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Metafibers, by integrating metasurface at the optical fiber tip, are emerging as the significant optical coupling platforms for nanophotonics and fiber-optic communities. Here, we propose a plasmonic metafiber for converting the fundamental mode to first-order mode in fiber, and as proof of device performance, demonstrate an all-fiber Q-switched cylindrical vector laser using the metafiber. Based on polarization-dependent plasmonic resonance, a polarization-independent mode conversion metasurface is designed theoretically and numerically, fabricated directly on fiber facet, and packaged as an all-fiber component with efficiency up to 21% at 1550-nm band. Using the metafiber in an all-fiber laser, Q-switched azimuthally polarized beam (APB) and radially polarized beam (RPB) are delivered at wavelength of 1548.5 nm with pulse durations from ∼7 to ∼2 μs when pump power increases from 30 to 120 mW. The mode purities of the APB and RPB are 86.5% and 90.7%, respectively. This work outlines a new strategy to integrate metasurfaces into “all-in-fiber” systems and offers a reliable route to construct next-generation laser sources, such as all-fiber ultrafast structured lasers.

Starting from the temporary intimate activities or services represented by the popular “lovers for a day” recently, this paper explored the value on love and marriage of the youth group in the course of social individualization to mine the love and marriage features of the youth group in the second modernity. This thesis further excavated the individualized characteristics and love and marriage dimensions of the youth group using the K-means clustering analysis, the synthetic evaluation model, the SEM model and other methods. Research found that “lovers for a day” were the modern individualization trend and the products of the compromise of the traditional view of marriage and love at home. The “fast-food” culture prevails for the moment. With a small social circle, a fairly large number of youth attempt to make acquaintance with more opposite sex through temporary intimate services and activities. Moreover, youth have a certain cognitive bias towards themselves and the opposite sex on account of the diversity of information and convenience of information acquisition. Finally, youth who recognize love and marriage and pursue a higher value of life are more likely to tolerate sexual love and get married. This paper believed that we should play the role of communities and public opinions to create a pleasant social atmosphere for the right-age youth group; besides, we should mould a fine family tradition; finally, youth individuals should also improve their self-cultivation and correct their attitude towards love.

We study the dominating sets and reverse Carleson measures on exponentially weighted Bergman spaces Apω under a new metric. Then, we give some applications of reverse Carleson measure and a generalization of Theorem 1 in Luecking [Sampling measures for Bergman spaces on the unit disk. Math Ann. 2000;316:659–679].

IntroductionTea is the main raw material for preparing tea wine.MethodsIn this research, four types of tea wine were prepared using different categories of tea leaves, including green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and dark tea, and the comparative study looking their physicochemical, sensorial, and antioxidant profiles were carried out.ResultsThe dynamic changes of total soluble solids, amino acids and ethanol concentrations, and pH were similar in four tea wines. The green tea wine (GTW) showed the highest consumption of total soluble solids and amino acids, and produced the highest concentrations of alcohol, malic, succinic, and lactic acid among all tea wines. The analysis of volatile components indicated the number and concentration of esters and alcohols increased significantly after fermentation of tea wines. GTW presented the highest volatile concentration, while oolong tea wine (OTW) showed the highest number of volatile compounds. GTW had the highest total catechins concentration of 404 mg/L and the highest ABTS value (1.63 mmol TEAC/mL), while OTW showed the highest DPPH value (1.00 mmol TEAC/mL). Moreover, OTW showed the highest score of sensory properties.DiscussionTherefore, the types of tea leaves used in the tea wine production interfere in its bioactive composition, sensorial, and antioxidant properties.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231158015 for Congenital candidiasis in a full-term infant: A case report by He-Hua Zhao, Zhe- Zhou, Lu Lu, Yong-Ze Zhao, Li-Jun Yang and Ying-Xue Ding in Journal of International Medical Research

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231158015 for Congenital candidiasis in a full-term infant: A case report by He-Hua Zhao, Zhe- Zhou, Lu Lu, Yong-Ze Zhao, Li-Jun Yang and Ying-Xue Ding in Journal of International Medical Research

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S1. SNP distribution. The number of SNPs within a 1 Mb window size distribute across all chromosomes. The color from green to red represents the gradual increasing SNP number in each window. Supplementary Figure S2. Principal Component Analysis. PCA was conducted on the SNP information of each sample using the GCTA tool. The blue, red, green, cyan and black dots represent SL1 - SL5 populations, respectively. Supplementary Figure S3. Linkage disequilibrium analysis. The numbers in each diamond-shaped box represent the correlation coefficients R2 between two SNPs, and the R2 > 0.2 was considered to indicate linkage. Supplementary Figure S4-S15. GWAS based on body weight from birth (Figure S4) to 110 days old ( Figure S15).

