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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cos-10.1177_00207152231151390 for Educational tracking and social inequalities in long-term labor market outcomes: Six countries in comparison by Steffen Schindler, Eyal Bar-Haim, Carlo Barone, Jesper Fels Birkelund, Vikki Boliver, Queralt Capsada-Munsech, Jani Erola, Marta Facchini, Yariv Feniger, Laura Heiskala, Estelle Herbaut, Mathieu Ichou, Kristian Bernt Karlson, Corinna Kleinert, David Reimer, Claudia Traini, Moris Triventi and Louis-André Vallet in International Journal of Comparative Sociology

https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16233 ABSTRACT Aim We assessed psychosocial burdens in children who developed narcolepsy after receiving the Pandemrix H1N1 vaccine during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Parental quality of life was also assessed. Methods This multicentre study covered four of the five Finnish University Hospital Districts, which dealt with about 90% of the paediatric narcolepsy cases after the Pandemrix vaccination. The medical records of children diagnosed from 2010-2014 were reviewed. The questionnaires included the Youth Self Report (YSR), Children?s Depression Inventory (CDI), the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and questions on parental resources, stress and quality of life. Results We obtained the medical records of 94 children who were aged 5-17 years at the time of their narcolepsy diagnosis and questionnaire data for 73 of those children. Most children had strong narcolepsy symptoms 25% had CDI scores that suggested depression. In addition, 41% had total CBCL problem scores above the clinically significant limit and 48% were anxious, withdrawn and had somatic complaints. Sleep latency was weakly associated with the CBCL total problem score. Half of the children needed psychiatric interventions and parental stress was common. Conclusion Depression and behavioural problems were common in children with narcolepsy after the Pandemrix vaccination and their parents frequently reported feeling stressed.

The use of core needle biopsy (CNB) as a means to verify malignancy preoperatively is a paradigm in current breast cancer care, and the risk of enhancing tumor development by this procedure has been considered insignificant. Experimental work in mice has shown preoperative biopsies to increase tumor supportive elements in the microenvironment, whereas, in humans, the impact of CNB on the host’s immunologic response has not been investigated. In this pilot study, we compared the expression of CCL2/CCR2 pathway components at the protein level in samples from CNBs to those from the corresponding resected tumors from 52 patients with primary breast cancer. We found an increased expression of CD163, CD14 and CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages and a slight decrease of CCL2 in the malignant epithelium in the tumors after the biopsy. The increased infiltration of immunosuppressive monocytes/macrophages and the decreased tumor cell CCL2 expression, presumably due to the CCR2 availability-dependent CCL2 internalization, suggest that CNB enhances the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway, and this finding warrants confirmatory examination. The switch in the context-dependent role of CCL2 on the polarization of macrophages may lead to increased tumor supportive function both locally and in the peripheral immune machinery. The future directions in breast cancer should include early interventions to support the tumor surveillance of the host.

Altered maternal haemoglobin levels during pregnancy are associated with pre-clinical and clinical conditions affecting the fetus. Evidence from animal models suggests that these associations may be partially explained by differential DNA methylation in the newborn with possible long-term consequences. To test this in humans, we meta-analyzed the epigenome-wide associations of maternal haemoglobin levels during pregnancy with offspring DNA methylation in 3,967 newborn cord blood and 1,534 children and 1,962 adolescent whole-blood samples derived from 10 cohorts. DNA methylation was measured using Illumina Infinium Methylation 450K or MethylationEPIC arrays covering 450,000 and 850,000 methylation sites, respectively. There was no statistical support for the association of maternal haemoglobin levels with offspring DNA methylation either at individual methylation sites or clustered in regions. For most participants, maternal haemoglobin levels were within the normal range in the current study, whereas adverse perinatal outcomes often arise at the extremes. Thus, this study does not rule out the possibility that associations with offspring DNA methylation might be seen in studies with more extreme maternal haemoglobin levels. Study-specific funding information can be found in the Supplementary Methods. JR, AH, EL, and SS were supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [grant numbers 633595 (DynaHEALTH) and 733206 (LifeCycle)], Academy of Finland [grant number 285547 (EGEA)] and the Biocenter Oulu. ACJ was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [grant number R00ES023450]. AK was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [grant number R01ES021357]. DCa was funded by the UK Medical Research Council [grant number MC_UU_00011/7]. EKa received funding from the Horizon2020 grant for RECAP Research on Children and Adults Born Preterm [grant number 733280], Academy of Finland [grant number 315690], Foundation for Pediatric Research, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation and Sigrid Jusélius Foundation. EKe received funding from the Finnish Medical Association. MG was supported by Miguel Servet fellowship from the Institute of Health Carlos III [grant numbers MS13/00054, CP18/00018]. MVä received funding from the Research Funds of Oulu University Hospital, Juho Vainio Foundation and Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation. RCH was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Fellowship Grants [grant number 1053384]. SJL was supported by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. SM received funding from the University of Oulu Graduate School. SR was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council EU [grant number 1142858] and the Department of Health, Western Australia FutureHealth fund in connection with the European Union’s Horizon 2020 [grant number 733206].

