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In the present study, the catalytic cracking process of polystyrene (PS) plastic waste and biodiesel of candlenut oil was carried out using Si/Al-ceramic catalyst with a mass ratio of 7:3 at 300 °C. This study aimed to investigate the effect of reaction time on the distribution of hydrocarbon fuel fractions produced. They are characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and N2 gas adsorption-desorption. The products components of PS catalytic cracking were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The liquid fuel obtained was mixed with commercial fuel, Premium RON 88, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) additive to determine its physicochemical properties and performance in a generator engine with gasoline-based fuel. The result showed that an increase in reaction time from 60 minutes to 120 minutes of PS cracking over Si/Al-Ceramic catalyst leads to the enrichment of long-chain hydrocarbon fraction (> C12) by 25.61% which is attributed to the formation of styrene dimer. The fuel has thermal efficiency of 26.49% with density of 0.7405 g/cm3, flashpoint of < -50 °C, calorific value of 9642.42 kcal/kg, and octane number of 92.2. These characteristics are in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994 standard. Therefore, liquid fuel from catalytic cracking of polystyrene plastic wastes can be used as a potential alternative fuel in the gasoline range.

Abtraks The problem raised in this paper is the social setting of two religious-national figures. One represents religion, and the other represents nationalists. The ideas and movements of the two figures became an in-depth and broad discussion in this study. The research method is qualitative with a type of literature research. The object of study is in the form of a primary document that examines many figures between karno and Kh. Hasyim Asy'ari. Then grouping and analysis is carried out using deductive descriptions. Karno and Kh. Hasyim Asy'ari filled each other and colored each other for Indonesian independence. Both received education from childhood, under the care of their families and religious and nationalist leaders. Both are colored by bright thoughts that became the forerunners of the spirit of national unity for Indonesian society which was given a premodial arrangement. The two of them both carry a union. According to Karno, there is no independence without unity. Meanwhile, according to Kh Hasyim Asy'ari, unity is the main force in the struggle, especially in fighting for Indonesian independence, through a jihad fatwa that ignites the national sense of the Indonesian people, namely Hubbul Wathon Minal Iman.

Family is a term for the relationship between husband and wife or parents and children. In Islam, family is a translation from Ahlun Arabic. Although the word Ahlun itself has many meanings, including groups, groups, or followers. The function of the family in the education and development of the basic values of a teaching has proven effective. The research method used is qualitative with the type of literature research. Data sources use Documentation, and Data analysis uses descriptive. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were obtained, pancasila Idiology is the views and principles of every citizen in the nation and state. A good citizen should reflect the paradigm, attitude, and love behavior of the Republic of Indonesia. Pancasila idiology is not just a slogan, but it animates all the activities of everyone in the territorial area of the Indonesian State. The development of Pancasila idiology based on Family education means teaching and instilling the basic principles of Pancasila through the introduction and actualization of Pancasila values into the life of the nation and state. A family consisting of husband and wife or parents and children, of course, parents are responsible for the basic education of the family. The strategic position of the family in constructing thoughts and beliefs is the main medium in the cultivation of Pancasila idiology.

Produksi produk halal menjadi kewajiban yang harus memenuhi syariat Islam, yaitu secara kebersihan, kualitas, dan keamanan proses produksi harus di bawah sistem manajemen mutu halal. Kebersihan menjadi hal penting dalam kajian halal meliputi kebersihan personal, peralatan, tempat produksi, dan proses produksi. Hal ini untuk memastikan produk aman untuk dikonsumsi.Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan memfasilitasi pelaku UMKM dalam proses perbaikan produksi dalam pendampingan sertifikasi halal. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah pelaku UMKM yang berlokasi di Kelurahan Simokerto, Kota Surabaya.Metode yang dilakukan, antara lain pendampingan awal, pelaksanaan, pendampingan, serta evaluasi keberlanjutan untuk mendapatkan sertifikasi halal pada UMKM. Berdasarkan kegiatan ini, dapat dihasilkan perbaikan produksi halal dan memfasilitasi pengajuan sertifikasi dan jaminan halal, tidak hanya pada penggunaan bahan baku, hingga menjamin proses produksi dan pemasaran menggunakan metode halal. Selain itu, tim pengabdi juga mendorong pelaku UMKM untuk meningkatkan kesadaran mendorong untuk menjamin kualitas halal pada produk yang telah diproduksi.

