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Affecting all aspects of patients’ lives, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) presents significant challenges. Individuals with ESRD face biological, psychological, economic, and social issues. ESRD patients in Ethiopia bear multifaceted burdens of multiple medical conditions, including comorbid hypertension, diabetes, cardiac problems, anemia, gastrointestinal issues, and bone and mineral disorders. The aim of this study was to address the gap in research on patients in Ethiopia with ESRD and examine biopsychosocial and economic challenges. A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology design was employed. In-depth interviews were held with 10 women and 10 men. Major themes include the physical corollary of ESRD (e.g., fatigue), and psychological (e.g., fear of loss of capacity and/or occupation) and socioeconomic challenges (e.g., difficulty obtaining social and economic support). Along with complications of ESRD and side effects of dialysis, patients face trauma and social and economic repercussions. Social workers are well positioned to help manage associated biopsychosocial and economic challenges. The findings indicate the need for policies that promote multidisciplinary teams in working with patients who are diagnosed with ESRD.

The utilization of the electric vehicles increasing day by day. Further, energy grid infrastructure is not modernized enough to supply the growing demand of electric vehicles. Therefore, it is difficult to fully depend on the energy obtained from grid. As a result, integration of renewable energy (solar), grid supply and energy storage is critical. Therefore, the need of renewable energy powered charging facility with adequate controlling is the present day requirement. This paper proposed the development of a direct current (DC) microgrid for electric vehicle charging stations. This work employs a fuzzy logic controller to optimally integrate a DC microgrid. The maximum operating voltage of this DC microgrid charging station is 500 V. Power flow management using a fuzzy logic controller keeps voltage within the expected range with standard voltage deviation. Further, it improves the response time (1.645 ms). Moreover, the operating costs per year of the proposed system are also being investigated.

Meat is the flesh of an animal that is considered edible, especially that of a mammal or bird and is nutritionally rich in protein and allied nutrients. The carcass of an animal’s pass through several channels before being consumed, even the handling of the meat by the consumers determines its nutrient availability. Fresh meats are easily contaminated during slaughtering and thereafter the processing. If not properly handled, processed and preserved, the meat is a good medium to support growth and proliferation of microorganisms. The problem of beef handling and hygiene in butchers’ enterprise are focusing in slaughter slabs, beef transportation and butcheries especially in some small butchers. Over the past two decades, consumers have been exposed to a series of food safety frights including major outbreaks of food borne diseases, food security issues, and contaminated food supplies. The aim of the study is to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the beef in outlets, which includes water loss, water activity, cooking loss/ water holding capacity, pH, shear force, moisture content and ash, and the bacteriological quality of the beef meat viz. aerobic plate count, coliform count, fecal coliform, E. coli 0157:H7 type I, S. aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella spp. The fresh beef meat samples were collected from Hawassa city randomly selected agricultural meat distributors. The laboratory analyses were done according to standard methods for the examination of foods. The results of this study revealed that the change in physicochemical properties, specifically the amount of water content decrease not only affected meat color and quality but also made meat dry and tough. However, the entire beef samples were at the food grade level. Bacteriologically meat samples were at good quality status compared to the standard set for fresh foods such as raw meat. Moreover, Salmonella and Shigella spp. in every 25 gm sample of raw beef were not detected. Environment, equipment and personnel sanitary hygiene during butchering beef meat helps to keep beef meat bacteriologically safe and quality.

The uses of natural plant origin bioactive compounds are emerging as a promising strategy to detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study aimed to explore the potential of cooking, phytochemicals content, and antioxidant activities derived from garlic, ginger, cardamom, and black cumin to detoxify AFB1 on spice mix red pepper powder (berbere) and sauté. The effectiveness of the samples was analyzed for AFB1 detoxification potential through standard methods for the examination of food and food additives. These major spices showed an AFB1 level below the detection limit. After cooking in hot water for 7 min at 85 ℃, the experimental and commercial spice mix red pepper showed the maximum AFB1 detoxification (62.13% and 65.95%, respectively). Thus, mixing major spices to produce a spice mix red pepper powder had a positive effect on AFB1 detoxification in raw and cooked spice mix red pepper samples. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating activity revealed good positive correlation with AFB1 detoxification at p < 0.05. The findings of this study could contribute to mitigation plans of AFB1 in spice-processing enterprises. Further study is required on the mechanism of AFB1 detoxification and safety of the detoxified products.

Two anthranilate synthase gene pairs have been identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They were cloned, sequenced, inactivated in vitro by insertion of an antibiotic resistance gene, and returned to P. aeruginosa, replacing the wild-type gene. One anthranilate synthase enzyme participates in tryptophan synthesis; its genes are designated trpE and trpG. The other anthranilate synthase enzyme, encoded by phnA and phnB, participates in the synthesis of pyocyanin, the characteristic phenazine pigment of the organism. trpE and trpG are independently transcribed; homologous genes have been cloned from Pseudomonas putida. The phenazine pathway genes phnA and phnB are cotranscribed. The cloned phnA phnB gene pair complements trpE and trpE(G) mutants of Escherichia coli. Homologous genes were not found in P. putida PPG1, a non-phenazine producer. Surprisingly, PhnA and PhnB are more closely related to E. coli TrpE and TrpG than to Pseudomonas TrpE and TrpG, whereas Pseudomonas TrpE and TrpG are more closely related to E. coli PabB and PabA than to E. coli TrpE and TrpG. We replaced the wild-type trpE on the P. aeruginosa chromosome with a mutant form having a considerable portion of its coding sequence deleted and replaced by a tetracycline resistance gene cassette. This resulted in tryptophan auxotrophy; however, spontaneous tryptophan-independent revertants appeared at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(6). The anthranilate synthase of these revertants is not feedback inhibited by tryptophan, suggesting that it arises from PhnAB. phnA mutants retain a low level of pyocyanin production. Introduction of an inactivated trpE gene into a phnA mutant abolished residual pyocyanin production, suggesting that the trpE trpG gene products are capable of providing some anthranilate for pyocyanin synthesis.

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the trpI gene product regulates the expression of the trpBA gene pair encoding tryptophan synthase. trpI and trpBA are transcribed divergently. The trpI DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence were determined. The trpI start codon was found to be 103 base pairs from that of trpB. trpI encodes a 293-residue protein and the size of the trpI gene product, measured on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels, was close to that calculated from the amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of trpI resembles that of Enterobacter cloacae ampR, the regulatory gene for the ampC cephalosporinase. The N-terminal portions of trpI and ampR resemble corresponding portions of ilvY, metR, and lysR in Escherichia coli and nodD in Rhizobium meliloti. This resemblance may help to define a trpI-related family of activator proteins sharing a common structural plan.

We have determined the DNA sequence of the two adjacent genes for the alpha and beta chains of tryptophan synthase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with 34 5'-flanking and 799 3'-flanking base pairs. The gene order is trpBA as predicted from earlier genetic studies, and the two cistrons overlap by 4 bp; a ribosome binding site for the second gene is evident in the coding sequence of the first gene. We have also determined the location of three large deletions eliminating portions of each gene. A detailed comparison of the deduced P. aeruginosa amino acid sequence with those published for E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows much similarity throughout the beta and most of the alpha subunit. Most of the residues implicated by chemical modification or mutation as being critical for enzymatic activity are conserved, along with many others, suggesting that three-dimensional structure has remained largely constant during evolution. We also report the construction of a recombinant plasmid that overproduces a slightly modified alpha subunit from P. aeruginosa that can form a functionally effective multimer with normal E. coli beta 2 subunit in vivo.