Search

A new genus and species, Venturioscypha nigropila, is proposed for a minute inoperculate discomycete with long, cylindrical, partly flexuous, dark blackish-brown, smooth, finally thick-walled hairs. It has been collected repeatedly in Europe on dead, corticated branches of Pinus spp. attached to living or recently dead trees. At first glance the species resembles members of Pirottaea (Pyrenopezizaceae), but the relationship is shown by molecular phylogenetics to be close to Hyphodiscus, Hyphopeziza, Fuscolachnum, and Venturiocistella (Hyphodiscaceae). These genera differ in having hairs with more or less conspicuous warts, in Hyphopeziza also with glassy solidifications, and Venturiocistella in having in addition long, stiff, thick-walled, apically acute, dark brown hairs, which are warted in their lower part. The hair wall of Venturioscypha appears superficially smooth, but the surface is inconspicuously pitted as viewed under light microscopy. Venturioscypha is unique in Hyphodiscaceae by its peculiar hairs, inamyloid asci with a thin apical wall that ruptures irregularly by a terminal split at spore discharge, spores with a delicate sheath, and apothecial proliferation.

Orbilia xanthostigma, with golden yellow to yellow-orange apothecia and O. leucostigma, with white to very pale rose-lilaceous apothecia, were described by E.M. Fries over 200 years ago. Each of the two taxa, which are not easy to interpret because type material is lacking, was proposed in the past as lectotype of the genus Orbilia. In the here presented circumscription, which follows the current usage, O. xanthostigma is among the most frequently recorded species of the genus, whereas O. leucostigma appears to be much less common. Both grow gregariously on decorticated hygric gymno- and angiosperm wood or rarely bark and show a worldwide distribution. They are characterised by minute, strongly curved, warted ascospores and a dicranidion-like anamorph. Except for apothecial colour, there are no other notable morphological differences between them, either in the teleomorph (asci, ascospores, paraphyses) or anamorph (conidiophores, conidia). Because of their strong similarities, the two taxa have often been treated as infraspecific variants (subspecies, varieties) of a single species or even as synonyms. In order to overcome the ambiguities associated with the two names, O. delicatula, a name proposed by P.A. Karsten for a collection with golden yellow apothecia, was suggested by B. Spooner as a replacement name for them. The present study reveals unexpectedly high ITS and LSU variation within a morphologically extremely homogeneous group, representing over 16 more or less invariable genotypes whenever more than one sample with a sequence was available. ITS and LSU rDNA data from European (Luxembourg, Germany, Ukraine) and Macaronesian (Tenerife) collections suggest that the two colour variants represent two distinct species with a 16.5% ITS and 3.5% LSU D1–D2 distance, but very low infraspecific variation (0.2% ITS, 0% LSU). A sample with scattered yellow apothecia from Luxembourg on a xeric branch deviates from typical European-Macaronesian O. xanthostigma by 4% (ITS) and 0.7% (LSU). Further available sequences from samples from Asia, New Zealand and North America with mainly yellow apothecia clustered in various other clades that represent further distinct genotypes. In the absence of morphological characteristics, none of these genotypes are given names pending further investigation. Only two of these genotypes are sufficiently distinct to be recognised morphologically: O. aureocrenulata from tropical, Middle and South America, with golden yellow apothecia with a crenulate margin and prominent stipe, and O. xanthoflexa from temperate, northeastern North America with yellow sessile apothecia with a smooth margin and larger, less curved, smooth-walled ascospores.

The new genus Bryorutstroemia is established for the red-brown, stipitate, bryoparasitic discomycete Helotium fulvum Boud. Combined phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU rDNA and EF1α revealed that Bryorutstroemia fulva belongs to the sclerotiniaceous clade, which comprises the paraphyletic families Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae. Bryorutstroemia formed with Clarireedia a supported clade (Rutstroemiaceae s.l.), though with high distance. Bryorutstroemia closely resembles other Rutstroemiaceae in having uninucleate ascospores with high lipid content and an ectal excipulum of textura porrecta, but is unique because of its bryophilous lifestyle and is extraordinary with its thick-walled inamyloid ascus apex. Although B. fulva was described in 1897, very few records came to our notice. The present study summarizes the known distribution of the species, including 25 personal collections from the years 2001–2022. Bryorutstroemia fulva was most often encountered on Dicranella heteromalla, and rarely on other members of Dicranales or Grimmiales, while inducing necrobiosis of the leaves. A detailed description based on mainly fresh apothecia is provided together with a rich photographic documentation. Six new combinations are proposed based on our phylogenetic results and unpublished personal morphological studies: Clarireedia asphodeli, C. calopus, C. gladioli, C. henningsiana, C. maritima, and C. narcissi.

There were errors in the name of author Laszlo G. Nagy and in affiliation no. 31 in the original publication. The original article has been corrected.

