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Řádné studium práva na vysokých školách povolováno ženám v jednotlivých státech zpravidla od konce 19. století. Prvním státem, který povolil ženám studium na univerzitní úrovni byly Spojené státy americké. V Evropě bylo ženám umožněno vysokoškolské právnické studium a následující praxe oproti USA později, nicméně stejně úspěšně. Ženy studovaly právnické fakulty a vykonávaly tomu i odpovídající praxi, a to zejména praxi advokátní. Women have generally been permitted to study law properly at university since the late 19th century. The first country to allow women to study at university level was the United States of America. In Europe, it has been possible for women to study law at the universities and practise it, particularly as attorneys-at-law, later than in the USA, but with equal success.

The article presents an overview of the problem of fundamental rights during the First Czechoslovak Republic and focuses especially on the role played by the fundamental rights catalogue of the 1920 Czechoslovak Constitutional Charter. Section 2 presents the 1920 catalogue itself, methods of specification and of limitations of rights (usually by particular laws) and postulates continuity with pre-1918 Austrian and Hungarian law. Section 3 is dedicated to opinions of Czechoslovak legal doctrine (mainly Czech authors) on the role of the 1920 catalogue. Section 4 examines the case-law of the Supreme Administrative Court protecting fundamental rights and tries to show that some fundamental rights were applied directly by this Court and that direct application sometimes leads also to a limited form of constitutional review of pre-1918 law.

This paper concerns of the doctrine of versio in rem (or actio de in rem verso) in the legal discussion in interwar Czechoslovakia. The paper presents a brief overview of the origin and field of application of actio de in rem verso in classical Roman law and the transformation of the doctrine of versio in rem i n the frame of Corpus Iuris Civilis. The scope of the changes made by the compilers is still uncertain and was a subject of extensive discussion among the legal scholars of the 19th century. The paper describes the nature of versio in rem in the Austrian Civil Code (provision of §1041) and presents legal statements of the prominent exponents of the various legal schools of interwar Czechoslovakia, the legal traditionalists and the supporters of the School of Pure Law Theory. The doctrine of versio in rem is still in the centre of attention of the modern legal scholars in the Czech Republic. The doctrine of versio in rem was adopted in the new Czech Civil Code, but without reflecting the results of the interwar discussion.

The paper deals with the development of law in Czechoslovakia from its inception to the existence of the so-called First Republic, focusing in particular on the development of criminal law. The primary question addressed in the paper is whether there is legal continuity with the previous Austro-Hungarian legal system. Given that there were several legal orders in force in the aftermath of the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the next necessary question is how this situation was addressed. The paper presents examples from selected areas of criminal law, such as juvenile justice, national security laws, or military criminal norms, and intends to document the main legislative trends, namely the introduction of completely new legal regulations, the adoption of the original Austrian regulation and its nationwide application, or, last but not least, the adoption of both Austrian and Hungarian regulations with their simultaneous application. The codification attempts in the Criminal Code, which were not completed in the relevant period, have not been overlooked.

This article presents the scholarly activity of two generations of researchers focusing on Roman law, associated professionally with the Lviv university in the interwar period. First, it shows the attainments of Leon Piniński and Marceli Chlamtacz. Then, it focuses on the attainments of a younger generation of Lviv scholars, including Wacław Osuchowski and Edward Gintowt. The presentation of the activities of these scholars made it possible to demonstrate the scholarly potential of the Lviv interwar Romanist community, which was one of the leading centers of research on Roman law in interwar Poland, if not the most important one.

Book review on BĚLOVSKÝ, P. Obligace z kontraktu. Smlouva a její vymahatelnost v římském právu. Praha: Auditorium, 2021, 359 s.

The article deals with the work of Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811) in terms of its relation to the problems of “law and literature”. It focuses on the fact that this German writer belongs to those great creators who attached extraordinary care to the question of law and justice in his work. At first, the paper deals shortly with the life of this important figure of the German letters. Then the main attention is paid to the nouvelle “Michael Kohlhaas” which might be considered as the most important of his works related to the “law and literature” topic. This is given especially by the general preset of the story in which the main hero fights for the achievement of the justice tirelessly even at the cost of sacrificing his family's happiness and his life. Next part of the paper makes us familiar with certain aspects of the plot. Finally, the other works of Kleist related to the problems of “law and literature” and legal questions involved are analyzed.

The paper outlines the theoretical achievements of the work of the Dutch historian Jan Romein and the legal historian and romanist Hoetink, which have become common wisdom in time. However, application of new insights into historical narratives has often been hesitant because of the “anything goes” mentality. This paper approaches one of Roman law’s holy cows, namely the role and development of good faith in the Roman law of contracts and questions whether a move from historical interpretation to legal history may provide another narrative.

Based on the archive sources, the aim of the paper is to enlighten life story of Old Town burgher Pavel Prčka who was as one of the representants of Czech Estates Uprising sentenced to execution, loss of honor and property in May 1621. In the end, his sentence had been mitigated and Prčka lived remarkable autumn of life. He was sentenced again twice (in one case to the death for falsifying entries in the land registers) and found himself in jail several times. His fate provides us a symptomatic testimony to the twist and turns and vicissitudes of history brought about by the Thirty Yearsʼ War.

This paper deals with the portrayal of slavery in the specific chapter of Petronius’ Satyricon. The main aim of the paper is to compare the information we gain about slavery from the legal sources with the way these institutions are then portrayed within the Satyricon. Specifically, the paper focuses on the legal aspects of entry into slavery (birth, self-sale), transfer of ownership (sale and warranty for goods) and manumission.

