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The keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT) is a lesion that requires special considerations because of its clinical behavior and its specific histopathological aspects. The present study aims to show a case of KOT with its radiographic and histopathological features. In this study a 43-year-old female patient presented with a unilocular radiolucent image located in the posterior region of the mandibular body on the left side, extending to the ascending ramus, were observed on a panoramic radiograph. Further, she undergoes a CT scan followed by biopsy for histopathological examination. The pathological cavity was lined by parkeratinized epithelium with a basal layer arranged in a “palisade” pattern cells with nuclear hyperchromatism were observed, confirming that it was a KOT. Therefore, dental surgeons’ knowledge of dental tumor of odontogenic tumor lesions, especially KOT is of fundamental importance to provide a correct diagnosis of these lesions, thereby preventing late diagnosis which can lead to the significant mutilation in the patients.

Aims: To evaluate the mandibular bone cortical of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis on panoramic radiograph, through radiomorfometric indices. Study Design: Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Diagnostic Imaging of the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campus VIII, in the city of Araruna, PB, between January and December of 2015. Methodology: Panoramic radiographs of sixteen patients with mucopolysaccharidosis and 32 controls, organized by gender and age, composed the sample. The mandibular panoramic index, gonial index, antegonial index and mental index were evaluated. Pearson's Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test were used to statistical analysis with a level of significance of 5.0%. Results: Mucopolysaccharidosis patients were mostly female (62.5%), with a mean age of 12.31 + 7.16 years, MPS VI (50.0%) being the most prevalent. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis had higher values in the gonial (1.86+0.48), the antegonical (4.36+1.24) and the mental (5.24+1.21). However, only the antegoniac index presented a significant difference (P=0.047). Conclusion: The antegoniac index was higher in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis and the other radiomorphometric measures were similar to those observed in the control group. Apparently, mucopolysaccharidosis is not related to decreased bone to mandibular quality.

Objective: to investigate through a cross-sectional study the prevalence and pattern of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs use among non-heterosexual and transgender inmates of a female prison com...

BACKGROUND/AIM Due to the increase in incarceration rates, the prison community has attracted much concern in the recent past. Although people in prison are often socially disadvantaged and vulnerable to a range of health problems, there is a lack of information on the oral health conditions of prisoners. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the oral problems of a sample of the male incarcerated population of Brazil, focusing on dental trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was undertaken over a three-month period in 2017. It was a cross-sectional study of 756 prisoners of the Curado Prison Complex, located in Recife, PE. Using a previously calibrated examiner, dental trauma was measured with the Andreasen index. Etiology of dental trauma and socio-demographic data were collected with questions developed for this survey. Standard descriptive statistics were used to report frequency estimates. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare groups. In addition, a binary logistic regression was performed to identify whether the studied variables could predict the occurrence of dental trauma. RESULTS The prevalence of dental trauma in the sample was 10.8% and most of the cases (42.7%) occurred due to violent events. A higher frequency of violent etiology was observed in cases that occurred during imprisonment (p = 0.037). Individuals that suffered dental trauma during incarceration were more likely to have been incarcerated for longer periods of time (p = 0.043). The main type of injury found was enamel and dentin fracture without pulp exposure (68%). The most affected tooth was the upper right central incisor (40%). CONCLUSION These results underline the high prevalence of dental trauma experienced by men in prison.

Background This study aimed to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical factors influencing overall survival (OS) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Methods Medical charts of 547 patients with OSCC from a public hospital in northeastern Brazil seen between 1999 and 2013 were evaluated. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The influence of age, sex, ethnicity, clinical stage, anatomical location, type of treatment, and comorbidities on the patients’ prognosis was evaluated. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Results The 5-year OS was 39%. Multivariate analysis showed that age < 40 years (HR = 2.20; 95%CI: 1.02-4.72) and a single treatment modality (HR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.37-2.67) were associated with a poor prognosis, while early clinical stage resulted in better outcomes (HR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.25-0.58). Conclusions OSCC patients in advanced clinical stages, diagnosed at a younger age, and submitted to a single therapeutic modality have a poorer prognosis. Key words:Head and neck cancer, oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, survival, prognosis.

Introdução: As neoplasias que surgem nas glândulas salivares são relativamente raras, as quais representam uma grande variedade de comportamentos biológicos e subtipos histológicos benignos e malignos. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência relativa e a distribuição de uma série de casos diagnosticados histopatologicamente como neoplasias primárias em glândulas salivares. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório, por meio detécnica da observação indireta dos prontuários preenchidos entre o período de janeiro de 2002 e dezembro de 2012. Foram registrados dados referentes ao sexo, idade, raça, localização anatômica, tipo de glândula acometida, tamanho, natureza e diagnóstico histopatológico da neoplasia. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: Foram identificados 124 casos, dos quais 98 (79,03%) eram neoplasias benignas e 26 (20,97%), malignas. Com relação à localização anatômica, a maioria das lesões ocorreu na glândula parótida (84,7%), seguindo-se as glândulas salivares menores (8%) e, por último, a glândula submandibular (7,3%). As neoplasias de glândulas salivares menores ocorreram mais frequentemente no palato. A neoplasia benigna mais frequente foi o adenoma pleomórfico (87,8%), e o carcinoma adenoide cístico (42,3%) foi a neoplasia maligna mais comum. As neoplasias malignas foram mais comuns na glândula parótida (76,9%) e nas glândulas salivares menores (23%). Conclusão: Os dados demográficos aqui apresentados poderão ser úteis para uma melhor compreensão das características clínicas e biológicas das neoplasias de glândulas salivares.

