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Introduction. Following any war, the destruction of cities causes severe damage to the lives of citizens, so urban planning and accelerating the process of renovation and development of a city is the priority of every country after the war, in order to reduce the damage caused by war. Since then, citizens can resume their normal living in their hometowns. The process of urban renovation and development takes a long time, and the main urban indicators should be regularly evaluated in different dimensions to find out whether the living environment has improved and the preset urban goals have been achieved. Materials and methods. In this study, the process of renovation and development of the city of Homs was analyzed by evaluating the pre-selected social and economic indicators. The sign test and the Wilcoxon test were used to evaluate and compare the indicators before and after the war. Results. The results of the research show that the null hypothesis of this research was rejected with a z-value of –3.137916 and a p-value of 0.002 in respect of the social dimension. Also, the zero hypothesis of this research is rejected in the economic dimension according to the results of the Wilcoxon test. The results show that the z-value is equal to –2.075 and the p-value is equal to 0.038, which is less than 0.50 and, hence, insignificant. The rejection of the null hypothesis and the large number of negative indicators in the social dimension indicate that the process of renovation and development of the city of Homs is very slow after the war and the city has not been able to approach the desired stable condition. Conclusions. This research has found that only 11 indicators out of 45 improved in the process of renovation and development of the city of Homs after the war if compared to the pre-war period. In fact, more than 75 % of selected indicators were negative, and this shows the slow pace of urban renovation and development with an emphasis on the sustainable city of Homs.

The performance of the novel ammonium chemical ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (NH4+-CI3-TOF) utilizing NH4+ adduct ion chemistry to measure first generation oxidized product molecules (OMs) as well as highly oxidized organic molecules (HOMs) was investigated for the first time. The gas-phase ozonolysis of cyclohexene served as a first test system. Experiments have been carried out in the TROPOS free-jet flow system at close to atmospheric conditions. Product ion signals were simultaneously observed by the NH4+-CI3-TOF and the acetate chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time of flight mass spectrometer (acetate-CI-APITOF). Both instruments are in remarkable good agreement within a factor of two for HOMs. For OMs not containing an OOH group the acetate technique can considerably underestimate OM concentrations by 2-3 orders of magnitude. First steps of cyclohexene ozonolysis generate ten different main products, detected with the ammonium-CI3-TOF, comprising 93% of observed OMs. The remaining 7% are distributed over several minor products that can be attributed to HOMs, predominately to highly oxidized RO2 radicals. Summing up, observed ammonium-CI3-TOF products yield 5.6 x le molecules cm" in excellent agreement with the amount of reacted cyclohexene of 4.5 x 10(9) molecules cm(-3) for reactant concentrations of [O-3] = 2.25 x 10(12) molecules cm(-3) and [cyclohexene] = 2.0 x 10(12) molecules cm(-3) and a reaction time of 7.9 s. NH4+ adduct ion chemistry is a promising CIMS technology for achieving carbon-closure due to the unique opportunity for complete detection of the whole product distribution including also peroxy radicals, and consequently, for a much better understanding of oxidation processes.

Présentation des témoignages des sources égyptiennes sur l’Oronte et sa région, de 1500 av. J.-C. environ (campagne de Thoutmosis Ier à l’Euphrate) à 1259 av. J.-C., date du traité de paix entre Ramsès II et Hattousil III. Géographiquement, les témoignages sont principalement centrés sur le carrefour en Y de Qadesh et ses deux branches : la trouée de Ḥoms et la route d’Alep, ainsi que le sous-système Bouqīʿa-Asharnéh et l’itinéraire Qadesh- Niyvia Shayzar. An annotated review of the Egyptian sources pertaining to the Orontes and its region between ca1500 bc(Thutmosis I stcampaign to the Euphrates) and 1259 bc, date of the Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusil III. Geographically, all revolve more or less around the Y-shaped crossroads of Qadesh and its two branches: the Ḥoms gap and the Aleppo road, as well as the sub-system Buqīʿa-Asharneh and the itinerary Qadesh- Niyvia Shayzar. ملخص: عرض لشهادات من النصوص المصرية المتعلقة بنهر العاصي ومنطقته منذ عام 1500 ق.م تقريباً (حملة الملك تحوتمس الأول إلى نهر الفرات) وحتى عام 1259 ق.م، وهو تاريخ توقيع معاهدة السلام بين الملك رمسيس الثاني والملك الحثي هاتوشيلي الثالث. فيما يتعلق بالشهادات، هي محصورة جغرافيا على شكل حرف Y في تقاطع طرق قادش وفرعيه: فتحة حمص وطريق حلب، بالإضافة إلى منظومة البقيعة-العشارنة ومسار قادش-نيّا عبر شيزر.