In this research, synthesis and characterization of alternative liquid fuel obtained from candlenut oil biodiesel (Aleurites moluccana) and polypropylene (PP) combined with polystyrene (PS) plastic waste were carried out. This research aims to obtain biodiesel that is more environmentally friendly when compared to conventional diesel fuel today. The synthesis and characterization process was performed through catalytic cracking using a combination of Al-MCM-41 catalyst and ceramics, with a ratio of 7:3, respectively. This catalytic cracking method has been known to produce biodiesel because it can break long-chain carbon bonds to be shorter and simpler. The morphology and acidity of the catalysts were analyzed using XRD and FTIR-Pyridine techniques. The fuel liquid obtained from synthesis was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) to obtain its constituent hydrocarbon components fraction. The highest yield was obtained at a feedstock of PS:COB (candlenut oil biodiesel) variation of 68.2%, with hydrocarbon fraction composition C7, C7–C12, > C12 each respectively of 14.66%, 85.32%, and 13.05%. The viscosity and the calorific value of the liquid fuel were initially known. In this research, the effects of using other plastic waste towards the yield percentage and the characteristics of the synthesized fuel were also investigated. The results from the analysis show that the properties of the synthesized liquid fuel mixture variations being researched have met the Indonesian National Standard SNI 06-3506-1994, which refers to the quality standards of gasoline-type liquid fuel.

salah satu penyelenggara Pendidikan Anti Korupsi pada kurikulum Perguruan Tinggi yang ada di Jawa Timur Kabupaten Banyuwangi adalah Sekolah Tinggi Islam Blambangan Banyuwangi (STIB). Upaya ini diharapkan dapat memutus mata rantai perbuatan korupsi di masa depan. Mahasiswa setelah mendapatkan Pendidikan Anti Korupsi memiliki kesadaran penuh betapa perbuatan korupsi sangat tidak terpuji dan sangat merugikan Negara. Kesadaran tersebut menumbuhkan reaksi konkrit dari mahasiswa untuk ikut serta menjadi bagian pencegahan korupsi dengan berkomitmen menjaga diri dan keluarga agar tidak terlibat dalam perbuatan korupsi. Upaya mahasiswa dalam pencegahan korupsi juga terlihat pada responsif mereka mengawasi penyalahgunaan jabatan dan operasional dana Negara untuk pembangunan.

belakangan ini, konflik antara sesama warga Negara namun berbeda keyakinan terjadi, konflik tersebut viral di media sosial. Pertama perbuatan Warga di Bekasi membunyikan lagu menggunakan sound system saat warga beragama lain melakukan ibadah disalah satu bangunan. Kedua Pemerintah Kabupaten Mojokerto, Kecamatan Bangsal, Desa Ngastemi mengirimkan surat kepada salah satu warganya bernama Sumarmi tinggal di RT 03 Dusung Karangdami terkait larangan memasang segala bentuk salib di rumahnya dan larangan adanya kegiatan ibadah umat Kristen yang biasa digelar di kediaman Sumarni. Surat tersebut ditandatangani oleh Kepala Desa Ngastemi Mustadi dan berstempel basah kantor desa per 21 September 2020. Kejadian di Bekasi dan Mojokerto tersebut merupakan bagian dari disrupsi lingkungan, yaitu perubahan mendasar dari proses interaksi tahap transisi demokrasi lebih matang, sehingga diperlukan keputusan dan kebijakan sistematis-terstruktur dari para pemangku kepentingan demi mewujudkan Indonesia yang lebih demokratis dan berkeadaban. Metode penelitian dalam artikel menggunakan metode kualititatif dengan jenis pustaka. Hasil dari diskusi literasi artikel ini disimpulkan bahwa peran keluarga, lembaga pendidikan, lingkungan terhadap penguatan nilai-nilai pancasila sangat besar, utamanya diwaktu anak belum memasuki 6 tahu, hingga masa remaja, dan orang tua. Penguatan nilai pancasila sejak kecil hingga remaja menjadi modal hidup berinteraksi dengan lingkungan, sikab toleransi, tolong menolong, dan saling menghormati dengan sendiri terealisikan pada tuturkata, sikab, tingkahlaku, dan keputusan yang diambil.