Educational transitions are cyclic processes in which re-applications are an essential but understated part of access. We study social inequalities in re-application behavior to identify the extent to which educational intentions are more constrained among students from the lower social strata. We explore applications to universities in Finland, where student selection takes place at the gates of the institutions. With full population register data and discrete-time event-history models, we show how parental education, previous national examination grades and various life-course changes after the rejection, such as entering the labor market and having children, are associated with re-applications. Net of other differences, children of university-educated parents have a 6 percentage points lower probability to stop applying to university after being rejected compared to their counterparts with lower educated parents. We argue that ability-based intake to educational institutions, which is seen to be meritocratic, is not sufficient for reducing social inequalities if staying in the queue is socially selective.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. GDM often reoccurs and is associated with increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To improve our understanding of the aetiological factors and molecular processes driving the occurrence of GDM, including the extent to which these overlap with T2D pathophysiology, the GENetics of Diabetes In Pregnancy Consortium assembled genome-wide association studies of diverse ancestry in a total of 5485 women with GDM and 347 856 without GDM. Through multi-ancestry meta-analysis, we identified five loci with genome-wide significant association (P

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. GDM often reoccurs and is associated with increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To improve our understanding of the aetiological factors and molecular processes driving the occurrence of GDM, including the extent to which these overlap with T2D pathophysiology, the GENetics of Diabetes In Pregnancy (GenDIP) Consortium assembled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of diverse ancestry in a total of 5,485 women with GDM and 347,856 without GDM. Through trans-ancestry meta-analysis, we identified five loci with genome-wide significant association (p−8) with GDM, mapping to/near MTNR1B (p=4.3×10−54), TCF7L2 (p=4.0×10−16), CDKAL1 (p=1.6×10−14), CDKN2A-CDKN2B (p=4.1×10−9) and HKDC1 (p=2.9×10−8). Multiple lines of evidence pointed to genetic contributions to the shared pathophysiology of GDM and T2D: (i) four of the five GDM loci (not HKDC1) have been previously reported at genome-wide significance for T2D; (ii) significant enrichment for associations with GDM at previously reported T2D loci; (iii) strong genetic correlation between GDM and T2D; and (iv) enrichment of GDM associations mapping to genomic annotations in diabetes-relevant tissues and transcription factor binding sites. Mendelian randomisation analyses demonstrated significant causal association (5% false discovery rate) of higher body mass index on increased GDM risk. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that GDM and T2D are part of the same underlying pathology but that, as exemplified by the HKDC1 locus, there are genetic determinants of GDM that are specific to glucose regulation in pregnancy.