The subject of the article is the application of the concept of the form of state in the Soviet historical and legal science.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the understanding of the form of the state in the Soviet history of law was not discrete, it changed under the influence of political transformations and had a significant impact on the modern theory of the state.The methodology. The method of periodization was used to highlight the Soviet period of historical and legal science, the chronological method was used to determine the upper and lower boundaries of the Soviet period. The narrative method made it possible to describe the historiographic process. The historical-comparative method was required to compare individual concepts.Results, scope of application. The concept of the form of the state that was used in the historical and legal science of the Soviet period has been determined. The form of the state in Soviet science included two elements initially: the form of government and the form of statehood. The third element has been added since the 1960s – the political regime. The institutionalization of the history of state and law as a science took place by the end of the 1940s. While historians of the old school were working, the main topics included the early stages of the development of the state. Then after the change of generations the priority place was taken by the problems of the Soviet state. By the end of the Soviet period a more harmonious allocation of topics had developed. In Soviet historical and legal science the form of the state of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods was considered separately. The form of government of the Russian state in the pre-revolutionary period was defined as a monarchy. Several types of monarchy were distinguished: early feudal, estate-representative, absolute. The republican form of government was recognized for the Soviet state. Its class and social essence changed with the development of socialism. Organizational forms changed accordingly. When studying the polity, the main attention was paid to the federation. Its complex origin was noted, because the Russian Federation (RSFSR) was part of the federation of the USSR. The Soviet federations were built according to the nationalterritorial principle. The issue of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation remained debatable. Most researchers considered the RSFSR a state with autonomous entities. The development of the territory of the state as a whole has hardly been studied. Major administrative-territorial reforms carried out in the 1920s-1930s were considered in isolation from national-territorial construction. Generalized works on the territorial development of the state appeared only at the end of the Soviet period. Issues of the political regime of the feudal and bourgeois state were addressed in the study of direct democracy in the ancient Russian state, estate representative bodies, state power during the period of absolutism. Political liberalization was noted during the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The democratic nature of the Soviet political regime was not questioned, therefore, the problems indicating trouble, crisis phenomena in the Soviet state were not identified.Conclusions. The understanding of elements of form of the state in the Soviet history of law was expanding. It changed in accordance with the changes in the Soviet governance. The main approaches to understanding the form of the state are accepted by contemporary Russian science.

Obituary

It follows from the case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court that everyone has the right to leave immovable property if they do not illegally avoid liability for non-fulfilment of their own obligations. The legal institute of dereliction has its origins in Roman law, which emphasized the free will of the owner deciding to abandon property. The dereliction of real estate according to the Civil Code in effect takes place by the legal action itself, by which the owner expresses the will to abandon the thing. Declaratory nature of property registration in the real estate cadastre might follow the recodification work in the 1920s and 1930s, as it differs from the General civil code (ABGB) regulation. Moreover, the Civil Code is influenced by socialist legislation when it transfers abandoned real estate to state ownership automatically. Although this was originally considered a measure in favour of the society, it is likely to cause difficulties. In recent years, laconic provisions of the Civil Code have provoked a discussion on the requisites of the application for the registration of state ownership in the real estate cadastre. The cadastral offices and some courts initially considered that the application must be accompanied by a consent statement from the original owner and the state, which, however, contradicts the characteristic of dereliction as a unilateral act. The Supreme Court strongly opposed this practice and interpreted the nature of dereliction in its decisions in detail.

It has been 100 years since the adoption of the Constitutional Charter of the Czechoslovak Republic. The tradition of this document is alive in the constitutional order of the Czech Republic. However, this tradition cannot be absolutized, it would confuse the interpretation of the current legal system. While the Constitutional Charter of the Czechoslovak Republic from 1920 was built on the so-called principle of negative parliamentarism, today the constitutional order is built on the so-called positive parliamentarism, which does not allow “non-political” government. De lege ferenda, the question is whether it would not be more appropriate to strengthen the positive parliamentarism and return to 1918 – to elect a government.

The article deals with the Subcarpathian Ruthenia in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 and its rights, as well as with some aspects of the preparation of the Constitution. The attention is also paid to the tasks of the Constitutional Court and the search for adequate representatives of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia therein.

This text studies the Cuban republican tradition, very little analysed by the academy of the country. It investigates how republican ideas were appropriated and recreated in the context of the War of Independence, and in what ways and with what symbols Cuban actors developed their own ideas about this political development. The text focuses on the analysis of iconography, a body of sources that is also poorly attended. It identifies ambiguities and tensions that influenced the independence process to suggest how republican notions “from below” were produced in Cuba around independence, slavery and the Republic. With this, the work contributes to restoring republicanism as a central tradition in Cuban political history, not as an echo of projects from other countries but as a result of popular political production.

RESUMEN. Desde una novedosa perspectiva de estudios romanísticos propia de la primera mitad del siglo xx, en este artículo el eminente romanista Salvatore Riccobono nos ilustra de manera magistral con su método crítico sobre los grandes momentos y desarrollos del sistema jurídico romanístico, para concluir que el Corpus luris de Justiniano fue el producto de la tradición del derecho romano y no de la influencia helenística. Los tres elementos jurídicos propios de la tradición romanística: ius civile, ius honorarium, ius gentium, se destacan en su relación con los juristas, la tarea de la jurisprudencia romana, y la actividad del pretor basada en la equidad. Es grato presentar esta traducción casi un siglo después. ABSTRACT. In this article, the eminent Romanist Salvatore Riccobono masterfully illustrates, from a perspective of Romanistic studies typical of the first half of the 20th century, about the great moments and developments of the Roman law legal system tradition, to conclude that Justinian's Corpus luris was the product of the tradition of Roman law and not of the Hellenistic influence. The three legal elements typical of the Roman law tradition: ius civile, ius honorarium, ius gentium, stand out in their relationship with jurists, the task of Roman jurisprudence, and the activity of the Praetor based on equity.

Objectives The paper describes the development of the system of punishment in our territory from the oldest times up to the modern times. It points out the fundamental difference from the current legal situation: while there is currently the most commonly imposed punishment, imprisonment, in the past there was a "diverse range" of punishment, with imprisonment (as we know it today) at the earliest time ever there. Even in later developmental stages, when it already existed, the motivation of its imposition was different from the present and its imposition was still a rare phenomenon. Material and methods historical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, description Results In the past, many methods of punishment were used in Slovakia. The method of punishment depended on the crime, as well as on the person of the perpetrator. Conclusions Imprisonment has been used minimally in the past, and has been used as a secondary punishment.

Book review on Tarwacka, A. Obrócić prawo w żart. Instytucje prawne w zbiorze dowcipów „Philogelos“. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwesytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2016, 260 s.

�� ������������ ������������������������������ �������������������� ���������������� ���������� �� ������ �������������� ���� ���������������� ���������������������� ���������� �� ����������., This article discusses significance of Roman law and its influence at development of jurisprudence.

The article studies a key episode in the singular process of the textual transmission of Monarquía de España, a work by Pedro Salazar de Mendoza written during the transition from the sixteenth to seventeenth century, but not published until 1770. In particular, the goal is to restore Andrés Marcos Burriel’s intervention and its context. To do so, we focus on the Spanish-speaking “Republic of Letters” in the mid-eighteenth century and the attempt to locate a law that could be called Spanish. This is framed within the commission of archives for the Crown in the context of negotiating the Concordat of 1753. The operation’s relatively unsuccessful result serves not only to illustrate the vicissitudes of the textual history of Monarquía de España, but also the cultural atmosphere in which its recovery was attempted. The purpose of this article is to trace the recovery and reading of this work., El artículo atiende a un episodio central en el singular proceso de trasmisión textual que conoció la Monarquía de España, obra escrita por Pedro Salazar de Mendoza en el paso del siglo XVI al XVII, pero solo publicada en 1770. En concreto, se trata de recomponer la intervención de Andrés Marcos Burriel en esa historia y situarla en su contexto. Para ello se presta atención especial tanto a las preocupaciones que a mediados del XVIII atravesaba la «república de las letras» hispanas, como a la trascendencia que entre ellas iba adquiriendo la tentativa de localización de un derecho castellano que pudiera decirse español. Y todo ello, en el marco de una comisión de archivos para la Corona en el contexto negociador del concordato de 1753. El saldo relativamente fallido de la operación puede entonces ilustrar no solo los avatares de la historia textual de la Monarquía de España, sino también el clima cultural en el que se tanteaba su recuperación. Perfilar esa recuperación y lectura es el objetivo de este estudio.

RESUMEN: Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, la Monarquía española impulsó la creación de “consulados de mar y tierra” como instrumento para favorecer el comercio y el progreso económico y social. De este modo, a partir de los reales decretos que permitieron la apertura del comercio con las Indias a determinados puertos, fueron creados distintas instituciones dedicadas a proteger los intereses de comerciantes, navieros, industriales y hacendados, pero también a la impartición de justicia en el ámbito del tráfico mercantil, y a la promoción de la cultura, la navegación, la artesanía, etc. El Real Consulado de Mar y Tierra de Santander (1785-1829) fue una de aquellas instituciones jurídico-mercantiles, y su actividad se centró en la protección de los intereses de los mercaderes de la capital montañesa, asumiendo, además, la administración de justicia en la esfera comercial de la región. Ninguna investigación hasta la fecha ha abordado específicamente la cuestión del derecho propio del Consulado santanderino, formado principalmente por sus Ordenanzas. Por motivos hasta ahora no esclarecidos, dichas normas, llamadas a regir la estructura y actividad de la institución, no llegaron nunca a ser aprobadas por los órganos consulares. Únicamente el proyecto de Ordenanzas elaborado por Francisco de Bustamante fue presentado ante la Junta General, siendo objeto de un rechazo contundente. El Consulado, sin embargo, pervivió durante 44 años desarrollando una intensa labor. El análisis de esas Ordenanzas ayudará a conocer, más allá de la mera descripción de sus orígenes y órganos, la verdadera realidad del Consulado, actor clave en el desarrollo comercial y social de Santander y la región montañesa. ABSTRACT: During the second half of the 18th Century, the Spanish Monarchy promoted the creation of “consulates of land and sea” as an instrument to encourage the mercantile traffic and the economic and social progress. In this way, from the royal decrees which allowed the opening of trade with Indias to determined ports, there were created different institutions dedicated to protect the interests of traders, shipowners, manufacturers and landowners, but also the impartation of justice in the field of mercantile traffic, and the promotion of culture, navigation, crafts, etc. The Royal Consulate of Land and Sea from Santander (1785-1829) was one of those commerciallegal institutions, and its activity focused on the protection of the interests of traders from the regional capital city, assuming the administration of justice in the regional field of trade. Any investigation until today has studied specifically the issue of the own law of Santander’s Consulate, mainly formed by its Ordinances. Due to unknown reasons until now, those rules, called to order the structure and activity of the institution were never approved by the authorities of the Consulate. Only the project of Ordinances made by Francisco de Bustamante was presented to the General Meeting of the Consulate, being strongly rejected. However, the Consulate lived for 44 years developing an intensive activity. The analysis of those Ordinances will help to know, further from the simple description of its origins and organs, the true reality of the Consulate, key player in the social and commercial development of Santander and its region. Grado en Derecho

This article offers an analysis of the legal arguments that Demosthenes uses in his speech Against Meidias, concerning the punch to prove that Meidias, who had struck Demosthenes as he exercised his public functions as a choregos, is guilty of hybris, and that he (Demosthenes) deserves adequate (i.e. public) reparation for the outrage suffered. Demosthenes claims his right to a punishment (timoria) capable of repairing the collective, more than individual, damage. This claim appears to allow him, on the one hand, to legitimise, with effective legal argumentation, all the choices made in the aftermath of the episode of the punch, and on the other, to give a strong legal basis for requesting the death penalty for Meidias. The paragraphs 2-3 of the article deal with the choices Demosthenes made after the episode of the punch. Here I intend to show that Demosthenes is able to demonstrate to the judges the relevance of the procedural choices and to qualify them as ‘choices’ precisely because they were motivated and considered at length. In the following paragraphs of the article I discuss the legal argumentation that Demosthenes uses with regard to the ‘measure’ of the penalty required (the death penalty). The aim is to understand what roles the principle according to which Meidias’s hybristic conduct must be assessed from an overall view and the principle of justice as reciprocity play in this argument. The latter must take into account the merit of the epieikes Demosthenes as compared to the hybristes Meidias.

The present article discusses the ingenious account of Zeus that was put forward by Maximus of Tyre in his Orations IV and XXVI. When reading into Homer various Platonic and Stoic concepts, Maximus originally amalgamates the notion of Demiurge with that of Providence. As he thus unearths Homer’s latent theology, Maximus not only praises the heritage of Greek culture but also demonstrates the close affinity between poetry and philosophy.

Impersonalization is a communicative peculiarity of courtroom discourse and the modal verb δεῖ is one of the linguistic devices that encode it in Greek. Δεῖ expresses deontic modality, which includes directive value for the expression of orders and other directive speech acts. This paper offers a study of δεῖ in Lysias’ forensic speeches.

The paper intends to examine a specific area of research concerning the pollution of large rivers – the Tiber above all but not exclusively – and the resulting contamination of water and air as well as the depletion of fish fauna and related food risks. The data on the damage to fluvial (but also lake and marine) habitats are not presented by the intellectuals of the Flavian-Trajan and Antonine ages (Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Galen) in an ‘environmentalist’ perspective stricto sensu, but each time presented in terms of moral condemnation, or of political propaganda aimed at seeking consensus or even in terms of risk to health and/or possible economic damage. In spite of this, from a legal point of view, appears undeniable a concern of the State to introduce measures aimed at limiting environmental damages as well as protecting and conserving natural resources, although certainly not systematic, but dictated by completely pragmatic needs and by occasional or emergency circumstances.

Thinking about the role of great men in virtual history of contemporary age, in this paper we intend to conduct an analysis of this theme starting from some significant texts of Herodotus and Thucydides, to evaluate the existence of a recourse to counterfactual reasoning in connection with the role of the individual also in Greek historiography. It emerges that counterfactuals, used perhaps not always intentionally, but, in any case, as a powerful narrative tool, help to define causal relationships and to highlight the important factors, moral and political responsibilities, including above all the ability of the leader to take reasonable decisions. The story of the past as it could have been, or, in other words, counterfactual history and not just real history, could thus encourage readers to reflect in a more engaging way than through the historical account alone, judging more actively the behaviour of great men of the past and learning from their decisions, both correct and incorrect.

The Roman world was a multilingual community. Aiming on one side to ensure effective communication (as Latin was not so widely known and spoken) but not to encourage nationalistic revivals on the other, Romans choose Greek as an additional official language. Indeed, Greek, by then already deprived of any national character, was already used as a ‘lingua franca’ in the eastern Mediterranean. Despite Jewish tendency to refer to Hebrew as a mark of national and religious identity, early Christianity adopted (and maintained until the second half of the II century) Greek as its own language. This choice was not only due to practical considerations related to communication needs, but also to more ‘political’ reasons, and therefore it must be framed in the more general friendly approach to the Roman empire which was always taught during his life by Jesus and was practiced by him even in front of Pilate.

There are two legal systems par excellence: Civil Law and Common Law, both are very different from each other, but they have come to take some characteristics of each other. Among the main differences we find the presence of Codes in Civil Law systems, which are scarce in Common Law systems; A second difference is jurisprudence; and, a third difference, would be the form of resolution of the cases: based on precedents in the Common Law systems and based on laws in the Civil Law systems. In this essay, the similarities among the Legal Systems of Germany, Canada, Spain, the United States and Switzerland will be analyzed, from their origins to the differences about their Courts, as well as the organization system within the State as such, differing among the States. Federated, such as Germany, Canada, the United States or Switzerland, and the Regionalist States such as Spain. On the other hand, the constitutions of such countries will be analyzed, where we can find some similarities in the constitutions in countries like Germany and Spain in the case of the Civil Law models; and, in the case of the countries under the Common Law model, similarities in the constitutions of Canada, the United States and Switzerland Existen dos Sistemas Jurídicos por excelencia: el Civil Law y el Common Law, ambos son muy dispares entre sí, pero han llegado a tomar algunas características uno del otro. Entre las principales diferencias encontramos la presencia de Códigos en los sistemas del Civil Law, los cuales escasean en los sistemas del Common Law; una segunda diferencia es la jurisprudencia; y, una tercera diferencia, sería la forma de resolución de los casos: basadas en precedentes en los sistemas del Common Law y basadas en leyes en los sistemas del Civil Law. En el presente trabajo se analizarán las similitudes entre los Sistemas Jurídicos de Alemania, Canadá, España, Estados Unidos y Suiza, desde sus orígenes hasta las diferencias entre sus Tribunales, así como el sistema de organización dentro del Estado como tal, diferenciándose entre los Estados Federados, como Alemania, Canadá, Estados Unidos o Suiza, y los Estados Regionalistas como es el caso de España. Por otro lado, se analizarán las constituciones de dichos países, pudiéndose encontrar similitudes en las constituciones en países como Alemania y España, en el caso de los modelos del Civil Law; y, en el caso de los países bajo el modelo del Common Law, similitudes en las constituciones de Canadá, Estados Unidos y Suiza.

Este artigo investiga a concepção de coronelismo presente na trama de Terras do sem fim, de Jorge Amado. Lançado em 1943, o romance marcou a literatura brasileira ao narrar a épica luta armada entre dois clãs de fazendeiros do cacau que, na Ilhéus do início do século XX, disputavam a posse das matas virgens do Sequeiro Grande. Parte da crítica especializada, ao tentar compreender como o romancista concebia a relação dos coronéis com o Estado, viu neles a expressão de um poderio privado exacerbado, contra o qual a lei não poderia se impor: sobrevivência do patriarcalismo e das lutas de famílias, cujas origens históricas remontam à Colônia. Olhando mais de perto, porém, não se trata disso, ou não apenas disso. Jorge Amado percebeu que o Estado, nesse período histórico do coronelismo, estava relativamente mais fortalecido, motivo pelo qual os clãs rivais passavam a lutar pelo poder político e pelo domínio das instituições, como a polícia e a justiça, que os favoreceriam nas disputas contra oligarquias adversárias. Conclui-se que Amado, em certo sentido, antecipou a construção do conceito de coronelismo, que só viria a ser delimitado abstratamente um pouco mais tarde, em 1948, com a publicação de Coronelismo, enxada e voto, de Victor Nunes Leal. This article investigates the concept of coronelism present in The violent land plot, by Jorge Amado. Released in 1943, the novel marked Brazilian literature by narrating the epic armed struggle between two clans of cocoa farmers who, in Ilhéus in the early 20th century, vied for possession of the virgin Sequeiro Grande forests. Part of specialized criticism, in attempting to understand how the novelist conceived the coronels' relationship with the State, saw in them the expression of an exacerbated private power, against which the law could not impose itself: the survival of patriarchalism and family struggles, whose historical origins date back to colonial Brazil. Looking more closely, however, this is not about this, or at least, not only, this. Jorge Amado realized that the State, in this historical coronelism period, was relatively more strengthened, the reason why the rival clans began fighting for political power and for institution domination, such as the police and the justice, that would favor them in disputes against opposing oligarchies. It is concluded that Amado, in a certain sense, anticipated the construction of the coronelism concept, which would only be abstracted sometime later, in 1948, with the Coronelismo: the municipality and representative government in Brazil publication, by Victor Nunes Leal. Cet article analyse la conception de coronélisme présente dans la trame de l’ouvrage Les terres du bout du monde, de Jorge Amado. Paru en 1943, le roman a marqué la littérature brésilienne en racontant la lutte armée épique entre deux clans de producteurs de cacao qui se disputaient les forêts vierges du Sequeiro Grande (Ilhéus) au début du XXe siècle. En essayant de comprendre comment le romancier envisageait la relation entre les coronels et l’État, une partie de la critique spécialisée a vu en eux un pouvoir privé exacerbé contre lequel la loi de l’État n’arrivait pas à s’imposer: la survie du patriarcat et des luttes familiales, dont les origines historiques renvoient à la Colonie. Pourtant, un regard plus attentif montre que ce n’est pas si simple. Jorge Amado a réussi à montrer que l’État était relativement plus fort pendant cette période historique du coronélisme ; c’est pourquoi les clans rivaux se battaient pour le pouvoir politique, pour la maîtrise d’institutions telles que la police et la justice, qui les favoriseraient en cas de différends avec les oligarchies opposées. Finalement, Amado a d’une certaine manière anticipé la construction du concept de coronélisme, un concept seulement délimité de manière abstraite en 1948, avec la publication de Coronelismo, enxada e voto de Victor Nunes Leal.

