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A mandioca (Manihot esculenta crantz) é uma planta originária da América do Sul, principalmente da região Amazônica, que vem sendo cultivada em diversos países devido à sua ampla adaptação. As indústrias voltadas ao processamento da mandioca para fabricação de farinha e fécula, localizadas principalmente na região sul e sudeste do Brasil, geram resíduos sólidos e líquidos de alta capacidade poluidora, o que tem resultado em grande impacto ao meio ambiente. Atualmente, a produção animal sofre com o alto custo na alimentação, principalmente, em função da oscilação dos preços dos grãos no mercado. Como forma de redução da poluição ambiental e dos custos de produção animal, tem-se o aproveitamento dos resíduos provenientes do processamento da mandioca na alimentação animal. A presente revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo destacar a utilização dos principais subprodutos da indústria de processamento da mandioca, como substituto ao milho, na alimentação de frangos de corte.

A meta-analysis of 158 peer-reviewed articles was conducted to examine effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB)-based inoculants (LBB) that did or did not include homolactic or obligate heterolactic bacteria on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. A complementary meta-analysis of 12 articles examined LBB inoculation effects on dairy cow performance. Raw mean differences between inoculant and control treatment means weighted by inverse variance were compared with a hierarchical effects model that included robust variance estimation. Meta-regression and subgrouping analysis were used to identify effects of covariates including forage type, application rate (≤104, 105, 106, or ≥ 107 cfu/g as fed), bacteria type (LB vs. LB plus other bacteria), enzyme inclusion, ensiling duration, and silo type (laboratory or farm scale). Inoculation with LBB increased acetate (62%), 1, 2 propanediol (364%) and propionate (30%) concentration and aerobic stability (73.8%) and reduced lactate concentration (7.2%), yeast counts (7-fold) and mold counts (3-fold). Feeding inoculated silage did not affect milk yield, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows. However, forage type, inoculant composition, and dose effects on silage quality measures were evident. Inoculation with LBB increased aerobic stability of all silages except tropical grasses. Adding obligate homolactic or facultative heterolactic bacteria to LB prevented the small increase in DM losses caused by LB alone. The 105 and 106 cfu/g rates were most effective at minimizing DM losses while aerobic stability was only increased with 105, 106, and ≥ 107 cfu/g rates. Inoculation with LBB increased acetate concentration, reduced yeast counts and improved aerobic stability but did not improve dairy cow performance.

A meta-analysis of 52 peer-reviewed papers was conducted to investigate the effects of ionophores (IOP) supplementation on the performance and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows. We used random-effects models to examine the raw mean difference (RMD) between the IOP group (diets with IOP) and the control group (diets with no additives), weighed by inverse of the variance. We also evaluated the effects of the covariates IPO supplementation level dose groups ( 25 mg/kg dry matter (DM) diet), IOP type (monensin or lasalocid), feeding system (total mixed ration or pasture) and days in milk (DIM) on RMD, by meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Overall, IOP supplementation (21.3 ± 8.3 mg/kg DM) reduced DM intake (DMI; RMD = - 0.39 ± 0.22 kg/d; P N (P = 0.63) and acetate concentrations (P = 0.08); however it enhanced the rumen concentration of propionate (P

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of alkaline treatments (20, 40 or 60 g CaO/kg) or water extraction on glucosinolate (GIs) concentration in crambe meal (CM), and to determine effects of replacing soybean meal with CM on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep. Twenty-five samples of CM (300 g each) were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: Control (446 mg GI/kg dry matter (DM)); alkaline treatment (20, 40 or 60 g CaO/kg CM); and water extraction. Alkaline treatment and water extraction of CM did not differ ( P > 0.05) in GI concentration. In addition, the level of CaO added (20, 40 or 60 g/kg CM as feed) did not affect ( P = 0.47) the GIs concentration. Eight Santa Ines male sheep (25.6 ± 2.6 kg body weight) were distributed to two 4 × 4 Latin squares with four periods of 15 days each (10 days of adaptation and 5 days of sample collection) and received one of the following four different isonitrogenous diets (160 g CP/kg dry matter), formulated by substituting soybean meal: Control (soybean meal); untreated CM; Alkaline-treated CM (40 g CaO/kg); and water extracted CM. Replacing soybean meal with CM did not affect ( P > 0.05) feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of allantoin. Alkaline treatment or water extraction partially decreased GIs concentration in CM by 46 ± 12% ( P P > 0.05) feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of allantoin. The processing method (alkaline treatment vs. water extraction) had no effect ( P > 0.05) on feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of allantoin. Therefore, CM with GIs concentrations under 450 mg/kg DM can be used as substitute for soybean meal as an exclusive protein source in ruminant diets.

A meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate the factors affecting drinking water intake (DWI) in order to develop new DWI empricial predictive models for lactating dairy cows and to compare with existing models. A large dataset, containing 262 experimental diets from 75 experiments published in 65 peer-reviewed papers was built. Selected explanatory variables were grouped into animal (body weight (BW); BW0.75; milk yield), diet composition (dry matter; ash; sodium; potassium; crude protein (CP); neutral detergent fiber), dry matter intake (DMI) and environment (mean air temperature and relative humidity) inputs. To develop the predictive models, the dataset (peer-reviewed papers) was randomly divided into two subsets for statistical analyses. The first data subset was used to develop equations to predict DWI (41 peer-reviewed papers; 47 experiments; 157 experimental diets), and the second data subset was used to assess the adequacy of the predictive models (24 peer-reviewed papers; 28 experiments; 105 experimental diets). Ash was the main diet input affecting DWI in lactating dairy cows, while BW0.75 affected DWI more than milk yield. Use of dietary characteristics (DM, ash and CP) and DMI as inputs could be enough to predict DWI as accurately as more complete models. Dry matter intake as predictive variable does not improve DWI prediction in models with only animal (BW0.75 and milk yield) as input, but it substantially improves prediction of models without use of animal as input. Among the existing models evaluated, those developed from just one experiment (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Little and Shaw, 1978; Murphy et al., 1983; Stockdale and King, 1983; Dahlborn et al., 1998) had poor prediction quality. We proposed the use of two models (diet II and animal + diet models) that presented the lowest root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) to predict DWI in lactating dairy cows.