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Monitoring conductivity changes of discontinuous palladium (Pd) nanostructures upon hydrogenation is becoming one of the most promising approaches toward hydrogen sensing. Development of sensors in this type has long been impeded due to strong ubiquitous interfacial adhesion which could distinctly restrict Pd expansion so as to hinder the closing of a nanogap. Herein, graphene underlayers were applied in the fabrication of nanogap-based hydrogen sensors to promote the lateral expansion of a Pd nanowire upon hydrogenation by reducing the adhesion between the metal and the substrate. In order to clarify details as well as mechanisms underlaid of graphene-enhanced Pd expansion, nanowire samples with serial lengths (6-48 μm) and gaps (0-260 nm in width) were controllably prepared on single-layer graphene (SLG), double-layer graphene (DLG), and quadruple-layer graphene (QLG, DLG × 2) via the combination of electron beam lithography (EBL) and electron beam deposition (EBD) technology. Response features and intrinsic analysis in physical sense of the graphene-based discontinuous Pd circuits upon hydrogen were established, in light of which the effects of underlayers on Pd expansion and on nanogap closing process were investigated. Such graphene-promoted expansion was demonstrated through the achievement of the closure of a large gap threshold (

Primary root growth in cereal crops is fundamental for early establishment of the seedling and grain yield. In young rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings, the primary root grows rapidly for 7–10 days after germination and then stops; however, the underlying mechanism determining primary root growth is unclear. Here, we report that the interplay of ethylene and gibberellin (GA) controls the orchestrated development of the primary root in young rice seedlings. Our analyses advance the knowledge that primary root growth is maintained by higher ethylene production, which lowers bioactive GA contents. Further investigations unraveled that ethylene signaling transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 1 (OsEIL1) activates the expression of the GA metabolism genes GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 1 (OsGA2ox1), OsGA2ox2, OsGA2ox3, and OsGA2ox5, thereby deactivating GA activity, inhibiting cell proliferation in the root meristem, and ultimately gradually inhibiting primary root growth. Mutation in OsGA2ox3 weakened ethylene-induced GA inactivation and reduced the ethylene sensitivity of the root. Genetic analysis revealed that OsGA2ox3 functions downstream of OsEIL1. Taken together, we identify a molecular pathway impacted by ethylene during primary root elongation in rice and provide insight into the coordination of ethylene and GA signals during root development and seedling establishment.

Under the condition of activated carbon catalysis, using silicon tetrachloride as the chlorine source, the conversion rate of methyldichlorosilane to methyltrichlorosilane is higher than 80%.