This study examined over 20 fungal specimens of the Orbiliaceae (Orbiliomycetes) from different regions in China. Our analyses based on morphological traits and the ITS rDNA sequences revealed two new Orbilia species with drechslerella-like asexual morphs. These new species are able to trap nematodes with constricting rings. In addition, Orbilia cf. orientalis is reported as a new cryptic Chinese variant of European collections of O. orientalis. All three species are described and illustrated in detail in this paper. Their phylogenetic relationships with other orbiliaceous species were identified based on their ITS sequences.

Tympanis species (Leotiales) are plant pathogens distributed mostly in northern temperate ecosystems. The diversity and identity of some species remains unclear. Tympanis vagabunda, found in Sicilia (Italy) on dry twigs of Rosa, Rubus, and Pistacia, is one example of an obscure and poorly known species. During the study of its type specimen in S, which contained one twig with a wood anatomy fitting neither of the three mentioned hosts, the microanatomic structures indicated that it belongs to the genus Rutstroemia (Helotiales). To investigate its identity, the types of R. fruticeti, R. juniperi, R. urceolus, and R. longiasca were studied for comparison. The species for which molecular data were available were included in a dataset that contained identified species of Rutstroemia, along with other select species from the families Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae. R. fruticeti, a saprobe frequently reported from Rubus fruticosus in Europe, is found to be a later synonym of T. vagabunda, and the combination Rutstroemia vagabunda is proposed. R. juniperi is an infrequently reported European species on twigs of Juniperus and is morphologically hard to distinguish from R. vagabunda; available molecular data support its recognition as a distinct species. R. longiasca differs from R. vagabunda in its black apothecia, smaller asci, and narrower ascospores. R. urceolus differs from R. vagabunda in having black apothecia and smaller inamyloid asci, and excipulum at the flanks and margin is composed of dark-walled hyphae.

Three little known, morphologically similar species of Sclerotiniaceae which form their apothecia on fallen stromatized Veronica seeds are described and illustrated in detail based on fresh collections or moist chamber cultures of infected seeds: Ciboria ploettneriana, Schroeteria decaisneana, and Schroeteria poeltii. The former two were found on Veronica hederifolia agg. at different sites of temperate central Europe, the latter on V. cymbalaria in a mediterranean region of Spain. The latter two are anamorph-typified and here reported for the first time with their teleomorph.Ciboria ploettneriana was described by Kirschstein as Sclerotiniaploettneriana on seeds of V. hederifolia agg. but is currently treated in Ciboria. Based on the reexamination of four syntype specimens in B it became evident that Kirschstein confused the two species on V. hederifolia. A lectotype is therefore designated for S. ploettneriana.Members of Schroeteria are specific plant parasites infecting fruits of different Veronica spp. Schroeteria has earlier been referred to the Ustilaginales (Basidiomycota) based on its smut-like chlamydospores, but later light-microscopic and ultrastructural studies suggested that it represents a false smut fungus belonging to the Sclerotiniaceae (Helotiales).rDNA sequences were obtained from chlamydospores of Schroeteria bornmuelleri (on V. rubrifolia), S. delastrina (generic type, on Veronica arvensis), S. decaisneana, and S. poeltii, and from apothecia on V. hederifolia agg. and V. cymbalaria seeds. As a result, the anamorph-teleomorph connection could be verified for Schroeteria decaisneana and S. poeltii based on a 100% ITS similarity between both morphs, whereas Ciboria ploettneriana in the here redefined sense could not be connected to an anamorph.Our phylogenetic analyses show that Ciboria ploettneriana belongs in the relationship of Sclerotinia, Stromatinia, and Grovesinia rather than Ciboria, but its placement was not supported. Also Schroeteria poeltii clustered unresolved in this relationship but has a much higher molecular distance to those. The remaining three Schroeteria spp. formed a supported monophyletic group, the Schroeteria core clade, which clustered with medium to low support distantly to a member of the Monilinia alpina group of section Disjunctoriae (M. jezoensis). ITS distances of 5–6.3% were found among members of the Schroeteria core clade, and 13.8–14.7% between the core clade and S. poeltii. The high distance of S. poeltii reflects its deviating chlamydospore morphology.Despite the high heterogeneity in the available ITS and LSU data, Schroeteria is accepted here under inclusion of S. poeltii as a genus distinct from Monilinia, particularly because of its very special anamorphs. A similar heterogeneity in rDNA analyses was observed in Monilinia and other genera of Sclerotiniaceae. Protein-coding genes should be investigated in order to obtain a more natural phylogeny within the Sclerotiniaceae.

