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The spatial and temporal distribution of global map data is highly unequal, with large areas of the world suffering from a paucity of data. Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has been vaunted as a potential solution, but is also criticised for reinforcing rather than alleviating inequalities. Human- machine workflows have been suggested to improve the speed and quality of VGI production for poorly mapped regions, but this ability is yet to be fully evaluated. This paper provides the first detailed evaluation of a human-machine workflow, testing its ability to produce high quality, timely data in remote regions often neglected by humanitarian mapping campaigns.

Additional file 1. Bash script to correct image distortion with a how-to-use guide and Fig. S2.1.

of EnRoot: a narrow-diameter, inexpensive and partially 3D-printable minirhizotron for imaging fine root production

Objectives: To assess the health status of heroin users starting and following 3 months of pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence, and to compare outcomes to a range of other chronic medical illnesses treated with maintenance medication. Methods: The study uses pooled data from 6 clinical trials included in an Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence. Participants received maintenance pharmacotherapy (oral naltrexone treatment, methadone, or buprenorphine) for the treatment of heroin dependence. Participants’ health status was measured using the Short Form 36 health survey completed before treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Baseline data from 326 heroin-dependent participants starting maintenance treatment, and 3-month follow-up data for the 117 participants retained in trial treatment are presented. Results: Heroin users at entry into pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence were in very poor psychological and physical health in relation to Australian population norms. For the 117 participants retained in treatment, clinically and statistically significant improvements in physical health, and emotional and social health were observed in just 3 months. Importantly, the health status of treated heroin users improves to a comparable or greater degree than that observed with other chronic illnesses treated with maintenance medication. Conclusions: Existing,evidence-basedpharmacotherapiesshould be used in the treatment of heroin dependence with the same long-term care and medical monitoring strategies currently used in the treatment of other chronic illnesses.