Touch is an important component of early parent-child interaction and plays a critical role in the socio-emotional development of children. However, there are limited studies on touch processing amongst children in the age range from one to three years. The present study used frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography (DOT) to investigate the processing of affective and non-affective touch over left frontotemporal brain areas contralateral to the stimulated forearm in two-year-old children. Affective touch was administered by a single stroke with a soft brush over the child's right dorsal forearm at 3 cm/s, while non-affective touch was provided by multiple brush strokes at 30 cm/s. We found that in the insula, the total haemoglobin (HbT) response to slow brushing was significantly greater than the response to fast brushing (slowfast). Additionally, a region in the postcentral gyrus, Rolandic operculum and superior temporal gyrus exhibited greater response to fast brushing than slow brushing (fastslow). These findings confirm that an adult-like pattern of haemodynamic responses to affective and non-affective touch can be recorded in two-year-old subjects using DOT. To improve the accuracy of modelling light transport in the two-year-old subjects, we used a published age-appropriate atlas and deformed it to match the exterior shape of each subject's head. We estimated the combined scalp and skull, and grey matter (GM) optical properties by fitting simulated data to calibrated and coupling error corrected phase and amplitude measurements. By utilizing a two-compartment cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) model, the accuracy of estimation of GM optical properties and the localization of activation in the insula was improved. The techniques presented in this paper can be used to study neural development of children at different ages and illustrate that the technology is well-tolerated by most two-year-old children and not excessively sensitive to subject movement. The study points the way towards exciting possibilities in functional imaging of deeper functional areas near sulci in small children.

This last chapter will not repeat what the previous chapters have said. That would be futile because the chapters are there for anybody to read and Chap. 1 includes a concise overview of the topic of each one. Instead, I will close the book by contextualizing the programme for semiotic sociology. This will be divided into three sections. First of the sections will situate semiotic sociology in the more general field of social theory. The second one is a brief discussion on the relationship of semiotic sociology and what has been called the material turn. Finally, the third and last section takes up the question of social criticism and the problem of its justification. I will start with a section on social ontology in current theory and then proceed to the constructionism/realism debate and grounds of social theoretical criticism.

The most common way to understand the relationship between structuralist semiology, pragmatist semiotics and phenomenological sociology is to conceive them as mutually exclusive alternatives. This view sees each of them as a bunker into which theoreticians can dig and from which they can fire on the occupants of the other two bunkers. Going against the custom of the field, I depart from the bunker model and try to synthesize the three approaches.

We now move to two chapters on gender. This is the first of those and still operates in the field of semiotic interpretation of modern societies, taking now its material from the phenomenon of the rapidly changing gender system. The next chapter again is a theoretical account on the demarcation between different conceptions of institution and their possible use in the study of gender. Before we go into that, however, I will in this chapter discuss about gender distinction and its transformation in modern societies from the point of view of semiotic sociology. The purpose of the chapter is to develop a set of theoretical concepts that allow us to understand the unique nature of the gender distinction and its transformation in modern societies, without losing the opportunity of making comparisons with earlier periods in time and between various modern societies.

The relationship between the economy and the rest of social reality has been a central theme in modern social theory (for some of the most classical examples, see Durkheim, 1984; Marx, 1971; Simmel, 1990; Smith, 1976; Sombart, 1987; Weber, 1968) simply because the emergence of the modern world can be characterized as the ‘great transformation’, which made the economy the major organizing factor of the social synthesis and thus brought forth the problem of political regulation of the economy (Polanyi, 1944). Recent debate on globalization shows that, even if the approaches of different authors vary, they all agree that the relationship between the economy and the rest of social reality is an even more burning question today than in the time of the classics (cf. Held et al., 1999; Hirst & Thompson, 1999; Castells, 2000; Sassen, 2001; Mann, 2013; Milanovic, 2019).

With the aim to facilitate a debate between social and political theory for a better understanding of the societal totality, this chapter probes the ways to understand power, regulation, and social order. It starts from the morally laden conceptions of political theory in the Antiquity and then proceeds from the political theory of early modernity to the emergence of the three basic social sciences, i.e., sociology, political science, and economics. It turns out that most power conceptions have been negative and centered on influence but there are some rare exceptions of which the chapter discusses on those of Marx, Parsons, Foucault, and Mann. The canon of current social theory, i.e., Habermas, Giddens, and Bourdieu is also discussed from the perspective of positive power. A section with two examples of substantive study of power and regulation in the intersection of political and social theory dealing with the notions of hegemony and governance follows. Finally, the Conclusion lists what has been achieved thus far in the attempt to build a bridge between political and social theory and ends up with a call for continuation of the debate to overcome fragmentation in the study of society.