Sclerococcales encompasses a heterogeneous group of fungi, with most of the species included in the genus Sclerococcum (= Dactylospora). Species of Sclerococcum are characterized by having apothecial ascomata with asci covered by an external hemiamyloid gelatin and a thick euamyloid apical cap, while lacking an inner amyloid wall thickening. Asexual morphs, known for few species, are sporodochial. In this study, we describe Pseudosclerococcum golindoi as a new genus and species sister to Sclerococcum in a multigene phylogeny (nuITS, nuLSU, nuSSU, mtSSU). The fungus produces ascomata similar to those of Sclerococcum, but differs in having cylindrical asci embedded in an overall hemiamyloid gelatin with a fissitunicate dehiscence. Unlike Sclerococcum, Pseudosclerococcum golindoi produces a Chalara-like asexual morph. A possible symbiotic association of P. golindoi with Ascocoryne cylichnium is discussed. The presence of a hemiamyloid gelatin on lateral wall of asci, so far largely overlooked, is reported for some Sclerococcum species. Based on ascal characters and interpretation of the phylogenetic analyses, 14 names assigned to saprotrophic species, previously placed in Dactylospora, are combined in Sclerococcum.

The new species Parakarstenia phyllostachydis was discovered on stems of Phyllostachys heteroclada in Sichuan Province of China and is placed in a new genus within Odontotremataceae in this paper. A multigene analysis of a combined nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA and mtSSU sequence dataset and comparable morphologies suggests the taxonomic affinity of the new taxon in this family. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic analyses provide evidence that the fungus is best placed in a distinct genus within this family. The new genus is compared with similar genera of Ostropales and a comprehensive description and illustration are offered. Parakarstenia is characterized by its distinct suite of features, such as initially immersed, intracortical, later erumpent and seemingly superficial, sessile and usually gregarious apothecia with a flat to slightly convex, greyish white or pale brown disc; a hairless, buff to yellow receptacle; a non-protruding margin, absent periphysoids and crystals, cylindrical to clavate asci with conical apex and a hemiamyloid (type RR) outer wall; and narrowly cylindrical-clavate to fusoid, vermiform, straight to medium curved, initially non-septate, at maturity transversely multiseptate ascospores. An updated phylogram for Ostropales with selected, predominantly non-lichenized members based on multigene analysis is provided.

Cryptodicus muriformis and Schizoxylon gilenstamii (Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) are described as new to science from collections made in Europe (Sweden, Austria, Switzerland) and North America (Arizona), based on phylogenetic analyses of three loci. Both species show unique morphological characters that distinguish them from closely related species; Cryptodiscus muriformis, growing on decorticated or sometimes corticated branches of Picea abies and Pseudotsuga menziesii, that resembles C. foveolaris and C. tabularum in the yellowish-orange ascomatal disc, but is clearly distinguished by the muriform ascospores. Schizoxylon gilenstamii grows on dead stems of Globularia vulgaris and has a characteristic unique red-purple pigment in the epithecium and upper part of the excipulum that changes to bluish-green with KOH. We also report for the first time the anamorph of Stictis brunnescens.

The only hitherto known species of the monotypic genus Tromeropsis, the rarely reported T. microtheca, is redescribed from recent collections on mostly little decayed, grayed, xeric, sun-exposed wood of decorticated trunks and branches of different gymnosperms, exceptionally angiosperms, from different humid regions of central Europe and a dry area in Macaronesia. Two further, very similar species are here newly described from decayed xeric wood of different angiosperm trees and shrubs from dry to arid regions of North America, Australia, and Macaronesia. Characteristics of the genus are: black sessile apothecia, dark olivaceous exudate, fissitunicate multi-spored asci, minute, cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline ascospores, a yeast-like asexual morph, and, in some species, a synanamorph with allantoid conidia formed on integrated conidiogenous cells reminiscent of the genus Lecythophora but with holoblastic conidiogenesis. A lectotype is designated for the type species of the likewise sexually typified, monotypic, illegitimate genus Microspora, M. dura, which was re-examined from the original material and found to be a later synonym of T. microtheca. Nuclear rDNA data were obtained from two collections of T. microtheca and four collections of the two new species. DNA sequences of T. microtheca match those from asexual morph isolates or environmental samples in public databases. Different misapplied names attributed to sequences from asexual morph isolates gained from coniferous wood from northern Europe, North America, and eastern Asia were re-identified as T. microtheca. A very close relationship between Tromeropsis and the type species of the asexually typified genus Symbiotaphrina, S. buchneri, was observed. Independent molecular phylogenetic analyses of three rDNA regions (partial SSU, ITS, partial LSU) each place Tromeropsis and the type species of Symbiotaphrina in a single supported clade without showing clear limits between the two genera. Based on multigene analysis, Symbiotaphrina was recently placed together with the small order Xylonales in the new class Xylonomycetes. We here validate the order Symbiotaphrinales previously published as nom. nud. and describe the family Symbiotaphrinaceae. Since the name Symbiotaphrina was validated one year before Tromeropsis was published, and is more widely used, it is adopted here and T. microtheca combined into Symbiotaphrina. rDNA data further suggest that two members of the asexually typified genus Hyphozyma, H. lignicola and H. sanguinea, belong to Symbiotaphrina, whereas the type species of Hyphozyma, H. variabilis, clusters in the Thelebolales (Leotiomycetes), where it is a later synonym of Cleistothelebolus nipigonensis, the type species of Cleistothelebolus. The new combinations S. lignicola and S. sanguinea are proposed, to which the newly described species S. desertorum and S. larreae are added. Based on their close relationship and a similar yeast-like asexual morph in pure culture, we hypothesize that the life cycles of all these wood-inhabiting taxa include a symbiotic phase in the gut of arthropods and, conversely, we suppose that the life cycles of S. buchneri and S. kochii include unknown sexual morphs growing on plant substrate.