Introduction: Apical dentoalveolar abscesses associated with sinusitis are very uncommon and may expose patients to unfavorable outcomes. Case-report: A 25-year-old female patient sought medical care due to severe, recurrent, long-term frontal facial pain and symptom relief through analgesics. A tomographic examination of the skull did not identify any pathological cerebral alterations. It did, however, evidence diffuse and irregular mucous thickening of all nasal cavities. The patient was referred to an otorhinolaryngologist, who diagnosed the condition as bilateral chronic inflammatory rhinosinusopathy. A rhinoscopy was performed and antibiotic associated with corticoid was prescribed. After the procedure, sinus infection diffusion to the dental tissues was observed, and the patient required emergency dental care due to diffuse facial cellulitis and swelling associated to tooth 26. Due to the absence of clinical signs indicative of carious infection, the condition was diagnosed as an uncommon case of acute dentoalveolar abscess of sinusal origin. After endodontic access for initial drainage, chemical-mechanical preparation of the root canals was performed, in two sessions. After 30 days, a tomography of the sinuses was performed, and results indicated a significant improvement of the infectious process. Due to the rarity of the case presented herein, it is of significant importance to understand the clinical, radiographic and protocol aspects of the case, in order to attend similar cases, as well as the joint action of the dental surgeon and the otorhinolaryngologist for rhinogenic and odontogenic infection management.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e realizar a validação de conteúdo e de face de uma escala de atitudes relacionadas às competências odontológicas (EA-CO). Tratou-se de estudo de desenvolvimento metodológico envolvendo construção e validação de uma escala, com abordagem quanti e qualitativa. O referencial teórico para o construto da escala envolveu o conceito de atitude no campo da Psicologia Social, e o de competência, no campo da Educação, qualificada pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de Odontologia, originando os indicadores: Empatia na relação profissional-paciente, Aprendizagem ao longo da vida, Disponibilidade para aprendizagem interprofissional, Proteção aos direitos do paciente, Responsabilidade social e Inteligência emocional. Dez especialistas participaram da validação de face da matriz de indicadores (Técnica do Grupo Nominal) e dos itens (Questionário) e a versão preliminar foi testada em piloto com 17 estudantes de Odontologia. Houve consenso para permanência dos indicadores, exceto para Inteligência emocional. A escala (tipo Likert, 5 pontos) resultou em 53 itens, sendo 13 alterados da versão original. A EA-CO foi desenvolvida e atendeu aos critérios de validação de conteúdo e de face utilizados no estudo.

A Covid-19, originada em dezembro de 2019, se espalhou rapidamente pela China tornando-se uma emergência pública. Pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer são considerados um grupo altamente vulnerável devido ao seu estado sistêmico imunossuprimido causado pelo tratamento oncológico, logo, este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as apresentações clínicas e alterações orais em pacientes oncológicos diagnosticados com Covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 20 pacientes oncológicos internados com Covid-19. Dados sobre o câncer, presença de comorbidades e sintomas relacionados a Covid-19 foram coletados, exame clínico da cavidade oral foi realizado durante todo o internamento, com o intuito de verificar alterações em boca. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 53 anos e a maioria era do sexo feminino. Tumores sólidos representaram 90%, sendo o útero a região mais frequente. A maioria dos pacientes não estavam sob tratamento oncológico no período em que foram infectados com o vírus (50%). Hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a comorbidade mais frequente (30%), seguida de Diabetes Mellitus (25%). Nenhum dos pacientes foram admitidos em UTI, a média de internamento foi de 13 dias e todos receberam alta hospitalar. Tosse e hipogeusia estavam entre os sintomas mais frequentes. Hipossalivação e infecção fúngica foram as alterações mais frequentemente observadas. Conclusão: Alterações orais apresentadas em pacientes oncológicos estão de acordo com os achados da literatura, enquanto que as apresentações clínicas foram opostas as evidências de que doença oncológica é um fator de possível piora clínica em pacientes infectados pela Covid-19.

O termo currículo refere-se ao percurso seguido pelo estudante em uma instituição de ensino superior desde o momento em que inicia seu processo de formação profissional até a graduação. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para os cursos de graduação em Odontologia, instituídas pela Resolução CNE/CES 3, de 19 de fevereiro de 2002, definem os princípios, fundamentos, condições e procedimentos da formação de cirurgiões-dentistas, primando pela formação de um profissional integral. As Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) têm em mãos o desafio de construir projetos pedagógicos que operacionalizem esse conceito, de modo a atender as demandas da sociedade. Neste contexto, este estudo de abordagem qualitativa e exploratória objetivou analisar criticamente as matrizes curriculares de dois cursos de Odontologia, pertencentes a IES localizadas em regiões distintas do país. A metodologia utilizada considerou um modelo lógico para avaliação da formação do cirurgião-dentista com base nas DCN, proposto por Pessoa e Noro. Foram analisadas as dimensões referentes à integração entre os ciclos básico e profissionalizante, ao desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades desejáveis, a formação profissional, além do desenvolvimento do estágio curricular e atividades complementares. Foi verificado que as duas estruturas curriculares estão em consonância com os ideais preconizados pelas DCN, apesar de conterem pontos que não fortalecem a formação profissional do egresso. Observou-se que ambas as matrizes apresentam potencialidades e fragilidades, que inspiram discussões.