Power is a theme approached in sociology from several different theoretical frameworks. More often than not these different theoretical currents understand other frameworks of interpretation as their enemies. Sometimes this is well grounded, but it is not unusual for social scientists to jump conclusions and interpret contradictory such conceptions which could actually be put in a complementary relationship. The thesis of this chapter is that in the study of power, there are at least two such combat zones which could—and should—be transformed to fields of cooperation and peaceful division of labour. One of these combat zones is the division between the distributive and the collective approach to power which was present already in the exchange between C. Wright Mills and Talcott Parsons in the 1950s. Another demarcation line is the more recent yet heated debate between the followers of the Foucauldian analytic of power and the representatives of the more traditional power conceptions. I will here make the claim that even though the representatives of these different approaches to power often are politically enemies in analytical terms, there is nothing in these approaches which would prevent making them complementary parts of one unified theoretical conception. I also develop a fourth form of power analysis to complement these three and interpret all four conceptions as a scale which provides four different levels of analysis from which researchers can select the one to be made use of depending on the requirements set by the research task at hand. To make the analytical scheme more concrete, I finally give some examples of the nature of analysis at different levels of the scale of power analysis. This is how the chapter also comments the issues of interpreting meaning in face-to-face encounters according to ethnomethodology, Schutz’s phenomenological sociology and semiotics and the problem of Big Case Comparison in historical sociology.

Even if the substantial content of gender distinction has varied in history according to time and place, most cultures in the world have seen the distinction itself as a quite natural thing without much need for explanation (Burguiere et al., 1996a; Therborn, 2004). In the course of European and North American modernization, however, this deceptive surface of the self-evidence of gender distinction broke down, and at least three successive waves of gender radicalism emerged, starting roughly in the latter half of the nineteenth century, in the 1960s and the 1980s (Jallinoja, 1980; Burguiere et al., 1996b; Therborn, 2011). All the waves have sought to promote equality between the sex groups by understanding men and women, in the case of the first wave, as naturally different but equal; in the case of the second wave, as being in different sex role positions, the holders of which should be entitled to equal rights and duties; and in the case of the third wave, as cultural constructions. Due to the publication time the context of this chapter is the third wave of gender radicalism in the tumult of which queer theories such as Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990) and other forms of radical cultural constructionism emphasize the cultural nature of the established binary gender distinction. As one of its consequences, the emergence of such thoroughly cultural interpretations has made room for such sociobiological reverse mirror images as David C. Geary’s Male, Female. The Evolution of Human Sex Difference (1998), which has it that much of gender is actually based on biology. In this chapter, instead of choosing our side in the aforementioned debate, we attempt to outline a synthetic conception to provide a frame for cumulative research.

Semiotics was for some reason bypassed by the cultural current that at the turn of the twentieth century gave birth to the three basic modern social sciences: economics, political science and sociology. All three study ‘us’ in the deluge called ‘modernity’ in the same way in which anthropology studies ‘them’ in the wake of colonialism, the other side of the coin called ‘modernity’. That semiotics never became a master discipline in modern academia is a weird thing because one would imagine that in an era that many have for a good reason called ‘information society’, the ‘time of communication’, or the ‘time of the sign’, there would be great demand for a discipline studying the general patterns of signification.

By the term intersemiosis, I refer to that condition where we, in semiosis, constantly face signifying wholes which we are forced to interpret on the basis of contextual self-evidences other than those which informed their emergence. In such conditions, the emergence of meaning is not controlled by an individual actor but follows a pattern which we could, in deploying a biochemical and genetic metaphor, call the mechanism of ‘cultural chiasma’. It is characteristic of the mechanism of cultural chiasma that when chains of signs are transmitted from one context to another, their interpretation in the receiving context will differ from that in the transmitting context. This can be evaluated by two short case examples.