This study focuses on the genus Encoelia and the subfamily Encoelioideae in the morphologically and ecologically diverse Helotiales. The 28S and 18S rDNA as well as tef1, rpb1 and rpb2 were sequenced for 70 species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed Encoelia and Encoelioideae to be highly polyphyletic, with species distributed among eight major lineages. Encoelia fascicularis and E. pruinosa belonged to Sclerotiniaceae and were combined in a new genus, Sclerencoelia. Rutstroemiaceae comprised E. tiliacea and Dencoeliopsis johnstonii, both accepted in Rutstroemia. The type of Encoelia, E. furfuracea, was closely related to species of Velutarina, Cenangiopsis and Crumenulopsis. These species together with members of Hemiphacidiaceae formed a clade conforming to the emended concept of Cenangiaceae, introduced here. Another resurrected family, Cordieritidaceae, comprised E. fimbriata, E. heteromera and species of Ameghiniella, Cordierites, Diplocarpa and Ionomidotis, characterised by inamyloid asci and a positive ionomidotic reaction. Encoelia glauca showed closest affinities with Chlorociboria species in Chlorociboriaceae. A new genus, Xeropilidium, with sporodochial and pycnidial synanamorphs, was described for the distinct encoelioid member of the Chaetomellaceae, previously known as E. fuckelii. Morphological and ecological synapomorphies were distinguished from convergent characters to delimit monophyletic taxa including encoelioid fungi. Incorporation of public sequences from various biological samples in ITS rDNA analyses allowed identification of sequenced organisms at species, genus, or family level and added information on the ecology of seversal taxa. Members of Cenangiaceae appeared to be widespread as endophytes. Inclusion of encoelioid genera in Chaetomellaceae and Sclerotiniaceae added xylicolous saprotrophs to these families.

A new species of Orbilia related to O. luteorubella is described mainly based on morphological characters of its asexual morph and molecular data. The sexual morph does not significantly differ from O. luteorubella, whereas the asexual morph obtained from its ascospore isolate resembles members of the non-predacious genus Dactylella, because it has fusiform phragmoconidia borne singly at the apex of conidiophores. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain clustered with a clade that included available strains of the O. luteorubella aggregate and was distant from all analysed Dactylella species. Within this clade, the new strain fell between species with filiform conidia and those of a Pseudotripoconidium anamorph. By combining morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we conclude that our isolate belongs to a new taxon. Pleomorphism of the new taxon is described and discussed.

