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Objective: In tropical, subtropical and arid zones, heat stress is the main cause of productivity reduction in cattle. When climate stressors occur, animals become thermal adapted through differential expression of some genes, including heat shock proteins (HSP) family. The aim of this study was to determine levels of expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 genes in Simmental cattle raised in tropical environments of Mexico.Methods: In this study, expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 genes was analyzed in 116 Simmental cattle from three farms with tropical climate located in western Mexico. Animals were sampled twice a day, in the morning and noon. Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using probes marked with fluorescence. The MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures was used for all statistical analysis.Results: HSP60 gene expression differences were found for sex (p = 0.0349). HSP70 gene differences were detected for sampling hour (p = 0.0042), farm (pHSP90 were observed for farm (pHSP70 gene showed to be a better marker of heat stress than HSP60 and HSP90 genes.Conclusion: Expression of HSP70 gene in Simmental herds of the tropical region of western México was different during early morning and noon, but the expression of the HSP60 and HSP90 genes was similar. Identification of resilient animals to heat stress will be useful in the genetic improvement of the Simmental breed.

El objetivo fue presentar resultados de investigación sobre mejoramiento genético de bovinos productores de carne realizados por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, así como los retos y perspectivas de investigación a corto, mediano y largo plazo en dicha área del conocimiento. Se utilizaron tesis de maestría, trabajos de congresos y artículos científicos publicados de 1987 a 2020. En los últimos 34 años, se logró caracterizar productiva y reproductivamente animales Bos indicus y Bos taurus x Bos indicus en condiciones tropicales, implementar evaluaciones genéticas multirraciales para las poblaciones Simmental-Simbrah y Charolais-Charbray, determinar la importancia de los efectos maternos en características de crecimiento y estimar la heredabilidad y correlaciones genéticas para características de crecimiento y reproductivas de machos y hembras en animales Bos taurus y Bos indicus, comprobar que la interacción genotipo-ambiente es un factor importante en la expresión de peso al destete en Simmental, desarrollar factores de ajuste de edad de la madre para pesos al nacimiento y destete, desarrollar un prototipo de evaluación genética nacional para permanencia productiva y otro para fertilidad de vaquillas, estimar la diversidad genética de las poblaciones Simmental, Charolais y Simbrah, e identificar SNP asociados a características de crecimiento en Simmental y Simbrah. En el corto plazo, se espera desarrollar índices de selección y predecir el mérito genético de características de canal; en el mediano, realizar evaluaciones genómicas para tolerancia al estrés calórico, consumo de alimento residual y características de salud; y a largo plazo, realizar predicciones genómicas a través de razas.

Objective: The aim was to characterize the genetic diversity evolution of the registered Mexican Charolais cattle population by pedigree analysis. Methods: Data consisted of 331,390 pedigree records of animals born from 1934 to 2018. Average complete generation equivalent, generation interval, effective population size (Ne), and effective numbers of founders (fe), ancestors (fa), and founder genomes (Ng) were calculated for seven five-year periods. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated per year of birth, from 1984 to 2018, whereas the gene contribution of the most influential ancestors was calculated for the latter period. Results: Average complete generation equivalent consistently increased across periods, from 4.76, for the first period (1984 through 1988), to 7.86, for the last period (2014 through 2018). The inbreeding coefficient showed a relative steadiness across the last seventeen years, oscillating from 0.0110 to 0.0145. During the last period, the average generation interval for the father-offspring pathways was nearly 1 yr. longer than that of the mother-offspring pathways. The effective population size increased steadily since 1984 (105.0) and until 2013 (237.1), but showed a minor decline from 2013 to 2018 (233.2). The population displayed an increase in the fa since 1984 and until 2008; however, showed a small decrease during the last decade. The effective number of founder genomes increased from 1984 to 2003, but revealed loss of genetic variability during the last fifteen years (from 136.4 to 127.7). The fa:fe ratio suggests that the genetic diversity loss was partially caused by formation of genetic bottlenecks in the pedigree; in addition, the Ng:fa ratio indicates loss of founder alleles due to genetic drift. The most influential ancestor explained 1.8% of the total genetic variability in the progeny born from 2014 to 2018. Conclusion: Inbreeding, Ne, fa, and Ng are rather beyond critical levels; therefore, the current genetic status of the population is not at risk.

Mexican Creole Cattle (MCC) derived from cattle of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly from Andalucia and Extremadura, and were introduced in central America the 16th century. Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are structural variants contributing to the genetic diversity among populations and related to variation in phenotypic expression. More than half of the identified CNVs regions in human and livestock include protein-coding genes involved in essential function, as cellular functionality, metabolic pathways and disease susceptibility. The aim of this study is to investigate the CNVs genomic variation in the MCC population. A total of 48 unrelated individuals (5 males and 43 females) were genotyped with the BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip Illumina, containing 7,77,962 polymorphic SNPs. A total of 2170 CNVs were detected in 40 individuals, summarized into 733 CNV regions, covering 32.1 Mb of the bovine autosome genome. Functional analysis of the CNVRs identified 131 genes mainly involved in immune response and inflammation, and 923 overlapping QTL classified in six difference QTL-term categories. Cluster and PCA analyses showed a samples distribution in concordance with the geographical origins of the sub-populations, highlighting both a sharing genetic background together with a diversification of populations as a response to adaptation to different and adverse environments.