This article raises the relevance of using westerns, such as the films The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (Ford, 1962) and Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (Peckinpah, 1973), as well as the videogame Red Dead Redemption 2 (Rockstar Games, 2018), to address the process of consolidation of a State ruled by Law. These contents has been analyzed in relation with various introductory subjects to Law throughout an undergraduated program. In this sense, these films and videogames have been analyzed considering the way they deal with key issues in the process of consolidation of the Law: 1) the passage from the state of nature to the rule of law; 2) the relations between political power and the Law regarding the problem of legitimacy; 3) the productive nature of the Law and its relationship with the process of civilization; 4) the ambivalence of the process of civilization, and 5) the relevance of the mythical foundations for the State and for the Law. From that analysis, the usefulness of these resources to put in context the origins of the current legal-state regime can be infered. Thus also allows a more aporopriate approach from the perspective of contemporary legal science., Este artículo plantea la pertinencia de utilizar elementos del género western, como las películas The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (Ford, 1962) y Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (Peckinpah, 1973), así como el videojuego Red Dead Redemption 2 (Rockstar Games, 2018) para abordar el proceso de consolidación de un Estado regido por el Derecho. El estudio ha analizado la pertinencia de estos contenidos en asignaturas introductorias al Derecho en estudios de grado. En este sentido, ha analizado las obras citadas considerando la manera en que tratan asuntos clave del proceso de consolidación del Derecho: 1) el paso del estado de naturaleza al imperio de la ley; 2) las relaciones entre el poder político y el Derecho a propósito del problema de la legitimidad; 3) el carácter productivo del Derecho y su relación con el proceso de civilización; 4) las ambivalencias del proceso de civilización y 5) la relevancia de las fundamentaciones de orden mítico para el Estado y para el Derecho. Del análisis se infiere la utilidad de estos recursos para poner en contexto los orígenes del actual régimen jurídico-estatal y permitir así un abordaje más ajustado a las perspectivas de la ciencia jurídica contemporánea.

L’estudi reconstrueix el fet compilador a l’antic Regne de València en una perspectiva comparada amb la resta de territoris de la Corona d’Aragó, així com el procés d’elaboració de la frustrada recopilació valenciana de 1702, un fet poc o gens conegut pels historiadors del dret. Ve a mostrar que va existir un corrent compilador que, amb poques interrupcions, va començar la seua trajectòria en les Corts de 1564 i, a través de figures diverses (Tarazona, Trilles, Ferriol o Morlà), va acabar concloent en una recopilació manuscrita de final del segle xvii que mai va veure la llum a causa de la guerra de Successió., This study reconstructs the process of law codification in the Kingdom of Valencia, comparing it with that in other territories of the Crown of Aragon. It also examines the unsuccessful process of elaborating the Valencian legal code of 1702, rarely discussed by historians of law, showing that continued codification activity began in the parliamentary session of 1564, which, under the auspices of figures such as Tarazona, Trilles, Ferriol and Morlà, led to the production of a handwritten legal code at the end of the 17th century, whose publication was thwarted by the War of the Spanish Succession., El estudio reconstruye el hecho recopilador en el antiguo Reino de Valencia en una perspectiva comparada con el resto de territorios de la Corona de Aragón, así como el proceso de elaboración de la frustrada recopilación valenciana de 1702, un hecho poco o nada conocido por los historiadores del derecho. Viene a mostrar que existió una corriente recopiladora que, con pocas interrupciones, comenzó su trayectoria en las Cortes de 1564 y, a través de figuras diversas (Tarazona, Trilles, Ferriol o Morlà), acabó concluyendo en una recopilación manuscrita a fines del siglo xvii que nunca vio la luz a causa de la guerra de Sucesión.

Teofila Konstancja Morawska stammte aus der machtigen litauischen Furs- tenfamilie Radziwill. Ihr Ehemann war der Adlige Ignacy Feliks Morawski, der jedoch in der so- zialen Hierarchie viel niedriger stand. Im Jahr 1773 begab sich Teofila Morawska zusammen mit einer kleinen Gruppe von Begleitern auf eine Reise durch Europa. Die Route dieser Reise fuhrte durch Preusen und andere deutsche Lander, Frankreich, die Schweiz und schlieslich zahlreiche italienische Staaten. Der Ruckweg fuhrte u.a. durch Osterreich und Tschechien. Als Frucht dieser Reise gilt das von T.K. Morawska gefuhrte Tagebuch, in dem sie nicht nur die Landschaften und die besichtigten Sehenswurdigkeiten, sondern auch die Ereignisse im Zusammenhang mit dem Recht der Lander beschrieb, in denen sie weilte. Ihre Beobachtungen beziehen sich auf staatliche Systeme, Verwaltungsvorschriften, die insbesondere Reisende direkt betreffenden Zoll­ und Passvorschriften sowie das Gerichtsrecht. Die Reisende war besonders an der Vollstreckung von Strafen interessiert, beschrieb Gefangnisse und Hinrichtungsstatten. Die im Tagebuch gemachten Beobachtungen sind im Allgemeinen prazise und enthalten kei- ne groben Fehler. Die Reisende schreibt vor allem das auf, was sie gesehen oder wovon sie gehort hat, aber von Zeit zu Zeit fugt sie auch ihre eigenen Kommentare hinzu. Einige dieser Kommen- tare konnten darauf hindeuten, dass die Ideen der Aufklarung der Reisenden nicht fremd waren.

S’hi explica la naturalesa del dret civil i la seua vinculació a les característiqueshistòriques de cada poble o col·lectivitat humana, tot fent un repàs al fracassat procésde nacionalització o estatalització del Codi civil a Espanya entre els segles xix i xx. Acontinuació s’analitzen les causes, de tipus polític, per les quals no es permet als valenciansdesenvolupar la seua competència legislativa en matèria civil, que els correspondria perla mateixa història hispànica., This paper explains the essence of civil law and how it is related to the historical traits of a nation or human community. For this purpose, the author examines the unsuccessful project of nationalising the Civil Code in Spain between the 19th and 20th century. This is followed by a discussion of the political reasons for the fact that the people of Valencia are not allowed to develop their legislative power in matters of civil law, a right they should not be denied in view of the region’s historical status within Spain., Se explica la naturaleza del derecho civil y su vinculación con las características históricas de cada pueblo o colectividad humana, llevando a cabo un repaso al fracasado proceso de nacionalización o estatalización del Código civil en España entre los siglos xix y xx . A continuación, se analizan las causas, de tipo político, por las que no se permite a los valencianos desarrollar su competencia legislativa en materia civil, cosa que les correspondería por la misma historia hispánica

Autor stara się przedstawić ewolucję debaty na temat prawa oskarżonego do kłamstwa w doktrynie niemieckiej. Punktem wyjścia rozważań autora jest stwierdzenie, że problem ten nie został rozstrzygnięty w trakcie prac kodyfikacyjnych w XIX w. Dało to asumpt do szerszej debaty prawników niemieckich. Wykształciły się zasadniczo trzy główne stanowiska. Wedle pierwszego z nich oskarżony w procesie karnym powinien być zobligowany do wyjaśniania zgodnie z prawdą. Pogląd przeciwstawny przyznawał mu w tej materii pełną swobodę, ograniczoną jedynie prawami osób trzecich. Dopiero niedawno pojawiła się koncepcja (R. Torka), że w pewnych okolicznościach, a więc wtedy, gdy naruszenie praw innych osób ma być warunkiem sine qua non uniknięcia odpowiedzialności karnej, przyjąć należy tak zwany kontratyp prawa do kłamstwa. Argumenty podnoszone przez jurystów niemieckich mogą również wzbogacić debatę na ten temat prowadzoną w Polsce. ***An attempt is being made to outline the historical evolution of the debate in the German doctrine concerning the right of the accused to lie. The considerations begin with a claim that this issue was not solved during the codification work carried out in the nineteenth century, and had consequently given rise to an ample discussion among German lawyers, that resulted in the formulation of three major positions. According to the first one, the accused in the penal process should be obliged to confess the truth. The opposite view stressed that the accused could resort to lying as long as he did not infringe the rights of others. And only recently (R. Torka) has originated a conception that under certain circumstances, namely when infringing the rights of the others is the sine que non condition for the escaping of criminal responsibility, a so-called right to lie of the accused has to be taken into account. The arguments brought to life by German lawyers may also considerably enrich the debate over the same issue in Poland.

Resumo Este artigo discute a instituição de justiças de paz no Brasil do Oitocentos, regidas por magistrados leigos e eleitos localmente. A análise delimita-se entre os anos de 1826, data de retomada do funcionamento do legislativo brasileiro, e 1841, quando ocorreu a transferência das atribuições dos juízes eletivos para as autoridades policiais nomeadas pelo governo Imperial. A interpretação partiu da leitura de atas da Assembleia Nacional, relatórios do Ministério da Justiça, periódicos e documentos judiciais. A consulta às fontes colaborou para a identificação do juizado de paz como artefato da cultura constitucional dos primeiros anos do Brasil independente.

Obituary

Selection from new Czech and Slovak literature

Editorial

Medicine and law were related from early times. This relation resulted as a necessity of protecting communities from the irresponsible acts of impostors. Various legal codes dealing with medical malpractice existed in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Islam, Greece, Rome, Persia and India. Over the course of the past 30 years, interest in the history of psychiatry has boomed. Much of this proliferation of interest has taken place under the broad influence of postmodernism and has resulted in multiple and diverse histories that no longer seek to provide a linear narrative of constant evolutionary progress. Rather, these new histories explore and disrupt taken for granted assumptions about the past and provide a starting point for discussion and debate about the some of the very foundations of mental health care in South Africa. As a matter of practical importance knowledge of how knowledge accrues and knowledge of the mistakes of the past is of prime importance in preventing similar mistakes in present and future work. An important reason for specifically understanding historical psychiatry is the fact that many of the uncertainties experienced in the present are a direct result of decisions made in the past. The key issue is that while it is tempting to experience current psychiatric and legal approaches towards the mentally disordered as natural and permanent, an understanding of the past helps mental health and legal practitioners to see things in a different perspective. Psychiatric and legal approaches towards the mentally disordered have changed over time and can undoubtedly also be changed in future. Therefore, the research conducted in this article focuses on the history and development of law and psychiatry including prehistoric times, the Arabian countries, the Nile Valley as well as Greece and Rome.

Editorial

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción del delito político en las guerras civiles en Colombia durante el siglo XIX. Al terminar la confrontación, los perdedores se sometían a juicios en los cuales se buscaba establecer el grado de responsabilidad y el tipo de delito que cometió: político o común. En estos juicios, la controversia no solo giraba en torno a la tipificación del delito, también se discutía el delito desde el significado de la revolución, por parte del acusado y declarantes. Este artículo busca debatir este último punto. Cuál o cuáles eran las controversias que se enunciaban para definir si participar en una revolución era un delito político o común. El trabajo se enmarca dentro de la historia del derecho; para ello se analizó el documento del juicio al presidente general José María Obando, quien fue acusado de traición y rebelión por su supuesta participación y/o colaboración con la Revolución de 1853, fraguada por el general José María Melo. Por tanto, más que un debate de naturaleza dogmática, es un estudio desde la historia social del derecho y la construcción del delito, desde sentidos e intereses políticos y sociales. The article aims to analyze political crime in Colombia during the civil war of the nineteenth century. Once the confrontations had reached an end, the losers were tried in order to establish the degree of responsibility and the type of crime committed: political or common. In these trials, the controversy not only revolved around the criminal behavior, but in the context of the revolution. It is this last point that this article seeks to discuss. Which were the controversies that defined the participation in the revolution as a political or common crime. The work is framed within the history of the law, and for this purpose we analysed the trial of general president Jose Maria Obando, who was accused of treason and rebellion for his supposed collaboration to the Revolution of 1853, forged by the General José María Melo. Therefore, rather than a debate of dogmatic nature, it is a study from the social history of the law and the construction of the crime from the political and social senses and interests.

Введение: в статье рассматриваются особенности регулирования некоторых видов правонарушений нормативными договорами русского государства в период Киевской Руси, феодальной раздробленности и начальном этапе централизации Московского государства, а также в целом определяется значение нормативного договора как источника права, как в международных, так и внутригосударственных отношениях, в том числе и в связи с иерархией источников права. Материалы и методы: нормативную основу исследования образуют договорные грамоты Киевской Руси, Новгорода и Пскова, в том числе и с ганзейскими городами, а также нормативно-правовые акты — исторические памятники права: Русская правда, Новгородская судная грамота и др. Методологической основой исследования послужил общий диалектический метод научного познания, методы эмпирического и теоретического характера: описания, формализации, сравнения, анализа, обобщения, дедукции и индукции, гипотезы, а также специально-юридические методы— формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой. Результаты исследования позволили обосновать возможность урегулирования с помощью нормативных договоров таких вопросов, как правонарушения и юридическая ответственность; охарактеризовать некоторые составы правонарушений и отдельные виды юридической ответственности; определить степень влияния нормативного договора на общественные отношения конкретного исторического периода. Выводы и заключения: на основании анализа содержания исторических нормативных договоров следует вывод о том, что проблема правонарушения и юридической ответственности разрешалась не только с помощью актов императивного характера (нормативно-правовых актов), но и посредством актов согласительного характера (нормативно-правовых договоров)., Introduction: the paper discusses peculiarities of regulating some types of law violations using regulatory treaties of the Russian state in the period of Kievan Rus’, feudal fragmentation and at the initial stage of the Moscow State centralization, and identifies the value of a regulatory treaty as an authority both in the international and in the inter-state relations, including with account of the authority hierarchy. Materials and methods: regulatory base of studies has been formed by statutory treaties of Kievan Rus’, Novgorod and Pskov, and by those of the Hanseatic cities, as well as by regulatory legal acts, historical law memorials such as Russkaya Pravda (Russian Justice), Novgorod Treaty and others. Methodology of studies is based on a general dialectical method of scientific knowledge, methods of empirical and theoretical nature, i.e., descriptions, formalizations, comparisons, analysis, generalization, deduction and induction, hypotheses, and specific legal methods (technical, and comparative law research). Results of studies: justification of feasibility of regulating such issues as law violation and legal liability using regulating documents; characterization of corpus delicti and certain types of legal liability; assessment of the degree of impact of a regulatory document on public relations in a certain historical period. Conclusion and results: analysis of historical regulatory documents allowed us to conclude that the problems of law violation and legal liability were resolved using both the regulatory legal acts and conciliatory acts (legal documents).

В статье анализируется законопроект, предусматривающий административную преюдицию состава возбуждения ненависти или вражды (ст. 282 УК РФ). По результатам комплексного историко-правового исследования автор формулирует рекомендации, способные повысить эффективность противодействия экстремизму в России., The article analyzes the draft law providing for the administrative prejudice for hatred or enmity incitement (article 282 of the Russian criminal code). Based on the results of a comprehensive historical and legal study, the author formulates recommendations that can improve the effectiveness of fighting against extremism in Russia.

Auf den Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges reagierten die Archivare des französischen Außenministeriums mit kühlem Realismus. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass man auf der anderen Seite des Rheins seit zwei Jahrzehnten gegen das "Diktat von Versailles" zu Feld gezogen war, lag es auf der Hand, dass die am Quai d'Orsay verwahrte Original­urkunde des Friedensvertrages vom 28. Juni 1919 vor jedwedem Zugriff deutscher Eroberer in Sicherheit gebracht werden musste. Noch während der Mobilisierungsphase im September 1939 wurden darum ältere Pläne der Bestandssicherung aktiviert und die Pariser Friedensverträge zusammen mit anderen zentralen Unterlagen in geheime Depots an der Loire verlagert.

В статье рассмотрена роль профессора Киевской духовной академии и Императорского университета святого Владимира П. А. Лашкарёва в развитии русской научной школы церковного права. Проанализирована методика разработанной учёным программы преподавания данной дисциплины для духовной и светской образовательной среды. Изучены исследовательский и методический подходы, отражённые П. А. Лашкарёвым в труде «Право церковное в его основах, видах и источниках. Из чтений по церковному праву». Показано влияние на научно-методическую деятельность П. А. Лашкарёва политико-правовых учений естественно-правовой, исторической и социологической научных школ, а также проанализированы проблемные положения применения исследовательских методов данных школ в церковном праве как особой богословско-юридической науке. Делается вывод о необходимости применения междисциплинарного подхода в методологии изучении церковного права на современном этапе развития этой науки., The article considers the role of the professor of the Kiev Theological Academy and the St. Vladimir Imperial University P. A. Lashkaryov in the development of the Russian scientific school of Church Law. The methodology of the program developed by the scientist for teaching this discipline for the spiritual and secular educational environment has been analyzed. Studied are the research and methodological approaches reflected by P. A. Lashkaryov in the work “Church Law in its foundations, types and sources. From readings in Church Law”. The influence of political and legal studies of natural-legal, historical and sociological scientific schools on the scientific-methodical activity of P. A. Lashkaryov is shown, and the problematic provisions of the application of research methods of these schools in church law as a special theological-legal science are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the need to apply an interdisciplinary approach in the methodology of studying church law at the present stage of development of this science.

It is said that William Brennan, the great US Supreme Court Justice, liked to greet his incoming law clerks with a bracingly simple definition of constitutional doctrine: five votes. 'You can't do anything around here', Brennan would say, wiggling the fingers of his hand, 'without five votes.' While memorable, Brennan’s definition was not entirely original. Seventy-five years before Brennan's elevation to the high court, the jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. famously wrote: 'The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience [...]. The law […] cannot be dealt with as if it contained only the axioms and corollaries of a book of mathematics.' Some years later, Holmes returned to this idea, writing: 'The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law.' Statements such as Brennan's and Holmes’ found elaboration in the American jurisprudential movement known as 'legal realism'. One of its most influential and articulate exponents was the law professor Karl Llewellyn (1893-1962). Trained at Yale Law School, and on the faculty of Columbia, Llewellyn had a foot in the two institutions most prominently associated with the realist movement.

Understanding of the principle of constitutional precedence raises numerous doubts in the Polish case. Although this rule was stated expressis verbis in the Declaration of the Assembled Estates, previous studies allow for the ascertainment that its content and significance for the legal order was perceived differently. The conclusions that the researcher may arrive are paradoxical, and in their own way even slightly schizophrenic. The inclusion in the Constitution of assumptions about the special role of the Government Act is a fact. The implementation of a nullification clause in the Declaration of the Assembled Estates is a fact. This was an exceptional invention, a Polish product, and one which would seem an epoch ahead of its time. At the same time, however, in light of experienced practice, we may not accept without reservations the claim of a general recognition of a superior position of constitution towards other sources of law. The Government Act was not a constitutional breakthrough like the acts of revolution in North America and France; it did not overturn an existing social system, but merely reformed a political one without disrupting the evolutionary continuity with the Henrician Articles and the Cardinal Laws. Invoking the words of Leśnodorski: the "fundamental norm" of the previous ancien regime was not subjected to any sort of radical transformation in the reformed political system of the noble Republic. We may agree as to the purpose of introducing the supremacy clause: first and foremost, it was the desire to guarantee the desired stability of the system, while at the same time being aware that the Constitutional Act itself was an act against inter alia the legal state established in the Cardinal Laws (1768/75). [...] It is difficult to judge how much of an advancement the Constitution was compared to the cardinal laws in the precedence question. The perception of the relationship between the Constitution and acts should be regarded as inconsistent. The key acts, especially the Law on Cities, were straightforwardly regarded as components of the Constitution. One should agree that together they constituted a peculiar “3 May system”, yet attributing binding force to them on par with the provisions of the Government Act would be too far-reaching. Last but not least, in the following days and months, the deputies made attempts to introduce regulations into ordinary legislation that were contrary to the Constitution. [...] It would thus seem that the existing situation can be interpreted as a sort of intermediate stage, symbolizing the arrival of a substantive and axiological legal understanding of the Constitution’s supremacy. However, had the formal legal stage been reached? Any answer to this question must take into account an ever-present contradiction, a dissonance: although the Constitution was given an exceptionally modern nullification clause, well ahead of its time, in the awareness of many the Government Act constituted only a modernization and dressing-up of the old system. The Constitution was not written in opposition to the old laws, like other acts of modern constitutionalism -and even if this was the intention of the reformers, they were exceptionally circumspect in expressing it - but in response to the international situation, as a means of strengthening the state and countering a potential external threat (per the preamble "for the establishment of freedom, for the salvation of our Fatherland and its borders, with the greatest constancy of spirit"). For this reason the supremacy written into the Constitution should in the first place be associated with the clear effort in many speeches by deputies to create and maintain a lasting system, resistant to sudden change. And most likely this "traditional" perception allowed it to achieve the success of being adopted in May 1791. At the same time, we should objectively assess - and appreciate - the innovative Polish steps along the path of encapsulating the state order in a constitutional act, as well as hierarchization of the legal system, however imperfect they may have been. Although just one year later the anniversary of the Constitution was celebrated, it was soon followed by Russian intervention and a war in defence of the Constitution. After the defeat, the last Sejm of the Republic of Poland convened in Grodno which, under the pressure of the Russian army, intimidation and abductions of wayward deputies, led to the formal overthrow of the Constitution. Calls for a return to its presumptions in later decades were essentially unrealistic. The Government Act had evolved into the most precious myth accompanying Poles during times of partition and celebrated in the era of freedom.

«Закон судный людем» представляет собой малоисследованный памятник права, который, как утверждается в статье, имел правоприменение на Руси. Особенность его состоит в том, что в нем содержатся нормы как для гражданского, так и для церковного судопроизводства. Архаичность юридических форм сделала его «своим» как для церковных, так и для гражданских властей Киевской Руси, на что указывают параллели в древнерусских памятниках второй и третьей четверти ХI века. В статье также приводятся примеры, когда нормы «Закона судного людем» были применены, или их применение отразилось в книжной или народной памяти — в ситуации наказания Дудики в истории суда над епископом Лукой Жидятой и игуменом Поликарпом Киево‑Печерским, истории попытки вечевой расправы над преп. Авраамием Смоленским, в истории преподобного Моисея Угрина и в образе преподобного Илии Муромца, ликвидации двоеженства князя Ярослава Осмомысла. «Закон судный людем» безусловно имел параллели и с ранним древнерусским княжеским законодательством о Церкви. Примеры предпочтения «Закона судного людем» можно встретить и в Повести временных лет в рассказе о казни разбойников князем Владимиром и преследовании волхвов Янем Вышатичем., The “Court Law for the People” (Zakon Sudnyi Liudem) is a little-studied monument of law, which, according to the article, was used by the law enforcement bodies in Ancient Rus. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it contains norms for both civil and ecclesiastical proceedings. The archaic nature of legal forms made it convenient for both church and civil authorities of Kievan Rus, as shown by parallels in the ancient Russian monuments of the second and third quarters of the eleventh century. The article also gives examples when the norms of the “Court Law for the People” were applied, or their application was reflected in the book or national memory: in the situation of Dudiki’s punishment in the history of the trial of Bishop Luka Zhidyata and Hegumen Polikarp of Kiev Pechersky; the history of attempted reprisals by “veche” against St. Avraamiy Smolensky; in the history of the Monk Moisey Ugrin and in the image of the Monk Iliya of Murom; the elimination of the bigamy of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl. The “Court Law for the People” certainly had parallels with the early Old Russian princely legislation on the Church. Examples of the preference of the “Court Law for the People” can also be found in the “Tale of Bygone Years” in a story about the execution of robbers by Prince Vladimir and the persecution of the Wizards by Jan Vyshatich.