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Athroolopha latimargo Rothschild, 1914 bona sp., stat. rev. Athroolopha chrysitaria latimargo Rothschild, 1914: Novit. Zool. 21: 351 (Central Algeria: Guelt-Es-Stel). Fidonia pennigeraria orientalis Rothschild, 1925: Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc 5 (4-5): 149 (Algeria: Hauts Plateaux, Province of Constantine: Batna, Khenchela, Constantine, etc.). Synonym of latimargo according to Leraut (2009) and M��ller et al. (2019). Description: Adult (Fig. 1A). Head black, mouth appendices black; antennae black feather-like (partially bipectinate) in male and filiform in female. Frons, collar, thorax and abdomen dark grey with scattered lighter scales. Wingspan male 37 mm and female 33.2 mm; forewing ground colour brownish, with scattered orange, grey and whitish scales, crossed by two transverse and continuous wavy whitish lines. Postmedial line with two teeth, median line with one tooth blurred in females. Median and basal darker than distal areas displaying more contrasting effect. Hindwings orangey yellow with broad blackish margin from apex to tornus, with scattered orangey yellow scales and without a band in the costa. Fringes chequered dark brown and orangey yellow weakly. Ground colour of underside orange, brown speckled. Male genitalia (Fig. 1C). Uncus wide, triangular, weakly setose, tip bent beak-shaped. Gnathos arms wide, fused ventrally, granulate. Valva near apex and ventrally membranous, base extended, apex rounded. Costa sclerotized, subapically setose over half of valve length. Sacculus at base sclerotized, smooth, apically more membranous, setose. Valva wider than in A. pennigeraria, dorsal margin slightly concave. Saccus tapered, tip dorsally bent, longer than in A. pennigeraria. Shield-shapped juxta posteriorly forming a ring, anteriorly with two sclerotized, tapered lobes and a rounded triangular projection. Aedeagus short, narrower towards apex, caecum less round and sclerotized than in A. pennigeraria. Without cornuti. Female genitalia. No differences were observed when compared to A. chrysitaria female genitalia in M��ller et al. (2019; pg. 341, fig. 117). Diagnosis. Athroolopha latimargo is externally similar to Athroolopha chrysitaria which were hitherto considered conspecific at different subspecific rank and very different to Athroolopha pennigeraria. It differs from the former by a less dark forewing pattern displaying a soft contrast with wavy whitish lines and hindwing with orange colour, although both could be very variable and, from the latter, by forewing with white lines sharper with whitish scales in medial area and hindwing with dark brown terminal continuous band from apex to tornus which does not reach the anal and costal margin. Diagnostic characters are found in the male genitalia which differ from A. pennigeraria in gnathos arms wider, valve wider, costa and ventral margin less concave and from A. chrysitaria in valve more rounded at tip, uncus shorter and rounded, gnathos shorter and juxta longer (M��lller et al. 2019; pg. 666, fig. 117). The COI sequences of the sampled specimens had between 621 and 635 nucleotide bp and indicate significant divergence with mean distances to A. pennigeraria of 5.27% and to A. chrysitaria of 1.85% (Table 1). The maximum intraspecific divergence detected was 0.2% (n=3). Distance between A. pennigeraria and A. chrysitaria is 5.4% with n=1 (M��ller et al. 2019). Bionomics. The larva was not observed but since Athroolopha chrysitaria is monophagous on Erica spp. in Sicily, the larva probably feeds on Erica umbellata Loefl. ex L. that is present in the area. The adult seems to be a monovoltine species and are on the wing at the end of May and probably at the beginning of June. Habitats are middle-mountains areas, garrigue scrubland with trees and maquis in a Mediterranean shrubland at 410 m above sea-level within the thermomediterranean bioclimatic belt, and characterized with very constant and smooth temperatures throughout the year with annual rainfall that exceeds 800 mm /m��, reaching 1000-1600 mm /m�� thanks to the oceanic fronts that sweep it from west to east during autumn, winter and spring (Fig. 1D, E). Distribution. Known from in the furthest point of the south of the Iberian Peninsula and from Morocco to Eastern Algeria. No records from Tunisia. Remarks. M��ller et al. (2019) considered latimargo as a subspecific name of A. pennigeraria while Leraut (2009) validated as subspecies of A. chrysitaria., Published as part of Guerrero, Juan J., Cuenca, E. David, Barros, David & Ortiz, Antonio S., 2020, Redescription and DNA barcoding of diurnal moth Athroolopha latimargo Rothschild, 1914 bona sp., stat. rev. from the southern Iberian Peninsula (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae), pp. 582-588 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 584-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3753488, {"references":["Rothschild, N. C. (1914) A preliminary account of the lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel, central Algeria. Novitates zoologicae, 21, 299 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16331","Leraut, P. (2009) Moths of Europe. Geometrid Moths. Vol. 2. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 804 pp.","Muller, B., Erlacher, S., Hausmann, A., Rajaei, H., Sihvonen, P. & Skou, P. (2019) The Geometrid moths of Europe. Vol. 6. Part 1 & 2. Ennominae II. Brill, Leiden, 906 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004387485 _ 001"]}