Rapid analysis to distinguish porcine and bovine gelatin using a modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor has been studied. The PANI was deposited on the sensor surface using electropolymerization, and then nickel nanoparticles were deposited by layer by layer (LbL) technique. The modified QCM sensor's performance was compared to an unmodified sensor in porcine and bovine gelatin at neutral, acidic, and alkaline conditions. The result shows that the unmodified sensor cannot distinguish between porcine and bovine gelatin, whereas the modified QCM sensor produces a different response. Porcine gelatin shows an increasing frequency response, but in contrast, bovine gelatin decreases frequency response at the alkaline condition. The time response was 2 min with a detection limit of 51.2 ppm and 8.7 ppm for porcine and bovine gelatin, respectively. Further investigation shows that the modified sensor can analyze porcine gelatin contamination in the a mixed gelatin sample.

In the family there are sub-sections starting from father, mother, and child. Togetherness of children with parents before children continue their studies in the context of self-development is enough to determine the attitudes, views, and behavior in the future, because the position of the two parents to children is the first madrasa. Value is an ability that is believed to exist in an object that causes someone and group interest. Whereas according to Dayakisni value is a broad tendency to prefer or choose certain conditions compared to others. So grounding nationalist values ​​is a form of planting values ​​of lovers of the country and the nation, so that with this love someone will automatically search for all information about something he loves in order to protect and defend anyone who tries to disrupt and even undermine the integrity of his nation .

The awareness that encourages Muslims to return to the bosom of Muslims, among others, is to carry out politics, namely taking care of Muslim affairs by re-applying Islamic law in domestic and foreign affairs. Awareness born of his belief in Islam as the only complete religion and ideology. It is this awareness that gives birth to belief in Islam, that Islam is the only ideology that must be carried out by all humans so that their lives are kept away from the sadness that befalls and the beliefs that drive them to continue fighting for Islam so that Islam is applied. Therefore, this belief and awareness are the basis of political activity, so that political activity is a manifestation of mind and heart activity. Activities that cannot be killed by any force. But doing Islamization in various dimensions of life, especially regarding how the obligations and responsibilities of the people.

The quality of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been conducted to study the effect of stirring and fermentation time of coconut cream on yield using natural fermentation methods. The stirring and the fermentation time have been variation 0, 10, dan 20 minutes of stirring time, 16, 20, 24, and 28 hours of fermentation time). The quality of VCO were calculated as yield, according to SNI 7381: 2008 and APCC (Asian Pacific Coconut Community). The results showed that the highest VCO yield was found in the natural fermentation method with a stirring time of 20 minutes and then 24 hours of fermentation, that is 26.63%. The results of the analysis of the VCO quality parameter test for the two methods of making VCO have met SNI 7381: 2008 and APCC.

Liquid fuel from plastic waste polystyrene (PS) with biodiesel co-reactant from used cooking oil was successfully made. This research was conducted using the catalytic cracking method by Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst to produce various types of hydrocarbon fractions. The structure, morphology, chemical bonds and porosity of the catalyst were examined by XRD, SEM-EDX, SEM, Adsorption-desorption N2, FTIR-Pyridine. The product of catalytic cracking were analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results from GC-MS analysis showed that the largest content of the gasoline hydrocarbon fraction (C7–C12). The oil from PS/Kat120 catalytic cracking has the largest gasoline fraction of 85.64%. More gasoline fractions were formed at the time of catalytic cracking for 120 minutes compared to 60 minutes. The liquid fuel produced by catalytic cracking is added by Premium RON 88 and MTBE additives for research on fuel performance using gasoline engines. Physical characteristics in the form of density, flash point, calorific value, and octane number of a mixture of liquid fuels were also examined. The mixture of CPSJ/Kat2 liquid fuel has the highest percentage of thermal efficiency that is 26.33%, density value of 0.7515 g/ml, a flash point of -48.7C, a heating value of 19160.61 kcal k, and an octane number of 95.6. Characteristics of a mixture of liquid fuels produced in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994. In addition, the characteristics of the liquid fuel produced are also in accordance with the standard of commercial gasoline.

