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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-hpq-10.1177_13591053231184065 for Mediation of cognitive interference on depression during the Russo-Ukrainian war in three national samples by Petra Begic, Esther Greenglass, Taina Hintsa, Petri Karkkola and Petra Buchwald in Journal of Health Psychology

Background Personality influences an individual’s adaptation to a specific job or organization. Little is known about personality trait differences between medical career and specialty choices after graduating from medical school when actually practicing different medical specialties. Moreover, whether personality traits contribute to important career choices such as choosing to work in the private or public sector or with clinical patient contact, as well as change of specialty, have remained largely unexplored. In a nationally representative sample of Finnish physicians (N = 2837) we examined how personality traits are associated with medical career choices after graduating from medical school, in terms of employment sector, patient contact, medical specialty and change of specialty. Methods Personality was assessed using the shortened version of the Big Five Inventory (S-BFI). An analysis of covariance with posthoc tests for pairwise comparisons was conducted, adjusted for gender and age with confounders (employment sector, clinical patient contact and medical specialty). Results Higher openness was associated with working in the private sector, specializing in psychiatry, changing specialty and not practicing with patients. Lower openness was associated with a high amount of patient contact and specializing in general practice as well as ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. Higher conscientiousness was associated with a high amount of patient contact and specializing in surgery and other internal medicine specialties. Lower conscientiousness was associated with specializing in psychiatry and hospital service specialties. Higher agreeableness was associated with working in the private sector and specializing in general practice and occupational health. Lower agreeableness and neuroticism were associated with specializing in surgery. Higher extraversion was associated with specializing in pediatrics and change of specialty. Lower extraversion was associated with not practicing with patients. Conclusions The results showed distinctive personality traits to be associated with physicians’ career and specialty choices after medical school independent of known confounding factors. Openness was the most consistent personality trait associated with physicians’ career choices in terms of employment sector, amount of clinical patient contact, specialty choice and change of specialty. Personality-conscious medical career counseling and career guidance during and after medical education might enhance the person-job fit among physicians.

Physical activity’s benefits for well-being are widely known, but the prevalence of physical inactivity is high. The information concerning the antecedents of lifelong physical activity is lacking. The association between lifelong physical activity and psychological well-being also needs further studying. Moreover, there exists no evidence whether long-term lifestyle interventions containing physical activity counseling have psychologically beneficial effects. This thesis examined the childhood antecedents of lifelong physical activity (Studies I-II), the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms (Study III), and whether a 20-year intensive lifestyle intervention contributed to psychological well-being (Study IV). The participants were from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (CRYFS) (Studies I-III), and from the Prospective, Randomized Trial of Atherosclerosis Prevention in Childhood Project (STRIP) (Study IV). Self-report questions and questionnaires were used in the studies. Studies I-IV were analysed using correlation tests, regression and variance analyses. Linear growth curve modeling, linear mixed modeling, and latent class growth analysis were were applied within studies I-III. The results from the Study I indicated that high temperamental activity in childhood may contribute to the development of physically inactive lifestyle. Study II indicated that higher levels of parents’ physical activity were associated with increased physical activity in offspring from childhood to middle age. Study III identified three distinct physical activity trajectory groups: the lightly, moderately, and highly physically active ones. Highly physically active participants had lower levels of depressive symptoms in adulthood compared with lightly physically active ones. The study also showed that lifelong physical activity did not contribute to depressive symptoms to a greater degree than adulthood physical activity. Adjustment for previous symptoms of depression attenuated the associations. Study IV showed no association between a 20-year, intensive lifestyle counseling and psychological well-being in adult age. This thesis provides information that might benefit professionals in tailoring, timing and targeting physical activity promotion actions and interventions aiming at improving community well-being. Fyysisen aktiivisuuden yhteydet hyvinvointiin ovat tunnetut, mutta fyysinen inaktiivisuus on yleistä. Lapsuusajan tekijöiden yhteyksiä tarkastelevia tutkimuksia elämänpituisten liikuntatottumusten kehitykseen ei juurikaan ole. Elämänpituisen liikunnan sekä psykologisen hyvinvoinnin välisiä yhteyksiä koskevia tutkimuksia tarvitaan myös lisää. Lisäksi ei ole lainkaan tietoa pitkäkestoisten, liikuntaneuvontaa sisältävien elämäntapainterventioiden psykologiseen hyvinvointiin liittyvistä vaikutuksista. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin lapsuusajan tekijöiden yhteyttä elämänpituisten liikuntatottumusten kehitykseen (osatyöt I-II), fyysisen aktiivisuuden yhteyttä masennusoireisiin (osatyö III), sekä 20-vuotisen, intensiivisen elämäntapaintervention yhteyttä psykologiseen hyvinvointiin (osatyö IV). Tutkimukseen osallistujat kuuluivat Lasten Sepelvaltimotaudin Riskitekijät-projektiin (LASERI) (osatyöt I-III), ja varhaislapsuudessa aloitettuun Sepelvaltimotaudin Riskitekijöiden Interventioprojektiin (STRIP) (osatyö IV). Tutkimuksissa käytettiin itseraportointikysymyksiä ja - mittareita. Tutkimukset I-IV tehtiin hyödyntäen korrelaatio-, regressio-, ja varianssianalyyseja. Tutkimukset I-III analysoitiin lineaarisen kasvukäyrämallinnuksen, lineaarisen sekamallin, sekä latenttien kasvukäyrien mallinnusmenetelmien avulla. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä osoitettiin, että lapsuuden korkea temperamentti saattaa olla yhteydessä fyysisesti inaktiivisen elämäntavan kehittymiseen. Vanhempien fyysinen aktiivisuus oli yhteydessä korkeampaan fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen heidän jälkikasvunsa lapsuudesta aikuisuuteen tutkimuksessa II. Tutkimuksessa III löydettiin kolme fyysisen aktiivisuuden kehityskaarta: kevyesti, keskimääräisesti ja korkeasti fyysisesti aktiiviset. Elämänpituinen fyysinen aktiivisuus ei ennustanut masennusoireiden kehittymistä paremmin kuin fyysinen aktiivisuus aikuisiässä. Korkeasti aktiivisilla oli vähemmän masennusoireita aikuisuudessa kuin matalasti aktiivisilla, mutta yhteydet hävisivät aikaisempien masennusoireiden vakioinnin myötä. Osatyössä IV osoitettiin, ettei 20- vuotisella, intensiivisellä elämäntapainterventiolla ollut psykologiseen hyvinvointiin liittyviä vaikutuksia aikuiässä. Väitöskirjan informaatio on todennäköisesti hyödyksi sellaisten fyysisen aktiivisuuden lisäämistä käsittelevien hankkeiden ja interventioiden suunnittelussa, ajoittamisessa ja kohdentamisessa, jotka tähtäävät kansanterveyden edistämiseen.