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To reduce the error of coordinate transformation, a fractional order convex valued neural network (FCVNN) is explored. The convergence is proved. We take the longitude as the real part of the input, and take the latitude as the imaginary part of the input. Thus, we construct the complex valued input of the CVNN. All longitudes and latitudes on the earth are perpendicular to each other. This satisfies that the real part and imaginary part of the complex form an orthogonal unit basis. Input Xiamen 92 space coordinates and WGS-84 space coordinates obtained from the transformation as the training samples. The weights of neural network are updated. Input the geodetic coordinates of test data and output the geodetic coordinates of WGS84 corresponding to the results. FCVNN is applied to Xiamen 92 coordinate transformation, and the transformation accuracy is improved. Using the orthogonality of longitude and latitude, CVNN are constructively used to solve the coordinate transformation problem. Many insights can be transferred from real domain to complex domain. If the data exists naturally in the complex domain, or can be meaningfully moved to the complex plane, the complex neural network should be used for the task. &nbsp

Additional file 1: Table S1. Association of HF occurrence with the differential expression of the five m7G regulator markers. Table S2. The characteristics of six screened microarray datasets of HF in GEO database. Table S3. The characteristics of two validation RNA-seq datasets of HF in GEO database. Table S4. Summary of the 29 m7G RNA methylation regulator genes. Fig. S1. External validation of the diagnostic value of m7G regulator signature for HF. Fig. S2. Unsupervised consensus clustering analysis for HF samples based on m7G regulators expression profiles. Fig. S3. The expression profiles of the 14 m7G regulators in HF subtype A, subtype B, and NFDs were compared using one way ANOVA. Fig. S4. The distribution of infiltrating immune cells or activity of immune-related functions in each HF subtype was compared with that of NFDs. Fig. S5. Clustering analysis for HF samples based on the m7G subtype-related differentially expressed genes. Fig. S6. Principal component analysis of batch‐corrected expression data of HF microarray datasets.

The mechanical strength of the stalk affects the lodging resistance and digestibility of the stalk in maize. The molecular mechanisms regulating the brittleness of stalks in maize remain undefined. In this study, we constructed the maize brittle stalk mutant (bk5) by crossing the W22:Mu line with the Zheng 58 line. The brittle phenotype of the mutant bk5 existed in all of the plant organs after the five-leaf stage. Compared to wild-type (WT) plants, the sclerenchyma cells of bk5 stalks had a looser cell arrangement and thinner cell wall. Determination of cell wall composition showed that obvious differences in cellulose content, lignin content, starch content, and total soluble sugar were found between bk5 and WT stalks. Furthermore, we identified 226 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 164 genes significantly upregulated and 62 genes significantly downregulated in RNA-seq analysis. Some pathways related to cellulose and lignin synthesis, such as endocytosis and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored biosynthesis, were identified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis. In bulked-segregant sequence analysis (BSA-seq), we detected 2,931,692 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified five overlapped regions (11.2 Mb) containing 17 candidate genes with missense mutations or premature termination codons using the SNP-index methods. Some genes were involved in the cellulose synthesis-related genes such as ENTH/ANTH/VHS superfamily protein gene (endocytosis-related gene) and the lignin synthesis-related genes such as the cytochrome p450 gene. Some of these candidate genes identified from BSA-seq also existed with differential expression in RNA-seq analysis. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the brittle stalk phenotype in maize.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Tables and Figures.

Aims Obestatin regulates water metabolism by inhibiting arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and upregulated obestatin has been detected in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the significance of obestatin in CHF, particularly with regard to water retention and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expression, remains unknown. Main methods Using a CHF rat model, the effects of 2-week exogenous obestatin administration were evaluated. Expression of AQP2 was evaluated by immunoblotting, immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in CHF rat model and mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD) 3 cell line. Moreover, the influence of obestatin on the genetic transcription profile in mIMCD3 cells was evaluated by microarray, and the potential regulatory mechanisms of obestatin on AQP2 were evaluated by RNA silencing of vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39). Key findings Obestatin increased urinary output and improved expression of CHF biomarker without significantly altering cardiac function, plasma electrolyte concentrations, or the plasma AVP concentration. AQP2 expression was significantly reduced. The results of microarray analyses and qPCR indicated that mRNA levels of Aqp2, Pparg, and V2r were significantly decreased. Inhibition of V2r and Pparg mRNA further reduced the expression of AQP2, while the inhibitory efficacy of obestatin on AQP2 was significantly offset after Gpr39 knockdown. Significance Long-term treatment with obestatin improves water retention in CHF by increasing urinary output through downregulation of AQP2 expression in renal IMCD cells. These effects may be at least partially mediated by regulation of GPR39, V2R and PPARG signaling.