Gemcitabine (GEM), an antimetabolite that terminates DNA synthesis, is commonly used in the treatment of cancers including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, downregulation of sensitivity limits the therapeutic effect. Ferroptosis as the new form of regulated cell death has been shown to have great potential for cancer treatment with chemoresistance. Here, three genes with both ferroptosis and GEM-response-associated features were screened from RNA sequencing and public data for constructing an independent risk model. LUAD patients with different risk scores had differences in mutational landscape, gene enrichment pathways, and drug sensitivity. By Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and colony forming assay, we demonstrate that GEM and ferroptosis inducer (FIN) imidazole Ketone Erastin had a synergistic combined anti-proliferative effect on LUAD cells and knockdown of KIF20A (the core gene of our model) further enhanced cell death in vitro by inducing ferroptosis. In conclusion, we identified a link between ferroptosis and GEM response in LUAD cells and developed a robust signature that can effectively classify LUAD patients into subgroups with different overall survival. For LUAD, the combined treatment modality of GEM and FIN is potentially effective and KIF20A may be a new therapeutic target.

A prerequisite for using isotopic techniques to study the regional water cycle of a mountainous area is to examine the stable isotopic composition of precipitation. These findings are of great significance for an in-depth understanding of water cycle processes. In this study, each precipitation event was sampled and used to investigate the characteristics of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation over the Jiaolai Plain and its surrounding areas. NCEP/NCAR data was used for the wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and precipitable amount in the study area during the sampling period. The water vapor sources of the precipitation over the plain were revealed through a comparative analysis of seasonal variations in precipitation isotopes between Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations located along different vapor transport paths. The results showed that the local meteoric water line was δ2H = 6.38 δ18O + 0.72, with a gradient of less than 8. This indicates that the precipitation process was affected by non-equilibrium evaporation occurring when the drops fell below the cloud base. Temperature and amount effects were observed in the δ18O of the precipitation, although the altitude effect was not significant. The water vapor source of the precipitation was predominantly controlled by the East Asian Monsoon from June to September, with the primary source being evaporation from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. The plain was controlled by the Westerlies from October through May, with the predominant vapor source being local evaporation. Water vapor from the polar region had a minimal impact. These findings can serve as the basis for studying surface water–groundwater–seawater transformations.

Bumetanide, a drug being studied in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may act to restore gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function, which may be modulated by the immune system. However, the interaction between bumetanide and the immune system remains unclear. Seventy-nine children with ASD were analysed from a longitudinal sample for a 3-month treatment of bumetanide. The covariation between symptom improvements and cytokine changes was calculated and validated by sparse canonical correlation analysis. Response patterns to bumetanide were revealed by clustering analysis. Five classifiers were used to test whether including the baseline information of cytokines could improve the prediction of the response patterns using an independent test sample. An immuno-behavioural covariation was identified between symptom improvements in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the cytokine changes among interferon (IFN)-γ, monokine induced by gamma interferon and IFN-α2. Using this covariation, three groups with distinct response patterns to bumetanide were detected, including the best (21.5%, n = 17; Hedge’s g of improvement in CARS = 2.16), the least (22.8%, n = 18; g = 1.02) and the medium (55.7%, n = 44; g = 1.42) responding groups. Including the cytokine levels significantly improved the prediction of the best responding group before treatment (the best area under the curve, AUC = 0.832) compared with the model without the cytokine levels (95% confidence interval of the improvement in AUC was [0.287, 0.319]). Cytokine measurements can help in identifying possible responders to bumetanide in ASD children, suggesting that immune responses may interact with the mechanism of action of bumetanide to enhance the GABA function in ASD.