Background The study aimed to explore the association between early life and life-course exposure to social disadvantage and later life body mass index (BMI) accounting for genetic predisposition and maternal BMI. Methods We studied participants of Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in 1934–1944 (HBCS1934–1944, n = 1277) and Northern Finland Birth Cohorts born in 1966 and 1986 (NFBC1966, n = 5807, NFBC1986, n = 6717). Factor analysis produced scores of social disadvantage based on social and economic elements in early life and adulthood/over the life course, and was categorized as high, intermediate and low. BMI was measured at 62 years in HBCS1934–1944, at 46 years in NFBC1966 and at 16 years in NFBC1986. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to explore associations between social disadvantages and BMI after adjustments for polygenic risk score for BMI (PRS BMI), maternal BMI and sex. Results The association between exposure to high early social disadvantage and increased later life BMI persisted after adjustments (β = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.33, 1.25, p p = 0.181), and in HBCS1934–1944 there was no association between high early social disadvantage and increased later life BMI (β 0.22, 95% CI –0.91,1.35, p = 0.700). In HBCS1934–1944 and NFBC1966, participants who had reduced their exposure to social disadvantage during the life-course had lower later life BMI than those who had increased their exposure (β − 1.34, [− 2.37,-0.31], p = 0.011; β − 0.46, [− 0.89,-0.03], p = 0.038, respectively). Conclusions High social disadvantage in early life appears to be associated with higher BMI in later life. Reducing exposure to social disadvantage during the life-course may be a potential pathway for obesity reduction.

Macrophages are important for the function of the innate immune system, and in solid tumors, they represent a significant proportion of the tumor mass. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have a M2 phenotype and show a multitude of pro-tumoral functions, promoting tumor cell survival, proliferation, and dissemination. CCL2, synthesized by tumor and stromal cells, initiates a chemokine cascade inducing these processes. We studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the frequency of TAMs and CCL2 expressing cells in three groups of primary tumor (PT)-recurrence (R) pairs, where relapse was recorded within 2years (group 1), between 5 and 10years (group 2), and after 10years (group 3). In our study all established breast cancers were heavily infiltrated by CD68 positive cells. Both in PTs and in R lesions the infiltration was more abundant in the peritumoral than in the intratumoral stroma. The mean frequency of M2 marker and CD14 positive cells in the intratumoral stroma and CCL2 expressing tumor cells was higher in the Rs as compared to the corresponding PTs. In PTs, a high frequency of CD14 positive cells and a high expression of CCL2 by tumor cells was associated with an early recurrence. The findings support the current understanding of immune cell orchestrated development, progression and metastatic spread of breast cancer. Our study showed that a high frequency of CCL2 positive tumor cells and CD14 positive TAMs are significant risk factors for rapid tumor recurrence. Potential targets for intervention are discussed.

The paper builds a research programme reaching beyond the contemporary fragmentation of social sciences toward a holistic approach considering society as one whole and capable of bridging the gap b...

This chapter revisits the Extended Social Grid Model based on empirical work exploring the model. It summarizes the main findings around four basic points: first, the need to move beyond economic space as markets if social innovation for the marginalized is to be analysed in its full complexity and the variety of provision appreciated beyond a reductive focus on business. Second, the importance of a reflexive use of power in recognition of the reproduction of marginalization (as well as the multi-level opportunities that emerge once this move is made). Third, the role of considering beneficiaries in social innovation not only as participants but also as patients, and hence the need to consider the role of (justified) paternalism in social innovation. Fourth, a note of caution regarding systemic structural change and in favour of the value of niches.

The neo-Weberian theoretical model, which Michael Mann presents in his The Sources of Social Power, reduces the multitude of relations of interaction in social networks to ideological, economic, military, and political sources of social power. Taking Mann’s IEMP model as its point of departure this chapter makes an attempt to develop such an approach in the theory of innovation, which would go beyond the ordinary dichotomy between technological and social innovation, recognizing instead that there are several types of innovation and there is a social aspect to all of them. By integrating Mann’s approach to the Social Grid model (Beckert 2010), the capabilities approach to well-being (Sen 1999; Nussbaum 2000) and to an extension of the IEMP model to a NACEMP model, which also includes nature (N), artefacts (A), and the whole culture (C) as sources of power, a new approach to power, innovations, and marginalization is outlined.

Background:Psychotic depression (PD) is heavily understudied despite high mortality and the severe course of illness. A majority of the studies conducted so far are also largely based on selected clinical samples. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of PD in a representative prospective birth cohort sample.Methods:The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 is a well-known prospective population-based cohort including 12 058 people followed since mid-pregnancy. We identified 55 individuals with PD, analysed their characteristics and compared them with schizophrenia (SZ), non-psychotic depression (NPD), psychotic bipolar disorder (PBD) and other psychoses (PNOS).Results:The life-time prevalence of stable (no conversion to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder) PD was 0.5%. PD subjects were older than SZ and PNOS subjects during the first psychotic episode and compared to SZ, more often female. PD required hospitalization and transition to disability pension more often than NPD, but less often than SZ. Comorbid alcohol abuse disorder (44%) and personality disorder (40%) were highly common in PD. PNOS had a similar occupational outcome than PD but hospitalization rate was lower in the PNOS group. PBD and PD had mostly comparable outcomes.Conclusions:Our findings in a naturalistic cohort support the notion that the course of illness in PD is mostly similar to that of PBD, it is less severe than in schizophrenia, but worse than in non-psychotic depression. PD seems to have high psychiatric comorbidity.