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Linn.) Sav. is a dominant tree species of mangrove forests in tropical coastal areas of China. This species is commonly used for the greening of tidal flats and seawalls in tropical and subtropical regions (Allen, & Duke 2000). A survey that was conducted from August to September 2020, in the mangrove national nature reserve at Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, South China. Brown leaf spot symptoms were observed on Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and disease incidence was over 10% (200 investigated trees). Symptomatic small spots initially appeared at the middle or edges of leaves, enlarged irregularly, and developed into brown necrotic spots with dying curly edges. The color of the lesion’s center changed to dark brown or gray. To identify the causative agent, twenty diseased leaves were sampled for pathogen isolation. Affected foliar tissues cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces, disinfected in 75% ethanol for 2 mins, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then air dried under a sterilized filter paper. Leaf pieces were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) in Petri dishes and then incubated at 28°C in darkness for 3-5 days. Hyphal tips of fungal colonies growing from the tissue pieces were subcultured onto fresh PDA to obtain pure single hyphae cultures. The fungal colonies were initially composed of white aerial mycelia, but turned gray after 7 days. Immature conidia were hyaline, subovoid, and aseptate while mature conidia becoming dark brown, one-septate with longitudinal stripes, the length/width ratio is 19.98 to 29.50 μm (average 24.37 µm; n = 50) × 11.99 to 14.45 μm (average 13.09 µm; n = 50). On the basis of morphological features all isolates were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl (Alves et al. 2008). For DNA-based identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region gene and fragment of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene of the three isolates were amplified and sequenced following the methods described in a previous study (White et al. 1990, Carbone & Kohn 1999). The obtained sequences of ITS and EF1-α were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OK644200 and OL345571. The BLAST results showed at least 99.60% similarity with the sequences of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (ITS, MT644474.1 [99.79%]; EF1-a, MK961975.1 [99.60%]). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, PDA plugs with actively growing mycelium of the isolates were inoculated on the leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza plants that were wounded by using a sterilized needle or scalpel. Inoculated leaves were covered with sterilized wet cotton, and the plants were kept at 28°C and 80% relative humidity. The inoculated plants showed leaf spot symptoms that were similar to those previously observed in the field after 1-2 days, whereas control leaves remained healthy. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was consistently isolated from inoculated leaves again. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botryosphaeriaceae) is a plurivorous pathogen in a wide variety of hosts, mostly prevalent in tropical and subtropical climate regions. It has been previously reported to cause brown leaf spot on Broussonetia papyrifera (Luo et al. 2020), foliar diseases on Camellia oleifera (Zhu et al. 2014) and Kadsura longipedunculata (Fan et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing brown leaf spot on Bruguiera gymnorrhiza plants in China and worldwide. Our findings will help to make management strategies for control of this disease on Bruguiera gymnorrhiza.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy in the detection of pulmonary nodules and image quality of UTE-MRI imaging using ultra short echo time MRI (UTE-MRI). Methods A total of 48 patients in our hospital were collected and underwent CT unenhance scan and UTE-MRI scan. The image quality and number of nodules detected by CT were taken as the gold standard. Three diagnostic radiologists independently recorded the image quality (such as visibility and sharpness of normal anatomical structures) of CT and UTE and the number of pulmonary nodules detected. The diagnostic accuracy, subjective image quality and consistency between observations were statistically analyzed. Results Among 46 patients, 36 patients (78.2%) had pulmonary nodules on CT image, while 10 patients (21.7%) had no pulmonary nodules. A total of 48 lung nodules were detected, of which 3 were ground glass nodules. On UTE-MRI, a total of 46 lung nodules were detected. Compared with CT, the sensitivity of all MRI readers to detect lung lesions was 95.8%, and the three-observer agreement was nearly perfect (p a (Kender’s Harmonious Coefficientt) = 0.913). The overall image quality score of the observers was high, ranging from good to excellent, and the consistency of UTE-MRI subjective image quality was good: Kendall Wa =0.877, P a value between observers was 0.804,P a =0.823, P

The spatiotemporal control of meristem identity is critical for determining inflorescence architecture, and thus yield, of cereal plants. However, the precise mechanisms underlying inflorescence and spikelet meristem determinacy in cereals are still largely unclear. We have generated loss-of-function and overexpression mutants of the paralogous OsMADS5 and OsMADS34 genes in rice (Oryza sativa), and analysed their panicle phenotypes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility-shift and dual-luciferase assays, we have also identified RICE CENTRORADIALIS 4 (RCN4), a TFL1-like gene, as a direct downstream target of both OsMADS proteins, and have analysed RCN4 mutants. The osmads5 osmads34 mutant lines had significantly enhanced panicle branching with increased secondary, and even tertiary and quaternary, branches, compared to wild type and osmads34 plants. The osmads34 mutant phenotype could largely be rescued by also knocking out RCN4. Moreover, transgenic panicles overexpressing RCN4 had significantly increased branching, and initiated development of ~7× more spikelets than wild type. Our results reveal a role for OsMADS5 in panicle development, and show that OsMADS5 and OsMADS34 play similar functions in limiting branching and promoting the transition to spikelet meristem identity, in part by repressing RCN4 expression. These findings provide new insights to better understand the molecular regulation of rice inflorescence architecture.