Orbilia jesu-laurae is a new species of nematode-trapping fungus found on decorticated angiosperm wood in a tropical rainforest in Puerto Rico. The single specimen was studied from fresh apothecia and cultures. Morphology was studied and phylogenetic analysis (rDNA: ITS and LSU) was conducted using both sexual and asexual morphs. Nematodes were added to cultures to verify the formation and morphology of the trapping structures. Our results show that the species is in the Arthrobotrys clade, the phylogenetically closest relative being a possibly Mexican genotype with unknown morphology, erroneously referred to as Arthrobotrys musiformis in GenBank. Macro- and micromorphological, ecological and biogeographic data are provided along with a discussion of closely related species.Citation: Quijada L., Baral H.-O., Beltran-Tejera E. & Pfister D. H. 2020: Orbilia jesu-laurae (Ascomycota, Orbiliomycetes), a new species of neotropical nematode-trapping fungus from Puerto Rico, supported by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. – Willdenowia 50: 241–251.Version of record first published online on 2 June 2020 ahead of inclusion in August 2020 issue.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa., Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha . Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis., South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa., Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha., Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis. South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided., Tatiana M. Bulyonkova and colleagues are grateful to Dr Rodham Tulloss for his patient guidance and help, and to Dr Torbjørn Borgen Lindhardt for his invaluable advice. Thays G.L. Oliveira, Maria T.C. Felipe, Jadson D.P. Bezerra and Oliane M. C. Magalhães acknowledge financial support and/or scholarships from the CAPES (Finance Code 001), CNPq and FACEPE. Aline O.B. da Cunha, Alexandre R. Machado, Eder Barbier, Enrico Bernard and Cristina M. Souza-Motta acknowledge financial support and/or scholarships from the CAPES (Finance Code 001), CNPq, FACEPE, CECAV and ICMBio from Brazil. Rejane M.F. da Silva and colleagues express their gratitude to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for a scholarship to Rejane M.F. da Silva and to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a research fellowships and/or financial support to Gladstone A. da Silva, Cristina M. Souza-Motta, José L. Bezerra and Rafael J.V. de Oliveira (Processes 458622/2014-1 and 312186/2016-9). Olinto L. Pereira, Vanessa P. Abreu, Jackeline P. Andrade and colleagues would like to thank the CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG for financial support. The study of Olga V. Morozova was carried out within the framework of a research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS ‘Herbarium funds of the BIN RAS’ (АААА-А18-118022090078-2) with the support of the molecular work by the Russian Foundation for the Basic Research (project no. 15-29-02622). Anna M. Glushakova and Aleksey V. Kachalkin were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 16-04-00624a. Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard and colleagues were supported by ‘The Promotion Project on Science, Technology and Innovation Collaboration with ASEAN Member Countries under the Office of International Cooperation, MOSTThailand’. They would also like to thank Ms Duangkaew Chongkachornphong, Ms Papawee Nupason (International Cooperation Section, BIOTEC) and Ms Bakeo Souvannalath (Director of Biotechnology Division, Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, BEI) for their kind cooperation. Javier Fernández-López and colleagues are grateful to Marian Glenn for checking the text, and were supported by DGICT projects CGL2012-35559 and CGL2015-67459-P., Javier Fernández-López was also supported by Predoctoral Grants (BES- 2013-066429) from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain). Maria E. Ordoñez and colleagues acknowledge Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador for financial support for project M13415. Taimy Cantillo is thankful to PEC-PG/CAPES for the PhD grant (proc. 12636134/2014) (Finance Code 001) and to the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) for the Research Grant. Luis F.P. Gusmão is grateful to CNPq for Grant support (Proc. 303062/2014-2). Hugo Madrid was partially funded by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Chile, project no. 11140562. Tor Erik Brandrud, Bálint Dima, Machiel E. Noordeloos and Egil Bendiksen thank the financial support of the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative, with funding from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC), The Austrian Entoloma material (by Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber) was sequenced within ABOL, subproject HRSFM University of Vienna, supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research. Adriene M. Soares and colleagues would like to thank the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) and the Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente (IBAMA) for support during field trips and R.L.M. Alvarenga for the figures. They also acknowledge CAPES for the Ph.D. scholarship of Adriene M. Soares, and CNPq (307601/2015-3), CAPES (CAPES-SIU 008/13), and FACEPE (APQ-0375-2.03/15) for financial support. Angus J. Carnegie acknowledges support from the Forestry Corporation of NSW, and David Sargeant for assistance with site photos. Adel Pordel and colleagues thank the University of Tehran for financial support. Luis Quijada acknowledges support from ‘Fundación Ramón Areces’. Robert W. Barreto and colleagues thank the World Coffee Research/Texas Agrilife for financial support, as well as the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Sara Salcedo-Sarmiento was supported by the ‘Programa de Estudante-Convênio de Pós-Graduação’ (PEC-PG) from CAPES. The research of Cobus M. Visagie and Keith A. Seifert was supported by grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Program on the Microbiology of the Built Environment. Blaise A. Darvaux acknowledges Keith A. Seifert for help with identification, Nicholas Mauriello for validating the Latin name, Mauricia Lawrence and Meagan Tillotson for help with material preparation. We are grateful to Gavin Phillips, Seed Bank Officer, Australian Botanic Garden, Mt Annan for field assistance and identification of plant species collected in New South Wales, Australia. Collection of specimens from Mungo National Park was supported by the ABRS Bush Blitz program, a partnership between the Australian Government, BHP and Earthwatch Australia. The National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project is acknowledged for assistance and funding to J. Roux for material collected in Angola.

A new species of Stamnaria is described based on morphology and molecular data from a collection made in West Siberia. Stamnaria yugrana is differentiated by lanceolate, strongly protruding paraphyses and comparatively narrow, fusoid-clavate ascospores. The apothecia are urn-shaped due to a prominent and even collar as in S. persoonii. The species grows on fallen side branches of Equisetum sylvaticum, a rarely recorded host for Stamnaria. The authors formally describe the new species and provide colour illustrations. In addition, the literature is reviewed on previously described species of Stamnaria. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Stamnaria lineage, based on the ITS ribosomal DNA, strongly supports the three currently recognised species: S. americana, S. persoonii and S. yugrana.

