The % fat in the android region decreased significantly by HULA but not by WALK (between-group change p < 0.001). Trunk muscle mass increased more by HULA than by WALK (p < 0.05). Waist circumference decreased more by HULA than by WALK (–3.1 ± 0.3 cm vs. –0.7 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001; HULA vs. WALK). WALK but not HULA significantly lowered systolic blood pressure and increased HDL cholesterol while HULA significantly decreased LDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Hula-hooping with a weighted hula-hoop can be used to decrease abdominal fat % and increase trunk muscle mass in overweight subjects. Its LDL lowering effect resembles that described for resistance training.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the virtual reality training (VRT) using 3-dimensional video gaming technology on spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults. METHODS: The study participants were divided into two groups: the VRT group and the control group. Those in the VRT group were enrolled in a VRT, which was conducted for 60 min per day, two times a week, during the 6-week research. The Wii-Fit balance board game was used for the VRT intervention. The VRT consisted of 6 different types of games, namely, jogging, swordplay, ski jump, hula hoop, tennis, and step dance. A 3-dimensional TV was used for 3-dimensional display. Participants in both the groups received 3 sessions of fall prevention education, at the first, third, and fifth weeks. Their gait parameters were measured by using OptoGait. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of the VRT, the spatial gait parameters of the participants, that is stride length and step length, were significantly improved compared with those of the control group participants (p

Since centuries ago or even more, the hula hoop has been practiced by people to keep their good health while having fun. Curiously, this simple toy made by a plastic ring, also previously made by a circle of willow, rattan, grapevines or stiff grasses, is subjected to several high and complex physical laws that make, at the same time, possible its beautiful movements. Physical laws are opposing and/or accompanying the movement of the circle-hoop-ring, such as gravity, centripetal force, friction, speed or velocity, and acceleration, in a torque or tendency to rotate. Specific muscles of the body are activated during hula hoop dancing and a general cardio exercise is happening. On the other hand, a stimulation of creativity is also occurring to make a mathematically reasonable and beautiful flow of movements for the own enjoyment or to make a performance for other people’s enjoyment. Then, the dancer with a hoop is moving the ring around several parts of his/her body (waist, core, shoulders, neck, arms), also rolling it over the body like a wheel, making waves in different axis, tossing it to the air or floor, etc. and dancer can jump him/herself through the hoop, or stealing its movements with his/her body. While motor learning happens, specific areas of the brain are activated differently during trials of learning. Then flow and fluid movements become automatic in an asymmetrical way considering our hand preference. However, for getting all this benefits, it is required a controlled practice in children and adults, that means a smooth and not violent, reasonable and measured practice in time and intensity and not negligent or irresponsible. Otherwise, some lesions have been described in literature.

The first decade of monitoring program in Lake Agmon (Hula Valley, Northern Israel) is summarized. The presented part of the program include: water discharges, physico-chemical (pH, EC, Temperature) and chemical parameters (TP, TN, TDN, TDP, NO3, NH4, SO4, TDS, TSS,). It was found that Nitrogen concentrations decline from north to south and the opposite for Phosphorus. Resulting of re-suspension by wind direction of western-southern-eastern and averaged maximal velocities of 9 - 10 m/s is suggested. De-nitrification and particles sedimentation emphasize Lake Agmon as a sink for Nitrogen. Sulfate-Carbonates association and the production of precipitated Gypsum (CaSO4) highlight the sink property of Lake Agmon. Nevertheless Sulfate removal by the Lake Agmon hydrological system is significant.

This article documents the practice and development of hula dancing in Australia from the l950s-l970s. It analyses the way in which the local entertainment industry adopted aspects of a cultural form which originated within indigenous Hawaiian culture and was subsequently mediated, modified and represented by the American entertainment industry. Viewed in this way, Australian hula was, at least, a secondary derivative form, twice removed from any absolute 'point of origin'. Yet, as this article will attempt to argue, the Australian experience of live hula performance was not simply one of pale and waning imitation but rather an example of how the process of appropriation can produce its own vibrant and distinctive practices. The history of Australian hula, as we shall argue, is better viewed in the light of the perpetual flux of all cultural forms than through tenuous appeals to authenticity or cultural purity.

Before the so-called 'Golden Age' which Hawaiian music experienced internationally from the 1930s-1950s, various visiting and locally based Australian troupes featured hula dancing as part of their acts• This short article serves as a postscript to the comprehensive studies of Hawaiian music and hula dancing in Australia previously published in this journal by Bambrick and Miller (1994) and Coyle and Coyle (1995) and documents the recruitment of renowned Yuin elder Gaboo Ted Thomas to a Hawaiian-oriented performance troupe in the 1920s.