The adsorption of remasol yellow, indigosol yellow, and naphtol yellow using activated carbon has been carried out. Batik dye poses some environmental problem when disposed directly to the water stream. The adsorption method is one of the effective methods that can decrease the concentrations of batik dyes such as remasol yellow, indigosol yellow, and naphtol yellow. These dyes were mixed as an artificial solution to investigate the adsorption conditions that can be applied in the processing of batik dye waste before disposed to the environment. The parameters that optimized in the adsorption of the dyes were variations in contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration. The preliminary study was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design to optimize the adsorption parameters. The optimum contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentrations obtained from RSM were 47.5-60 minutes; 8.5-12 mg; and 50-100 mg/L, respectively. The optimum condition for adsorption in this research were obtained at contact time 50 minutes with %Removal of each dye were 74.73%; 90.57%; and 93.50%; adsorbent dose 16 mg with %Removal of each dye was 74.61%; 89.22%; 92.32%; and the initial concentration of each dye was 25 mg/L with %Removal of each dyes 69.48%; 69.15%; and 75.08%. The maximum adsorption capacity of each dye was 40.38; 54.18; and 83.12 mg/g.

The aluminum smelting process produces a large number of by-products, known as slags that can be reused for landfill or dumped into landfills. Smelting waste contains aluminum in the form of alumina at high concentration (around 30%). Direct disposal of this waste into the environment can cause environmental pollution. Aluminum in the waste can react with water and produce corrosion products. Therefore, this study explores the potential for recovering aluminum from smelting waste using an acid leaching process. The efficiency evaluation of aluminum recovery was carried out by optimizing using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design. Optimization results show that aluminum recovery increases with increasing temperature and heating time. The acid concentration and the ratio of solid to liquid showed an initial increase followed by a reduction in recovery with an increase in concentration and a solid- liquid ratio. RSM predicts that aluminum recovery can reach optimum when heated at 50 °C for 6 hours and 1.5 ratio of solid/liquid using 2 M acid concentration.

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS) has 4 canteens that are managed by the ITS Public Facilities Unit to fulfill the food and drink needs of students, lecturers, and other employees. There are Biology canteen, Information System canteen, Geomatics Engineering canteen, and Central canteen that have many foods and beverages stalls. To ensure the quality of food in the canteen, the quality of the foods’ raw materials will be tested. Some parameters tested are free fatty acid value analysis (FFA), peroxide value analysis (PY), and formaldehyde qualitative test. The analysis results are compared with the national standards (SNI 01-3741-2013). From 28 stalls that were sampled, only 9 stalls passed the test. Later, the stalls that passed the test has been labeled Healty Food Stalls Built By LPPM ITS (Warung Sehat Binaan LPPM ITS) in the form of stickers and those who have not passed will be given training in how to process healthy food and retest after training.

Gelatin has been widely used as an additive in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industry. The similar physical appearance between bovine and porcine gelatin causes an issue for some communities like a Muslim due to awareness of halal food. A Muslim community consider porcine gelatin is non-halal material which must be avoided. So there is a demand to distinguish and labeling the origin source of the gelatin in any products. In turn, it lead to development of a method to identify the source of gelatin. In this study, performance of a modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor to identify halal gelatin has been investigated. A QCM sensor was modified by depositing polyaniline/nickel compound on the surface of gold electrode QCM carried out by Layer by Layer (LbL) deposition technique. Bovine and porcine gelatin were measured in demineralized water at pH 9. This modified QCM sensor shows good frequency response to distinguish bovine and porcine gelatin. The measurements gave a negative frequency shifts for bovine gelatin and a positive frequency shifts for porcine gelatin. The modified QCM sensor also worked well in the real sample. This indicates that a modified QCM sensor is very useful and effective technique to distinguish bovine gelatin (halal) from porcine gelatin (non-halal).

