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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jhs-10.1177_17531934231152592 for Insights and trends review: artificial intelligence in hand surgery by Robert Miller, Simon Farnebo and Maxim D. Horwitz in Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ojs-10.1177_2325967120980013 for Return to Sport After Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures: A Systematic Review and Evidence Appraisal by Luke Geoghegan, Alexander Scarborough, Jeremy N. Rodrigues, Mike J. Hayton and Maxim D. Horwitz in Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

Although the orientations of the hand and forearm vary for different wrist rehabilitation protocols, their effect on muscle forces has not been quantified. Physiologic simulators enable a biomechanical evaluation of the joint by recreating functional motions in cadaveric specimens. Control strategies used to actuate joints in 5 physiologic simulators usually employ position or force feedback alone to achieve optimum load distribution across the muscles. After successful tests on a phantom limb, unique combinations of position and force feedback – hybrid control and cascade control – were used to simulate multiple cyclic wrist motions of flexion-extension, radioulnar deviation, dart thrower’s motion, and 10 circumduction using six muscles in ten cadaveric specimens. Low kinematic errors and coefficients of variation of muscle forces were observed for planar and complex wrist motions using both novel control strategies. The effect of gravity was most pronounced when the hand was in the horizontal orientation, resulting in higher extensor forces (p