Whether oil emplacement and diagenetic sequences provoke, deteriorate, or have no effect on pore network evolution, as implied by recent tests and theoretical analysis, are critical factors in forecasting hydrocarbon exploration and development potentials. Therefore, a systematic investigation on the effect of oil emplacement of tight sandstones is conducted to study the importance of this behavior on the pore evolution path. This study evaluated the role played by oil emplacement and diagenesis in the pore network evolution of Upper Triassic tight sandstones in the Ordos Basin. To help provide a comprehensive understanding, we have used a multidisciplinary method including physical properties, casting thin section, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, fluorometric, and inclusion analysis. The results demonstrate that the sandstones could be divided into four groups based on new criteria: calcareous sandstone, high soft component sandstone, low soft component sandstone with continual oil emplacement, and low soft component sandstone with intermittent oil emplacement. The physical properties of those types of sandstones were gradually reduced. Quartz cement captured hydrocarbon, carbonate captured hydrocarbon, free hydrocarbon, and adsorbed hydrocarbon were the four main kinds of hydrocarbons. The maturity of those sandstones was decreased progressively, indicating that the formation time of those hydrocarbons was favorable to maturity. Four stages of oil emplacement happened, and large-scale emplacement mainly occurred in the late Jurassic and early Craterous. The evidence demonstrated that tight sandstones’ high porosity could be attributed to positive diagenetic contributions with a complex interplay of chemical compaction, early formed clays, and large-scale oil emplacement. This work would provide new sights for a better understanding of the tight oil accumulation modes, and the findings could be applied in the hydrocarbon exploration and development field.

Metastable phases formed during vitrification or devitrification open an avenue to study the intrinsic structural hierarchy in amorphous materials. The phase transformation sequence of Al89Ce11 amorphous ribbon was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, in situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and ex situ high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The results reveal the devitrification pathway following the reaction: amorphous → e-Al60Ce11 + fcc-Al → η-Al41Ce5 + fcc-Al → Al11Ce3 + fcc-Al. It has been found that both e-Al60Ce11 and η-Al41Ce5 metastable phases have same Ce-centered 1-6-6-6-1 motif, suggesting that the structural motif can be inherited. Formation of metastable phase with large unit cell is related to the short-range orders developed during solidification. Structural heredity provides a new method to tailor the microstructure and properties of Al-based alloys based on genetic mechanism.

Auxin signalling plays a key role in various developmental processes ranging from embryogenesis to senescence in plants. Auxin response factor (ARF), a key component of auxin signalling, functions by binding to auxin response element within promoter of auxin response genes, activating or repressing the target genes. Increasing evidences show that ARFs are crucial for plant response to stresses. This review summarises the recent advance on the functions and their regulatory pathways of rice ARFs in development and responding to stresses. The importance of OsARFs is demonstrated by their roles in triggering various physiological, biochemical and molecular reactions to resist adverse environmental conditions. We also describe the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of OsARFs, and discuss the major challenges in this area.

Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit pigment-protein complex and catalyses light-induced water oxidation, leading to the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the release of dioxygen. We analysed the structures of two Psb28-bound PSII intermediates, Psb28-RC47 and Psb28-PSII, purified from a psbV-deletion strain of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus, using cryo-electron microscopy. Both Psb28-RC47 and Psb28-PSII bind one Psb28, one Tsl0063 and an unknown subunit. Psb28 is located at the cytoplasmic surface of PSII and interacts with D1, D2 and CP47, whereas Tsl0063 is a transmembrane subunit and binds at the side of CP47/PsbH. Substantial structural perturbations are observed at the acceptor side, which result in conformational changes of the quinone (QB) and non-haem iron binding sites and thus may protect PSII from photodamage during assembly. These results provide a solid structural basis for understanding the assembly process of native PSII.

Dissimilar Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polyamide 6 (PA6) are hard to be welded due to their poor compatibilities. In this paper, a flat-pin tool with long tooth-shaped tip was designed and utilized to friction stir spot weld ABS and PA6 plates. Annular PA6 anchor and column were produced, which enhanced the mechanical interlocking between the lapped sheets. Rotational speed (SR) was found to be influential to the weld formation, PA6 morphology and joint mechanical property. PA6 column became short and PA6 anchor gradually disappeared with the increase of SR. The PA6 particles were large and poorly connected with ABS matrix under SR250. A large amount of PA6 particles were refined to a few microns or even hundreds of nanometers under SR350, presenting spherical and rod-shaped morphologies. Meanwhile, their connection with ABS matrix became compact. Under SR500, pores emerged in the nugget and gaps were generated along the nugget boundary. Lap-shear tensile tests showed that the fracture loads of the joints decreased with increased SR and two failure modes were observed. Elongated PA6 bands, deep holes and dimples were observed on the fracture surface of the nugget obtained under SR350.