Gelatin in ice cream samples has been successfully identified using Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors. The sensor was prepared by polyaniline and nickel nanoparticles modification. The modification was deposited on the surface of QCM gold electrode using layer by layer (LbL) method. Performance of the sensor was investigated for gelatin determination in the homemade ice cream samples. The homemade ice cream was made with and without porcine or bovine gelatins addition. The experiments were performed in various concentration of the ice cream (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) at pH 9. The measurement was compared to the standard of porcine and bovine gelatins. The results showed that the sensor can be identified gelatin in ice cream samples. Frequency shift of ice cream that contained porcine gelatin was appeared as positive value, whereas a negative shift value was occurred for ice cream that contained bovine gelatin.

Liquid fuel from polystyrene plastic waste with co-reactant of cooking oil waste biodiesel has been obtained. The catalysts used in catalytic cracking are Al-MCM-41/ceramic and Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalysts. Morphology and elemental composition were observed with SEM EDX, the crystal structure observed with XRD, surface area and pore volume were analyzed by Nitrogen adsorption-desorption each calculated by BET and BJH method, acidity determined by FTIR-Pyridine, and temperature resistance analyzed by DTA. The results of catalytic cracking were investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Characterization of the catalyst showed that acidity was reduced because the Si/Al ratio was reduced after the impregnation and the surface area of Al-MCM-41/ceramics also decreased. SEM EDX shows that the composition of the carbon element on the surface of the Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramic catalyst is smaller compared to the Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst. The results of the GC-MS characterization of liquid fuels from catalytic cracking using Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramics catalyst, have a percentage of gasoline fraction (C7-C12) of 74.9% at 120 minutes cracking. The mixture of fuel from the addition of 150 mL liquid fuel resulting from catalytic cracking with Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst has the highest calorific value of 19160.61 (kcal/kg) and the performance of the gasoline Genset engine has the highest thermal efficiency of 28.27%.

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste and co-reactants biodiesel from nyamplung oil (Calophyllum Inophylum) have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41: Ceramics with ratio 7:3. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The Liquid fuels obtained was mixed with commercial fuels (Premium RON 88) and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) with ratio (10:87.5:2.5). The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C7-C12) are 93.92 fraction produced. The performance of liquid fuels is enhanced with the additive MTBE investigated by generator set engine with gasoline-based fuel. Physical characteristic as density, caloric value, viscosity of liquid fuels were also investigated before and after adding commercial fuels. The performance of liquid fuels has optimum thermal efficiency (BTE) at 2090 watts loading of 27.18%. Addition of MTBE improving the physical characteristic of liquid fuels. Characteristic of liquid fuels produced were also suitable with commercial gasoline standard.

Liquid fuel from polystyrene waste and waste cooking oil biodiesel was successfully obtained through catalytic cracking using Al-MCM-41/Ceramic. The structure, morphology, acidity, and porosity of the catalyst were studied by SEM-EDX, pyridine FTIR, and N2 gas adsorption-desorption. The products of catalytic cracking were analyzed using gas chromatogram-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The highest yield was obtained at feedstock variations of 57% (P): 43% (M) with the number of hydrocarbon fractions (< C7) is 0.48%, hydrocarbon fraction (C8 - C12) is 20.99%, and hydrocarbon fraction (> C12) is 78.53% in the cracking time 1 hours. Physical characteristics were reported in the form of density, flash point, and caloric value respective. The performance of liquid fuels with commercial fuels, Premium (RON 88), and additives of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) comparisons of 225 (mL): 750 (mL): 18.25 (mL) respectively produce thermal efficiency on engine use gasoline generator sets was 28.22% at the load of 2118 Watts. Based on this research, all variations of feedstock produce liquid fuels that are in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994 concerning the quality of gasoline fuel types. Keywords: Catalytic cracking, polystyrene waste, waste cooking oil, liquid fuel

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41- Ceramics. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The catalyst was using three times at sample notify A,B and C. The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C8-C12) are 92.76; 91.92 and 90.58 percent fraction produced. The performance of catalyst showed that reuseability number were decrease, but the charactersitic of liquid fuel produced were also be agreeable to commercial gasoline standard. Keywords: olypropylene waste plastics, liquid fuels, catalytic conversion, Al-MCM-41-Cer catalyst, reuseability number.

