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The aim of this study was to analyze the overall welfare state on Serbian dairy farms, as well to suggest measures for its improvement. The assessment was done according to Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Dairy Cows on 16 selected commercial farms in which the cows of Simmental and Holstein-Friesian breeds were reared (N=4833). Welfare state on each farm was evaluated by relevant measures that indicated insurance of appropriate feeding, housing, health and behavior as basic principles of welfare. Overall score (0-100 points) enabled finally categorization of farms into one of four welfare category (not classified, acceptable, enhanced and excellent).Based on results, half of the farms were assigned to acceptable, and other half to enhanced welfare category. Housing conditions on the majority of farms (63%) were assessed as unacceptable (≤20 points) due to poor hygiene and discomfort. Cows were kept tied continuously on more than one third of farms which together with lack of pasture (17 days/year on average) restricting their comfort and freedom of movement. This may be also linked to low scored behavioral insurance (32points), especially inability to express its natural forms (6.7 points).Health condition was estimated as acceptable, but endangered welfare by high incidence of laminitis (38%), distocya (4.2%) and mortality (6.7%). Commonly performed dehorning procedure (79%) without anesthetic/analgesic application caused pain and stress in affected animals. Overall assessment score (2.5/5) showed the need for improvement in all areas of dairy cows' welfare, especially in terms of their housing and management. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se analizira stanje dobrobiti na mlečnim farmama u Srbiji, kao i da se predlože mere za njegovo unapređenje. Ocena stanja dobrobiti obavljena je putem Protokola za ocenu kvaliteta dobrobiti mlečnih krava na 16 odabranih komercijalnih farmi na kojima su gajene krave simentalske i holštajn-frizijske rase (N=4833). Stanje dobrobiti na svakoj od farmi procenjivano je na osnovu relavantnih pokazatelja koji ukazuju na stepen obezbeđenja odgovarajuće ishrane, uslova držanja, zdravlja i ponašanja kao osnovnih principa dobrobiti. Ukupan skor (0-100 poena) omogućio je konačnu kategorizaciju farmi u jednu od četiri kategorije stanja kvaliteta dobrobiti (nezadovoljavajuću, prihvatljivu, odgovarajuću i odličnu). Prema rezultatima istraživanja, jedna polovina farmi svrstana je u kategoriju prihvatljivog, a druga polovina farmi u kategoriju odgovarajućeg kvaliteta dobrobiti. Uslovi držanja su na većini farmi (63%) ocenjeni nezadovaljavajuće (≤20 poena) zbog loše higijene i diskomfora. Na više od trećine farmi krave su držane vezano tokom cele godine, što udruženo sa slabom primenom ispaše (17 dana/godini prosečno) značajno ograničava njihov komfor i slobodu kretanja. Ovo je svakako u vezi i sa niskom ocenom obezbeđenja odgovarajućeg ponašanja (32 poena), posebno kada je u pitanju mogućnost ispoljavanja njegovih prirodnih oblika (6.7 poena). Zdravstveno stanje u proseku je ocenjeno kao prihvatljivo, ali su visoka incidenca laminitisa (38%), otežanih telenja (4.2%) i mortalitet (6.7%) prepoznati kao glavni činioci rizika po dobrobit. Uobičajena praksa izvođenja obezrožavanja (79%) bez primene anestetika/analgetika na farmama u Srbiji uzrok je bola i stresa kod životinja. Prosečan skor celokupno ocenjene dobrobiti (2.5/5) ukazuje na potrebu za unapređenjem u svim segmentima obezbeđenja dobrobiti mlečnih krava, posebno menadžmenta i uslova držanja.

Diseases and mortality of dairy cows are significant problems from the aspect of welfare as well as the economy of production. Monitoring and analysis of health and welfare conditions on farms are important prerequisites for their improvement. This paper presents an analysis of health and welfare condition on dairy farms in Republic of Serbia. The study was conducted on 16 commercial farms with total number of 4833 milking cows of Simmental and Holstein Friesian rase. The evaluation of health and welfare indicators was done according to Welfare Quality (R) Assessment Protocol for Cattle. Results obtained in this study showed that largest share of farms was estimated as enhanced (56.25%) and acceptable (43.75%) in terms of overall health state. The incidences for majority of the diseases below the set alert thresholds indicated no severe risk for dairy cows' welfare on examined farms. The exceptions were determined incidences of laminitis (37.65%), dystocia (4.18%) and mortality rate (6.70%) which nevertheless corresponds to their growing trend in the dairy farming. Although health of skin was evaluated as acceptable almost every fifth cow had at least a portion of the skin without hair while the presence of skin lesions was much less common (6.49%). With high share of dehorned cows in herd (78.9%) another serious welfare risk is the common practice of dehorning without aesthetics and/or analgesics implementation. Analyzing indicators of health and welfare on Serbian dairy farms it could be assumed that the most important risks derived from poor housing conditions and management omissions.

This study was conducted in five dairy farms with different capacity (farms A with 47, B 12, C 10, D 14 and E 24 Simmental cows, aged between 4 and 5 years and body weight about 600 kg) in order to determine a relationship between rearing system, Animal Needs Index (ANI) and milk traits. Loose system of cow rearing was used in open stalls in farms A and C, while in other farms cows were tied in closed stalls. In two farms, there were outdoor pens, permanently available to cows on farm A, and during daytime on farm D. Rations for dairy cows were equal in all five farms and suitable for daily milk production about 20 kg with 4.0 % milk fat and 3.5 % milk protein. It was established that total ANI scores for farms were A 35.5, B 9.5, C 24.5, D 26.5 and E 10.5. The welfare levels in farms B and E were not sufficient, in farms C and D were very good, while in farm A it was excellent. A very significant influence of rearing system on cow welfare was found (p (lt) 0.001). A significant influence of rearing system (p (lt) 0.01) on average daily milk yield, milk yield in standard lactation, milk fat (kg), yield of 4 % fat corrected milk and yield of proteins (kg) were noticed. The influence of the rearing system on milk fat content (%), dry matter (%), protein (%) and lactose (%) was not statistically significant. Differences between ANI score, daily and standard lactation milk yield were very significant (p (lt) 0.001), as well as differences between ANI and the amount of milk fat (kg), protein (kg) and amount of 4 % fat corrected milk.

A cross-sectional longitudinal survey was carried out between February 2009 and January 2010 to evaluate udder-related risk factors for clinical mastitis occurring in dairy herds. Data were used from three dairy farms. Research was divided into four calendar seasons. Cows with clinical mastitis were detected by clinical examination of the udder and determination of abnormalities in milk. Udder level variables, conformation characteristics of udder and teats and teat end to fl oor distances were included in the logistic regression analysis. The estimated incidence risk for CM in the population of dairy cows observed was 85.02 cases per 100 cow�years at risk. The relative risk of CM was lower for primiparous cows, and increased with further parity. The median number of days in milk at diagnosis was 108 days, ranging from a median of 55 to 150 days in lactation. The rear udder quarters had a higher risk of CM incidence compared to the front udder quarters. A Chi square test revealed that farm management and cow parity were signifi cantly connected with incidence of clinical mastitis. Spring was the season with the highest percentage of diagnosed cases of CM, with the exception of farm A, where Fall was the season with the highest percentage of cases. All udder level factors entered in the models were signifi cantly linked with the occurrence of CM. The odds ratio of CM increased signifi cantly as udder morphology worsened, teat ends were fl at and the distance from teat ends to fl oor decreased. It was concluded that conformation udder traits could be used for the genetic selection of dairy cows for mastitis resistance. Key words: dairy cows, clinical mastitis, risk factors

In this paper reproductive results of six dairy cows farms with total of 766 (farm 1 – 107; farm 2 –175; farm 3 – 49; farm 4 – 400; farm 5 –20 and farm 6 – 11 milking cows) with different system of rearing and welfare level were analyzed. A dairy cow reproductive efficiency is a key factor for milk production - impaired reproductive performance is a major cause of reduced production in dairy industry. Welfare and reproductive disorders data were collected by questionnaire regarding criteria of Animal Need Index (ANI – Bartussek et al., 2000) and compared by multidimensional criteria of total discriminating effect. Possibility of movement, lighting and air quality in the accommodation facility, type and quality of floor, possibility of social contacts with other cows and interaction of stockman with cattle were compared and analysed in respect of farm welfare. In respect to the welfare level of lowest ranked farm (farm 6), farms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were ranked as 4th, 2nd, 1st, 5th, 3rd, and 6th, respectively, but in respect to the reproductive and related disorders occurrence rate lowest ranked farm (farm 4), farms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were ranked as 1st, 4th, 2nd, 6th, 5th and 3rd. Discrepancy derives from the fact that reproduction data were collected for a year, while welfare assessment describes reached level in on particular moment of time, not covering all potential causes of reproductive disorders. Reduced reproductive success would seem promising as information about poor farm welfare, although good results often are not related to good welfare. Nevertheless, assessed welfare protection level provides important information about herd health and potential reproduction problems, pointing out that there are many opportunities for improving the quality of the welfare of dairy cows, mostly through improving the housing conditions of dairy cows.

Aim of this research was to determine the influence of lactation order on fertility, milk yield and Sanska goat milk chemical composition. Monitoring of mentioned parameters was conducted from first till third lactation. It has been concluded that from first till third lambing fertility was increasing. In first lactation goats produced significantly (P lt 0,01) less milk (561,13 kg), than goats in second (654,25 kg) and third (743,20 kg) lactation. Amount of milk fat and proteins was increasing from first till third lactation. Research has shown that lactation order, goat age has significant influence on fertility, milk yield and milk chemical composition. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi uticaj redosleda laktacija na plodnost, proizvodnju i hemijski sastav kozjeg mleka. Ukupno je praćeno 136 koza sanske rase, kroz tri uzastopna jarenja i prve tri laktacije. Plodnost se povećavala od prvog do trećeg jarenja i veća je bila posle trećeg partusa za 8,57% u odnosu na prvo jarenje. Koze su u prvoj laktaciji proizvele vrlo značajno (P lt 0,01) manje mleka (561,13 kg) od koza u drugoj (654,25 kg) i trećoj laktaciji (743,20 kg). Sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina u mleku značajno se povećavao od prve do treće laktacije. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da redosled laktacija odnosno uzrast koza imaju značajan uticaj na plodnost, količinu mleka i delimično na hemijski sastav mleka.

In this paper, different methodologies for assessing the welfare of dairy cows, such as Animal Needs Index, system of welfare indicators, system of behaviour indicators and the Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for cattle were discussed. Also, the results of the usage of these methodologies in Serbia were analyzed. In the last several years in the country, numerous studies have been conducted about welfare of dairy cattle. State of welfare of dairy cows, on farms with tied and free system estimated by mentioned methodologies was generally acceptable. The major problems in the welfare of cows are insufficient amounts of floor litter, lack of cow access to outdoor runs or pasture, occurrence of lameness, dystocia, downer cow syndrome and mortality, the manifestation of aggression between the animals and improper relationship between stockmen and animals. On the basis of the results, it can be stated that in Serbia only recently enough attention has been paid to monitoring and understanding the current welfare state of dairy cows, which are the first important steps to achieve improvements in practical terms.