A list of all generic names that have been connected with the Orbiliomycetes is provided. Recommendations are made as to which names should be used in accordance with the rules and the different generic concepts. There is a mismatch in the current generic concepts within Orbiliomycetes regarding the two morphs: a narrow concept is used for the asexual morphs, but a broad concept relies on the sexual morphs. As a consequence, many more generic names have been established for the asexual morphs. A number of previous generic concepts are artificial, since they were based on single characters without molecular support. In order to provide solutions for this mismatch, we present three different generic concepts within the Orbiliomycetes. A broad concept recognizes a large genus Orbilia, with which most of the listed names fall into synonymy, but could be maintained as infrageneric names. Due to the lack of data proving phylogenetic relationships, this broad concept, at present, is the most practicable and recommended one. A moderate concept subdivides Orbilia into several genera, with all nematode-trapping fungi merged in Arthrobotrys. A narrow generic concept accepts genera based on differences in trapping organs, but also subdivides the remaining groups of Orbilia into additional genera. Trapping of invertebrates (zoophagy) is not restricted to Arthrobotrys in a broad sense, but occurs also in the more distant basal genera Hyalorbilia and Lecophagus, which mainly prey on rhizopods and rotifers. Whether these predatory capabilities trace back to a common ancestor is not clear. The following new combinations are proposed: Hyalorbilia oviparasitica, Hyalorbilia quadridens, Hyalorbilia tenuifusaria, and Orbilia fissilis.

Five species of Hymenoscyphus that fruit on black stromatized parts of dead leaves of deciduous trees are presented, giving details on their morphological and ecological characteristics. Several of these species have previously been misplaced in rutstroemiaceous genera because of the presence of a substratal stroma. However, the heteropolar, scutuloid ascospores with an often hook-like lateral protrusion at the rounded apex and the ascus apical ring of the Hymenoscyphus-type represent two reliable morphological characteristics that, together with molecular data, provide clear evidence for their placement in the genus Hymenoscyphus (Helotiaceae). Among the species treated is Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (=Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus), the causal agent of the European ash dieback disease. Since 1992 this species started within Europe to replace the rather uncommon Hymenoscyphus albidus, which is likewise confined to leaves of Fraxinus. Hy. fraxineus has been recorded already since 1990 in Eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, northeast of China), where it had been initially misidentified as Lambertella albida (≡Hy. albidus). In these regions, it occurs as a harmless saprotroph on Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, suggesting that those populations are native while the European ash dieback disease has a recent Eastern Asiatic origin. The distinctly higher genetic diversity found in Japanese Hy. fraxineus in contrast to European Hy. fraxineus supports this view. Genetic similarities between Japanese Hy. fraxineus and European Hy. albidus suggest that also Hy. albidus might be a descendant of Asian Hy. fraxineus, though having invaded Europe much earlier. However, consistent genetic deviation between European and Asian Hy. fraxineus at two nucleotide positions of the ITS region indicates that the European ash disease originates from a region different from the presently known areas in Eastern Asia. Our results underline the importance of detailed morphological studies in combination with molecular work. Hy. fraxineus was described from Europe as a cryptic species that differed from Hy. albidus by molecular data alone. However, the Hy. albidus/Hy. fraxineus species complex represents one of many examples within the ascomycetes in which subtle microscopic differences between closely related species, in this case the presence or absence of croziers at the ascus base, are strictly correlated with molecular characteristics. Two species that closely resemble Hy. albidus and Hy. fraxineus form pseudosclerotia in Aesculus leaves and again differ from each other mainly in the ascus base: Hymenoscyphus aesculi on Aesculus hippocastanum from Europe lacks croziers, whereas Hymenoscyphus honshuanus from Japan on Aesculus turbinata possesses croziers. Other taxa treated here include Hymenoscyphus vacini, a European species growing on stromatized net veins of skeletonized leaves of Acer, and Hymenoscyphus torquatus, a Chinese species on unidentified herbaceous stems. An equivalent stroma-forming North American species on leaves of Fraxinus, Rutstroemia longipes (Rutstroemiaceae), is discussed and compared. A key to the Hymenoscyphus species that form a dark stroma on leaves of Acer, Aesculus, Fraxinus, and Picrasma is provided.

he discomycete Hymenoscyphus subcarneus was found to grow parasitic on the liverwort Cephalozia catenulata in the Białowieża National Park (Poland), and is described and illustrated from the fresh collection. Two characters, the ascus apical ring structure of the Calycina type and the contents of the living paraphyses (multiguttulate by low-refractive vacuolar bodies), have not been reported previously. In addition, a dried collection on Pohlia gracilis from Switzerland, Grimsel area, was studied. The relationship, taxonomy and infraspecific variation of the fungus are discussed. A new genus, Roseodiscus, is established to accomodate this bryicolous fungus together with two very similar equiseticolous species, Hymenoscyphus rhodoleucus and H. equisetinus. The three species are macroscopically characterized in the fresh state by a pale rosaceous-lilaceous hymenium and a mostly slender, concolorous or whitish stipe. Roseodiscus resembles Hymenoscyphus in various respects, but sharply deviates in the apical ring type which appears to indicate a more close relationship with genera like Calycina or Stamnaria. Rhizoscyphus ericae which forms a mycorrhiza with roots of Ericaceae, is compared with Roseodiscus. Based on vital observations of R. ericae this species is believed to be congeneric with the type of Pezoloma, P. griseum.