Fabrication of pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol red has been done. Briefly, jacket in the middle part of the fiber optic was removed for 5 cm. Then the core of each of fiber optics was washed in ethanol. Nitric acid, demineralized water, and ethanol again consecutively. Then the cleaned core was coated using active material using sol-gel immobilization technique. Tetraehyl orthosilicate was used as a binder in the immobilization of active materials. Bromophenol blue will start change the color to yellow at below pH 3.00±0.01 and blue at above pH 4.60±0.01, while the cresol red will start change the color to yellow at below pH 7.20±0.01 and violet at above pH 8.80±0.01. The pH sensors which have been made show the sigmoidal response over pH from 1.00±0.01 to 11.00±0.01. The sensor has a better performance in comparation with the other sensor.

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai studi gangguan campuran ion As 3+ dan ion Mn 2+ pada analisa besi(II) dengan ligan 1,10-fenantrolin menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya gangguan ion dari As 3+ dan ion Mn 2+ saat ditambahkan dalam kompleks Fe(II)-Fenantrolin. Panjang gelombang maksimum Fe(II)-fenantrolin adalah 510 nm. Koefisien korelasi (r) yang diperoleh pada kurva kalibrasi adalah 0,99914. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa campuran ion As 3+ dan ion Mn 2+ dengan konsentrasi ion As 3+ dibuat tetap dan konsentrasi ion Mn 2+ dibuat variasi mulai mengganggu analisa Fe(II)-Fenantrolin pada konsentrasi 0,8 ppm dengan prosentase recovery sebesar 126,01% dengan RSD 0,8848 ppt dan CV 0,0884%. Hasil selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa campuran ion As 3+ dan ion Mn 2+ dengan konsentrasi ion Mn 2+ dibuat tetap dan konsentrasi ion As 3+ dibuat variasi mulai mengganggu analisa Fe(II)-Fenantrolin pada konsentrasi 1,3 ppm dengan prosentase recovery sebesar 79,19 % dengan RSD 1,3944 ppt dan CV 0,1394 %.

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic plays an important role in various applications, for example, it can be used as a container (bottle). Petrokimia Kayaku Company, a branch of Petrokimia Company of Gresik, produces herbicides using HDPE plastic bottles as their container. Those plastic bottles undergo degradation (kempot) for certain period of time. The aim of this research is to characterize and to synthesize the HDPE plastic film with class F fly ash as filler. The results expected from this research are producing the plastic with a better properties and durability. This research was initiated by taking the sample of HDPE plastic bottle and herbicides (containing Gramakuat, on active material parakuat dichloride) at Petrokimia Kayaku Company. Both the initial HDPE and the degraded bottles was analyzed their tensile strength and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) spectral. The next step was to synthesize the HDPE plastic film using class F fly ash as filler and a coupling agent. The filler concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20wt %. The best result was 5% filler concentration with tensile strength of 27.7 lbs. This HDPE film was then subjected to degradation test using pyridine solution with various concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) for two weeks, thermal degradation at 100 °C for two weeks and chemical resistance by xylene with soak time variation of 24 h, 98 h and 168 h. The result of degradations test show that the value of tensile strength was decreased with the increase of filler consentration. The chemical resistance, however, was increased. Keywords: degradation, filler, fly ash, HDPE, Herbicide