Three farms of dairy cows (A, B and C) were observed for health disorders of dairy cows and suckling calves. Farm A is farm with tied system of rearing, with 1100 cows, while farms B and C have 400 and 600 cows kept loose with outdoor pens, respectively. Data regarding welfare criteria of dairy cows (health, feeding, housing and behaviour) were collected and analysed through Protocol of Welfare Quality (2009). Health disorders of dairy cows and suckling calves were collected and statistically analysed by chi-square test (X2 test). Welfare of all of three dairy farms were assessed as acceptable, meaning that provided welfare conditions meet the minimum requirements of animals. Principle of provision of good health was rated as acceptable (≥20 points) on farm A, while on farms with loose system (B and C) overall health rated as excellent (≥80 points). Occurrence rate of reproductive, locomotor, skin and claws disorders and digestive and systemic disorders of dairy cows and calves up to 4 months old were very different between three farms (A, B, C) with X2-values of 2901.71, 252.02, 204.08, 1152.31 and 184.23 respectively; α (lt) 0.01). According presented data, it is obvious that the majority health problems were observed in tied system of rearing, on farm A, such as reproductive disorders and mastitis, as well as injuries and bad body score and lame cows. The most serious health problems of the calves were diarrhea and bronchopneumonia of different etiology. Tri farme muznih krava (A, B i C) su analizirane u pogledu zdravstvenih poremećaja i dobrobiti krava i teladi. Na farmi A je zastupljen vezani sistem držanja sa 1100 krava, dok se na farmama B i C sa 400 odnosno 600 grla, krave drže slobodno. Podaci o dobrobiti mlečnih krava (zdravlje, ishrana, smeštaj i ponašanje) su prikupljeni i analizirani primenom protokola za ocenu kvaliteta dobrobiti (Anon, 2009). Poremećaji zdravlja krava u laktaciji i teladi su prikupljeni i statistički analizirani hi-kvadrat testom (X2 test). Dobrobit na sve tri mlečnih farmi je ocenjena kao prihvatljiva jer zadovoljava minimalne zahteve životinja. Princip obezbeđenja dobrog zdravlja je ocenjen kao prihvatljiv (≥20 bodova) na farmi A, dok je na farmama sa slobodnim sistemom (B i C) ocenjen kao odlično (≥80 poena). Pojava reproduktivnih, lokomotornih, digestivnih i sistemskih poremećaja mlečnih krava i teladi do 4 meseca starosti se veoma razlikovala između tri farme različite veličine i sistema uzgoja, sa x2-vrednostima 2901,71, 252.02, 204.08 , 1152,31 i 184,23, redom (α (lt) 0,01). Prema iznetim podacima, češća pojava zdravstvenih problema je uočena u vezanom sistemu uzgoja, na farmi A, u pogledu reproduktivnih poremećaja, mastitisa, povreda, loše telesne kondicije i hromosti krava, kao i proliva i bronhopneumonija teladi različite etiologije.

The aim of this study was to find out is it possible to presume success of boars sperm cryopreservation, based on controlled exposure to heat stress and to investigate in vitro quality parameters of frozen/thawed sperm of previously selected 6 boars with good results (group 1) and 6 boars (group 2) with bad results on thermo resistance test (TT). In this investigation, ejaculates of 12 chosen of 75 AI boars (Landrace, Large White, Pietrain and Durock breeds) from SVC Velika Plana (Serbia) were used. Tolerance to heat stress was performed by Schaetz (1963) method. Ejaculates were extended with Androhep plus (1:1) and kept during 60 minutes on 41oC. In cryopreservation of boars semen Westendorf et al. (1975) method, modified by Bwanga et al. (1990). Very significant changes of progressive motility rate were observed after spermatozoa exposure to controlled thermal stress. High correlation coefficient of progressive motility rate of both groups of boars, but higher in group 2 for progressive motility rate after thawing and after heat stress treatment was established. Average progressive motility rate of all 12 boars did not differ before and after thawing. Presence of boars of all breeds represented in the SVC (Large White, Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain) in both quality groups confirms the assumption that suitability for cryopreservation of sperm is individual trait. According data analysis, sperm deep freezing success requires previous selection for potential donors, which have to be consider standard quality parameters testing and controlled stress exposure tests. Cilj rada je da se ustanovi da li moguće odrediti da li je sperma nerasta pogodna za krioprezervaciju da se na osnovu izlaganja spermatozioda kontrolisanom toplotnom stresu i da se ispitaju in vitro parametri kvaliteta odmrznutog semena dve grupe od po 6 nerastova čije je seme dobro (1. grupa) ili loše podnelo toplotni stres (2. grupa). U istraživanju su korišćeni ejakulati 12 od 75 nerastova rasa: landras, veliki jorkšir, pijetren i durok (L, J, P, D) iz SVC Velika Plana, odabranih na osnovu testa termorezistencije (TT) i svrstanih u dve kvalitetne grupe. Ispitivanje stepena termorezistencije ejakulata u razređenju Androhep-om plus 1:1 60 minuta na 41 oC, je izvedeno metodom po Schaetz-u (1963). Duboko zamrzavanje sperme odabranih nerastova izvedeno modifikovanim postupkom po Westendorf-u i sar. (1975) i Bwanga-i i sar. (1990). Rezultati TT ukazali su na vrlo značajne promene progresivne pokretljivosti spermatozoida posle izlaganja kontrolisanom toplotnom stresu. Ustanovljen je visok koeficijent korelacije kod obe grupe ali ipak nešto viši kod nerastova 2. grupe za odnos procenta progresivne pokretljivosti spermatozoida posle odmrzavanja i progresivne pokretljivosti posle izlaganja temperaturi od 41oC. Prosečna progresivna pokretljivost spermatozoida svih ispitivanih nerastova se nije značajno razlikovala pre i posle zamrzavanja. Slučajni raspored nerastova svih rasa zastupljenih u SVC (Jorkšir, Landras, Durok i Pijetren) u obe kvalitetne grupe potvrđuje pretpostavku da je pogodnost sperme za krioprezervaciju individualna osobina. Za uspešnu krioprezervaciju sperme nerastova je neophodna prethodna selekcija potencijalnih donora na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja standardnih parametara kvaliteta i testova u kojima se spermatozoidi in vitro izlažu različitim kontrolisanom stresu.

In this paper, welfare assessment using the methodology of the Welfare quality ® assessment protocol for cattle (2009) was performed for dairy cows maintained in the loose system of rearing on three dairy farms. This methodology includes quantitative measurements and qualitative evaluation of certain welfare parameters, criteria and principles of welfare, as well as assessment of the overall welfare of dairy cows. The results showed that the overall level of dairy cow welfare was acceptable on two farms, and was good on one. On two farms, the state of the cows' social behavior expression was unacceptable. Furthermore, on all three farms, the expression of other types of cow behavior was not acceptable. At one farm, it was determined that the result for the absence of prolonged thirst was unacceptable. Based on these results, it can be concluded that it is necessary to improve the quality of cow welfare on these farms. The applied methodology provides a multidimensional insight into the quality of cow welfare in the loose system. U ovom radu izvršena je procena dobrobiti krava u slobodnom sistemu držanja primenom metodologije iz Protokola za procenu kvaliteta dobrobiti goveda (2009). Ova metodologija obuhvata kvantitativna merenja i kvalitativnu procenu definisanih parametara u okviru kriterijuma i principa dobrobiti i na osnovu njih konačnu ocenu dobrobiti muznih krava. U istraživanjima je utvrđeno da je nivo dobrobiti krava u celini na dve farme prihvatljiv, a na jednoj dobar. Na dve farme socijalno ponašanje krava je bilo nezadovoljavajuće, dok su na sve tri farme bili nezadovoljavajući drugi oblici ponašanja krava. Na jednoj farmi je utvrđen nezadovoljavajući rezultat za kriterijum odsustvo dugotrajne žeđi. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je neophodno poboljšanje kvaliteta dobrobiti krava na svim ispitivanim farmama. Takođe je zaključeno da primenjena metodologija pruža multidimenzionalni uvid u stanje kvaliteta dobrobiti krava u slobodnom sistemu držanja.

Heat stress in dairy cows is caused by a combination of environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and air movement). Continual genetic selectin for greater performance results to increased sensitivity to heat stress. It was one of the reasons why lactation curve during summer has decreasing trend compared to spring in which lactation curve maintained within high levels. The trial was conducted in spring (April-May) and summer period (June-July) on total of 40 dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed in early lactation period (first 60 days of lactation). Milking capacity in cows and milk chemical ingredients (milk fat and proteins) were statistically significantly higher in the spring period compared to summer, while higher values of lactose were not statistically significant. Total average milk production per cow was significantly higher in spring period (42.74±4.98l) than in summer (39.60±5.09l) at the level of P lt 0.05. A higher rate of milk fat was recorded in spring in relation to summer period the level of significance being P lt 0.01. The content of proteins in milk in spring period was 13% higher than in summer. The established difference was highly statistically significant (P lt 0.001). Obtained values for percentage of lactose varied slightly (4.45±0.54% in spring versus 4.03±0.24% in summer period; P>0.05). Toplotni stres kod mlečnih krava uzrokovan je većim brojem spoljašnjih faktora - temperaturom, relativnom vlažnošću vazduha, sunčevom radijacijom i kretanjem vazduha. Genetska selekcija za veće proizvodne rezultate povećava osetljivost na toplotni stres. To je jedan od razloga što laktaciona kriva za vreme letnjeg perioda ima trend pada u poređenju sa prolećem kada laktaciona kriva dostiže visoke nivoe. Ogled je izveden u prolećnom (april-maj) i letnjem periodu (jun-jul) na ukupno 40 mlečnih krava holštajn-frizijske rase u ranom laktacionom periodu (prvih 60 dana laktacije). Mlečnost krava i hemijski sastojci mleka (mlečna mast i proteini ) su bili statistički značajno veći u prolećnom periodu u odnosu na letnji, dok veće vrednosti laktoze nisu bile i statistički značajne. Ukupna prosečna proizvodnja mleka po kravi je bila značajno veća u prolećnom periodu (42,74±4,98l) nego u letnjem (39,60±5, 09l) na nivou od P lt 0,05. Veći procenat mlečne masti zabeležen je u prolećnom nego u letnjem periodu na nivou značajnosti P lt 0,01. Sadržaj proteina u mleku u prolećnom periodu bio je 13% veći nego u letnjem. Ustanovljena razlika bila je visoko statistički značajna (P lt 0,001). Dobijene vrednosti za procenat laktoze malo su varirale (4,45±0,54% u prolećnom prema 4,03±0,24% u letnjem periodu; P>0,05).

This paper gives a detailed analysis of the applied biosecurity measures in the production of boar sperm at a swine reproduction center. Biosecurity indicators (existence of a written biosecurity plan, isolation, introduction of newly acquired animals into the herd, herd health, assessment of the personnel attitude towards equipment, traffic control, attitude towards visitors, feeding and watering control, manure management, disposal of dead animal carcasses, attitude towards other animals, rodents and birds control, sanitation) were viewed and evaluated by rating scale: (5) - excellent, (4) - very good, (3) - good, (2) - sufficient, (1) - insufficient, there are resources for improvement (0) - insufficient, with no resources for improvement. Obtained data were analyzed in the SWOT process, taking into account all the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for improving the biosecurity level. The situation in the center is rated as very good, with an average rating of 4.15. However, one disadvantage is serious and related to the boar facilities isolation possibilities, taking into account their location and the presence of two types of male breeding animals (boars and bulls) in the same location. Newly acquired breeding animals are purchased from various sources, but with a rigorous regime of control and not at the same time. U radu je detaljno analizirana primena biosigurnosnih mera u proizvodnji sperme nerastova u jednom centru za veštačko osemenjavanje svinja. Sagledani su i procenjeni svi indikatori biosigurnosti (postojanje pisanog plana biosigurnosti, izolacija, uvođenje novonabavljenih životinja u zapat, zdravstveni status zapata, ocena odnosa osoblja prema opremi, kontrola kretanja i prometa, odnos prema posetiocima, kontrola ishrane i vodosnabdevanja, izđubravanje, uklanjanje leševa uginulih životinja, odnos prema drugim životinjama na farmi, kontrola populacija glodara i ptica, sanitacija), i ocenjeni prema skali ocena: (5) - odličan, (4) - vrlo dobar, (3) - dobar, (2) - dovoljan, (1) - nedovoljan, ima resursa za poboljšanje, (0) nedovoljan, nema resursa za poboljšanje. U razmatranju rezultata primenjena je SWOT analiza i utvrđene prednosti, nedostaci, rizici i mogućnosti za podizanje nivoa biosigurnosti. Stanje u centru je ocenjeno kao vrlo dobro, uz prosečnu ocenu 4,15. Međutim, jedan nedostatak je veoma ozbiljan i odnosi se na mogućnost izolacije objekata, uzimajući u obzir njegovu lokaciju i prisustvo dve vrste muških priplodnih životinja (nerastova i bikova) na istoj lokaciji. Nove priplodne životinje se nabavljaju iz različitih izvora, ali uz rigorozan režim kontrole i ne u isto vreme. Svakako, izmeštanje objekata za držanje priplodnih nerastova na drugu bezbednu lokaciju predstavlja složen ali prioritetan zadatak, kojim bi se otklonile brojne pretnje po proizvodnju sperme.

The aim of this paper was to determine the level of cows behavioral welfare protection on farms with different rearing systems. Research of cows behavioral welfare protection was carried out on 5 farms (farms A, B, C, D, E) of various capacities with a total of 192 animals. The smallest farm was with 18 (farm B), and the biggest with 80 cows (farm A). On farm C were 22, D 27 and farm E 35 cows. Two farms (farms A and C) represented the free system of rearing inside open stables, while the three farms (farms B, D and E) have tied system of cows rearing in enclosed stables. The two farms have outlets (farms A and D), from which outlet on farm A is always available to animals, while the outlet on farm D is used only during the day. Cows were 3 to 5 years old with an average lactation between 4000 and 5000 liters/year. To assess behavior, rating scales from 0 to 5 (0 - unsatisfactory, there are no resources to improve, 1 - unsatisfactory, there are resources to improve, 2 - sufficient, 3 - good, 4 - very good, 5 - excellent) were used. The appraisal is comprised of nine complex behavioral systems such as: reactivity, ingestion, explorative behavior, movement, social behavior, body hygiene, territoriality, reproduction, and rest and sleep of animals. On farms with free rearing system of behavioral care benefit was evaluated as 'good' (Farm A 3.44, farm B 3.22). Insufficient protection of behavioral welfare was found on farms associated with the breeding system without outlet (farm B 1.56 and farm E 1.44). Cow's behavioral welfare of farm D with tied system of rearing and use of outlet was rated as scale score 'good' on the average. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje nivoa zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti na farmama krava sa različitim sistemom gajenja. Istraživanje zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti izvršeno je na 5 farmi (farme A, B, C, D, E) različitog kapaciteta sa ukupno 192 grla. U najmanjoj farmi bilo je 18 (farma B), a u najvećoj 80 krava (farma A). Na farmi C bilo je 22, farmi D 27 i farmi E 35 krava. Na dve farme (farme A i C) zastupljen je slobodan sistem držanja u otvorenim stajama, dok se na tri farme krave drže vezano u zatvorenim stajama. Na dve farme postoje ispusti (farme A i D), na jednoj farmi je stalno dostupan (farma A), dok se na drugoj koristi samo preko dana (farma D). Farme B, D i E imaju vezani način držanja krava i zatvoreni tip staje. Na farmi D se krave drže vezane, ali su preko dana u ispustu. Krave su stare između 3 i 5 godina, sa prosečnom laktacijom između 4000 i 5000 litara mleka. Za procenu bihejvioralnih sistema ponašanja korišćene su skale ocena od 0 do 5 (5 - odličan, 4 - vrlo dobar, 3 - dobar, 2 - dovoljan, 1 - nedovoljan ima resursa za poboljšanje, 0 nedovoljan nema resursa za poboljšanje). Procena je obuhvatila devet složenih bihejvioralnih sistema, i to: reaktivnost, ingestiju, eksplorativno ponašanje, kretanje, socijalno ponašanje, higijena tela, teritorijalnost, reprodukciju i bihejvioralni sistem odmora i sna životinja. Na farmama sa slobodnim sistemom gajenja zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti ocenjena je kao dobra (farma A 3,44, farma B 3,22). Nedovoljna zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti utvrđena je na farmama sa vezanim sistemom gajenja bez ispusta (farma B 1,56 i farma E 1,44). Skalom ocena dobar na donjoj granici ocenjena je bihejvioralna dobrobit na farmi D sa vezanim sistemom gajenja i ispustom.

The main objective of this study was to determine the level of the animal welfare standards application on cattle and pigs farms. Research was conducted on four farms, two cattle farms (A, B) and two pig farms (C, D). The capacity of farm A is 260 cows, farm B 100 cows, farm C 1000 breeding sows, and farm D 100 breeding sows approximately. All farms have the appropriate number of other cattle or pigs categories. To assess the level of implementation of the animal welfare standards on the cattle and pig farms were rated from 0 to 5 (0 - unsatisfactory, there are no resources to improve, 1 - unsatisfactory, there are resources to improve, 2 - sufficient, 3 - good, 4 - very good, 5 - excellent) and rating scales: 0-1,99 (insufficient), 2,00-2,49 (sufficient), 2,5-3,49 (good), 3 5 to 4.49 (very good), and 4.5 to 5.00 (excellent). The estimations include a written plan of welfare, farm management and administration, professional competence, stockman competence, spatial, microclimate and hygienic conditions, veterinary and zootechnical procedures, health status, satisfaction of animal behavior needs, physiological and behavioral indicators, and production indicators regarding welfare as well. The estimated level of protection of animal welfare on the farm A is 3.60 (very good), on farm B 2.53 (good), on the farm C 3.47 (good) and on the farm D 3.27 (good). Studies have shown that there is no written plan in any cattle and pig's farm study, as well as consistent application of welfare standards. On farms B and D lower grades although sufficient for the stockman competence have been established. In addition, on farm B the same grades have been established for the farm administration and management, stockman competence, professional competence, animal nutrition and physiological indicators of welfare. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje nivoa primene standarda zaštite dobrobiti životinja na farmama goveda i svinja. Istraživanja su izvršena na ukupno četiri farme, po dve farme goveda (A, B) i svinja (C, D). Na farmi A nalazi se oko 260 krava, na farmi B 100 krava, na farmi C 1000 priplodnih krmača i na farmi D 100 priplodnih krmača. Sve farme imaju i odgovarajući broj drugih kategorija goveda ili svinja. Za procenu nivoa primene standarda zaštite dobrobiti na farmama goveda i svinja korišćene su ocene od 0 do 5 (0 - nedovoljan, nema resursa za poboljšanje, 1 - nedovoljan, ima resursa za poboljšanje, 2 - dovoljan, 3 - dobar, 4 - vrlo dobar, 5 - odličan) i skale ocena: 0-1,99 nedovoljan, 2,00-2,49 dovoljan, 2,5-3,49 dobar, 3,5-4,49 vrlo dobar i 4,5-5,00 odličan. Procene obuhvataju pisani plan zaštite dobrobiti, upravljanje i rukovođenje, kompetencije odgajivača, kompetencije stručnjaka, prostorne, mikroklimatske i higijenske uslove gajenja, veterinarske i zootehničke postupke, zdravstveno stanje, zadovoljenje sistema i oblika ponašanja životinja, fiziološke i bihevioralne, kao i proizvodne indikatore dobrobiti. Procenjeni nivo zaštite dobrobiti životinja na farmi A je iznosio 3,60 (skala ocena vrlo dobar), na farmi B 2,53 (dobar), na farmi C 3,47 (dobar) i na farmi D 3,27 (dobar). Istraživanja su pokazala da ni na jednoj od ispitivanih farmi goveda i svinja ne postoji pisani plan, kao ni konzistentna primena standarda zaštite dobrobiti. Na farmi B i D niže ocene (dovoljan) utvrđene su za kompetencije odgajivača. Pored toga, na farmi B ocene dovoljan utvrđene su i za upravljanje i rukovođenje, kompetencije odgajivača, kompetencije stručnjaka, ishranu životinja i fiziološke indikatore dobrobiti.

In this paper biosecurity plans for dairy and swine farms were scrutinized. These plans were defined on detail insight and relevance analysis of all biosecurity indicators. Great importance was given to possibility and significance of biosecurity plans introduction on farms of different capacity, rearing conditions and technology, while biosecurity plan existence and design, farm isolation issues, recently acquired animals introduction into herd policy, herd health status, staff attitude towards equipment, traffic control, visitors policy, feeding and watering control, manure management, carcasses disposal, other species on farm policy, birds and rodents control on farm and sanitation were analyzed. Obtained results indicate that there is problem in understanding, but also purposed negligence of wide and systematic application of biosecurity measures, and absence of any kind of written biosecurity plans, even farm technology elaborates, as well. Situation of almost all aspect of isolation would be much better if basic professional principles were consistently applied. There are problems in way of isolation and disposition of barns, recently acquired animals introduction into herd, foot bath maintaining, as well as manner of performing of repeating technological operations, such as feeding or milking. Also, disposal of used medical material makes serious problem, as well as carcass disposal. Sanitation procedures are often not followed or performed unsystematically, and data collecting concerning biosecurity issues on farm is not consistent and continuous. Planovi biosigurnosti na farmama goveda i svinja različitih kapaciteta, uslova gajenja i tehnologije proizvodnje su definisani na osnovu detaljnog sagledavanja i analize relevantnosti svih indikatora biosigurnosti proizvodnje: pisani plan biosigurnosti proizvodnje na farmi, izolacija farme i pojedinačnih proizvodnih segmenata i operacija, uvođenje novonabavljenih životinja u zapat, zdravstveni status zapata, odnos osoblja prema opremi, kontrola kretanja i prometa, odnos prema posetiocima, kontrola ishrane i vodosnabdevanja, izđubravanje, uklanjanje leševa životinja, odnos prema drugim životinjama na farmi, kontrola populacija glodara i ptica i sanitacija. Postoji problem u shvatanju ili svesnom zanemarivanju značaja sistematske primene biosigurnosnih mera od strane zaposlenih, što se ogleda u apsolutnom nedostatku pisanih planova biosigurnosti, pa čak i tehnoloških elaborata za funkcionisanje stočarske proizvodnje. Problem predstavlja način izolovanja i raspored pojedinačnih objekata, uvođenje novonabavljenih grla u zapat, funkcionisanje dezobarijera, kao i način obavljanja tehnoloških operacija koje se ponavljaju, poput hranjenja ili muže, upotrebe medicinskog materijala, uklanjanja leševa. Procedure sanitacije objekata, sredstava i životinja se često ne poštuju, što važi i za vođenje podataka koji se odnose na predviđene i primenjene biosigurnosne mere.

The aim of this paper was to determine the level of cows behavioral welfare protection on farms with different rearing systems. Research of cows behavioral welfare protection was carried out on 5 farms (farms A, B, C, D, E) of various capacities with a total of 192 animals. The smallest farm was with 18 (farm B), and the biggest with 80 cows (farm A). On farm C were 22, D 27 and farm E 35 cows. Two farms (farms A and C) represented the free system of rearing inside open stables, while the three farms (farms B, D and E) have tied system of cows rearing in enclosed stables. The two farms have outlets (farms A and D), from which outlet on farm A is always available to animals, while the outlet on farm D is used only during the day. Cows were 3 to 5 years old with an average lactation between 4000 and 5000 liters/year. To assess behavior, rating scales from 0 to 5 (0 - unsatisfactory, there are no resources to improve, 1 - unsatisfactory, there are resources to improve, 2 - sufficient, 3 - good, 4 - very good, 5 - excellent) were used. The appraisal is comprised of nine complex behavioral systems such as: reactivity, ingestion, explorative behavior, movement, social behavior, body hygiene, territoriality, reproduction, and rest and sleep of animals. On farms with free rearing system of behavioral care benefit was evaluated as 'good' (Farm A 3.44, farm B 3.22). Insufficient protection of behavioral welfare was found on farms associated with the breeding system without outlet (farm B 1.56 and farm E 1.44). Cow's behavioral welfare of farm D with tied system of rearing and use of outlet was rated as scale score 'good' on the average. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje nivoa zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti na farmama krava sa različitim sistemom gajenja. Istraživanje zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti izvršeno je na 5 farmi (farme A, B, C, D, E) različitog kapaciteta sa ukupno 192 grla. U najmanjoj farmi bilo je 18 (farma B), a u najvećoj 80 krava (farma A). Na farmi C bilo je 22, farmi D 27 i farmi E 35 krava. Na dve farme (farme A i C) zastupljen je slobodan sistem držanja u otvorenim stajama, dok se na tri farme krave drže vezano u zatvorenim stajama. Na dve farme postoje ispusti (farme A i D), na jednoj farmi je stalno dostupan (farma A), dok se na drugoj koristi samo preko dana (farma D). Farme B, D i E imaju vezani način držanja krava i zatvoreni tip staje. Na farmi D se krave drže vezane, ali su preko dana u ispustu. Krave su stare između 3 i 5 godina, sa prosečnom laktacijom između 4000 i 5000 litara mleka. Za procenu bihejvioralnih sistema ponašanja korišćene su skale ocena od 0 do 5 (5 - odličan, 4 - vrlo dobar, 3 - dobar, 2 - dovoljan, 1 - nedovoljan ima resursa za poboljšanje, 0 nedovoljan nema resursa za poboljšanje). Procena je obuhvatila devet složenih bihejvioralnih sistema, i to: reaktivnost, ingestiju, eksplorativno ponašanje, kretanje, socijalno ponašanje, higijena tela, teritorijalnost, reprodukciju i bihejvioralni sistem odmora i sna životinja. Na farmama sa slobodnim sistemom gajenja zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti ocenjena je kao dobra (farma A 3,44, farma B 3,22). Nedovoljna zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti utvrđena je na farmama sa vezanim sistemom gajenja bez ispusta (farma B 1,56 i farma E 1,44). Skalom ocena dobar na donjoj granici ocenjena je bihejvioralna dobrobit na farmi D sa vezanim sistemom gajenja i ispustom.

The most important failures in obtaining required level of biosecurity on dairy and pig farms, based on selected indicators are given in this paper. These indicators are include farm biosecurity level estimation, isolation level, newly acquired animals introduction into the herd, estimation of herd health, employees attitude towards equipment, in-farm traffic, visitors regime, feed safety and watering, manure management, dead animals removal, sanitation, etc. According presented, achieved biosecurity level is mostly satisfying, but there is a lot of critical pints in technological chain where infective agents could penetrate and compromise production, especially at dairy farms. Generally, biosecurity concept fragments are present, as well as lack of explicit instructions for everyday work. Assessment of reached biosecurity level based on presented indicators should be routine pattern to scrutinize actual farm situation, indicating the way to act in future. Instructions and bylaws concerning biosecurity issues must be clearly defined, consistently and systematically applied, and achieved results analyzed. U ovom radu razmatrani su najznačajniji propusti u obezbeđenju potrebnog nivoa biosigurnosti na osnovu sagledavanja indikatora biosigurnosti na kritičnim tačkama proizvodnje, koji uključuju: ocenu postavke biosigurnosti na farmama goveda i svinja, ostvareni stepen izolacije, ocene načina uvođenja novonabavljenih grla, zdravstveni status zapata, odnos osoblja prema raspoloživoj opremi, ocene kontrole kretanja i prometa unutar farme, režim poseta, bezbednosti ishrane i napajanja, izđubravanja, uklanjanja leševa, i preduzetih mera sanitacije. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je ostvareni nivo biosigurnosti uglavnom zadovoljavajući, ali ostaje još mnogo kritičnih mesta u tehnološkom lancu koji mogu dovesti do prodora infektivnog agensa i ugrožavanja proizvodnje, što posebno važi za govedarske farme. Fragmenti koncepcije biosigurnosti generalno postoje, ali i nedostatak jasnih pisanih uputstava, koja moraju postati uobičajena praksa u svakodnevnom radu i način rešavanja problema u ostvarivanju zadovoljavajućeg nivoa biosigurnosti. Ocena stanja biosigurnosti na osnovu navedenih indikatora bi trebalo da postane rutinski mehanizam u proceni biosigurnosti na farmi, koji ukazuje na pravac daljeg delovanja i njihovog unapređenja. Uputstva i pravilnici koji definišu pitanja biosigurnosti moraju biti jasno definisani i u pisanoj formi, dosledno i sistematski primenjivani, a ostvareni rezultati analizirani i usavršavani.

Evaluation of welfare and biosecurity indicators: (1) management, planning and organization of welfare protection and biosecurity, (2) personnel capacities in providing welfare and biosecurity, (3) breeders attitude towards animals needs, (4) welfare and biosecurity plans, (5) animals surveillance and inspection, (6) animal treatment, (7) spacing and housing, (8) microclimate and (9) hygienic conditions, (10) feeding and watering, (11) behaviour, (12) health status, (13) productivity, (14) distress indicators and (15) biosecurity results on two dairy farms are given in this paper. Methods developed by Sandrum et al. (1994), Bartussek (2000), Keeling and Veisseir (2005) and Blokhuis (2008), modified for domestic growing conditions, were used to create parameters and indicators of welfare and biosecurity. Therefore, grade scale was defined: (5) - excellent, (4) - very good, (3) - good, (2) - sufficient, (1) - insufficient, but there are resources for improvement, (0) insufficient, with no resources for improvement. Final rank was formed as average indicators grade, according scale: 0-1,99 insufficient, 2,00-2,49 sufficient, 2,5-3,49 good, 3,5 - 4,49 very good, 4,5 - 5,00 excellent. SWOT analysis was also used to establish advantages, limitations and possibilities for animal welfare and biosecurity of production improvement. The most important limitations are considering lack of training of personnel to fulfill standards and lack of welfare and biosecurity plans and all technology procedures descriptions, failures to fulfil spacing, microclimate and hygienic conditions, which had deleterious reflection on health status and production. Full circle indicators list with a numerous parameters could be useful for systematic evaluation of welfare and biosecurity quality. U radu se razmatraju rezultati procene najznačajnijih indikatora dobrobiti i biosigurnosti na dve farme goveda, i to: (1) upravljanje, planiranje i organizacija zaštite dobrobiti i biosigurnosti, (2) kapaciteti zaposlenih lica u vezi obezbeđenja dobrobiti i biosigurnosti, (3) odnos odgajivača prema potrebama životinja, (4) plan obezbeđenja dobrobiti i biosigurnosti, (5) nadgledanje i inspekcija životinja, (6) postupci sa životinjama, (7) prostorni i smeštajni uslovi, (8) mikroklimatski uslovi i (9) higijenski uslovi, (10) ishrana i napajanje, (11) ponašanje, (12) zdravstveno stanje, (13) produktivnost, (14) indikatori distresa i (15) biosigurnost. U formulisanju pokazatelja i indikatora dobrobiti životinja korišćene su metode Sandruma i sar. (1994), Bartusseka (2000), Keelinga i Veisseira (2005) i Blokhuisa (2008) uz modifikacije neophodne za naše uslove gajenja. Za procenu parametara i indikatora dobrobiti definisane su ocene: (5) - odličan, (4) - vrlo dobar, (3) - dobar, (2) - dovoljan, (1) - nedovoljan, ima resursa za poboljšanje, (0) nedovoljan, nema resursa za poboljšanje. Konačna ocena dobrobiti i biosigurnosti formirana je na osnovu prosečnih ocena indikatora. Rezultati su tumačeni na osnovu skale: 0- 1,99 nedovoljan, 2,00-2,49 dovoljan, 2,5-3,49 dobar, 3,5 - 4,49 vrlo dobar, 4,5 - 5,00 odličan. Primenjena je i SWOT analiza radi utvrđivanja prednosti, ograničenja i mogućnosti unapređenja dobrobiti životinja i biosigurnosti u proizvodnji. Najznačajnija ograničenja se odnose na neobučenost zaposlenih lica u vezi standarda i nepostojanje planova dobrobiti i biosigurnosti i opisa procedura za sve faze proizvodnje, propuste u obezbeđenju prostornih, mikroklimatskih i higijenskih uslova gajenja, što se negativno odražava na zdravstveno stanje i produktivnost životinja. Zaokružena lista indikatora sa većim brojem parametara može se koristiti za sistematičnu procenu stanja dobrobiti i biosigurnosti.

In this paper the most significant welfare oversights on two cattle and two pig farms with intensive breeding system, as well as on nine cattle and two pig farms on private breeding farms are discussed. The results concerning cattle and pig welfare were derived after calculating several indicator types (behavior of breeders towards animals, animal needs indicators, animal behavior, health condition, feeding and productivity indicators). Most frequent oversights were that, that there were no plans about providing welfare and resolving health condition, then spatial, microclimatic and hygienic conditions which lead to technopatia and etopathias and reduction of production results. Based on derived data we can conclude that it is necessary to define standards of welfare in cattle and pig breeding, and according to which create appropriate plans for securing welfare for this animal species, which will be improved in time. U ovom radu razmatrani su najznačajniji propusti u obezbeđenju dobrobiti životinja na dve farme goveda i dve farme svinja sa intenzivnim sistemom gajenja, kao i devet farmi goveda i tri farme svinja kod individualnih proizvođača. Rezultati koji se odnose na obezbeđenje dobrobiti goveda i svinja su dobijeni na osnovu sagledavanja indikatora odnosa odgajivača prema životinjama, zatim indikatora potreba životinja, ponašanja, zdravstvenog stanja, ishrane i produktivnosti. Najčešći propusti u obezbeđenju dobrobiti ovih vrsta životinja ogledaju se u nepostojanju plana obezbeđenja dobrobiti i zdravstvenog stanja, zatim prostornih, mikroklimatskih i higijenskih uslova, koji dovode do pojave tehnopatija i etopatija i smanjenja proizvodnih rezultata. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata zaključuje se da je potrebno definisati standarde dobrobiti u gajenju goveda i svinja u našoj zemlji i na osnovu njih odgovarajuće planove za obezbeđenje dobrobiti ovih vrsta životinja, koji bi se vremenom usavršavali.

This review paper shows data from published articles concerning to the affect of selenium for maintenance of the health, productive and reproductive characteristics of cow. Just in recent years the prominent progress is achieved in providing the adequate levels and sources of Se. It is highlighted the advantages of organic Se in relation to inorganic form specially with dairy cows because better bioavailability, higher concentration in milk and in plasma of the newborn calf. Selenium is essential nutrient, because its supplementation in the adequate amounts in case of deficiency results in immunological answer. . U ovom preglednom radu sagledani su literaturni podaci o značaju selena za očuvanje zdravlja, proizvodne i reproduktivne karakteristike goveda. Poslednjih godina vidan napredak je ostvaren u obezbeđenju adekvatnih nivoa i oblika ovog mikronutricijenta. Prikazane su prednosti organskog selena u odnosu na neorgansku formu, posebno kod mlečnih krava, zbog bolje biološke iskoristivosti, veće koncentracije u mleku i u plazmi novorođene teladi. Selen je esencijalni nutricijent, jer njegovo dodavanje u odgovarajućim količinama kod deficita rezultira i u poboljšanju imunološkog odgovora. .

In boars semen could be detected many viruses during viremic phase of disease: vesicular disease, PRRS virus, Japanese encephalitis B virus, parvovirus, Aujecsky diseas and Classical swine fever virus, as well as bacteria: Brucella suis, B. abortus, and different serovars of Leptospira. Most important sexual transmissive diseases of swine are described in this paper, as well as their control and international regulations related to trade of semen. U spermi nerastova mogu se ustanoviti brojni virusi, prvenstveno tokom viremične faze bolesti: vezikularne bolesti, parvovirus, pikornavirusi, PRRS-a, japanskog encefalitisa B, virus Aujeckijeve bolesti i klasične kuge svinja, uz bakterije: Brucella suis, B. abortus, i više serovara Leptospira interrogans. U radu je dat pregled najznačajnijih polno prenosivih bolesti svinja i osvrt na međunarodno prihvaćene propise koji se odnose na promet semena nerastova i sprečavanje prenošenja infekcija.

During the hottest summer months in our country, conditions for thermal stress development in cows are present, especially when values of temperature and air humidity increase simultaneously. When temperature rises, cow organism becomes less efficient, due to primary non-evaporative patterns of heat release (radiation, conduction, convection), relying mostly on evaporative cooling through sweating and gasping. High relative humidity impedes evaporative cooling, so cows do not use enough body heat to prevent body temperature increase during hot and humid conditions, which are very common during summers in Serbia. Increase of ambient temperature, temperature-humidity index and rectal temperature of the cows above critical values are accompanied by decrease of dry matter intake and milk production, making dairy production less remunerative. Modifications which include shade, increase of passive ventilation and additional usage of fans and sprinklers in stables increase body heat release, decrease body temperature and support dry matter intake. New technologies, which include tunnel system of ventilation, were studied in order to evaluate cooling efficiency. Selection of cows for heat tolerance is possible, and it must be emphasized that continual selection for productive traits improvement and neglect of heat tolerance leads to increased sensitivity to heat stress. Nutritive needs of dairy cows change during heat stress demanding modifications of meal composition in order to decrease dry matter content, increase of its nutritive value, to prevent nutritive oversteps and to maintain normal function of rumen. In the future, maintenance of dairy production during hot and humid climate conditions will demand improvement of possibility of cooling, continuous improvement of meal composition, as well as genetic advances which include selection for heat tolerance and identification of genetic traits responsible for heat tolerance. . U našoj zemlji, u toku najtoplijih letnjih meseci, postoje uslovi za razvoj termalnog stresa kod krava, naročito kod istovremenog povećanja temperature i relativne vlažnosti. Zbog primarnih neevaporativnih načina odavanja toplote (radijacija, kondukcija, konvekcija), organizam krava postaje manje efikasan sa povećanjem ambijentne temperature i oslanja se u znatnoj meri na evaporativno rashlađivanje u obliku znojenja i dahtanja. Visoka relativna vlažnost ometa evaporativno rashlađivanje, tako da za vreme toplih i vlažnih uslova, čestih u Srbiji u letnjem periodu, mlečne krave ne troše telesnu toplotu u dovoljnoj meri, da bi se sprečilo podizanje telesne temperature. Povećanje temperature sredine, indeksa temperature i vlažnosti i rektalne temperature krava iznad kritičnih granica prati smanjenje unošenja suve materije i proizvodnje mleka, čime se smanjuje rentabilnost u proizvodnji mleka. Modifikacije koje uključuju hladovinu, povećanje intenziteta prirodne ventilacije i dopunsko korišćenje mehaničkih ventilatora i prskalica u stajama povećavaju odavanje telesne toplote, snižavaju telesnu temperaturu i pospešuju unošenje suve materije. Nove tehnologije koje uključuju tunelski sistem ventilaticije su proučavane radi procene efikasnosti rashlađivanja. Selekcija krava na toplotnu toleranciju je moguća, ali treba imati u vidu da kontinuirana selekcija na poboljšanje proizvodnih osobina, zbog zanemarivanja toplotne tolerancije, dovodi do porasta osetljivosti na toplotni stres. Nutritivne potrebe krava se menjaju tokom toplotnog stresa zbog čega su potrebne izmene u sastavu obroka u pravcu smanjenja unošenja suve materije, povećanja hranljive vrednosti obroka, sprečavanja nutritivnih prekoračenja i održavanja normalne funkcije rumena. Održanje proizvodnje krava u toku toplih i vlažnih klimatskih uslova zahtevaće u budućnosti unapređenje mogućnosti rashlađenja, kontinuirani napredak u sastavljanju obroka, kao i genetska poboljšanja koja uključuju selekciju na toplotnu toleranciju i identifikaciju genetskih osobina koje povećavaju toplotnu toleranciju. .

CMT and bacteriological tests of milk samples showed that S. aureus prevails in maternity stall of the farm and Str. agalactiae in lactation cows. Very significant is influence (p lt 0.01) of disinfectants, lactation stage and type of mastitis pathogens, and the interaction of disinfectants and lactation stage, and lactation stage and type of pathogen on mastitis appearance as well. It is significant influence (p lt 0.05) of disinfectant and season interaction, and interaction of disinfectant, lactation stage and season as well, but influence of season individually and mutual interaction between all examined parameters is not statistical significant (p>0.05). CMT i bakteriološki pregled uzoraka mleka pokazao je da na farmi u porodilištu preovladava S. aureus, a kod krava u laktaciji Str. agalactiae. Vrlo je značajan (p lt 0,01) uticaj dezinficijenasa, faze laktacije i vrste izolovanih uzročnika mastitisa, kao i interakcije dezinficijenasa i faze laktacije, i faze laktacije i vrste uzročnika na pojavu mastitisa. Značajan (p lt 0,05) je uticaj interakcije dezinficijensa i sezone, kao i dezinficijensa, faze laktacije i sezone, dok uticaj samo sezone i međusobne interakcije svih ispitivanih parametara nije statistički značajan (p>0,05).

In this paper the literature data on the effect of Se and vitamin E on health condition of mammary gland in cows have been discussed. The frequency and occurrence of mastitis are in correlation with the status of vitamin E and Se, and they are connected with rate of clinical mastitis and somatic cells count in collected heard milk. Supplementation of these micronutritients in Se-deficient cow rations results in improving of immunological response. In rations for high-productive cows in intensive production more than often the share of these nutrients is less than necessary what can partly explain the frequent occurrence of mastitis in our country. U radu su sagledani literaturni podaci o uticaju Se i vitamina E na zdravstveno stanje mlečne žlezde krava. Učestalost pojave i izraženost mastitisa u korelaciji su sa statusom vitamina E i Se, a u vezi su i sa stopom kliničkog mastitisa i brojem somatskih ćelija u zbirnom mleku stada. Dodavanje ovih mikronutritienata u hranu kod postojanja deficita rezultira poboljšanjem imunološkog odgovora. U obrocima za visokoproduktivne krave u intenzivnoj proizvodnji često je njihova zastupljenost manja od potrebne, što delom može objasniti povećanu učestalost pojave mastitisa u našoj zemlji.

In the review paper the effect of some factors on somatic cell counts (SCC) on the base of literature data are discussed. Several studies over the past 30 years have addressed issues surrounding SCC, their variation, and the potential use of SCC for monitoring milk quality. Clearly the major factor affecting SCC is a mammary gland infection and this holds true at the quarter, cow, or bulk tank level. Most studies suggest that cows with SCC less than 200,000 cells/ml are not likely to be infected with major mastitis pathogens, while cows with SCC of 300,000 or greater are very likely to be infected. Other factors such as lactation number, stage of lactation, and season of the year have only minor influences by comparison. Stresses of various types may aggravate the SCC level in a quarter which is already infected, but there is little evidence that any factor other than normal diurnal variation has a major influence on SCC in the absence of intramammary infection. An effective mastitis control program minimizes the opportunity to transmit infections from cow to cow, reduces stress upon the cow, teat and teat canal, and encourages maximal milk production. U ovom preglednom radu razmatrani su, na osnovu literaturnih podataka, efekti pojedinih faktora na broj somatskih ćelija (BSĆ). Različita istraživanja u proteklih 30 godina odnose se na promenu BSĆ u mleku i mogućnost njihovog korišćenja za praćenje kvaliteta mleka. Poznato je da je infekcija mlečne žlezde glavni faktor koji utiče na BSĆ, i to na nivou četvrti, vimena krave i zbirnog mleka. Većina ispitivanja ukazuje da krave sa BSĆ ispod 200.000 ćelija/ml verovatno nisu inficirane glavnim uzročnicima mastitisa, za razliku od krava čiji je BSĆ 300.000 ili veći. Drugi faktori, kao što je broj, faza laktacije i sezona, imaju manji uticaj. Stres različitog tipa može pogoršati BSĆ već inficirane četvrti, ali malo je podataka da bilo koji faktor koji ne predstavlja normalne dnevne varijacije ima značajan uticaj na BSĆ u odsustvu intramamarne infekcije. Efikasan program kontrole mastitisa smanjuje mogućnost prenošenja infekcije s krave na kravu, smanjuje uticaj stresora na kravu, papile i sisni kanal i podstiče maksimalnu proizvodnju mleka.

Mastitis is disease which provokes great economic losses in milk production There are influences of many factors on its appearance. Mastitis control programs are consisted of numerous preventive measures, which are adduced and shortly descripted in this review paper. Their implementation is proceeding by identification of herd health status, which should be repeated for program control. Some of the preventive measures are milking hygiene appropriate accomodation of animals, culling of chronical mastitis cases, dry cow therapy, selection on mastitis resistance, adequate nutrition and immunoprophylacy. Practically, complete mastitis control program in our country no exists. Failures in conveing of hygienic measures, nonconveing of certain measures or lack of control and record of data are the consequences. Therefore, the effect of preventive measures is not always satisfactory. Mastitis je oboljenje koje stvara velike ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji mleka. Na njegovu pojavu utiču brojni faktori. U programu kontrole mastitisa postoji veći broj preventivnih mera, koje su u ovom preglednom radu navedene i ukratko obrazložene. Njihovom sprovođenju prethodi utvrđivanje zdravstvenog stanja stada, što treba da se ponavlja i u cilju kontrole programa. U preventivne mere se ubrajaju higijena tokom muže, odgovarajući smeštaj za životinje, isključivanje hroničnih slučajeva, terapija u zasušenju, selekcija na otpornost, adekvatna ishrana i imunoprofilaksa. U našoj zemlji, praktično ne postoji kompletan program kontrole mastitisa. Kao rezultat toga nastaju posledice u vidu propusta u sprovođenju higijenskih mera, nesprovođenja određenih mera ili nedostatka kontrole i evidencije pojedinih postupaka. Samim tim, efekat preventivnih mera nije uvek zadovoljavajući.

Artificial insemination (AI) was the first great biotechnology applied to improve reproduction and genetics of farm animals. Next developed procedure to the cryopreservate semen made great step towards different possibilities almost unlimited preservation of pathogen free quality genotypes semen, its usage in different time and locations, making transport easier and manipulative fees more acceptable. Limitations of the technique consider biological traits of semen and difficulties to reproduce them. The knowledge gained from the AI and the cryopreservation experience was extremely helpful in stepwise development of each successive reproductive technology, such as superovulation, embryo transfer, and, eventually, cloning.

Ham represents an appropriate medium for development of many arthropods species. In this paper, the basic biological properties, life cycle of cheese skipper (Piophila casei), grain mite (A. siro), and larder beetle (Dermestes lardarius) and their influence on hygienic quality of ham, during curing and storage, are described. Ham is not the only place where these pests can lay their eggs, what increases the possibility of ham infestation due to the presence of other foodstuffs in the storehouse. Furthermore, they can be mechanical vectors of microorganisms. Organoleptic properties of foodstuffs are change by the presence and activities of larvae, which causes abhorrence of consumers and, in some cases, health problems, too. The most important measure in ham pests control is sanitation. That includes thorough cleaning of the storehouse, removing all debris of food, sealing cracks and crevices and placing the protective nets. Regular control of stored food is necessary as well as maintaining of proper storage conditions. Infested food should be removed. Chemical treatment .should be made only when the storage area is empty, but its effect is diminished by the development of pest's resistance. Taking that in consideration, it can be said that there is no ideal preparation for ham pests control, but it requires the combination of more measures. Suva šunka predstavlja pogodnu sredinu za opstanak i razvoj više vrsta artropoda. U ovom radu prikazane su osnovne biološke karakteristike i razvojni ciklusi muve sirare (Piophila casei), grinje brašna (Acanis siro) i slaninara (Dermesies lardarius), koji mogu da se razvijaju na suvim šunkama za vreme sušenja i skladištenja. Pošlo suva šunka nije jedini supstral u kome ovi insekti polažu jaja, to povećava mogućnost njene infestacije preko drugih namirnica prisutnih u skladištu. Osim toga, ovi insekti imaju ulogu mehaničkog prenosioca mikroorganizama. Prisustvom i aktivnošću larvi insekata menjaju se senzorne osobine proizvoda, što izaziva odbojnost i gađenje kod potrošača, a u nekim slučajevima može da izazove i zdravstvene probleme. Kod suzbijanja parazita suve šunke najvažnija mera je sanitacija. To podrazumeva temeljno čišćenje skladišta, uklanjanje svih ostataka hrane, zatvaranje pukotina i šupljina i postavljanje zaštitnih mreža. Neophodna je redovna kontrola uskladištenih namirnica i održavanje potrebnih ambijentalnih uslova pri njihovom čuvanju. Infestirane namirnice treba da budu uklonjene. Primena hemijskih sredstava treba da se vrši samo u praznom skladištu, ali razvoj rezistencije parazita umanjuje efekat dezinsekcije. Na osnovu toga može se reći da ne postoji idealno sredstvo za uništavanje ovih štetočina, već je u kontroli neophodna kombinacija vise mera.

In this paper, the incidence rates of clinical and subclinical, as well as staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis were examined in four farms with different rearing systems and milking hygiene procedures. Attained results have shown out that incidence rate of clinical mastitis vary from 3.12 to 8.33%. Comparing to clinical, substantiely greater the incidence rate of subclinical mastitis was found, which ranged from 17.19 to 30.00%. Thus clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis were higher on farm with tie system of rearing than the same forms on farm with loose system of cow rearing. The incidence rate of streptococcal mastitis ranged from 9.37 does 24.17%, whereas the occurrence of staphyloccal mastitis was between 10.94 and 15%. Higher incidence rate of staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis were found on farm with tied system of rearing than the same etiological type of mastitis on farm with loose system of cow rearing. The results of our examination show lower occurrence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in the farm with free system of rearing and spraying disinfectant after milking, in contrary to farms with tied system, where after milking teat dipping or any disinfection were performed. U radu se razmatra učestalost pojave kliničkih i subkliničkih, kao i stafilokoknih i streptokoknih mastitisa kod krava na četiri farme sa različitim sistemima držanja i higijenskim postupcima pranja i dezinfekcije vimena pri muži. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju učestalost pojave kliničkih oblika mastitisa na farmama od 3,12 do 8,33%, i znatno veću učestalost pojave subkliničkih mastitisa (od 17,19 do 30,00%). Veća učestalost kliničkih i subkliničkih oblika mastitisa ustanovljena je na svim farmama krava na kojima se primenjuje vezani u odnosu na slobodni sistem držanja. Učestalost pojave streptokoknog mastitisa na farmama kretala se od 9,37 do 24,17%, dok je učestalost pojave stafilokoknog mastitisa iznosila od 10,94 do 15%. Veća učestalost stafilokoknih i streptokoknih oblika mastitisa ustanovljena je na farmama krava na kojima se primenjuje vezani sistem držanja. Rezultati ispitivanja u ovom radu pokazali su da je manja učestalost kliničkih i subkliničkih mastitisa utvrđena na farmi sa slobodnim sistemom držanja krava, gde se vrši raspršivanje dezinficijensa posle muže, za razliku od farmi sa vezanim sistemom držanja, gde se dezinfekcija posle muže ne vrši ili se dezinficijens aplikuje potapanjem papila vimena.

The most important aspects of organic sheep production are given based of literature data, as well as implementation possibility of the production in mountainous regions of our country. Organic sheep farming is based on suitable crop rotations, animal manures, clover, low stocking rates and good animal husbandry. Organic sheep unit must be registered with an organic sector body and the production system adopted must meet the specified organic standards. The animals must normally be fed with organically produced feedstuffs and maximum use of grazing. Preventative management is always encouraged, as well as homoeopathic and herbal remedies. Veterinary drugs must not be used as a preventative medicine on a routine basis except to prevent distress of illness or injury.

Staphylococcal mastitis represents the most frequent form of cow mastitis in intensive milk production and a high economical problem as well. Prevention and eradication of this type of mastitis asks for consistent and continuous applying of a number of preventive and therapeutic measures by using an appropriate control programme. In our conditions, however, there are a certain disregards especially in carrying out of hygienic measures during the milking. In our investigation, an after milking disinfectant based on dodecylbenzylsulphonic acid, as an only hygienic measure, decreased a rate of new infections for 2,7 %. Our examinations have confirmed that partial usage of the programme has not significant effect on reducing possible new infections. Najčešći oblik mastitisa krava u intenzivnoj proizvodnji, i veliki ekonomski problem, predstavlja stafilokokni mastitis. Sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje ovog oblika mastitisa zahteva doslednu i kontinuiranu primenu niza preventivnih i terapijskih mera kroz odgovarajući program kontrole. U našim uslovima postoje izvesni propusti, naročito u sprovodenju higijenskih mera tokom muže. U našem istraživanju, primenom dezinficijensa posle muže na bazi dodecilbenzilsulfonske kiseline, kao jedine higijenske mere, pojava novih infekcija smanjena je za 2,7 %. Ispitivanjem smo utvrdili da parcijalnim sprovođenjem programa nema značajnijeg uticaja na smanjivanje pojave novih infekcija.

Mastitis danas predstavlja najzastupljenije oboljenje mlečnih krava širom sveta i veliki ekonomski problem. Najveće štete nastaju usled subkliničkih mastitisa, kod kojih nema vidljivih promena na mlečnoj žlezdi i u mleku. Indikator prisustva ove forme mastitisa u stadu predstavlja broj somatskih ćelija (BSĆ). Pri nalazu uzročnika mastitisa bakteriološkim pregledom mleka najčešće je povećan i BSĆ, a to povećanje je u skladu sa stepenom infekcije. Iz tih razloga, kontinuiranim praćenjem BSC u zbirnom uzorku mleka, a naročito u pojedinačnim uzorcima, može da se izvrši procena inficiranosti stada i očekivanih gubitaka u proizvodnji. To je ujedno i pokazatelj efikasnosti programa za sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje mastitisa, ukoliko se on sprovodi. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja BSC i bakteriološkog pregleda pojedinačnih uzoraka mleka u jednoj štali farme sa vezanim sistemom držanja mlečnih krava, gubici u proizvodnji mleka mogu da se procene na 3-7 % kod 86,89 % grla, do više od 12 % kod 13,11 % grla u štali.

U radu je razmatrana primena programa za sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje mastitisa kod krava u intenzivnim uslovima gajenja. Pre primene programa za sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje mastitisa broj obolelih krava iznosio je 233 odnosno 31,96% od ukupnog broj a krava u stadu. Broj krava bakteriološki pozitivnih na streptokoke iznosio je 80, odnosno 10,97%, a bakteriološki pozitivnih na stafilokoke 155, odnosno 21,26% od ukupnog broja krava na farmi. Posle jednogodišnje primene programa za sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje mastitisa ustanovljeno je znatno smanjenje pojave mastitisa (na 14,05%), bakteriološki pozitivnih krava na streptokoke (4,93%) i bakteriološki pozitivnih krava na stafilokoke (9,12%).

Milk is synthesized in specialized cells of the mammary gland and is virtually sterile when secreted into the alveoli of the udder. Beyond this stage of milk production, microbial contamination сan generally occur from three main sources; from within the udder, from the exterior of the udder and from the surface of milk handling and storage equipment. The health and hygiene of the cow, the environment in which the cow is housed and milked and the procedures used in cleaning and sanitizing the milking and storage equipment are all key in influencing the level of microbial contamination of raw milk. Equally important are the temperature and length of time of storage, which allow microbial contaminants to multiply and increase in numbers. Ail these factors will influence the total bacteria count or Standard Plate Count (SPC) and the types of bacteria present in bulk raw milk. Microbial contamination of raw milk сan occur from a variety of microorganisms from a variety of sources. Because of this, determining the cause of bacterial defects is not always straightforward. Though there is often one source of bacteria that cause high bulk tank counts, high bacteria counts can also result from a combination of factors (i.e. dirty equipment and marginal cooling). In some cases, selective plating procedures or bacterial culturing may be useful in identifying the source of high bacteria counts on the farm. Mleko se sintetiše u specijalizovanim ćelijama mlečne žlezde i ono je sterilno u momentu sekrecije u alveolama vimena. Mikrobiološka kontaminacija mleka može generalno nastati iz tri osnovna izvora unutrašnjosti vimena, eksternih površina vimena, površina aparata za mužu i opreme za skladištenje. Zdravstveno stanje i higijena krava, uslovi gajenja i muže, kao i postupci čišćenja i sanitacije aparata za mužu i opreme za skladištenje su najznačajniji elementi koji utiču na nivo mikrobiološke kontaminacije sirovog mleka. Podjednako značajni su temperatura i dužina vremena skladištenja, odnosno faktori koji omogućavaju mikrobiolokim kontaminentima da se umnožavaju i povećavaju u broju. Svi ovi faktori mogu uticati na ukupan broj bakterija, kao i na vrstu bakterija koje se nalazi u sirovom zbirnom mleku rezervoara.