The genus Orbilia Fr. (Orbiliaceae Nannf.) was currently thought to comprise some dozens of species, being particularly common in temperate regions on woody substrates in moist habitats. During monographic work on the family Orbiliaceae over many years by the second author, species diversity turned out to be extremely higher, with presently about 330 species of Orbilia, and a strong preference of semihumid to arid, subtropical to tropical vegetation zones. The characterization of the genus and classification history of Orbiliaceae has been reviewed, e.g., in Liu et al. (2005) and Zhang et al. (2007, 2009).

Xerombrophila, a new member of the Helotiales, is erected for a previously undescribed species that macroscopically resembles genera such as Phaeohelotium or Pezicula. The new species, for which we propose the name X. crystallifera, is characterized by a strong gelatinization of the medullary excipulum as well as the covering layer of the ectal excipulum, by the presence of abundant octahedral crystals, asci with an euamyloid apical ring that resembles the Calycina-type, and paraphyses containing refractive vacuoles. It can also be distinguished from members of both Ombrophila and Phaeohelotium in that it is desiccation-tolerant by surviving several weeks in the dry state. The species appears to be confined to xeric bark of Salix and was exclusively found over waterlogged soil, irrespective of being acidic or calcareous. It is known from various planar and colline areas of temperate Europe, and can be found throughout the year. Phylogenetic analysis of partial LSU sequences positions X. crystallifera as a sister taxon of a clade within the Helotiaceae s.l. that includes Ascocoryne, Chloroscypha, Gelatinodiscus, Neobulgaria and "Sarcoleotia" turficola.

A member of the nematophagous anamorph genus Arthrobotrys was isolated from its teleomorph Orbilia blumenaviensis comb. nov. (= Orbilia fici), a species closely related to O. auricolor but deviating in having lanceolate paraphyses. In the presence of nematodes, the anamorph forms three-dimensional adhesive networks. A trimorphism in its conidia was observed which vary in shape and number of septa. In the first isolate, two types of heteropolar conidia were obtained. These differ markedly from the type strain of A. vermicola, which forms mainly homopolar (fusoid) conidia. In a further ascospore isolate of O. blumenaviensis, however, mainly fusoid conidia referable to A. vermicola occurred. Combining morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we conclude that these isolates with differently shaped conidia and/or differences in the ITS rDNA (ca. 2–4%) belong to a single anamorph species, A. vermicola. Both teleomorph and anamorph are illustrated and described.

Colipila, a new member of the Helotiales, is erected for two previously undescribed lignicolous species resembling Dasyscyphella and Lachnum by macroscopy. Species of Colipila are characterized by their long, entirely smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, multiseptate, subulate to basally fusoid hairs that tend to be curved on the stipe and lower flanks, and dimorphic, partly strongly protruding paraphyses which closely resemble the hairs. The type species, C. masduguana, is recorded repeatedly in southern France on rotten decorticated branches and trunks of Castanea sativa on the moist forest floor in sub-Mediterranean regions with siliceous soils, but also once on Quercus robur in a temperate forest with calcareous soil. The second species, C. pilatensis, was found on wood of an unidentified member of Rosaceae in a calcareous region of the Northern Alps and is known only from the holotype. The phylogenetic position of C. masduguana within the Helotiales was not resolved based on the analysis of nuclear LSU ribosomal DNA sequences. A key to the species of Colipila is provided.

The monotypic genus Fuscoscypha possesses hairs similar as in the genus Hyaloscypha but differs by grey-olivaceous-brown apothecia with short dark stipes. Molecular data proves that the pigmentation does not permit delimitation of a separate genus, as white and brown taxa do not form separate clades. Followingly, Fuscoscypha is here considered to be a synonym of Hyaloscypha. Three of the here treated four species have an olivaceous-brown excipulum. Two are saprophytes on decaying leaves and fruits of angiosperms: F. acicularum, the type species of Fuscoscypha, and Hyaloscypha fuscostipitata comb. nov. (formerly placed in Betulina). Two are biotrophic parasites on Bryophyta: Hyaloscypha hepaticola comb. nov. (formerly placed in Trichopeziza) and the hyaline-excipled Hyaloscypha albocarpa spec. nov. which is otherwise very similar to H. hepaticola. The type species of the genus Betulina, B. hirta, is found to be an earlier synonym of Urceolella salicicola (= U. graddonii). The new combination Urceolella hirta is therefore proposed, hence Betulina is considered a synonym of Urceolella.