Background:Aggressive and disruptive behaviors often precede the onset of schizophrenia. In this register-based follow-up study with a case-control design, we wanted to investigate if serious delinquency was associated with future diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (here, broadly defined schizophrenia) among a nationwide consecutive sample of 15- to 19-year-old Finnish delinquents sent for a forensic psychiatric examination in 1989–2010.Methods:The sample comprised 313 delinquents with no past or current psychotic disorder. For each delinquent, four age-, gender- and place of birth -matched controls were randomly selected from the Central Population Register. Five controls (0.4%) had been treated for schizophrenia before their respective index-dates and were thus excluded from further analysis, leaving us with a control population of 1247 individuals. The subjects were followed till death, emigration or the end of 2015, whichever occurred first. Diagnoses were obtained from the Care Register for Health Care.Results:Forty (12.8%) of the delinquents and 11 (0.9%) of the controls were diagnosed with schizophrenia later in life (HR 16.6, 95% CI 8.53–32.39, P < 0.001). Almost half of the pretrial adolescents with later schizophrenia were diagnosed within 5 years of the forensic psychiatric examination, but latency was longer among the other half of the sample, reaching up to 20.5 years.Conclusions:The study supports the previous research indicating a potential link between serious delinquency and later schizophrenia. Accurate psychiatric assessments should be made in correctional services but also later in life so that any possible psychotic symptoms can be detected in individuals with a history of serious delinquency even if there were no signs of psychosis before or at the time of the crime. Future research should explore which factors influence the delinquent's risk of developing later schizophrenia.

Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety (PRA) is reportedly related to neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants. However, the relationship between maternal PRA and the processing of emotions in the infant brain has not been extensively studied with neuroimaging. The objective of the present pilot study is to investigate the relationship between maternal PRA and infant hemodynamic responses to emotional speech at two months of age.The study sample included 19 mother-infant dyads from a general sample of a population of Caucasian mothers. Self-reported Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ-R2) data was collected from mothers during pregnancy at gestational weeks (gwks) 24 (N = 19) and 34 (N = 18). When their infants were two months old, the infants' brains functional responses to emotional speech in the left fronto-temporoparietal cortex were recorded using diffuse optical tomography (DOT).Maternal PRAQ-R2 scores at gwk 24 correlated negatively with the total hemoglobin (HbT) responses to sad speech on both sides of the temporoparietal junction (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ρ = -0.87). The correlation was significantly greater at gwk 24 than gwk 34 (ρ = -0.42).The field of view of the measurement did not include the right hemisphere or parts of the frontal cortex. The sample size is moderate and the mothers were relatively highly educated, thus there may be some differences between the study sample and the general population.Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety may affect child brain emotion processing development. Further research is needed to understand the functional and developmental significance of the findings.

Traffic and transportation are ongoing digitalisation. Travellers always carry smartphones everywhere they go. Smartphone-based crowdsensing can be used to collect and aggregate traffic information for services that contribute to smoother and more sustainable transportation and traffic — but only if the business model is profitable in the long-term. We analyse two existing crowdsensing services in traffic and transportation context (Waze, Moovit) and one being developed (TrafficSense) using findings from business model (two-sided markets; data use), crowdsensing (technical overview, participant incentives), and transportation (efficiency, sustainable urban transportation) literature. Waze may alleviate traffic congestion by helping its millions of users to avoid traffic jams. Moovit makes public transport more attractive by making it easier and smoother to use for travellers. TrafficSense service is developed in a research project. It uses crowdsensing to learn regular, multimodal routes of travellers. The information can be used to predict the general traffic and congestion levels based on the predicted intents of the crowd of travellers. Our contribution is to combine distinct but complementary viewpoints from two-sided markets, business models, crowdsensing, and transportation research to analyse the potential business and sustainability impacts of the emerging crowdsensing-based smart transportation services.