Congenital systemic candidiasis is a rare disease observed in both full-term and preterm infants. It can occur with or without congenital cutaneous candidiasis (CCC) and to date, only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We report here, a case of a full-term newborn who presented with diffuse skin eruptions at birth. Blood, urine, and skin scraping cultures were positive and the aetiological agent was Candida albicans. After six weeks of anti-fungal treatment with fluconazole, the newborn was cured. Early diagnosis is crucial in preventing complications caused by candidiasis in newborns.

Increasing evidence indicates that exposure to inflammation during pregnancy intensifies the offspring’s cognitive impairment during aging, which might be correlated with changes in some synaptic plasticity-related proteins. In addition, an enriched environment (EE) can significantly exert a beneficial impact on cognition and synaptic plasticity. However, it is unclear whether gestational inflammation combined with postnatal EE affects the changes in cognition and synaptic plasticity-related proteins during aging. In this study, pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 50 μg/kg) or normal saline at days 15–17 of pregnancy. At 21 days after delivery, some LPS-treated mice were randomly selected for EE treatment. At the age of 6 and 18 months, Morris water maze (MWM) and western blotting were, respectively, used to evaluate or measure the ability of spatial learning and memory and the levels of postsynaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus, including postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 subunit, and Homer-1b/c. The results showed that 18-month-old control mice had worse spatial learning and memory and lower levels of these synaptic plasticity-related proteins (PSD-95, GluA1, and Homer-1b/c) than the 6-month-old controls. Gestational LPS exposure exacerbated these age-related changes of cognition and synaptic proteins, but EE could alleviate the treatment effect of LPS. In addition, the performance during learning and memory periods in the MWM correlated with the hippocampal levels of PSD-95, GluA1, and Homer-1b/c. Our results suggested that gestational inflammation accelerated age-related cognitive impairment and the decline of PSD-95, GluA1, and Homer-1b/c protein expression, and postpartum EE could alleviate these changes.

As a potential renewable and nitrogen-rich feedstock, tons of shrimp shell waste is generated from the increasing consumption of seafood. However, its traditional processing is costly and creates pollution. The bioconversion of shell waste into valuable nitrogen-containing chemicals via enzymatic hydrolysis is a promising technology. However, intact shells are poorly hydrolyzed by chitinases unless pre-demineralization and deproteinization with chemicals or proteases are performed. In this study, three carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) were fused to the C-terminal of a chitinase Chit46 to enhance its hydrolysis of shrimp shell waste. The addition of CBMs significantly improved the chitinase activity and substrate-binding activity of Chit46. Chimeric chitinases could directly hydrolyze shrimp shells without pretreatment and their hydrolysis efficiency was much higher than that of previously reported chitinases. With the modified chitinase (‘Chit46-CBM3’), we developed a one-step shrimp shell processing method. The method could convert 46.5% of chitin in shrimp shells to chitin oligomers by hydrolysis in 12 h. Partial protein release accompanied chitin hydrolysis. Consisting of 8.8 g l−1 chitin oligomers and 11.3 g l−1 protein, the hydrolysate could support robust microbial growth and the residue was more digestible by mammals than conventional shrimp shell powder. This process is superior to previously reported methods in cost, conversion efficiency and labour. The one-step process also exhibited a much lower ecological footprint than conventional processing and can be applied to other types of chitinous waste in addition to shrimp shells.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802221115881 for Testing latent class of subjects with structural zeros in negative binomial models with applications to gut microbiome data by Peng Ye, Xinhui Qiao, Wan Tang, Chunyi Wang and Hua He in Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802221115881 for Testing latent class of subjects with structural zeros in negative binomial models with applications to gut microbiome data by Peng Ye, Xinhui Qiao, Wan Tang, Chunyi Wang and Hua He in Statistical Methods in Medical Research

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation is associated with worse outcomes and quality of life. Left atrial (LA) structural remodeling provides the essential substrate for AF perpetuation. Baseline extent and the progression of LA fibrosis after ablation are strong predictors of postprocedural AF recurrence. Dronedarone is an antiarrhythmic drug proven to efficiently maintain sinus rhythm. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the effect of the antiarrhythmic drug Dronedarone in decreasing LA fibrosis progression and AF recurrence after ablation of AF patients. METHODS EDORA (NCT04704050) is a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients with persistent or paroxysmal AF undergoing AF ablation will be randomized into Dronedarone versus placebo/standard of care. The co-primary outcomes are the recurrence of atrial arrhythmias (AA) within 13 months of follow-up after ablation and the progression of left atrial fibrosis postablation. All patients will receive a late-gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, 3- and 12-month follow-up for the quantification of LA fibrosis and ablation-related scarring. AA recurrence and burden will be assessed using a 30-day ECG patch every 3 months with daily ECG recordings in between. Quality of life improvement is assessed using the AFEQT and AFSS questionnaires. CONCLUSION EDORA will be the first trial to assess the progression of LA structural remodeling after ablation and its association with Dronedarone treatment and ablation success in a randomized controlled fashion. The trial will provide insight into the pathophysiology of AF recurrence after ablation and may provide potential therapeutic targets to optimize procedural outcomes.

Schistosomiasis japonica caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection is recognized as a considerable economic and public health concern in Asia. Oncomelania hupensis is the sole intermediate host of S. japonicum. The only molluscicide recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) since 1960s is relative toxic to other aquatic species. In this article, we evaluated the novel molluscicide PPU07 in field trials on their efficiency against O. hupensis and toxicity for local fish. 25% PPU07 sulfate WP exhibited similar molluscicidal effect at 2.0 g/m2 and 2.0 g/m3 in the spraying and immersion trials with the WHO recommended molluscicide niclosamide (1 g/m2 and 1 g/m3). The mortality rates reached 95% and 96%, respectively. Moreover, little toxicity was observed for local fish and other aquatic organisms at the effective molluscicidal concentrations. In all, 25% PPU07 sulfate WP is a promising molluscicide for snail control, particularly in semi-commercial or commercial aquaculture ponds.

Copy number variation (CNV) related to complex traits, such as disease and quantitative phenotype, is considered an important and wealthy source of genetic and phenotypic diversity. It suggests that the copy number variation of function gene maybe leads to the phenotypic changes. Kupple like factor 3 (KLF3) gene is a vital transcription factor associated with the growth and development of muscle and adipose tissue. It has been mapped in a CNV region by animal genome re-sequencing. In this study, we detected the distribution diversity of KLF3 gene copy numbers in six Chinese cattle breeds (QC, NY, XN, PN, QDM and JX) and associated the phenotypic traits with it. Then, we analyzed the KLF3 gene transcription expression level in different tissues of Jiaxian (JX) cattle. Furthermore, we detected mRNA expression level of muscle and fat tissues of Jiaxian cattle (JX), Angus × Jiaxian (AJ). The results showed that the copy number in CNV loss was more frequent in QC than others. And we revealed a positive effect of KLF3 CNV on growth traits, such as body mass and heart girth (P 0.05). In a word, we ascertained the significance between CNVs of KLF3 gene and growth traits in different cattle breeds, and our data indicates that the CNVs of KLF3 gene may as a marker for the future molecular breeding of Chinese beef cattle.

Background: Under the condition of low epidemic level and limited funding, it is urgent to carry out health economic evaluation on the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy currently implemented in lake region in order to rationally allocate and utilize health resources and maximize benefits. The objective of this study is to provide reference for understanding the effectiveness of the integrated control strategy and adjusting prevention and control strategies or measures. Methods: The investment in schistosomiasis control and disability adjusted life years （DALYs）caused by schistosomiasis were calculated. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was conducted through calculating the incremental cost of every additional case averted, the incremental cost of every additional DALY averted through implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis control at different control stages in Jiangling County. Results: The total expenditure for schistosomiasis control in Jiangling County from 2009 to 2019 was 607 million Chinese yuan (CNY). The average annual costs for schistosomiasis prevention and control in stages of morbidity control (2009-2012), transmission control (2013-2016), and transmission interruption (2017-2019) were 41.98 million CNY，90.19 million CNY and 26.06 million CNY respectively. The overall disease burden caused by schistosomiasis presented a downward trend. Meanwhile, the disease burden of advanced cases showed an upward trend with the DALY increased from 943.72 to1031.59 person-years. Most disease burden occurred in the age group over 45 years old (especially the elderly over 60 years old). Taking the morbidity control stage as an analysis control, incremental cost-effectiveness analysis (ICEA) showed that the cost increased by 8505.5 CNY and decreased by 2217.6 CNY respectively to avert one additional case in transmission control stage and transmission interruption stage respectively in Jiangling County. Correspondingly, to avert one additional DALY, the cost increased by 73937.6 CNY and decreased by 21508.6 CNY respectively. Conclusions: As the epidemic declines, the integrated prevention and control strategy is more cost-effective. Surveillance and management on elder population should be strengthened to avert higher diseases burden.

Studies have shown that gestational inflammation accelerates age-related memory impairment in mother mice. An enriched environment (EE) can improve age-related memory impairment, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain aging. However, it is unclear whether an EE can counteract the accelerated age-related memory impairment induced by gestational inflammation and whether this process is associated with the disruption of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes. In this study, CD-1 mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/kg) or normal saline (CON group) during gestational days 15–17 and were separated from their offspring at the end of normal lactation. The mothers that received LPS were divided into LPS group and LPS plus EE (LPS-E) treatment groups based on whether the mice were exposed to an EE until the end of the experiment. At 6 and 18 months of age, the Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory abilities. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to measure the messenber RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of MQC-related genes in the hippocampus, respectively. The results showed that all the aged (18 months old) mice underwent a striking decline in spatial learning and memory performances and decreased mRNA/protein levels related to mitochondrial dynamics (Mfn1/Mfn2, OPA1, and Drp1), biogenesis (PGC-1α), and mitophagy (PINK1/parkin) in the hippocampi compared with the young (6 months old) mice. LPS treatment exacerbated the decline in age-related spatial learning and memory and enhanced the reduction in the mRNA and protein levels of MQC-related genes but increased the levels of PGC-1α in young mice. Exposure to an EE could alleviate the accelerated decline in age-related spatial learning and memory abilities and the accelerated changes in MQC-related mRNA or protein levels resulting from LPS treatment, especially in aged mice. In conclusion, long-term exposure to an EE can counteract the accelerated age-related spatial cognition impairment modulated by MQC in CD-1 mother mice that experience inflammation during pregnancy.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all lipids in each group; each column denotes one group. Increased lipids concentrations are shown in red, whereas decreased lipids concentrations are shown in blue.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Venn diagram of overlapping and unique of lipids altered in each group.

The mechanical excavation technology, as a commonly used method in tunnel excavation of hard rock, has many shortcomings, such as poor geological adaptability and intense wear of cutter head and so on, affecting the excavation efficiency. The hydraulic fracturing technology can effectively evade these issues and achieve the efficient excavation by pre-fracturing rock. Therefore, taking medium-hard rock as an example, this paper established the numerical models of single-borehole and double-borehole hydraulic fracturing medium-hard rock based on the extended finite element method (XFEM), and explored the evolution law of cracks and the damage dissipation energy variation of the rock. Results indicated that under single-borehole hydraulic fracturing, the propagation length and width of the crack experienced the rapid growth period and slow growth period, and the damage dissipation energy of rock mainly experienced the step-like growth period. By the comparative analyses of crack propagation length and width evolution as well as the damage dissipation energy of rock under the single-borehole and double-borehole hydraulic fracturing, it is found that under the double-borehole hydraulic fracturing the propagation rate and damage dissipation energy of single prefabricated fracture are greatly in-creased, and the fracturing efficiency is greatly improved, compared with the single-borehole hydraulic fracturing. Results can provide a theoretical reference for improving the application level of hydraulic fracturing in tunnel excavation.

Additional file 5: Figure S5. Visualization of the CCA results of lipids and DEGs involved in (a) inositol phosphate metabolism, (b) arachidonic acid metabolism, (c) sphingolipid metabolism, (d) phosphatidylinositol signaling system and (e) glycine, serine and threonine metabolism under SCD knockdown.

It is desired in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks to apply natural language processing (NLP) technology to complete the information exchange tasks such as text summary or text classification between IoT devices. To achieve higher precision for the NLP of Chinese sentences, in this paper, we propose to utilize the deep neural network (DNN) to compute the semantic similarity of Chinese sentences. The proposed DNN consists of the input layer, the semantic generation layer, the concat layer, the dropout layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer. We propose to train the intelligent semantic similarity calculator sequentially to extract the semantic feature and the context information feature. After the offline training, the resultant configured intelligent semantic similarity calculator could evaluate the semantic similarity of Chinese sentences. Furthermore, we provide numerical analysis to demonstrate the improved similarity calculation precision and the consistency of the calculation accuracy in different fields.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. The morphology of different knob phenotype. (A) S, Lion head goose, (B) W, Sichuan White goose, (C) L, Landes goose. Knob is circled in knob goose, and the position of knob in non-knob goose is indicated using arrow. Figure S2. Histological parameters of the knob skin in three domestic geese breeds. Different letters indicate significant differences among different breeds at P < 0.05. S, Lion head goose; W, Sichuan White goose; L, Landes goose. Figure S3. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the knob skin and bone in three geese breeds, respectively. (A) Skin located on knob. (B) Bone located in knob. SP, skin located on knob in Lion head goose; WP, skin located on knob in Sichuan White goose; LP, skin located on knob in Landes goose; SG, bone located in knob in Lion head goose; WG, bone located in knob in Sichuan White goose; LG, bone located in knob in Landes goose. Figure S4. qRT-PCR validation of expression of DEGs and PSGs. The qRT-PCR data of knob geese (S and W) were normalized by that of non-knob geese (L) and signified by dashed line, while the RNA-seq data were signified by solid line. SP, skin located on knob in Lion head goose; WP, skin located on knob in Sichuan White goose; LP, skin located on knob in Landes goose; SG, bone located in knob in Lion head goose; WG, bone located in knob in Sichuan White goose; LG, bone located in knob in Landes goose. DEGs, differentially expressed genes; PSGs, candidate genes under positive selection.

Additional file 7: Table S2. A functional analysis of pathways related to the differentially abundant lipids.

Additional file 10: Table S5. The detail of lipids from glycerolipid/glycerophospholipid metabolism were subjected to a CCA together with transcript data of all those pathways as derived from SCD knockdown in GCs.

Additional file 8: Table S3. Basic characteristics of tags in each sample libraries and data of sequencing reads mapping to the reference genome.

Additional file 6: Table S1. Significant differential lipids involved in LN vs. LS comparison, LG vs. LS comparison, LC vs. LT comparison, and LC vs. LF comparison.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all DEGs in each group; each column denotes one group. Increased DEGs concentrations are shown in red, whereas decreased DEGs concentrations are shown in blue.

Additional file 4: Figure S4. Topology analysis of top 20 pathways identified of transcriptomics. (a) Overexpressed group, NC vs. OS comparison and OG vs. OS comparison; (b) Knockdown group, SC vs. ST comparison and SC vs. SF comparison. Advanced bubble chart shows the enrichment of differentially abundant DEGs in pathways. The x-axis represents the rich factor (rich factor = number of different DEGs enriched in the pathway/number of all DEGs in the background DEGs set). The y-axis represents represent the enriched pathways. Size of the bubble represent the number of different abundant DEGs enriched in the pathway, and the color represents enrichment significance.

Additional file 9: Table S4. The detail of DEGs were assigned with lipid-related GO slim terms.

Emerging evidence suggests that the coupling relating the structural connectivity (SC) of the brain to its functional connectivity (FC) exhibits remarkable changes during development, normal aging, and diseases. Although altered structural-functional connectivity couplings (SC-FC couplings) have been previously reported in schizophrenia patients, the alterations in SC-FC couplings of different illness stages of schizophrenia (SZ) remain largely unknown. In this study, we collected structural and resting-state functional MRI data from 73 normal controls (NCs), 61 first-episode (FeSZ) and 78 chronic (CSZ) schizophrenia patients. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores were assessed for all patients. Structural and functional brain networks were constructed using gray matter volume (GMV) and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) time series measurements. At the connectivity level, the CSZ patients showed significantly increased SC-FC coupling strength compared with the FeSZ patients. At the node strength level, significant decreased SC-FC coupling strength was observed in the FeSZ patients compared to that of the NCs, and the coupling strength was positively correlated with negative PANSS scores. These results demonstrated divergent alterations of SC-FC couplings in FeSZ and CSZ patients. Our findings provide new insight into the neuropathological mechanisms underlying the developmental course of SZ.