A new species of the genus Orbilia, O. yuanensis (Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes), was collected from Yunnan Province (China) and Taiwan. The fungus differs from previously known Orbilia species in that it has rod-shaped ascospores with a tear-shaped spore body. An anamorph that was obtained from ascospore isolates is characterized as producing long, curved macroconidia and much smaller, partly helicoid microconidia. Morphologically, this anamorph fits the polyphyletic genus Anguillospora. Based on a sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) gained from two isolates, O. yuanensis nested near species of the Orbilia luteorubella aggregate, although at a rather high distance. To date, there have been two reports regarding a connection between Orbilia species and their Anguillospora anamorph. The connection between O. yuanensis and its Anguillospora anamorph discussed here is the third published report. In this paper, both teleomorph and anamorph are illustrated and described.

The phylogeny of Orbilia aurantiorugra and related species is inferred from ITS sequence data. Orbilia aurantiorubra is redefined according to vital taxonomy. Integrated analyses of molecular and morphological data, and ecological (e.g. substrate) and geographical origin suggest the existence of three new species, which are described in this paper: Orbilia xanthoguttulata from Europe, O. succulenticola from the Canary Islands, and O. jugulospora from Ethiopia (Africa) and Taiwan (Southeast Asia).

Orbilia junci sp. nov., belonging to the subgenus Hemiorbilia, is described from the endemic halophyte Juncus roemerianus from North Carolina. This small discomycete grows on the brittle tips of old standing leaves, where it is exposed to extreme climatic conditions, including drought, soaking by rain or dew, freezing in the winter, high summer tem- peratures and salt spray. The species forms a stauro- sporous hyphomycete in culture, Dwayaangam junci sp. nov., characterized by conidia that are branched dichotomously twice at the apex and consist of a cy- lindric-ellipsoidal main axis and four curved and ta- pering side arms that are pointing upwards and downwards. The new anamorph is compared with the other six species assigned previously to Dwayaangam and is the first member of this genus to be linked with a teleomorph.

Based on field work and herbarium studies, a taxonomic revision of the genus Orbilia in the Canary Islands was carried out. Eighteen species of the genus are recognized in the present study. Eight of these are new records for the archipelago ( Orbilia cejpii , O. euonymi , O. flavida , O. flavidorosella , O. hesperidea , O. scolecospora , O. vinosa and O. vitalbae ). Three of them are here described in detail ( O. cejpii , O. flavida and O. vitalbae ), because they were not reported again since their first publication. Corrections and clarifications about the identity of four previously reported species ( O. alnea, O. auricolor, O. delicatula and O. epipora ) are provided, being renamed to O. eucalypti, O. tenuissima, O. xanthostigma , and O. dryadum , respectively, the last one being a new combination for O. alnea var. dryadum . Two species with a rather short original diagnoses reported for the Canary Islands are redescribed in detail ( O. corculispora and O. gambelii ), and those being endemic for the archipelago are illustrated and briefly discussed ( Orbilia adenocarpi , O. asomatica , O. pisciformis and O. succulenticola ). A key for the identification of these species, a discussion about closely related taxa, notes on their global distribution, and ecological data are provided.

Under the rules for the naming of fungi with pleomorphic life-cycles adopted in July 2011, the nomenclaturally correct name for the fungus causing the current ash dieback in Europe is determined to be Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, with the basionym Chalara fraxinea, and Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus as a taxonomic synonym of H. fraxineus., IMA Fungus, 5 (1), ISSN:2210-6340, ISSN:2210-6359

O. laevimarginata is here described as a new species, and also its asexual morph could not be assigned to an existing taxon. Anamorphic strains were obtained from three teleomorph specimens which were collected at different sites and dates. The anamorph is characterized by cylindric-ellipsoid to oblong conidia, mainly 1-septate, growing either singly or mostly from 2–10 denticles in a capitate arrangement on the tip of conidiophores. These morphological characters are similar to those of the nematophagous anamorph genus Arthrobotrys , but the present isolates lack the ability to produce any trapping devices when contacting with nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS rDNA sequences on different groups within Orbilia showed that the isolates of O. laevimarginata clustered together in a clade separate from Orbilia crenatomarginata (= Hyalinia crystallina ). The two species are close to O. scolecospora and an undescribed species, which all have a crenulate to dentate apothecial margin composed of solid glassy processes. The group clustered distant from those species identified within the nematode-trapping anamorph genera Arthrobotrys , Dactylellina and Drechslerella , but also distant from the non-predacious anamorph genus Dactylella . By combining morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we conclude that the three isolates belong to a single undescribed holomorph species. The morphological differences among the three isolated anamorphic strains, and phylogenetic divergence of nematode-trapping fungi and related species are discussed.

Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella . The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae . However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiella . The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus -type rather than Sclerotinia -type ascus apex. Zoellneria , linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella .