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The U.S. shale revolution, using new technologies to extract crude oil, has led to new dynamics in the supply side of the global oil market. We ask whether the shale revolution has dampened the role of geopolitical risk in oil price volatility. We extend a reduced form Structural Break Threshold Vector Autoregressive (SBT-VAR) model to a structural SBT-VAR model and identify the structural innovations by allowing for conditional heteroskedasticity. Compared with the conventional reduced form VAR and TVAR models, a SBT-VAR with a constant threshold and a break in April 2014 are supported by the data. We then analyse the conditional (co)variance impulse response with respect to two distinct shock scenarios, one with only a geopolitical risk shock, the other with a simultaneous shale production shock and a geopolitical risk shock. The volatility responses are due to the identified contemporaneous relationships amongst geopolitical risk, shale production and oil prices, and are conditional on volatilities at the points in time. With the extra unit shale production shock, we find that the volatility response of oil prices to a geopolitical risk shock is higher, but the response is less correlated with the geopolitical risk factor.

Resumo Este artigo pretende estabelecer diálogos entre as reflexões de Philippe Artières (1998) no ensaio “Arquivar a própria vida”, com questões teórico-críticas dos estudos literários e do trabalho com acervos de escritores. As práticas de arquivamento podem ser acessadas a posteriori na condição de rastros dos escritores, por meio da ordem dos fundos e dos discursos produzidos pelos titulares e pelos arcontes. Documentos dos acervos literários Ildásio Tavares e Judith Grossmann são analisados, a partir das imagens teóricas do rastro, traço e da sobrevivência, inseridas no paradigma indiciário da crítica biográfica, na condição de a posteriori, proposta pela psicanálise. Résumé Cet article vise à établir des dialogues entre les réflexions de Philippe Artières (1998) dans l’essai « Archiver sa propre vie », avec les questions théorico-critiques des études littéraires et le travail sur les fonds d’écrivains. Les pratiques archivistiques sont accessibles a posteriori dans l’état des traces d’écrivains, à travers l’ordre des fonds et les discours produits par les détenteurs et les Archontes. Les documents des collections littéraires Ildásio Tavares et Judith Grossmann sont analysés à partir des images théoriques de la « trace », « piste » et de la « survie », insérées dans le paradigme indicatif de la critique biographique, dans la condition d’a posteriori proposée par la psychanalyse. Abstract This article aims to establish dialogues between the reflections of Philippe Artières (1998) in the essay “Arquivar a própria vida”, with theoretical-critical questions of literary studies and work with collections of writers. Archival practices can be accessed a posteriori in the condition of traces of the writers, through the order of the funds and the speeches produced by the owners and the Arcontes. Documents from the literary collections Ildásio Tavares and Judith Grossmann are analyzed, from the theoretical images of the trail, trace and survival, inserted in the indicial paradigm of biographical criticism, as a posteriori, proposed by psychoanalysis.

Using a continuous-time model of litigation, we show that the increasingly popular practice of third-party litigation financing has ambiguous welfare implications. A defendant and a plaintiff bargain over a settlement payment. The defendant takes costly actions to avoid deadweight losses associated with large transfers to the plaintiff. Litigation financing bolsters the plaintiff, leading to larger deadweight losses. However, by endogenously deterring the defendant from taking costly actions, litigation financing can nonetheless improve the joint surplus of the plaintiff and the defendant. In contrast to popular opinion, litigation financing does not necessarily encourage high-risk frivolous lawsuits.

RESUMO O artigo discute a existência de documentos e arquivos de direitos humanos, analisando o uso dessa classificação em arquivos públicos e privados, institucionais e pessoais. Arrola e critica fatores históricos, teóricos e metodológicos que favorecem o uso dessa classificação mais comumente em arquivos públicos e defende que, independentemente do caráter de seus produtores e acumuladores, é o uso posterior dos documentos e arquivos que permite que sejam considerados de direitos humanos. ABSTRACT The article discusses the existence of human rights documents and archives, analyzing the use of this classification in public and private, institutional and personal archives. It lists and criticizes historical, theoretical, and methodological factors that favor the use of this classification more commonly in public archives and argues that, regardless of the character of their producers and accumulators, it is the subsequent use of documents and archives that allows them to be considered related to human rights. RESUMEN Este artículo discute la existencia de documentos y archivos de derechos humanos, analizando el uso de esta clasificación en los archivos públicos y privados, institucionales y personales. Enumera y critica los factores históricos, teóricos y metodológicos que favorecen el uso de esta clasificación más comúnmente utilizada en los archivos públicos, además de argumentar que, independientemente del carácter de sus productores y acumuladores, es el uso posterior de documentos y archivos lo que les permite ser considerados como de derechos humanos.