The production of hydrocarbon (C 7 -C 20 ) and alcohol (C 11 -C 1 9) from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compound are produced from the transesterification of the seed oil of the Nyamplung that has been conducted by the catalytic hydrocracking using Al-MCM-41 and Pd 2+ -impregnated-Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The performance of catalysts were compared by various analysis including the acidity that was determined by pyridine and FTIR, the crystal structure observed by XRD, the surface area and pore volume analyzed by BET/BJH, the surface morphology observed by TEM, the metal on the surface of catalyst observed by XPS and the product of the hydrocracking analyzed by GC-MS. Hexagonal structure of the MCM-41(100) was shown in the 2θ = 3 o -5 o of the diffractogram. The presence of impregnated Al and Pd observed at the 2θ = 20 o and 34 o , respectively. The Pd/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was more acidic than Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after the impregnation process. The tendency of catalytic hydrocracking of hydrocarbon produced was indicated that more amount of Palladium have more hydrocarbons aliphatic than alcohol. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reserved Received: 21 st November 2016; Revised: 24 th May 2017; Accepted: 25 th May 2017 ; Available online: 27 th October 2017; Published regularly : December 2017 How to Cite: Juwono, H., Triyono, T., Sutarno, S., Wahyuni, E.T., Harmami, H., Ulfin, I., Kurniawan, F. (2017). Production of Hydrocarbon (C7-C20) from Hydrocracking of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on Pd/Al-MCM-41 Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis , 12 (3): 337-342 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.811.337-342)

Production of biodiesel from crude nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum) have been done by transesterification using Al-MCM-41 catalyst. Al-MCM-41 catalyst was obtained from impregnation of MCM-41 by Al. Sodium aluminate was added to MCM-41 until pH 11.5. The mixture was heated until 110 °C for 5 days. The calcination was performed at 500 °C, and then cooled at room temperature. The Al-MCM-41 obtained was characterized using SAXRD. Morphology of the surface was analyzed using SEM. The metals content were measured using XPS. Performance of Al-MCM-41 to adsorp and desorp nitrogen was also monitored by GSA using BET model. Acidity of the Al-MCM-41 was analyzed by FTIR using absorption of pyridine. The catalytic activity was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatogram shows that conversion Nyamplung seed oil to biodiesel is 98.15%. The performance of biodiesel obtained was analyzed by use it to diesel engine. The biodiesel obtained was mixed with commercial diesel fuel in various volume ratios (i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30 and 100%) before used. Viscosity, flash point, boiling point, cloud point, and pour point of the mixtures were characterized. These measuring properties increase with the increase of biodiesel concentration. Optimum engine power was achieved by 10% biodiesel. The mixture of 10% biodiesel has similar characteristic to commercial diesel fuel at load until 1800 watt.

Composite polymer-carbon has resistance change if come into contact with gas. Composite polymer-carbon can be used as a gas sensor. This research will be characterized the sensor composite polymer-carbon that has been made from 6 types of polymer, which are; PEG6000, PEG20M, PEG200, PEG1540, Silicon and Squelene. The 6 sensors will be tested by 9 types of gas, which are; Aceton, Aceton Nitril, Benzene, Etanol, Methanol, Ethyl Aceton, Chloroform, n-Hexan and Toluene. This characterization will be grouped into 4 claster of characteristics, which are; the selectivity (influence type of gas), the sensitivity (influence volume of gas), the influence of temperature and the influence of humidity. Test using method testing sensors that paleced in an isolated chamber which is connected with data acquisition. variations of temperature, humidity, type and volume of gas will be condition in the chamber. Correspondence analysis and regression will be used to process the data. Test results found that each sensor of type of polymers have different sensitivity and selectivity towards a particular type of gas. Resistance sensors increases with rising temperature and humidity environment with a polynomial equation of order-2 and order-3

The conventional electronic nose usually consists of an array of dissimilar chemical sensors such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) combined with pattern recognition algorithm such as Neural network. Because of parallel processing, the system needs a huge number of sensors and circuits which may emerge complexity and inter-channel crosstalk problems. In this research, a new type of odor identification which combines between gas chromatography (GC) and electronic nose methods has been developed. The system consists of a GC column and a 10-MHz quartz crystal microbalance sensor producing a unique pattern for an odor in time domain. This method offers advantages of substantially reduced size, interferences and power consumption in comparison to existing odor identification system. Several odors of organic compounds were introduced to evaluate the selectivity of the system. Principle component analysis method was used to visualize the classification of each odor in two-dimensional space. This system could resolve common organic solvents, including molecules of different classes (aromatic from alcohols) as well as those within a particular class (methanol from ethanol) and also fuels (premium from pertamax). The neural network can be taught to recognize the odors tested in the experiment with identification rate of 85 %. It is therefore the system may take the place of human nose, especially for poisonous odor evaluations.