A genetic diversity analysis and identification of plant germplasms and varieties are important and necessary for plant breeding. Deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) fingerprints based on genomic molecular markers play an important role in accurate germplasm identification. In this study, Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing (SLAF-seq) was conducted for a sugarcane population with 103 cultivated and wild accessions. In total, 105,325 genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called successfully to analyze population components and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of the population was complex and clustered into two major subpopulations. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these accessions could not be completely classified based on geographical origin. After filtration, screening, and comparison, 192 uniformly-distributed SNP loci were selected for the 32 chromosomes of sugarcane. An SNP complex genotyping detection system was established using the SNaPshot typing method and used for the precise genotyping and identification of 180 sugarcane germplasm samples. According to the stability and polymorphism of the SNPs, 32 high-quality SNP markers were obtained and successfully used to construct the first SNP fingerprinting and quick response codes (QR codes) for sugarcane. The results provide new insights for genotyping, classifying, and identifying germplasm and resources for sugarcane breeding

Background Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) ranks the third most frequent malignancy worldwide. Makorin RING zinc finger-2 (MKRN2) has been identified as a tumor suppressor in CRC, and the bioinformatics prediction indicated that some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that directly or indirectly regulate MKRN2 might play critical roles in CRC progression. This study aimed to analyze the regulatory effect of LINC00294 on CRC progression, and to explore the underlying mechanisms by assessing miR-620 and MKRN2. The potential prognostic value of the ncRNAs and MKRN2 was also investigated. Methods The expression of LINC00294, MKRN2, miR-620 was examined by qRT-PCR. Cell counting kit-8 assay was used to assess the proliferation of CRC cells. Transwell assay was used to evaluate the migration, invasion of CRC cells. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to perform comparative analysis of overall survival in CRC patients. Results Lower expression of LINC00294 was observed in both CRC tissues and cell lines. In CRC cells, LINC00294 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but these effects were directly reversed by the overexpression of miR-620, which was demonstrated as a target of LINC00294. Additionally, MKRN2 was found to be a target gene of miR-620, and might mediate the regulatory function of LINC00294 in CRC progression. In CRC patients, low LINC00294, MKRN2 and high miR-620 expression was associated poor overall survival of CRC. Conclusions LINC00294/miR-620/MKRN2 axis had the potential to provide prognostic biomarkers for CRC patients, and negatively regulated the malignant progression of CRC cells, including proliferation, migration and invasion.

Usually, the ion implantation gases used in semiconductor production are required to be extremely high in purity. Due to the presence of trace CO2 in electronic special gas BF3, the quality of the material is significantly affected, which makes it crucial to impose control on CO2 content. Unlike a series of blank adsorbents reported in other studies, the zinc-loaded adsorbents prepared in this study are intended for the adsorption of CO2 from CO2/BF3. Firstly, the materials were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM-EDS and TG-DSC analysis, etc., and the breakthrough curves of the adsorbents as obtained under different preparation conditions were investigated at 20 °C and 200 kPa. The results show that the adsorption performance reached the optimal level when the activation temperature was 450 °C and a 13X molecular sieve was impregnated by 0.15 mol/L Zn(NO3)2. Moreover, compared with the Zn-13X, the breakthrough time was reduced to 69% and 44% in two adsorption cycles, respectively. Finally, FTIR was used to reveal the adsorption mechanism of the carbonates produced by CO2 adsorption. It was found that the adsorption performance was affected by the irreversible reduction in the number of active sites due to the continuous formation of polydentate carbonate during adsorption and regeneration.

BACKGROUND Immunological rejection is one of the problems in corneal transplantation. Recently, some research found out that soluble programmed death protein-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed death ligand protein-1 (sPD-L1) play a significant role in immunologic suppression. OBJECTIVES To explore expression of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in a penetrative corneal transplantation model and its relationship with transplant rejection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Autologous corneal transplantation rat models and allogeneic corneal transplantation rat models were used as the control group and the experimental group, respectively. Changes of the transplanted grafts were observed under a slit-lamp microscope. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was applied to examine the histopathological features of the corneal grafts. Flow cytometry was used to analyze CD4+CD25+Treg in the serum and spleen. The sPD-1, sPD-L1, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in serum and the aqueous humor of the rats were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS After the operation, no transplant rejection occurred in the control group. Flow cytometry results showed that expressions of CD4+CD25+Treg in serum in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The ELISA results showed that after the operation, sPD-1 and sPD-L1 expression levels in serum in the experimental group were higher than in the control group (all p < 0.05). After the operation, lL-10 and IL-4 content in serum in the experimental group was lower than in the control group (all p < 0.05). The sPD-1/sPD-L1 ratio in the experimental group was higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Increases of sPD-1 content and decreases of CD4+CD25+Treg, IL-10 and IL-4 levels may be involved in corneal allograft rejection. Dynamic detection of the content of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in serum and aqueous humor after the operation would help in understanding the local immune response in a clinical setting and predicting the occurrence of corneal graft rejection.

Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy vital to life on earth. The light energy is harvested by antenna pigments and transferred to reaction centers (RCs) to drive electron transfer (ET) reactions. All typical RC structures have been determined except RC from Acidobacteria. Here we present the RC structures from a microaerophilic Chloracidobacterium thermophilum (CabRC) at resolutions of 2.22 Å -2.61 Å by cryo-electron microscopy. The structure revealed binding of two different cytochromes, the inverted binding of acceptor protein between homodimeric RC from anoxygenic photosynthesis and heteromeric RC from oxygenic photosynthesis, an ET chain of heme-(Zn-bacteriochlorophyll a)-(chlorophyll a)-F4S4, and a hybrid antenna containing both bacteriochlorophylls a and chlorophylls a, and has the largest number of subunits among homodimeric type I RCs. Our results provide a solid structural basis for understanding the excitation energy and electron transfer within CabRC and offer evolutionary insights into the origin and adaptation of photosynthetic RCs.

Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy to fuel life on earth. Light energy is harvested by antenna pigments and transferred to reaction centers (RCs) to drive the electron transfer (ET) reactions. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of two forms of the RC from the microaerophilic Chloracidobacterium thermophilum (CabRC): one containing 10 subunits, including two different cytochromes; and the other possessing two additional subunits, PscB and PscZ. The larger form contained 2 Zn-bacteriochlorophylls, 16 bacteriochlorophylls, 10 chlorophylls, 2 lycopenes, 2 hemes, 3 Fe4S4 clusters, 12 lipids, 2 Ca2+ ions and 6 water molecules, revealing a type I RC with an ET chain involving two hemes and a hybrid antenna containing bacteriochlorophylls and chlorophylls. Our results provide a structural basis for understanding the excitation energy and ET within the CabRC and offer evolutionary insights into the origin and adaptation of photosynthetic RCs.

Background: The metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) gene's rs664589 locus is located within the binding site of the miRNA hsa-miR-194-5p for its cognate long-chain noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the rs664589 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Chinese Han population. Methods: A cohort of 340 patients with CRC who underwent surgical resection and another group of 340 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study and analyzed for their rs664589 genotypes. In addition, quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of the lncRNA MALAT1 and the hsa-miR-194-5p in cancer tissues and paracancerous normal tissues of CRC patients. Results: The risk of CRC in subjects carrying the G allele at the rs664589 locus in the 3' untranslated region of the MALAT1 gene was 1.81 times higher than for C allele carriers. The expression levels of the lncRNA MALAT1 in cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues, while the hsa-miR-194-5p expression level was significantly lower in cancerous tissues compared to cognate paracancerous tissues. The progression-free survival (PFS) rate for patients with the MALAT1 gene rs664589 locus GG genotype was significantly lower than that of CG genotype patients. Moreover, lncRNA MALAT1 inhibited the expression of hsa-miR-194-5p. Conclusion: The risk of CRC was relatively higher among MALAT1 rs664589 G allele carriers, and the CRC patients with a G allele had a lower PFS. The likely mechanism underlying these observations is that the rs664589 SNP affects the binding efficiency between the lncRNA MALAT1 and the miRNA has-miR-194-5p, although this awaits laboratory confirmation.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a typical pesticide, with global application for over 40 years. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. thuringiensis ZZQ-130 from a salt lake; this strain has 31 pesticidal genes, including five cry genes, one vip gene, two vpa genes, and two vpb genes.

Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes belong to the multiprotein tethering complex and have three forms- TRAPPI, TRAPPII and TRAPPIII, which share a core of six TRAPPI proteins. TRAPPII facilitates intra-Golgi and endosome-to-Golgi transports by activating GTPase Ypt31/Ypt32 as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in yeast. Here we present cryo-EM structures of yeast TRAPPII in apo and Ypt32-bound states. All the structures show a dimeric architecture assembled by two triangle shaped monomers, while the monomer in the apo structure exhibits both open and closed conformations, and the monomer in the Ypt32-bound form only captures the closed conformation. Located in the interior of the monomer, Ypt32 binds with both TRAPPI and Trs120 via its nucleotide binding domain and binds with Trs31 of TRAPPI via its hypervariable domain. Combined with functional analysis, the structures provide insights into the assembly of TRAPPII and the mechanism of the specific activation of Ypt31/Ypt32 by TRAPPII.One Sentence SummaryStructures of TRAPPII in different states reveal the mechanism of the specific activation of Ypt32 by TRAPPII.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the commonest form of glaucoma which is estimated to cause bilaterally blind within 11.1 million people by 2020. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical significance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the lncRNAs MALAT1 and ANRIL in a Chinese Han POAG cohort.Three hundred and forty-six glaucoma patients and 263 healthy controls were recruited, and totally 14 SNPs in MALAT1 and ANRIL were genotyped between the two populations.The MALAT1 SNPs rs619586 (AG), rs3200401 (CT), and rs664589 (CG) were associated with POAG risk, and the ANRIL SNPs rs2383207 (AG), rs564398 (AG), rs2157719 (AG), rs7865618 (GA), and rs4977574 (AG) were associated with POAG (p 0.05). The MALAT1 haplotypes ACG and ATC, comprised rs619586, rs3200401, and rs664589, increased POAG risk, and the ANRIL haplotype AAGAA, made up of rs2383207, rs7865618, rs4977574, rs564398, and rs2157719, show a significantly increased risk of POAG. In addition, rs619586 (AG) of MALAT1 and rs564398/rs2157719 of ANRIL were associated with a smaller vertical cup-to-disc ratio, while rs619586 of MALAT1 and rs2383207/rs4977574 of ANRIL were associated with higher intraocular pressure in the POAG population.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in ANRIL and MALAT1 were associated with POAG onset in our study population, which provide more possibilities to POAG diagnosis and treatment.

Recently, 3D packaging has been regarded as an important technical means to continue Moore’s Law. However, excessive stacking will increase the longitudinal dimension, and one chip with high-density bondings packaging is still needed. Thus, it naturally places higher demand on thermal cycling reliability due to the decreased joint size to satisfy high-density packaging. In this work, the nano-Al2O3 (1 wt.%) modified Sn-1 wt.% Ag-0.5 wt.% Cu low-Ag solder was applied as a solder sample to evaluate the associated thermal cycling reliability. The investigated results revealed that the nano-Al2O3 modified solder did present enhanced thermal cycling reliability, as evidenced by the delayed microstructure coarsening and the inhibited atom inter-diffusion at interface caused by the adsorption of nano-Al2O3 on grain surfaces, and the resultant pinning effect. Worthy of note is that the potential of the newly developed nano-Al2O3 modified solder for high-density packaging applications (e.g., BGA, QFN, and CCGA) was evaluated based on the Finite Element Modeling.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport of substances in eukaryotic cells. However, the accurate molecular arrangement of NPCs remains enigmatic owing to their huge size and highly dynamic nature. Here we determined the structure of the asymmetric unit of the inner ring (IR monomer) at 3.73 Å resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, and created an atomic model of the intact IR consisting of 192 copies from 8 subunits. In each IR monomer, two approximately parallel rhomboidal structures of the inner and outer layers are sandwiched with the Z-shaped Nup188-Nup192 middle layer and Nup188, Nup192 and Nic96 link all subunits to constitute a relatively stable IR monomer, while the intact IR is assembled by loose and instable interactions between IR monomer. These structures reveal various interaction modes and extensive flexible connections in the assembly, providing a structural basis for the stability and malleability of IR.One-Sentence SummaryAccurate structure of inner ring reveals its assembly and function in dilation and constriction of nuclear pore complex.

Organ size is mainly determined by cell division and cell expansion. Several genetic factors regulating development of plant lateral organs have been characterised, but those involved in determining reproductive organ size and separation in rice (Oryza sativa) remain unknown. We have isolated the rice gene SMALL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (SRO) encoding a nucleus-localised C2 H2 zinc finger protein orthologous to Arabidopsis transcription factor SUPERMAN (SUP). Combined developmental, genetic, histological and transcriptomic analyses were used to determine the function of SRO in regulating reproductive organ size. SRO affects genes involved in cell division, cell expansion and phytohormone signalling in the rice flower. SRO is specifically expressed in the first stages of stamen filament development to regulate their correct formation and separation. In addition, SRO non-cell-autonomously regulates the size and functionality of male and female reproductive organs. The B-class MADS-box gene OsMADS16/SPW1 is epistatic to SRO, while SRO regulates reproductive organ specification and floral meristem determinacy synergistically with C-class genes OsMADS3 and OsMADS58. These findings provide insights into how an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor has a pivotal role in reproductive organ development in core eudicots and monocots, through partially conserved expression, function, and regulatory network.

The white-bottomed sea cucumber, Actinopyga lecanora, is a valuable inshore fisheries resource which is famous for its high nutrition and pharmacological compounds. However, due to morphological plasticity and limited molecular phylogenetic studies, the taxonomic histories in the genus Actinopyga have not been completely resolved yet. Moreover, there remains a complex of cryptic species within Actinopyga, many of which are incorrectly assigned within the family Holothuriidae. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of A. lecanora. The mitogenome has 15,568 base pairs (63.40% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study offers useful mitogenome data for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Holothuriidae.

With the strong desire to develop an efficacious imaging modality that can scrutinize complex-valued objects with intricate structures, such as a myriad of biological samples, we develop high-throughput single-pixel holography (SPH). The protocol aims to describe the detailed procedures of this work.

Single-pixel holography (SPH) is capable of generating holographic images with rich spatial information by employing only a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the relatively low dark-noise production, high sensitivity, large bandwidth, and cheap price of single-pixel detectors in comparison to pixel-array detectors, SPH is becoming an attractive imaging modality at wavelengths where pixel-array detectors are not available or prohibitively expensive. In this work, we develop a high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography with a space-bandwidth-time product (SBP-T) of 41,667 pixels/s, realized by enabling phase stepping naturally in time and abandoning the need for phase-encoded illumination. This holographic system is scalable to provide either a large field of view (~83 mm2) or a high resolution (5.80 μm × 4.31 μm). In particular, high-resolution holographic images of biological tissues are presented, exhibiting rich contrast in both amplitude and phase. This work is an important step towards multi-spectrum imaging using a single-pixel detector in biophotonics., Single-pixel holography generates holographic images with a single-pixel detector making this relatively inexpensive. Here the authors report a high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography method for imaging biological tissue which can either provide a large field of view or high resolution.

E3 ubiquitin ligases have been more widely reported to mediate the degradation of target proteins. In our research, one SIAH type E3 ligase was identified, named RIP1, and there are five genes were found to be highly homologous to it, named RIP2 to RIP6 dividedly. Y2H and BiFC were carried out to prove the interaction between RIPs and OsFH5, moreover, homo- and hetero- oligomers can be formed among RIPs and they all can affect the localization of OsFH5. Degradation experiments showed that RIP1 is able to slow down the degradation rate of OsFH5, and also RIP5, RIP6. There was no obvious phenotype in both RIP1 overexpression and mutant transgenic lines, whereas in rips multi-knock out lines showed up similar defects to osfh5, such as, dwarf height; less smooth and rounder seeds; leaves width became wilder. Otherwise, rips also exhibit some special phenotypes, for instance, the angles between leaves and stems were appreciable enlarged; spiral crimped roots. In addition, microfilaments organization in rips appeared disordered than wild type. All above illustrate that RIPs influence morphology by interacting with OsFH5 and affecting its subcellular localization, stability or maybe involved in other pathways in rice.