To perform an epidemiological and clinical analysis of cases of oral cancer (OC) and potentially malignant disorders (PMDs). This retrospective study was based on the analysis of data from 631 patients who attended a clinic of the Interdisciplinary League of Oral Cancer (LINCCO) of a public university of northeastern Brazil over a time period of 12 years. Sociodemographic, economic, and clinical variables were investigated. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses using Poisson regression were performed. During the analyzed period, 19.3% (n = 122) of cases were related to diagnoses of some type of OC or PMDs. The majority of patients were male (60.7%) and in the fifth (22.0%) or sixth (23.7%) decades of life. The reported smoking and alcohol consumption were 27.0% and 27.9%, respectively. The most prevalent lesions were actinic cheilitis (48.4%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (23.8%). The most affected anatomical region was the lower lip (45.1%). The prevalence of smoking was higher among those who presented with OC [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.54–4.24, p

Introdução: A transmissão SARS-CoV-2 de humano para humano pode ocorrer e o risco de propagação no ar durante os procedimentos odontológicos geradores de aerossóis permanece uma preocupação. Acredita-se que um enxaguatório bucal antimicrobiano pré-operacional reduza o número de micróbios orais. No entanto, a eficácia do enxaguatório bucal pré-procedimento na redução do número de microrganismos disseminados por meio do aerossol gerado por procedimentos odontológicos ainda não está clara. Objetivo: avaliar através de uma revisão de literatura o uso de enxaguantes bucais na redução da carga viral do SARS-CoV-2. Materiais e Método: O levantamento literário para esta pesquisa foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2019 a 10 de agosto de 2020 nas bases de dados Scielo e Medline/PubMed. Na estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas as palavras “SARS-CoV-2”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19”, “Dentistry”, “Odontologia”, “Odontología”, “Mouthwashes”, “Antissépticos Bucais” e “Antisépticos Bucales”. Resultados: Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada, foram encontrados 661 artigos, após a realização da leitura criteriosa dos artigos completos foram selecionados 42 artigos. 88% dos estudos indicavam o uso de Peróxido de hidrogênio a 1%, 76% indicavam Povidine 0,2% e apenas 19% o uso da Clorexidina a 0,12%. Conclusão: Os estudos presentes na literatura apresentam divergências nas indicações e porcentagens dos enxaguantes indicados. Os protocolos clínicos devem ser avaliados para reduzir o risco de transmissão e proteger pacientes e profissionais.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Betacoronavirus; Odontologia; Antissépticos Bucais.ReferênciasGe ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020;21(5):361-68. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. 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The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiology of maxillofacial odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts diagnosed for 30 years in a Brazilian population. A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. Biopsy records were obtained from the archives of a Brazilian referral center between 1989 and 2019. Data regarding age, gender, anatomical location, and histopathological diagnosis were collected and categorized. Further, a literature search for similar studies was performed. A total of 6.994 biopsy records were evaluated, but only 367 (5.24%) cases were classified as odontogenic cysts (OC) or non-odontogenic cysts (NOC). Among all cystic lesions, 341 cases (92.9%) were OC and 26 cases (7.1%) were NOC. These lesions were more common in females (n = 208 / 56.67%) and located mostly in the mandible (n = 195 / 53.1%). In patients with OC, the radicular cyst was the most frequent (n = 134 / 36.5%), followed by the dentigerous cyst (n = 101 / 27.5%) and the odontogenic keratocyst (n = 52 / 14.2%). Patients with NOC had a higher frequency of epidermoid cyst (n = 12 / 3.3%), oral lymphoepithelial cyst (n = 7 / 1.9%), and nasopalatine duct cyst (n = 4 / 1.1%). The OCs were more prevalent than NOCs, and inflammatory cysts were the most common among all the OCs.

Opportunistic infections in oral cavity can cause serious complications in immunocompromised cancer patients, being quick and efficient treatments options essential. This article proposes to report two clinical cases of adolescent patients diagnosed with leukemia and who presented infectious conditions in the oral cavity, in which antimicrobial photodynamic therapy was used as a adjuvant therapy to abbreviate the course of oral lesions.

Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the relation between occlusal features and enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample consisted of 20 patients with mucopolysaccharidoses, 10 of whom were undergoing treatment at a hospital in northeast Brazil. Occlusal features were evaluated by clinical examination and panoramic radiography. A structured questionnaire was administered to evaluate the dental care of each patient. Pearson χ2, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis, with a level of significance of 5%. Results Marked overjet (75%) and anterior open bite (70%) were the most frequent occlusal alterations, and 15% had Class III disorders. Radiography visualized the presence of impacted teeth (75%) and prolonged retention of deciduous teeth (65%). Patients with enzyme replacement therapy had a lower average maximum protrusion (P = .033). A total of 75% of mothers said they had not been advised to take their children to the dentist and 10% of children had never been to the dentist. Conclusion Patients with mucopolysaccharidoses exhibited notable occlusal alterations, especially marked overjet and anterior open bite. Enzyme replacement therapy seems to influence the maximum protrusion of patients.

Background Oral mucositis has become a major dose-limiting toxicity of antineoplastic treatment. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in pediatric patients. Methods An open, controlled, and blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted with 29 patients, from 10 months to 18 years old, who were divided into two groups. Group A was submitted to photodynamic therapy (0.01% Methylene Blue and red laser, λ660 nm) with 3J energy per point; and Group B submitted to low level laser therapy (λ660 nm) with 1J energy per point. The results were evaluated by using the WHO and ChIMES mucositis scales. The Chi-square, Exact Fisher, Student’s-t and Mann-Whitney tests, and the mixed linear regression model were used for comparison between the groups, with the maximum error admitted of 5%. Results There was no difference between the groups as regards the number of sessions necessary for clinical cure of the oral lesions (p = 0.954) or reduction in pain reported by the patients (p = 0.258; p = 0.486). Within each group, however, there was significant reduction in pain (p = 0.032; p = 0.003). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 4.75. Conclusions PDT or LLLT could be used for treatment of oral mucositis in children/young patients. Each were well tolerated and presented satisfactory results in reducing pain associated with the lesion.