Simple Summary In this study we investigate the genomic differentiation of traditional Mexican turkey breeds and commercial hybrid strains. The analysis aimed to identify the effects of different types of selection on the birds’ genome structure. Mexican turkeys are characterized by an adaptive selection to their specific original environment; on the other hand, commercial hybrid strains are directionally selected to maximize productive traits and to reduce production costs. The Mexican turkeys were grouped in two geographic subpopulations, while high genomic homogeneity was found in hybrid birds. Traditional breeds and commercial strains are clearly differentiated from a genetic point of view. Inbreeding coefficients were here calculated with different approaches. A clear effect of selection for productive traits was recorded. Abstract The Mexican turkey population is considered to be the descendant of the original domesticated wild turkey and it is distinct from hybrid strains obtained by the intense artificial selection activity that has occurred during the last 40 years. In this study 30 Mexican turkeys were genomically compared to 38 commercial hybrids using 327,342 SNP markers in order to elucidate the differences in genome variability resulting from different types of selection, i.e., only adaptive for Mexican turkey, and strongly directional for hybrids. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) were detected and the two inbreeding coefficients (F and FROH) based on genomic information were calculated. Principal component and admixture analyses revealed two different clusters for Mexican turkeys (MEX_cl_1 and MEX_cl_2) showing genetic differentiation from hybrids (HYB) (FST equal 0.168 and 0.167, respectively). A total of 3602 ROH were found in the genome of the all turkeys populations. ROH resulted mainly short in length and the ROH_island identified in HYB (n = 9), MEX_cl_1 (n = 1), and MEX_cl_2 (n = 2) include annotated genes related to production traits: abdominal fat (percentage and weight) and egg characteristics (egg shell color and yolk weight). F and FROH resulted correlated to each other only for Mexican populations. Mexican turkey genomic variability allows us to separate the birds into two subgroups according to the geographical origin of samples, while the genomic homogeneity of hybrid birds reflected the strong directional selection occurring in this population.

Records from Charolais, Charbray and Charolais-Zebu crosses provided by Charolais–Charbray Herd Book de Mexico, were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations between scrotal circumference (SC, n = 18,972), heifer fertility (HF, n = 91,250), and stayability (STAY, n = 17,696). Measurements of SC were adjusted to 365 days limiting the age range from 320 to 410 days of age. The trait HF was coded as 1 if the heifer calved before 1,281 d of age and 0 otherwise. The trait STAY was defined as the probability of whether or not a cow calved a second calf before the six years of age given that, at least, the cow had calved a calf at three years of age or before. A three trait animal model and a Bayesian linear-threshold-threshold analysis were used to estimate (co)variance components. Heritability estimates were 0.18 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 0.26 ± 0.03 for SC, HF and STAY, respectively. Strong genetic correlations were detected between SC and STAY (0.76 ± 0.04), and between HF and STAY (0.57 ± 0.07), suggesting that selection of sires based on SC, and HF could lead to an improvement of STAY of cows in the Charolais–Charbray population of Mexico. A weak genetic correlation was found between SC and HF (−0.08 ± 0.10). Overall, the heritabilities and genetic correlations estimated for the three traits evaluated in this study support the feasibility of improving by selection the reproductive performance of the Charolais–Charbray population of Mexico.

El objetivo fue evaluar algunas características morfológicas de gallinas de traspatio (n= 255) provenientes de 65 unidades rurales de producción, localizadas en 52 municipios de 18 estados de la República Mexicana. El modelo estadístico incluyó los efectos de sexo, estado y municipio anidado en estado. El efecto de sexo fue importante para todas las variables analizadas (P

El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un prototipo de evaluación genética multirracial para fertilidad de vaquillas (FERT) en las poblaciones Simmental-Simbrah y Charolais-Charbray. Se utilizó información de 49,943 hembras Simmental-Simbrah, nacidas entre 1984 y 2011 (EvSim) y de 49,871 hembras Charolais-Charbray, nacidas entre 1990 y 2011 (EvChar). Para el análisis, a FERT se le asignó un uno cuando la vaquilla parió antes de los 1,281 días de edad y un cero en caso contrario. Los estimadores de los componentes de varianza y los valores genéticos se obtuvieron ajustando un modelo lineal mixto para una sola característica. Los estimadores de heredabilidad fueron similares, 0.07 ± 0.008 y 0.06 ± 0.008, para EvSim y EvChar, respectivamente. La mediana del número de hembras por grupo contemporáneo fue 10, en un rango intercuartil de 5 a 20, en ambos casos, EvSim y EvChar. La mediana del número de hembras por familia de medias hermanas paternas fue 5 en ambos casos, EvSim y EvChar. Las diferencias esperadas en la progenie (DEP) de FERT variaron de: -5.79 a 8.72, -9.56 a 8.84, -7.94 a 8.22, y -7.29 a 6.14, para Simmental, Simbrah, Charolais y Charbray, respectivamente. Las heredabilidades estimadas indican que puede haber respuesta genética a la selección de FERT en las poblaciones evaluadas. Las tendencias genéticas estimadas muestran un cambio genético favorable en fertilidad de las cuatro razas durante el período 2007-2011. Los rangos de las DEP permiten identificar sementales sobresalientes para FERT.