OBJECTIVE: Daily smoking has been associated with a greater risk of psychosis. However, we are still lacking studies to adjust for baseline psychotic experiences and other substance use. We examined associations between daily smoking and psychosis risk in a 15-year follow-up while accounting for these covariates in a prospective sample (N = 6081) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986.METHODS: Self-report questionnaires on psychotic experiences (PROD-screen), tobacco smoking and other substance use were completed when the cohort members were 15-16 years old. Tobacco smoking was categorized into three groups (non-smokers, 1-9 cigarettes and ≥10 cigarettes/day). Psychosis diagnoses were obtained from national registers until the age of 30 years.RESULTS: Subjects in heaviest smoking category were at increased risk of subsequent psychosis (unadjusted HR = 3.15; 95% CI 1.94-5.13). When adjusted for baseline psychotic experiences the association persisted (HR = 2.87; 1.76-4.68) and remained significant even after adjustments for multiple known risk factors such as cannabis use, frequent alcohol use, other illicit substance use, parental substance abuse, and psychosis. Furthermore, number of smoked cigarettes increased psychosis risk in a dose-response manner (adjusted OR = 1.05; 1.01-1.08).CONCLUSION: Heavy tobacco smoking in adolescence was associated with a greater risk for psychosis even after adjustment for confounders.

In this chapter I gather together some, but not all, of the most important results of the previous chapters. In other words, it is worth reading each chapter in its own right, as the current chapter simply uses the other results to the degree that they contribute to its main focus, the chimera of the realistic future scenarios of the union. I first present the current situation of the union in a very concise section. This is followed by a presentation of five possible future scenarios, from marginalisation and collapse to a full-blown federal empire. These scenarios are then discussed in a section which explores some of the greatest challenges the union will face in the near future, such as Brexit, immigration, problems with economic co-ordination, defence and foreign policy, democratisation versus the interests of the united capitalists of Europe, and the articulation of political interest criticising the EU, often taking the form of populist movements. The closing section discusses the issue of whether the EU is an emerging empire, and if so, what kind of empire it is.

In the mid-1980s, the then President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, described the European Community (EC), the predecessor of the European Union (EU), as a UPO or ‘unidentified political object’. He was emphasising its unique nature as a political institution that was neither a federal state nor simply a set of international treaties (Delors 1985: 8). The purpose of this chapter is, first, to provide the reader with the necessary basic information on the ‘UPO’ that will be required when reading the other chapters of this book. Some readers may already be well acquainted with this material, but they too will, I hope, welcome the chapter’s second purpose, which is to start a theoretically organised discussion on the realistic alternative future scenarios of the EU. This discussion is the topic of Chap. 13 of this book, when all the material from the other chapters will be available, but the description of the history and current nature of the EU provided in the present chapter, organised with the help of the conceptual toolbox of Michael Mann’s historical sociology (Mann 1986, 1993a, 2012, 2013; Heiskala 2016), paves the way for Chap. 13 and opens the discussion about the union’s future scenarios.

In this chapter we continue the analysis begun in Chap. 4 involving a description of the symbolic universe implied by the EU’s Europe 2020 strategy. However, we extend the analysis of the European Union (EU) from its growth, innovation and trade policy to cover its security strategy, to obtain a better picture of how the union sees its position in the world. We then construct the symbolic universes of the USA and China on the basis of similar material, and compare the symbolic universes of the three powers to each other.

In this chapter we probe a classical topic for sociologists who, since Max Weber (1978), have asked questions about the relationship between the economy and the rest of society in a world in which the relative significance of markets has increased compared to other means of co-ordinating joint actions. However, we do this in a new context, and ask how the economy/society relationship is set in the political reality emerging in one of the world’s most important political organisations, the European Union (EU).