The study aimed to analyze the situation of Brazilian dental education considering the exceptionality of the COVID-19 pandemic. An observational and analytical study was conducted with two cross-sections, using questionnaires sent to all course coordinators in Brazil, in the 1st semester of 2020 and in March 2021. At onset of the pandemic, the institutions interrupted on-site activities. There was significant association between private institutions and offering remote lectures and using these resources before the pandemic. The public sector was associated with not teaching remote lectures and not using these resources previously. Public institutions had a greater degree of difficulty in the use and access to technologies for online activities by professors and students, as well as a lower degree of preparation in relation to biosecurity protocols to resume the clinical activities. Impacts were identified in different dimensions of dental education related to the development of practical activities and the establishment of new biosecurity protocols. Nearly all private courses did not suspend activities or did it for less than one month and resumed clinical or laboratory activities at some point during the surveyed period, while public institutions required an average of 5 months for such reorganization. The COVID-19 pandemic substantially increased the use of digital media in Brazilian dental education. From this assessment, there are financial limitations of the public sector to adapt the infrastructure to the requirements of the current biosecurity protocols. In general, students are receiving support from the institution and the coordinators identified negative impacts in different dimensions of dental education, notably in the establishment of new biosecurity protocols, adequacy in the physical structure and teaching-learning process.

This was a documentary research, using data from the student questionnaire of ENADE 2016. We analyzed the answers given by students who completed a public higher education course in Dentistry at a public institution in a Capital city in Northeastern Brazil. The IES data were filtered from the ENADE 2016 microdata worksheet, using the IES code, as obtained from the electronic system of the MEC (eMEC). The sociodemographic variables were used to characterize the profile of the graduates of the night course. The answers to the questionnaire were grouped into categories of positive, neutral or negative responses, for the three sections of the questionnaire: didactic-pedagogical organization, infrastructure and physical facilities of the course, and expansion of academic and professional development. The latter was analyzed comparatively between the night course(?)and full-time students of the same IEH, by using the Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test applied with 95% confidence. The sociodemographic profile included a group of single, white, males, with a mean age of 28.9 years. In the Quality assessment of the didactic-pedagogical organization, physical infrastructure and facilities of the course, students' perceptions were positive for the majority of the subcomponents of the questionnaire. There was statistically significant difference between the night and full-time course students' responses, in terms of opportunities for extension and exchanges and / or international internship. The perception of the graduates, presented positive results, conferring a criterion of quality. The study indicated that the policy of expansion of higher education to include the night classes remained fragmented as extracurricular activities in the development of these (night) students at the public university.

Objective: To perform an in vitro analysis of antibacterial and antifungal potential of an alcoholic extract from the leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. against oral microorganisms and determine its chemical composition. Material and Methods: A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves form G. graciliflora was obtained through maceration, vacuum concentration and freeze-drying. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus salivarius , Streptococcus oralis , Streptococcus parasanguinis , Streptococcus mitis and strains of Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis determined the total phenolic compounds, protein concentration and total of sugars present in the extract . Results: G. Graciliflora demonstrated antifungal activity against the LM 11 and LM 410 clinical isolates of C. albicans (MIC 0.5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively). The other microorganisms tested were resistant to the extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed 3% proteins, 13% total sugars and 17% phenolic compounds . Conclusion: G. Graciliflora has antifungal activity against clinical strains of C. albicans and exhibits proteins, sugars and phenolic compounds in its chemical composition.

Objective: To investigate the antifungal potential of A. colubrina , and its phytochemical characteristics, thermal profile and toxicity. Material and Methods: To assess potential antifungal activity, the technique of microdilution was used with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration, using standard species of Candida and recent clinical isolates of Candida albicans . Analyses of action of the extract were performed on the wall and cell morphology of C. albicans , of the interactive effect between the plant extract and nystatin on C. albicans through the checkerboard method, and of growth kinetics. The phytochemical screening was determined by spectrophotometry. The thermal profile was traced with the determination of thermogravimetric curves (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The toxicity was evaluated by the method of hemolysis. Results: The extract of A. colubrina showed a fungistatic potential against all bacteria tested and it acted by modifying the cellular morphology of C. albicans . There was a synergism between nystatin and the plant extract (FIC=0.375), and 53.18% of total polyphenols were determined. The TG curve showed the occurrence of three steps of thermal decomposition. None of the tested concentrations became the effective cytotoxic concentration. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted to understand the efficacy and the mechanisms of action involved in the antifungal activity of the plant extract of A. colubrina in order to produce a new drug for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Objective: To compare the rate of cell proliferation and expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 between drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) and clinical healthy gingiva (CHG) and to establish associations with histopathological features. Material and Methods: Twenty specimens of DIGO and 20 CHG specimens were submitted to morphological and immunohistochemical analysis by light microscopy. Cell proliferation (Ki-67) and the expression of Bcl-2 were evaluated in epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mononuclear cells of the connective tissue by establishing the labeling index (LI). Results: In epithelial tissue, the mean LI for Ki-67 was 17.2% in DIGO and 21.71% in CHG ( p = 0.137). The mean LIs for Bcl-2 in epithelial tissue were 14.67% and 10.24% in DIGO and CHG, respectively ( p = 0.026). In connective tissue, DIGO and CHG specimens exhibited low LIs for Ki-67 and Bcl-2, with mean values of less than 0.5% in both groups. No significant differences in the LIs for Ki-67 or Bcl-2 in epithelial tissue were observed according to the degree of collagenization, degree of vascularization and intensity of inflammatory infiltration ( p > 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between the LIs for Ki-67 and Bcl-2 ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: The present results suggest that the pathogenesis of DIGO does not involve increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis of fibroblasts. On the other hand, the morphological pattern of elongated epithelial cristae observed in DIGO could mainly be due to the inhibition of keratinocyte apoptosis and not to increased proliferation of these cells.