Guerrero, Juan J., Cuenca, E. David, Barros, David, Ortiz, Antonio S. (2020): Redescription and DNA barcoding of diurnal moth Athroolopha latimargo Rothschild, 1914 bona sp., stat. rev. from the southern Iberian Peninsula (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Zootaxa 4729 (4): 582-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.9

Related to growing concerns about food safety, the present heterogeneity of certifications and types of control adopted in international supply chains has been interacting with a number of private level strategies, having supermarket chains and large distributors as main protagonists, such as the strategic selection of target market or the differentiation strategy of B2B ('Business to Business') and B2C ('Business to Consumer'), which are applicable to food safety in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution channel. In this paper, on the one hand, we describe the types of international supply chains for fresh products, and on the other hand, the strategies related to food safety of importers and distributors in developed countries. This with the aim of determining how these strategies influence and interact with both the health risk and the management and decision processes along the supply chain. Especially, it is shown how the diversity of effects caused by the introduction and development of risk management systems is reflected in the wide range of inter-related responses performed by the different members of the distribution channel. This paper proposes a summary of the more noteworthy ones in a segmented way according to their strategic purposes. As main conclusions of this paper we have that, due to the need and obligation for the distribution channel´s members to meet the quality and safety levels required by the market, the characteristics of the linkages, which were established until now along the supply chain, have been altered towards a search for higher upstream commitments from retailers to producers, and thus, the operator´s response to the new dimension acquired by food safety within the supply chain has led to the staging of new methods and procedures for its management. It can also be observed that the bulk of the literature in the area of food safety in the fresh fruit and vegetables supply chain is about the government and implementation of quality in products, processes, or with specific protocols, being much less present a pragmatic and management approach oriented to executive staff in their various areas of responsibility, as well as empirical fieldworks.

The Spanish fruit and vegetables sector is both diverse and fragmented, comprising many different players whose produce varies according to its geographical origin. However, these players tend to converge in the latter stages of the distribution process of their products. Therefore, for the purpose of analysis it is advisable to group homogeneous products and similar characteristics, which usually belong to particular areas, since the type of supply chain depends on the destination of the goods. In Spain, supply chains are highly adapted to the type of market to which they belong and consequently to the type of retailer at the end of the supply chain. All too often producers commercialize their products in total ignorance of the channel that they will follow to consumers. This hinders the necessary vertical coordination and collaboration within the channel to optimize its function, particularly as regards quality management and sanitary monitoring of the products. The principal scenarios in which Spanish distribution channels play a major role are the EU, domestic and local markets. The typical outlets corresponding to these areas of the retail market would be the Spanish and European mass distribution self-service stores, the small specialized warehouse, and street markets or street vending. Exports via the supply chain to Europe have constituted by far the largest change this sector has undergone. Both the European channels and those which continue to supply domestic markets, which have also undergone significant customization, form the basic structure of the current fruit and vegetables distribution sector in Spain. In essence, this distribution network system is strongly oriented to exports, innovation and the implementation of new technologies. The simplest descriptions of the fruit and vegetables distribution system in Spain describe it as: i) a "long channel” involving numerous intermediaries; and ii) a "short channel" arising from changes in both productive and commercialization stages. In both cases, the effects on quality management can vary greatly, influencing the food safety of the product reaching consumers., Working Paper within the project: “Food safety regulations, market access and international competition, SAFEMED” (nº 219262 FP7-ERANET ARIMNET)