Space and microclimate conditions in intensive system of growing,, behavior comfort and health of swine are analyzed in this paper. Obtained results indicate that space conditions make considerable limitations for some categories of swine. Air velocity in genera^ and temperature values in younger categories environment are microclimate parameters showing discrepancy to desirable animal hygiene standards. The most frequent behavior disorders among animals on this farm were stereotypes, apathetic and aggressive behavior. Health problems were present, concerning reproductive, locomotor, respiratory and digestive disorders. Eradication of present infective diseases, correction of living conditions, stockpersons behavior toward pigs and upgrading level of pigs comfort, which is possible could enable better pig production. U radu su analizirani prostorni i mikroklimatski uslovi, ponašanje, dobrobit i zdravstveno stanje svinja u inlenzivnim uslovima gajenja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da prostorni uslovi na farmi u znatnoj meri sputavaju pojedine kategorije svinja. Od mikroklimatskil uslova higijenskim standardima ne odgovaraju brzina strujanja vazduha, kao i temperature za mlađe kategorije. Najznačajniji poremećaji u ponašanju svinja na farmi su stereotipije su apatično i agresivno ponašanje. Od zdravstvenih poremećaja na farmi javljaju se bolesti lokomotornih organa, poremećaji u reprodukciji poremećaji respiratornog i digestivnog trakta. Eradikacija prisutnih infektivnih oboljenja, korekcija uslova smeštaja i postupka sa životinjama kao i podizanje nivoa udobnosti, dovelo bi do boljih proizvodnih rezultata.

The number of etological studies showed the complexity of pig behavior, and the brain mechanisms that control it. The species has considerable learning ability and elaborated social behavior. As a consequence, welfare problems arise for pigs if they are unable to control events in their environment, if they are frustrated or if they are subjected to unpredictable situations. The welfare problems include the inability to prevent attack by another pig, to regulate body temperature, or to groom adequately. Such effects are additional to those which are a result of injury, disease or other pain and physical discomfort. Pig welfare problems include those due to physical abuse, neglect, handling, transport, farm operations and disease. For animal hygiene the effects of housing systems on pig's welfare are the most important. . Brojna etološka izučavanja su pokazala svu složenost ponašanja svinja i moždanih mehanizama koji ga kontrolišu. Ova vrsta životinja poseduje izraženu sposobnost učenja i veoma razvijeno socijalno ponašanje. Problemi dobrobiti kod svinja po pravilu nastaju kao posledica nemogućnosti kontrole zbivanja u njihovoj neposrednoj okolini, frustriraranosti ili podvrgnutosti neprijatnim situacijama. U ove probleme spadaju nemogućnost da se izbegne agresivnost druge jedinke, održavanja telesne temperature, adekvatnog staranja o sebi ili svojim mladunčadima. Pored toga, problemi dobrobiti kod svinja nastaju kao rezultat povreda, bolesti, nanošenja drugih bolova ili usled fizičkih teškoća. Svakodnevni problemi dobrobiti svinja uključuju one koji se odnose na fizičko zlostavljanje, zapostavljanje, hvatanje, premeštanje, transport, zootehničke postupke i pojavu brojnih bolesti. Za zoohigijenu od posebnog značaja su problemi dobrobiti koji nastaju kao rezultat uticaja sistema držanja i smeštaja. .

Deficiencies of selenium in diet in poultry (below 0,15 mg/kg) lead to poor increasing, disturbance of health state and decreasing of reproductive capacities. The most frequent diseases caused by deficit of selenium are: exudative diathesis, pancreatic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. Surplus of selenium can cause acute or chronic sclenosis. Acute selenosis is appeared when poultry take high levels of selenium in short time period. It is manifested by rapid breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, tetanus spasms and deaths occur due to suffocation. Chronic selenosis is appeared when poultry take diet containing more than 5 and less then 40 mg Se/kg in longer time period. It is shown by increase of concentration of Se in blood and muscles, reducing growth and increasing mortality at levels higher than 15 mg Se/kg diet. Level of selenoenzyme OSH-Px is not linear dependence to level above necessary, the activities of this enzyme show the effect of plateau, so that more selenium does not to further increasing of its activity. Deficit selena u hrani kod živine (ispod 0,15 mg/kg) dovodi do slabijeg prirasta, poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja i smanjenja reproduktivnih sposobnosti. Najčešća oboljenja prouzrokovana deficitom selena su: eksudativna dijateza, fibroza pankreasa i mišićna distrofija. Suficit selena kod živine može da izazove akutnu ili kroničnu selenozu. Akutna selenoza se javlja kada živina u kratkom vremenskom intervalu unese visoke nivoe selena. Ona se manifestuje ubrzanim disanjem, povraćanjem, dijareom, tetanusnim grčevima, a uginuća nastaju usled ugušenja. Hronična selenoza nastaje kada živina duži vremenski period unosi hranu koja sadrži više od 5 a manje od 40 mg Se/kg. Ona se manifestuje porastom Se u krvi i mišićima, smanjenim prirastom i povećanim mortalitetom pri nivoima višim od 15 mg Se/kg hrane. Nivo selenoenzima GSH-Px nije u linearnoj zavisnosti od nivoa selena u hrani. Pri povećanju nivoa iznad potrebnih, aktivnost ovog enzima pokazuje efekat platoa, tako da viši sadržaji selena ne dovode do daljeg povećanja njegove aktivnosti.

Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalaetiae and Staphylococcus azreus isolated from milk of cows diseased from clinical and sub clinical mastitis on some biologically active substances isolated from aromatic and medicinal herbs, was investigated. Of five investi­gated preparations which represent different combinations of polyphenyl compounds which can be found to a greater or to a lower extent in ether oils and the extracts of this plants, we proved a positive antibacterial effect of the different intensity in three of them and in two combinations this effect totally missed. . Ispitana je osetljivost Streptococcus agalactiae i Staphylococcus aureus-a izolovanih iz mleka krava obolelih od kliničkih i subkliničkih mastitisa prema nekim biološki aktivnim supstancama izolovanim iz aromatičnog i lekovitog bilja. Od pet ispitanih preparata koji predstavljaju različite kombinacije polifenilnih jedinjenja koji se u manjoj ili većoj meri nalaze u etarskim uljima i ekstraktima ovoga bilja kod tri smo dokazali pozitivno antibakterijsko dejstvo različitog intenziteta a kod dve kombinacije ovaj efekat je potpuno izostao.

Nowadays all dairy farms are encouraged to practice mastitis control, with the aim to reduce the spread of casual agents of the disease, as well as to contribute to the maintenance of milk quality. The programme used for mastitis prevention and control in cows on a particular farm is influenced by many factors. The basic mastitis control programme includes reducing the infection duration, reducing the new infection rate and monitoring the infection rate. Reducing the infection duration encompasses the treatment of lactating cows, dry period treatment and culling of cows with chronic clinical mastitis. Reducing the new infection rate includes many aspects of milking hygiene and adequately serving and maintaining of milking machinery. Assessment of a herd's mastitis status comprises a check at the herd level, the cow level and the quarter level. The recommended programme is simple, profitable and widely applicable. The majority of countries with a highly developed dairy industry has their own variant adjusted to local needs, especially to the targets of releasing from infection and other quality control criteria. Danas se sve farme mlečnih krava podstiču na primenu mera preventive pojave mastitisa, u cilju smanjivanja širenja uzročnika ove bolesti, kao i da se doprinese održavanju kvaliteta mleka. Program koji se koristi za sprečavanje pojave i suzbijanje mastitisa krava na određenoj farmi zavisi od mnogih faktora. Osnovni program kontrole mastitisa obuhvata smanjenje trajanja postojećih infekcija, smanjenje stope pojave novih slučajeva infekcije, kao i otkrivanje pojave infekcije mlečne žlezde. Smanjenje trajanja postojećih infekcija uključuje tretiranje krava u laktaciji, tretiranje krava na zasušenju i isključivanje krava sa hroničnim kliničkim mastitisom. Smanjenje stope pojave novih infekcija obuhvata brojne aspekte higijene muže, adekvatno servisiranje i održavanje aparata za mužu. Ocena statusa stada u pogledu mastitisa obuhvata proveru stope njegove pojave kako u odnosu na krave tako i u odnosu na svaku četvrt vimena. Preporučeni program je jednostavan, profitabilan i široko primenljiv. Većina zemalja sa značajnom industrijom mleka ima svoju varijantu programa prilagođenu lokalnim potrebama, naročito ciljevima oslobađanja od infekcije mlečne žlezde i drugim kriterijumima kontrole kvaliteta mleka.

By application of preventive measures in control of mastitis transmission and appearance of new infections of mammary gland are prevented, what influence to the decrease of economic looses in milk production. By the method of papilla disinfection after milking by the preparation 'Desoman', which contains chlorine hexydine as the active substance, it can be reclaimed existing and prevent the new infections in breeding stock. In breeding stock in which intramammary infections with Sc'. agalactiae are repre­sented with 13.55% and S.aureus with 16.94%, by continually application of the preparation 'Desoman' it was obtained udder infection decrease to 8.62% i.e. 10.34%. The additional effects of the preparation application are lesion cure on a skin and mammary gland irritation decrease. Primenom preventivnih mera u suzbijanju mastitisa sprečava se prenošenje i nastajanje novih infekcija mlečne žlezde, što utiče na smanjenje ekonomskih gubitaka u proizvodnji mleka. Metodom dezinfekcije papila posle muže preparatom 'Desoman', koji u sebi sadrži hlor heksidin kao aktivnu supstancu, mogu se sanirati postojeće i sprečiti nove infekcije u zapatu. U zapatu u kome su intramamarne infekcije sa Sc.agalactiae zastupljene sa 13.55% i St.aureusom sa 16.94%, kontinuiranom primenom preparata 'Desoman' postignuto je smanjenje infekcija vimena na 8.62% odnosno 10.34%. Dodatni efekti primene preparata su saniranje lezija na koži i smanjenje iritacije mlečne žlezde. .

This paper considers the most important aspects of the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, treatment and control of Mycoplasmal mastitis in cows. Mycoplasmal mastitis in cows is characterized by sadden onset of severe swelling of the udder, involvement of all four quarters usually, a sharp drop in milk production and gross abnormality of the milk. Seven species of Mycoplasma as M. bovis, M. canadensis, M. bovigenitalium, M. alcalescens, M. capricolum, M. californicum and M. dispar have been isolated from clinical cases of mastitis. Cows of all ages and at any stage of lactation affected, cows that have recently calved showing the most severe signs, and dry cows the least. The disease occurs most commonly in large herds and in herds where milking hygiene is poor and when cows are brought in from other farms. Mycoplasmal mastitis spreads rapidly in a herd and affected cows should be culled immediately or placed in strict isolation until sale. . Ovaj rad razmatra najznačajnije aspekte etiologije, epidemiologije, pato-geneze, kliničke slike, lečenja i preventive mikoplazfnatskog mastitisa u krava. Mikoplaz-matski mastitis u krava se karakteriše iznenadnom pojavom izraženog otoka koji obično zahvata sve četvrti vimena, naglim smanjenjem proizvodnje mleka i vidljivim promenama u mleku. Sedam vrsta mikoplazmi, i to: M. bovis, M. canadensis, M. bovigenitalium, M. alcalescens, M. capricolum, M. californicum i M. dispar su izolovane iz kliničkih slučajeva mastitisa. Oboljevaju krave u bilo kojoj starosti i fazi lakatacije, s tim da skoro oteljene pokazuju najizraženije, a zasušene krave najmanje izražene simptome. Mikoplazmatski mastitis se najčešće javlja u velikim stadima krava, u stadima gde je higijena muže loša i u stadima u kojima se vrši nabavka krava iz drugih farmi. Mastitis izazvan mikoplazmama brzo se širi u stadu i zbog toga obolele krave treba odmah isključiti iz proizvodnje i strogo izolovati do prodaje.