The aim of this double-blind randomized study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) by means of morphological and immunohistochemical analyses. RMGICs were selected and divided into four groups: Group CK (Crosslink Orthodontic Band Cement); Group RS (Resilience Light Cure Band Cement) Group RMO (RMO Band Cement), Group TP (Transbond Plus Light Cure Band), and Group C (Control-polyethylene). The materials were implanted in rat subcutaneous tissues, randomly selected for this study. After time intervals of 7, 15, and 30 days the tissues were submitted to morphological analysis. In immunohistochemical analysis, the immuno-marking of antibody CD68 was evaluated. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < .05). In the morphological analysis after 7 days, Groups RS, RMO and TP showed more intense inflammatory infiltrate (p = .004) and only Group RMO presented greater intensity of multinucleated giant cells (p = .027). In the immunohistochemical analysis, Groups RMO and RS were observed to present a larger quantity of CD68+ (p = .004) in the time interval of 7 days and only Group RMO presented statistically significant difference for this parameter after 15 days (p = .026). In the time interval of 30 days, Group RMO presented the largest quantity of multinucleated giant cells (p < .004). The RMGICS Crosslink and Transbond Plus provided significantly better tissue biocompatibility than the Resilience and RMO Cements.

Introducao: O cisto periodontal lateral (CPL) e um cisto odontogenico de desenvolvimento incomum. Esta lesao acomete predominantemente a mandibula e e comumente observada lateralmente a raiz de um dente vital. Em raros casos, esta lesao pode permanecer mesmo ap o s a exodontia do dente associado e se assemelhar, radiograficamente, a um cisto residual. Objetivo: Relatar um caso incomum de CPL em maxila que mimetizava, radiograficamente, um cisto residual. Alem disso, serao abordadas suas caracteristicas clinico-patologicas, diagnostico diferencial e terapeutica para esta lesao. Relato do caso: Paciente de 76 anos, apresentava uma lesao nodular na regiao palatina de rebordo alveolar, na area correspondente aos dentes 13 e 14. O exame radiografico da regiao afetada demonstrou uma imagem radiolucida unilocular e bem delimitada. Sob a hipotese diagnostica de cisto residual, procedeu-se a enucleacao da lesao. Apos analise histopatologica, os achados microscopicos foram compativeis com CPL. Quatorze meses apos a remocao cirurgica da lesao, sinais clinicos ou radiograficos de recidiva nao foram constatados. Conclusao: Em virtude da possibilidade do CPL permanecer mesmo apos a exodontia do dente associado e se assemelhar, radiograficamente, a um cisto residual, o diagnostico desta lesao deve ser baseado nos achados histopatologicos e menor importância deve ser dada a sua localizacao adjacente ou lateral a raiz de um dente vital.

A 17-year-old male sought countryside hospital with throat pain and afebrile for 8 days, being prescribed cephalexin. Due to worsening of clinical condition with lingual protrusion and progressive loss of voice, he returned other times to the service, when he was referred for health center. He was transferred to emergency care unit and conducted to capital hospital for drainage of retropharyngeal abscess. Patient presented dyspnea, initiating treatment with dexamethasone, with clinical improvement of the tumor, but when suspended, the tumor grew up. He was transferred to intensive care unit and submitted to a computed tomography of skull, tracheostomy, gastrostomy, and excisional biopsy of the lesion that occupied all the oropharynx. He presented cardiorespiratory arrest, seizures, and respiratory infection. Results of biopsy and immunohistochemistry diagnosed Burkitt’s lymphoma. Patient was submitted to chemotherapy with regression of the lesion and return the tongue to the normal conditions.

Objective: To analyze the determinant clinical and histologic aspects in the establishment of the diagnosis of the glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC).Study Design: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2 oral pathology services. All slides of GOCs were reviewed and clinical data were obtained from the patient records. The determination of the diagnosis followed predetermined microscopic parameters according to the World Health Organization. Statistical analysis was performed in order to identify the predictive parameters for the diagnosis of GOC. Results: From the 9 patient cases of GOCs, 55.5% were male, with a mean age of 50.6 years, and 66.6% were located in the mandible. All cases presented with intraepithelial microcysts or duct-like spaces, clear or vacuolated cells, variable thickness of the cyst lining, and papillary projections into the lumen. Multiple compartments, surface eosinophilic cuboidal cells, and epithelial spheres or plaque-like thickenings were observed in 8 (88%) cases. Apocrine snouting of hobnail cells were present in 6 (66%), mucous goblet cells in 3 (33.3%), and cilia in only 1 (11%). Conclusion: The association between the predictive clinical and histopathological aspects for the diagnosis of this rare lesion is fundamental, since GOC has the potential to mimic other potentially more aggressive lesions.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation in the control of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric patients. Study Design: A superiority, randomized, open, controlled, and triple-blind clinical trial consisting of 54 patients aged 10 months to 18 years and totaling 91 cases of oral mucositis were drawn for allocation into 2 groups. Group A (experimental) was subjected to photodynamic therapy (0.01% methylene blue, laser of 660 nm, 100 mW, 0.028 cm2, 3 J) and group B (control) to photobiomodulation (660 nm, 100 mW, 0.028 cm2, 1 J). For evaluating oral mucositis, the World Health Organization and Children's International Mucositis Evaluation Scale (ChIMES) scales were used, and the patients were followed up daily until clinical cure of the lesions. The χ2test, Fisher exact test, Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test, in addition to the mixed linear regression and Poisson models, were used for comparison, with the maximum error admitted of 5%. Results: There was no difference between the groups in regard to the number of sessions necessary for clinical cure of the oral lesions (P = .058), reduction in pain, and difficulty with swallowing or chewing (P> .05). Within each group, however, the reductions were significant (P

Objective: To determine the demographic profile of all histologically diagnosed odontogenic cysts (OC) and nonodontogenic cysts (nOC) over a 30-year period in a Brazilian population. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with OC and nOC to obtain information about epidemiologic data. The diagnosis followed the World Health Organization (2017) parameters of a descriptive statistical analysis. Results: A total of 6235 lesions were diagnosed. Of these, 544 (8.72%) corresponded to OCs and nOCs. Radicular cyst was the most frequently inflammatory OC (81.76%). Among the development of OCs and nOCs, the dentigerous cyst was the most frequent (56.78%), followed by odontogenic keratocyst (34.67%) and glandular odontogenic cyst (3.01%). The inflammatory OCs were most common in female (53.4%) patients, with a mean age of 34.4 years, and the maxilla (56.6%) was the most affected anatomic site. In addition, the OCs and nOCs were more frequent in female (62.8%) patients, with a mean age of 29.2 years, located in the mandible (66.8%). Conclusion: Knowledge of the epidemiologic profile, clinical aspects, and pathologic aspects of OC and nOC provides more accurate data about diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

O tirosol (2- (4-hidroxifenil) etanol) e o hidroxitirosol (2- (3,4-di-hidroxifenil) etanol) são um dos maiores representantes dos compostos fenólicos encontrados nas azeitonas, no azeite de oliva e no vinho. Possuem alto poder antioxidante, anti-inflamatório, antiviral e antitumoral e são alvo de vários estudos na área médica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar os resultados do tirosol e hidroxitirosol na literatura publicada no intuito de direcionar as informações sobre a aplicabilidade de tais compostos fenólicos à área odontológica. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura publicada nos últimos 20 anos, com a finalidade de acessar evidências mais recentes a respeito do assunto, sem restrição quanto ao idioma. Foi concluído que, embora existam poucos estudos acerca da aplicabilidade terapêutica do tirosol e do hidroxitirosol na odontologia, e muitos destes in vitro, os achados mostraram o potencial que estes produtos possuem para a sua aplicação na odontologia. Tais compostos podem ser utilizados em diversas áreas clínicas, principalmente por possuir atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antitumoral.

We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge level of dentists about oral cancer (OC) in Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. Material and Methods: It was an observational, transversal, descriptive and analytical study. It was applied 200 structured forms. The sample was chosen for convenience. Statistical associations were performed using the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (P

Background Bauhinia forficata and Cnidoscolus quercifolius plants are commonly used in folk medicine. However, few studies have investigated their therapeutic potential. Aim Herein, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of B. forficata and C. quercifolius extracts against microorganisms of clinical relevance and their antiproliferative potential against tumor cells. Materials and methods The following tests were performed: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm adhesion, and effects on cell morphology. Antiproliferative tests were carried out with human keratinocytes and six tumor lines. Results Bauhinia forficata showed antimicrobial activity only against C. albicans with MIC of 15.62 μg/mL and MFC higher than 2000 μg/mL. It also inhibited biofilm adhesion and caused alterations in cell morphology. Cnidoscolus quercifolius showed no significant activity (MIC > 2.0 mg/mL) against the strains. Bauhinia forficata and C. quercifolius extracts showed cytostatic activity against the tumor cells. Conclusion Bauhinia forficata has promising anti-Candida activity and should be further investigated for its therapeutic potential. Clinical significance The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of infectious processes has an important nowadays, due to the limitations of the use of synthetic antibiotics available, related specifically to the microbial resistance emergence. How to cite this article Alves EP, de F Lima R, de Almeida CM, Freires IA, Rosalen PL, Ruiz ALTG, Granville-Garcia AF, Godoy GP, Pereira JV, de Brito Costa EMM. Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activity of Bauhinia forficata Link and Cnidoscolus quercifolius Extracts commonly Used in Folk Medicine. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(8):635-640.

Patient N.J.E., a 69-year-old black male liver recipient, complained of pain in the oral cavity. Clinical examination revealed ulcerated lesions on the dorsal surface of the tongue, right buccal mucosa, and lower right vestibule. In view of clinical findings and medical history, the diagnostic hypothesis suggested an oral infection. The culture was carried out with the purpose of microbiologic analysis (swab) along with incisional biopsy of tongue lesion, leading to a diagnosis of Actinomyces infection. The patient was treated with specific antimicrobials, oral topical solutions, and, as an adjuvant, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). aPDT consisted of daily application of the photosensitizer on the lesions, and after 5 minutes, the low-level light laser was applied in the visible red spectrum (660 nm) with fixed power of 100 mW and energy density of 6 J/cm². After 15 days, good clinical tissue recovery was observed; however, because of other systemic complications, the patient died.

Patient J.C., 37 years old and male, was diagnosed as having a poorly differentiated metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the rhinopharynx treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in 2008 with complete remission and has been in medical follow-up since then. In 2017, he attended a dentistry service, reporting the need of dental extraction. The clinical examination revealed remaining teeth in a poor state of preservation and also showed a bone exposure area, corresponding to the edentulous region of the right lower third molar, of elliptical shape and approximately 2 cm. Panoramic radiograph showed bone rarefaction in the reported region. J.C. stated that a dental surgical procedure had been performed on this area 1 month earlier. The diagnostic hypothesis was suggestive of osteoradionecrosis. Oral care protocol was prescribed, using mouthwashes with sodium bicarbonate, 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, and 10-volume hydrogen peroxide. The patient was followed up biweekly, and after 4 months, the complete clinical repair was observed without painful symptomatology.

A 41-year-old male patient, a white farmer, was referred to the stomatology clinic diagnosed as having actinic cheilitis. Clinically, atrophic and leukoplastic areas were observed throughout the lower lip, and loss of the border between the red lip skin and the cutaneous portion. An incisional biopsy was performed in the leukoplastic area, and histopathologic examination showed atrophic and atypical stratified orthokeratinized pavement epithelium with severe oral epithelial dysplasia. The therapeutic approach was the removal of all leukoplastic areas using the high-intensity diode laser for re-epithelialization of the affected mucosa. Proper follow-up is being performed every 3 months, and after 9 months, no signs of relapse were observed. Because of the potential for malignancy of actinic cheilitis and the presence of dysplastic epithelial alterations, an early approach is justified. The vaporization of the labial tissues with high-intensity diode laser was effective in superficial removal of affected tissues.

Objective To evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDTa) on the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in pediatric patients. Study Design It was a pilot study of an open, controlled, and blind randomized clinical trial conducted with 29 patients, with ages ranging from 10 months to 18 years, who were divided into 2 groups. Group A was submitted to PDTa with 0.01% methylene blue and red laser with 3 J energy per point; group B was submitted to photobiomodulation with wavelength of 660 nm and 1 J energy per point. The chi-square, Fisher exact, Student's t, and Mann-Whitney tests and the mixed linear regression model were used for comparison between the groups, with the maximum error admitted of 5%. Results There was no difference between the groups regarding the number of sessions necessary for clinical cure of the oral lesions (P = .95) or reduction in pain (P = .26; P = .49). Within each group, however, there was significant reduction in pain (P = .03; P = .003). Conclusion PDTa could be used for control of oral mucositis in children/young patients. It was well tolerated and presented satisfactory results, the same as photobiomodulation in reducing pain associated with the mucositis.

The aim of the present study was to perform anin vitroanalysis of the antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential of an extract fromAnadenanthera colubrina(Vell.) Brenan (angico) and chemically characterize the crude extract. Antimicrobial action was evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration, and the inhibition of formation to oral biofilm. Cell morphology was determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Six strains of tumor cells were used for the determination of antiproliferative potential. The extract demonstrated strong antifungal activity againstCandida albicansATCC 18804 (MIC=0.031 mg/mL), with similar activity found regarding the ethyl acetate fraction. The extract and active fraction also demonstrated the capacity to inhibit the formation ofCandida albicansto oral biofilm after 48 hours, with median values equal to or greater than the control group, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance(P>0.05). SEM revealed alterations in the cell morphology of the yeast. Regarding antiproliferative activity, the extract demonstrated cytostatic potential in all strains tested. The present findings suggest strong antifungal potential forAnadenanthera colubrina(Vell.) Brenan as well as a tendency toward diminishing the growth of human tumor cells.

Background Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a potentially malignant disorder of the lip caused by exposure to solar radiation. Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate the clinicopathologic profile of cases of AC and to verify associations with the degree of dysplasia. Methods This retrospective study analyzed data for 40 patients with AC. Demographic, clinical, and histopathologic data were evaluated. Sections measuring 5 μm in thickness were cut, deparaffinized, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic examination. The degree of epithelial dysplasia was graded using the criteria defined by the World Health Organization. Two calibrated oral pathologists analyzed the slides. Results Analysis of the AC patients sampled showed that 75.0% were male (P = 0.002), 80.0% were aged ≥40 years (P

Os miofibroblastos sao celulas especializadas que exibem um fenotipo hibrido, com caracteristicas de fibroblastos e celulas musculares lisas. Devido sua habilidade contratil e capacidade de sintese de componentes da matriz extracelular, citocinas, proteases e fatores pro-angiogenicos, os miofibroblastos tem sido implicados na patogenese de doencas fibrocontrateis e na progressao de diversos tumores, incluindo o carcinoma de celulas escamosas (CCE) oral. OBJETIVO: Fazer uma revisao da literatura sobre a origem dos miofibroblastos, seus principais aspectos morfofisiologicos e imuno-histoquimicos, assim como discutir sua relacao com o CCE oral. METODO: Realizou-se uma busca eletronica na base de dados PubMed, selecionando os principais artigos da literatura em lingua inglesa relacionados ao tema, publicados entre janeiro de 1991 e dezembro de 2011. CONCLUSAO: Os miofibroblastos representam um componente importante do estroma de CCE orais, embora nao estejam presentes em todos os casos desta neoplasia. A presenca abundante destas celulas pode estar associada com a recorrencia local da doenca e diminuicao da sobrevida dos pacientes. No entanto, em virtude do numero relativamente limitado de estudos sobre o assunto, pesquisas ainda sao necessarias para esclarecer os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais os miofibroblastos sao capazes de influenciar no comportamento biologico do CCE oral.

The aim of this double-blind randomized study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) by means of morphological and immunohistochemical analyses. RMGICs were selected and divided into four groups: Group CK (Crosslink Orthodontic Band Cement); Group RS (Resilience Light Cure Band Cement) Group RMO (RMO Band Cement), Group TP (Transbond Plus Light Cure Band), and Group C (Control-polyethylene). The materials were implanted in rat subcutaneous tissues, randomly selected for this study. After time intervals of 7, 15, and 30 days the tissues were submitted to morphological analysis. In immunohistochemical analysis, the immuno-marking of antibody CD68 was evaluated. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p .05). In the morphological analysis after 7 days, Groups RS, RMO and TP showed more intense inflammatory infiltrate (p = .004) and only Group RMO presented greater intensity of multinucleated giant cells (p = .027). In the immunohistochemical analysis, Groups RMO and RS were observed to present a larger quantity of CD68+ (p = .004) in the time interval of 7 days and only Group RMO presented statistically significant difference for this parameter after 15 days (p = .026). In the time interval of 30 days, Group RMO presented the largest quantity of multinucleated giant cells (p .004). The RMGICS Crosslink and Transbond Plus provided significantly better tissue biocompatibility than the Resilience and RMO Cements.

Introdução: O tumor odontogênico ceratocístico (TOC) é uma lesão que requer considerações especiais por conta de seu comportamento clínico e de seus aspectos histopatológicos específicos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar um caso de TOC enfatizando suas características radiográficas e histopatológicas. Relato de caso: Paciente de 43 anos apresentou imagem radiolúcida unilocular localizada na região posterior do corpo mandibular, no lado esquerdo, estendendo-se até o ramo ascendente, observada em uma radiografia panorâmica. Foi submetida a um exame tomográfico seguido de biópsia incisional para posterior exame histopatológico, no qual foi observada cavidade patológica revestida por epitélio paraceratinizado, exibindo camada basal disposta em “paliçada” e que evidenciava células com hipercromatismo nuclear, confirmando tratar-se de um TOC. Conclusão: O conhecimento por parte dos cirurgiões-dentistas de lesões tumorais de natureza odontogênica, especialmente do TOC, é de fundamental importância, proporcionando assim um diagnóstico correto dessas lesões, evitando que elas assumam grandes dimensões e, por conseguinte, levem o paciente a uma mutilação significativa.

Objeti vo: Identi fi car clinicamente e por meio de questi onario anamnesico, as condicoes de saude bucal em individuos, causadas pelo uso de drogas e suas relacoes com fatores sociodemografi cos. Metodo: O estudo foi do ti po descriti vo transversal, com abordagem pelo metodo induti vo, sendo a amostra composta de 70 pacientes que buscaram atendimento no CAPS-ad (Centro de atencao psicossocial – alcool e outras drogas). Os dados foram coletados de forma sistemati ca por uma unica examinadora previamente calibrada, atraves de exame clinico e aplicacao de formulario especifi co para identi fi cacao e classifi cacao de provaveis alteracoes. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a idade media dos pacientes pesquisados foi de 40,44 anos; o genero masculino (90%) foi predominante na amostra; mais da metade dos pacientes eram da raca branca (57,1); o nivel de escolaridade encontrado nos mesmos e baixo; as drogas mais consumidas pelos mesmos foram respecti vamente o alcool (68,6%), maconha(17,1%), cocaina(7,1%), crack (4,3%) e farmacos psicotropicos (2,8%); a maioria dos dependentes apresentou saude bucal defi ciente; eram dependentes quimicos ha mais de cinco anos; a defi ciencia na saude bucal pode estar associada ao descaso com a higiene corporal provocado pelo uso abusivo de drogas. Observou-se ainda que quanto maior o periodo de dependencia mais precaria a saude bucal do usuario (p= 0,002) e que a precariedade da saude bucal dos mesmos, esta relacionada aos seus habitos de higiene bucal (p=0,029). Conclusao: Observou-se a necessidade da insercao do profi ssional de odontologia nos projetos de recuperacao oferecidos a estes pacientes, para a realizacao de programas de promocao e de recuperacao da saude bucal melhorando assim, a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. 1

The aim of this article is to report the case of a 23-year-old female patient that sought dental service for examination of an asymptomatic slow-growing large lump in the mandibular gingiva causing displacement of the right first molar. Excisional biopsy, histopathological analysis, Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemistry analysis for S-100 were performed. The diagnosis established was oral focal mucinosis. After three years, the patient is still under follow-up, without any recurrences. Although cases of oral focal mucinosis of this particular size are rare, this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral lesions located in the gingiva.

Desmoplastic melanoma is a rare variant of malignant melanoma and one of the main causes of clinical and histological misdiagnosis in the realm of melanocytic neoplasms. Its relatively innocuous clinical appearance and the absence of pigmentation usually lead to a clinical misdiagnosis. The authors report a case of desmoplastic melanoma located in the lower lip of a 42-year-old man and review the literature regarding pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic management of desmoplastic melanomas.

The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subpopulations M1 and M2 in squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip (SCCLL) by immunohistochemitry, and to evaluate the possible role of these subtypes in the development of regional lymph node metastasis and their association with clinical and pathological parameters. Forty-two cases of SCCLL were divided into two groups (21 with and 21 without regional lymph node metastasis). The histopathological grade of malignancy was determined and the material was submitted to double staining with anti-CD68/anti-CD163 and anti-CD68/anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies. The results were analyzed statistically using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and Spearman correlation tests. The M1 and M2 subpopulations were observed in all cases studied. No significant difference was observed between the quantities of M1 and M2 TAMs regarding tumor size (p > 0.05). A significantly larger number of M2 compared to M1 TAMs was observed in tumors without regional lymph node metastasis, tumors in early stages, and low-grade tumors (p < 0.05). No significant difference between the numbers of M1 and M2 TAMs was observed in tumors with regional lymph node metastasis, tumors in advanced stages, and high-grade tumors (p > 0.05). There was a positive weak correlation between M1 and M2 TAMs (r = 0.361; p = 0.019). The results suggest a more important role of M2 TAMs in early stages than advanced stages of lip carcinogenesis. The progression of SCCLL does not seem to be related to an imbalance of macrophage polarization in the microenvironment of these tumors.