Para evaluar la respuesta ovárica a la superovulación con dosis reducidas de la hormona folículo estimulante (FSH) en bovinos Criollo Coreño, se realizaron dos experimentos en el Sitio Experimental El Verdineño del INIFAP ubicado en Nayarit, México. Se utilizaron 12 vacas de 12.4 ± 2.9 años (Exp 1) y seis vaquillas de 3.0 ± 0.3 años (Exp 2). Se aplicaron tres tratamientos a cada hembra: 280 mg (T1), 200 mg (T2) y 140 mg (T3) de FSH. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de embriones transferibles (ET), número de corpúsculos recuperados (CR)=(embriones + óvulos no fertilizados), número de embriones no transferibles (ENT), número de cuerpos lúteos (CL), número de óvulos no fertilizados (ONF), volumen ovárico (VO), concentración sérica de progesterona (P4), porcentaje de fertilización (%F)=((ET+ENT)*100)/CR) y porcentaje de recuperación (%R)=CL*100/CR. Se utilizó un diseño experimental crossover simple balanceado. La información se analizó con el procedimiento GLM de SAS. El modelo estadístico incluyó los efectos de tratamiento (T1, T2 y T3), vaquilla/vaca (6 y 12) y período (3 períodos). En el Exp 1 se detectaron diferencias (P0.05) entre tratamientos para ET, ENT, CL, VO, P4, %F o %R. En el Exp 2 no se detectaron diferencias (P>0.05) entre tratamientos para ninguna de las variables. Es factible utilizar dosis reducidas de FSH para la superovulación en vaquillas Criollo Coreño sin afectar la respuesta a la superovulación o la producción de embriones.

Data from 241 interviews collected in 2013 was analyzed to characterize populations of pigs (Mexican Hairless Pig (MH), Cuino Pig (CU) and Crossbred Pig (UD)). Variables were body weight (BW), head length (HL), body length (BL), thoracic perimeter (CG), height at withers (HW), croup width (RW), number of nipples (TC), dense or sparse hair (HD), presence or absence of tusks (TU), short or long snout (ST), upright or floppy ears (ER), calm or restless temperament (TM), proportionality index (PI), body index (BI) and relative weight index (RWI). Analyses were carried out with GLM and GENMOD of SAS. Models included state and population. Population was significant (P

El objetivo fue evaluar algunas características morfológicas de pavos de traspatio (n=248) provenientes de 126 unidades rurales de producción localizadas en 75 municipios de 24 estados de la República Mexicana. El modelo estadístico incluyó sexo, estado y municipio anidado en estado. Las tres variables explicativas afectaron a todas las variables de respuesta (P0.05). Los machos tuvieron mayor (P0.05). El peso corporal aumentó 143 g (P

Registros de becerros Charolais, proporcionados por la Charolais Herd Book de México y generados en un periodo de ocho años (1997-2005), se analizaron para estimar parámetros genéticos y fenotípicos para peso al nacer (n=39,821), peso al destete ajustado a 205 días (n=39,556) y ganancia posdestete (n=21,831). Estimadores de componentes de (co)varianza se obtuvieron usando Máxima Verosimilitud Restringida con el algoritmo Esperanza-Maximización y modelos animal para una sola característica. Los efectos del ambiente materno permanente no fueron importantes para peso al nacimiento y ganancia posdestete, por lo que no se incluyeron en el modelo final. Los estimadores de heredabilidad directa fueron 0.22, 0.33 y 0.45 para peso al nacimiento, peso al destete ajustado a 205 días y ganancia posdestete, respectivamente. Los estimadores de heredabilidad para el efecto genético materno fueron 0.16, 0.17 y 0.14. Los estimadores de heredabilidad total y de correlación genética entre efectos directos y maternos fueron 0.12 y -0.65, 0.16 y -0.72, y 0.20 y -0.84 para peso al nacimiento, peso al destete ajustado a 205 días y ganancia posdestete, respectivamente. Para peso al destete ajustado a 205 días, el estimador de la varianza del ambiente materno permanente (28.93 kg2) explicó un 4 % del estimador de la varianza fenotípica (765.43 kg2). La respuesta esperada a la selección para una sola característica de crecimiento de ganado Charolais mexicano, podría ser menor debido a las altas y negativas correlaciones entre efectos genéticos directos y maternos.