Biološka adaptacija krava na visoke ambijentalne temperature podrazumeva smanjenu proizvodnju mleka i porast temperature površine kože. THI indeks je značajan pokazatelj opterećenja krava toplotnim stresom. Prosečna maskismalna vrednost THI u periodu 2005-2016 pokazuje trend porasta u svim mesecima osim u januaru oktobru i novembru. Topla leta u Srbiji sa izuzetno visokim temperaturama, nastaju svake pete godine, kada su krave posebno pogođene. Ovakve promene dovode do globalnog zagrevanja i klimatskih promena koje utiču na biološku adaptaciju krava. Nisu postojale značajane razlike u vrednosti THI u funkciji regije u Vojvodini u kojoj je vršeno merenje THI, pa se Vojvodina može posmatrati kao jedinstvena celina u proceni toplotnog stresa krava. Sezona pokazuje uticaj na vrednosti ocena dobrobiti krava na farmama prema Welfare Quality® scoring sistemu. Odstupanja u vrednosti skorova za pojedine kriterijume ne dovode do značajnih promena u oceni ukupne dobrobiti krava na farmi i na klasifikaciju farme prema oceni dobrobiti. Potrebno je izvršiti dodatna istraživanja da bi se ispitao uticaj sezone na ocenu dobrobiti na farmama. Upotreba termovizijske kamere u proceni termalnog opterećenja krava na farmama bazira se na fiziološkim princiima termoregulcije kod goveda. površine tela krava bila je u rasponu od 34,1 do 38,5°C. Najviša temperature površine tela izmerena je u avgustu, a najniža u zimskom periodu. Nađena je značajna pozitivna korelacija THI i temperature površine tela. Korelacione i regresione analize pokazuju da postoji značajna negativna linearna korelacija između THI i proizvodnje mleka, odnosno pozitivna korelacija između THI i temperature vimena kože i očne regije izmerene termovizijskom kamerom. Predikcija servis perioda je mnogo kvalitetnija ako se koristi kvadratna jednačina, jer dužina servis perioda nije zavisna od THI sve do momenta dok se ne pređe stresni prag za toplotni stres kada je korelacija THI i dužine servis perioda pozitivna. Pokazalo se da kvadratne jednačine daju bolju povezanost od linearnih, tako da je koncentracija amonijaka blago rasla kada je THI 40-60, a potom opadala u toplotnom stresu. Koncentracija H2S se ponašala drugačije u odnosu na amonijak, njena vrednost je bila najviša kod najviših i najnižih vrednosti THI. Dinamičke promene metabolita i index insulinske rezistencije značajno koreliraju sa količinom proizvedenog mleka kod krava izloženih toplotnom stresu. Varijacije u proizvodnji mleka tokom trajanja toplotnog stresa mnogo je bolje prevideti kada se THI index koristi zajedno sa vrednostima glukoze i TNF-α kao metaboličkih prediktora. Datum AB Biological adaptation of cows to high ambient temperatures implies reduced production of milk and increase of surface temperature of the skin. The THI index is a significant indication of the burden of cows with heat stress. The average masculine value of THI in the period 2005-2016 shows a trend of increase in all months, except in January of October and November. Extreme warm years in Serbia are created every five years, when cows are particularly affected. These data support the global warming and climatic changes that affect the biological adaptation of cows. There were no significant differences in the value of THI in the 8 function of the region in Vojvodina where the THI was measured, so that Vojvodina can be considered as a single entity in the assessment of the heat stress of cows. The season shows the impact on the value of the cow welfare on farms according to the Welfare Quality® scoring system. Deviations in the value of the scores for certain criteria do not lead to significant changes in the estimation of the total welfare of cows on the farm and on the classification of the farm according to the welfare assessment. Further research needs to be carried out to examine the impact of the season on the welfare assessment on farms. The use of a thermovision camera in the assessment of the thermal load of cows on farms is based on the physiological principles of thermoregulation in cattle. the surface of the cow's body ranged from 34.1 to 38.5 ° C. The highest surface temperature of the body was measured in August and the lowest in the winter period. Significant positive THI correlation and body surface temperature were found. Correlation and regression analysis show that there is a significant negative linear correlation between THI and milk production, that is, a positive correlation between THI and skin and skin temperature and eye region measured by a thermionic camera. The service period prediction is much better if a square equation is used since the length of the service period is not dependent on the THI until the heat stress stress threshold is exceeded when the THI correlation and the service period of the period are positive. When it comes to air quality, it has also been shown that square equations provide a better connection to linear ones, so the ammonia concentration is slightly increased when THI is 40-60, and then decreases in heat stress. The concentration of H2S behaved differently in relation to ammonia, its value being highest at the highest and lowest values of THI. Dynamic changes in the metabolite and index of insulin resistance significantly correlate with the amount of milk produced in cows exposed to heat stress. Variations in milk production during the duration of heat stress is much better overlooked when the THI index is used together wiith the glucose and TNF-α values as metabolic predictors.

Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje uticaja postupaka pre klanja na parametre stresa i kvaliteta mesa svinja i utvrđivanje njihove međusobne zavisnosti. Postupci pre klanja odnosili su se na dužinu boravka svinja u stočnom depou i ponašanje svinja u boksevima stočnog depoa, postupke radnika sa svinjama u depou i tokom upućivanja do mesta za klanje, kao i efikasnost omamljivanja. Od parametara stresa određivane su koncentracije laktata i kortizola u krvi svinja, a od parametara kvaliteta mesa određivana je pH vrednost (60 minuta i 24 sata posle klanja), kao i temperatura mesa (60 minuta posle klanja). Pored toga, utvrđeni su jačina rigor mortis-a, vrednost instrumentalno i senzorno ocenjene boje, sposobnost vezivanja vode (SVV) i mramoriranost mesa. Svinje prispele na klanje u prepodnevnim satima boravile su u depou nešto više od jednog sata, a svinje prispele u popodnevnim satima u proseku oko 17 sati. Kod više od jedne trećine svinja postupak radnika sa njima pre klanja bio je grub. Učestalost međusobnih borbi svinja u depou imao je sledeći opadajući niz: nerastovi > nazimice > kastrati. Nepravilno postavljanje elektroda pri omamljivanju uočeno je kod više od 4/5 svinja, što je rezultiralo učestalim oglašavanjem, kao i potrebom za ponovnim omamljivanjem kod blizu polovine svinja. Prosečno vreme aplikacije struje i vreme od omamljivanja do iskrvarenja bili su u skladu sa preporukama za primenu ovih postupaka. Koncentracija laktata u krvi se povećavala, a koncentracija kortizola smanjivala sa povećanjem dužine boravka svinja u depou. Na povećanje koncentracije laktata i kortizola u krvi uticali su grub postupak sa svinjama pre klanja, kao i njihove međusobne borbe. Dužina boravka svinja u stočnom depou nije uticala na razlike u pH vrednosti mesa merenih 60 minuta posle klanja, kao ni 24 sata posle klanja. Grub postupak sa svinjama rezultirao je smanjenjem pH vrednosti merene posle 60 minuta, što nije uočeno posle 24 sata. pH vrednost mesa svinja koje su se međusobno borile bila je veća posle 60 minuta, kao i posle 24 sata. Kod svinja sa većom koncentracijom laktata u krvi pH vrednost posle 60 minuta je bila manja u odnosu na svinje kod kojih je koncentracija laktata u krvi bila manja...

Period rane laktacije odlikuje se nagatvnim energetskim bilansom i stanjem metaboličkog stresa. Ovakvo stanje nastaje kao posledica smanjenog unosa hrane, porođaja i započinjanja laktacije. Usled negativnog energetskog bilansa organizam povećano troši sopstvene reserve I ulazi u fazu katabolizma. Cilj ove disertacije je da se ispita metabolička, hematološka, celularna i proizvodna adaptacija krava u funkciji delovanja anaboličkih i kataboličkih indikatora stresa. Katabolički indikatori stresa su: neesterifikovane masne kiseline (čija koncentracija raste kao posledica povećane lipidne mobilizacije) i kortizol (čija vrednost raste usled stresa tokom porođaja). Anabolički indikatori su: insulin (anabolički hormone u organizmu sisara) i IGF-I (indikator anaboličkog delovanja STH). Krave su klasifikovane na osnovu pojedinačnog i kombinovanog delovanja anaboličkih i kataboličkih indikatora stresa. Upotreba četiri odabrana indikatora metaboličkog stresa (insulin, IGF-I, NEFA i kortizol) u prvoj nedelji posle teljenja može pomoći u analizi metaboličkog stresa i produktivnosti krava, što se zaključuje na osnovu delovanja indikatora Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version) http://www.simpopdf.com c stresa na metabolički profil, krvnu sliku, imunološke i celularne parametre, telesnu kondiciju, proizvodnju mleka i reproduktivnu efikasnost krava. Vrednosti anaboličkih i kataboličkih indikatora se mogu koristiti samostalno ili u kombinaciji, a najbolju mogućnost procene daje upotreba NEFA bilo da se radi o pojedinačnoj ili kombinovanoj upotrebi indikatora.Određivanjem koncentracije navedena četiri indikatora metaboličkog stresa u prvoj nedelji posle teljenja možemo predvideti karakter metabolizma, dubinu metaboličkog stresa i proizvodnju krava u laktaciji koja sledi. Early lactation period is characterized by negative energy balance and metabolic stress condition. This situation arises as a consequence of reduced food intake, birth and initiation of lactation. Due to negative energy balance increased body using own reserves and is entering to a phase of catabolism. The goal of this dissertation is to examine the metabolic, hematologic, and cellular adaptation of cows in production function and anabolic activity of catabolic stress indicators. Catabolic stress indicators are nonesterified fatty acids - NEFA (whose concentration increases as a result of increased lipid mobilization) and cortisol (the value of which increases due to stress during labor). Anabolic indicators were: insulin (anabolic hormones in mammals) and IGF-I (an indicator of anabolic activity STH). Cows were classified on the basis of individual and combined effects of anabolic and catabolic stress indicators. Using the four selected indicators of metabolic stress (insulin, IGF-I, NEFA and cortisol) in the first week after calving can help in the analysis of metabolic stress and productivity of cows, which Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version) http://www.simpopdf.com f concludes on the basis of indicators of stress effects on metabolic profile, blood count, and cellular immune parameters, body condition, milk production and reproductive efficiency of cows. Anabolic and catabolic values of indicators may be used singly or in combination, and provides the best opportunity to assess the use of NEFA either a single or combined use of indicators. It is possible to use concentrations of the four indicators of metabolic stress in the first week after calving predict the nature of metabolism, metabolic stress and depth of production in cows in the next lactation.