Objective: To test the previously suggested hypothesis that those with comorbid ADHD and Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnoses differ from other antisocially involved youth in terms of higher rates of violent behavior, impulsiveness, and psychopathic traits. Method: Three hundred eighty juvenile incarcerated delinquents from Northern Russia were assessed by means of semi-structured psychiatric interview and by student and teacher self-reports. Results: The study has demonstrated higher rates of psychiatric disorders and of comorbidity, as well as more complicated substance abuse and disruptive behaviors in those with combined ADHD–CD diagnosis, as compared with CD only, ADHD only, and no CD no ADHD groups. The results regarding psychopathic traits were inconclusive. Conclusion: The group with combined ADHD–CD diagnosis is more severely disturbed, both as concerns psychiatric comorbidity and more severe aggressive and disruptive behaviors. However, there is only limited evidence supporting a higher prevalence of psychopathic traits in this group.

Conversion of dissolved P by ferric sulfate into a particulate form sparingly available to algae was studied in 15 ditches in Finland using stand-alone dispensers for ferric sulfate administration. Ferric sulfate typically converted 60-70 % of dissolved P into iron-associated form, a process which required 250-650 kg per kg dissolved P. Mean cost was 160 EUR per kg P converted (range 20-400 EUR kg(-1)). The costs were lowest at sites characterized by high dissolved P concentrations and small catchment area. At best, the treatment was efficient and cost-effective, but to limit the costs and the risks, ferric sulfate dispensers should only be installed in small critical source areas.

What is social theory? This paper opens with a conception of social theory as an ontological approach explicating the nature of the worldview that we should adopt provided that the results of the most advanced empirical social science are true. After loosening the limitations of such a realist conception by introducing normative standards and dialogue with other provinces of meaning than science, it raises another question: How can we choose between various alternative conceptions in social theory? It seems that although the element of voluntaristic choice cannot be completely avoided, there are still many ways to limit the number of conceptions that can be taken seriously. In the final part of the paper, the ontologically oriented approach is put into dialogue with an understanding of social theory as a form of practical reason in the service of our ideas about a better society, and a synthetic view is outlined.

Departing from the common view according to which structuralist semiology (the Saussurean tradition), pragmatist semiotics (the Peircean tradition) and phenomenological sociology (Husserl, Schutz, Berger and Luckmann, Garfinkel) are seen as mutually exclusive alternatives, the article attempts to outline their synthesis. The net result of the synthesis is that a conception emerges wherein action theories (rational choice, Weber, etc.) are based on phenomenological sociology, and phenomenological sociology is based on neo-structuralist semiotics, which is a synthesis of the Saussurean and the Peircian traditions of understanding habits of interpretation and interaction. This provides us with a research programme for semiotic sociology.

We screened expressed sequence tag databases for genes with up-regulated expression in inflammatory bowel diseases. A gene encoding a regenerating protein (REG)-like protein called RELP was identified and characterized. The relp gene encodes a major transcript of 1518 nucleotides, and two truncated splice variants. Unlike the reg genes, which form a cluster in chromosome 2, relp maps to chromosome 1p12–13.1. The predicted translation product is a 158-amino acid preprotein, showing 43% to 47% similarity to the REG proteins. It contains a 22-amino acid signal peptide, and a conserved calcium-dependent carbohydrate-recognition domain. Complementary DNA for the orthologous mouse gene was also cloned. The RELP protein is constitutively expressed in epithelial neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine and in parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. An up-regulated expression of RELP was seen in epithelial cells of inflammatory mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, in regenerating epithelial borders of gastric ulcers, and in metaplastic epithelium in the antrum and the esophagus. Our findings suggest that RELP might be involved in inflammatory and metaplastic responses of the gastrointestinal epithelium.

Configurable products can realize the ideal of mass-customization by satisfying individual customer requirements efficiently. IT support provided by configurators enables adapting such products for individual customers efficiently and without errors. Few of numerous configurators have been evaluated with respect to modeling efficacy and performance on several product domains, and few evaluation methods exist. Applying the Design Science method, we describe and evaluate a novel configurator called WeCoTin. WeCoTin is based on a high-level object oriented modeling conceptualization and corresponding modeling language with clear formal semantics. WeCoTin consists of a semi-visual Modeling Tool and a web-based Configuration Tool. It applies an inference engine that follows the logic-based answer set programming paradigm. A way to characterize configuration models is proposed and applied to characterize over 20 real-world configuration models, and to evaluate utility of modeling mechanisms. Furthermore, performance is evaluated with real-world products using a developed method, and found adequate.