Una de las grandes preocupaciones de los Papas ha sido y sigue siendo la Paz mundial. En el corto espacio de un año, cuando todo parecía dispuesto para una «regionalización» de la guerra de Siria o para el estallido de un conflicto mundial, la mediación del Papa Francisco en Siria no solo ha permitido la apertura de un corredor humanitario en la bombardeada ciudad de Homs sino que ha posibilitado la Conferencia Internacional de Ginebra II. Algo inaudito y que ninguno de los Jefes de Estado había conseguido. Un evidente servicio a la Paz del Papa y de la Santa Sede

Until 2011, when the revolutionary sparkle was lit in Homs (Syria), it was a place considered being insignificant or forgotten by most people. Its revolutionary effervescence transformed the city – until then without any major historical events – to an emblematic city and the apocalyptic images of the events were accessed/used by the media and by the local stakeholders thanks to social media. In this context, facing these brutal actions, the role and position of the historian needs to be reconsidered. It forces him/her to review his/her understanding of the past, of his/her choice of source material and their interpretation of them. With the transformation of the field of study into a “battlefield”, the concept of tangible and intangible heritage is renewed. Be it abandoned old stones, disused local expressions or forgotten popular rituals, the people of Homs are rediscovering their city and reclaim their heritage. In this chaos, can the historian continue to dissociate/distance from the events and the emotions. Does the history of Ottoman Homs written in 2007 need to be rewritten?

[EN] This article presents some of the results of the archaeological research carried out on the megalithic necropolises located to the west of the city of Homs (Syria) by a combined team from Syria, Lebanon and Spain between 2004 and 2010. It is an important set of hitherto unknown tombs sited on the left bank of the Orontes River which date back to the Bronze Age., [ES] En este artículo se presentan algunos resultados de la investigación arqueológica llevada a cabo en las necrópolis megalíticas situadas al oeste de la ciudad de Homs (Siria) por un equipo sirio-líbano-español durante los años 2004- 2010. Se trata de un importante conjunto de tumbas, hasta ahora desconocido, ubicado en la margen izquierda del río Orontes y atribuible a la Edad del Bronce., El proyecto “Arqueología al oeste de Homs” está dirigido por J. J. Ibáñez, M. Haïdar-Boustani y M. Al-Maqdissi y en él colaboran el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-IMF, Barcelona), el Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de la Universidad de Cantabria, el Museo de Prehistoria Libanesa de la Universidad Saint-Joseph de Beirut y la Dirección General de Antigüedades y Museos de Siria. Está financiado por el Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural Español (Excavaciones en el Exterior) del Ministerio de Cultura y por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, proyecto HAR2010-21545-C02-019. http://www.imf.csic.es/esp/ dptos/proyectos/siria/en/index.html

This article presents some of the results of the archaeological research carried out on the megalithic necropolises located to the west of the city of Homs (Syria) by a combined team from Syria, Lebanon and Spain between 2004 and 2010. It is an important set of hitherto unknown tombs sited on the left bank of the Orontes River which date back to the Bronze Age.

Informe de las actividades arqueológicas llevadas a cabo al oeste de Homs en 2009 por el equipo sirio-líbano-español, Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural, Ministerio de Cultura. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, proyectos I+D. Programa EXCAVA, Generalitat de Catalunya. Iniversidad St Joseph de Beyrout.

Memoria de las actividades arqueológicas desarrolladas por la Misión siro-líbano española al oeste de Homs (Siria) en 2005., Agradecemos a las instituciones que han colaborado en la financiación de este proyecto: El Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español (Ministerio de Cultura). El Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos I+D: * BHA2003-09685-CO2-01, * HUM2007-66128-C02-01 * HUM2007-66128-C02-02 La Universidad St Joseph de Beirut La Generalitat de Catalunya, Programa EXCAVA El Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad de Cantabria.

Memoria de las actividades arqueológicas de la Misión siro-líbano-española al oeste de Homs., Agradecemos a las instituciones que han colaborado en la financiación de este proyecto: El Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español (Ministerio de Cultura). El Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos I+D: * BHA2003-09685-CO2-01, * HUM2007-66128-C02-01 * HUM2007-66128-C02-02 La Universidad St Joseph de Beirut La Generalitat de Catalunya, Programa EXCAVA El Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad de Cantabria.