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Lepidotrigla cf. japonica Proposed English vernacular: Austral longfin gurnard Figs. 1–3; Table 1 Lepidotrigla argus (nec Ogilby, 1910): Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola, 1984: 117, 320, fig. p. 116 (description, distribution, colour image); Sainsbury et al., 1984: 336 (list, distribution). Lepidotrigla japonica (nec Bleeker, 1854): Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola, 1984: 117, 320, fig. p. 116 (description, distribution, colour image). Lepidotrigla cf. japonica (nec Bleeker, 1854): White et al., 2013: 116, fig. 44.2 (description, distribution, colour image). Diagnosis. Lateral profile of body with slight convex curve from first dorsal fin origin to moderately slender caudal peduncle; distinct postorbital notch above and behind each eye and faint furrow across nape at rear of interorbital space; rostral process broadly concave or with very broad medial notch and nearly smooth anterior edge terminating with moderately small triangular spine at each apical corner; lateral line with 55–57 pored scales; about 16 or 17 scales below lateral line; predorsal space usually naked or with few large scales on periphery; first dorsal fin with 9 spines, second spine slightly longer than first and slightly longer or subequal to third, subsequent spines progressively shorter, second dorsal fin with 13 or 14 (rarely 15) rays; anal fin with 14 (rarely 13 or 15) rays; tips of pectoral fins reaching base of about tenth to fourteenth anal fin ray, first free pectoral fin ray reaching base of second anal fin ray. Distal four-fifths of caudal fin red with dorsally tapering narrow pink marginal band and broad reddish band at base; inner surface of pectoral fin yellowish green with large oval black spot adjacent posterior edge on basal half of fin and several curved broad bright blue transverse and marginal bands irregularly interconnected, elongate white spots encircling black spot just within its periphery., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Kawai, Toshio, 2018, A review of Indonesia's Indian Ocean species of Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) with descriptions of three new species from southern coastal waters, pp. 624-651 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on page 627, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360523, {"references":["Ogilby JD (1910) On some new fishes from the Queensland coast. Endeavour Series, 1: 85 - 139.","Gloerfelt-Tarp T & Kailola PJ (1984) Trawled Fishes of Southern Indonesia and Northwestern Australia. Australian Development Assistance Bureau, Directorate General of Fisheries, Indonesia and German Agency for Technical Cooperation, xvi + 406 pp., num. col. pls.","Sainsbury KJ, Kailola PJ & Leyland G (1984) Continental Shelf Fishes of Northern and North-Western Australia. CSIRO Division Fisheries Research, Canberra, 375 pp., numerous col. pls.","Bleeker P (1854) Faunae ichthyologicae japonicae species novae. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, 6 (2): 395 - 426.","White WT, Last PR, Dharmadi, Faizah R, Chodrijah U, Prisantoso BI, Pogonoski JJ, Puckridge M & Blaber SJM (2013) Market Fishes of Indonesia (= Jenis-jenis ikan di Indonesia). Aciar Monograph No. 155. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, 438 pp."]}

Key to Indian Ocean species of Indonesian Lepidotrigla 1. Pectoral fin tip reaching base of tenth to fourteenth anal fin ray; no (rarely one or two) scales on predorsal midline................................................................................... L. cf. japonica * – Pectoral fin tip reaching base of third to seventh anal fin ray; 3–8 scales on predorsal midline............................................2 2. Second spine of first dorsal fin very elongate, length 113–139% length of third spine; lateral line with 62–67 scales...................................................................... L. macracaina new species – Second spine of first dorsal fin shorter than or only slightly longer than third spine, length 91.3–109% length of third spine; lateral line with 56–61 scales.................................................3 3. First free pectoral fin ray distinctly shorter than pectoral fin, length 74.5–89.9% pectoral fin length, pectoral fin length 33.1–38.4% SL, tip reaching base of fifth to seventh anal fin ray; rostrum usually with prominent forward directed blade-like spine at each corner often mounted on somewhat triangular base..................................................................... L. longipinnis – First free pectoral fin ray slightly shorter than to distinctly longer than pectoral fin, length 95.9–112% pectoral fin length, pectoral fin length 27.5–32.1% SL; pectoral fin reaching base of third or fourth, rarely fifth anal fin ray; rostrum with triangular spine of small to moderate size at each apical corner...........4 4. First free pectoral fin ray extending distinctly past tip of pelvic fin, first free ray obviously longer than pectoral fin, length 106–112% length of pectoral fin.. L. tanydactyla new species – First free pectoral fin ray not or just reaching tip of pelvic fin, first free ray shorter than, equal to or only slightly longer than pectoral fin, length 95.9–106% length of pectoral fin...........5 5. Inner surface of pectoral fin blackish with two transverse rows of large darkly ocellated milky blue spots; spots obscure in preserved specimens.................... L. maculapinna new species – Inner surface of pectoral fin dark greenish brown with large black patch covering ventral third to half of fin from base to distal margin, prominent white spots scattered over all but red marginal areas of fin, spots persisting in preserved specimens.............................................................. L. spiloptera, Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Kawai, Toshio, 2018, A review of Indonesia's Indian Ocean species of Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) with descriptions of three new species from southern coastal waters, pp. 624-651 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on pages 626-627, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360523

Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905 Vernacular: Oman Gurnard (Figs 1B, 2C, D, 3C, 4, Table 1) Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905: 324, pl. 2(B) (fig. 2) (new species); Norman, 1939: 96; Blegvad & Løppenthin, 1944: 194 (list, diagnosis, distribution); Richards & Saksena, 1977: 208 (diagnosis and distribution); Fischer & Bianchi, 1984: vol. V, unpaged (taxonomy, fisheries and distribution); Richards, 1992: 50 (nominal species, selected characters); Eschmeyer et al., 2017: accessed 4 Sep 2017 (catalogue of nominal species). Diagnosis. Lateral profile of body with gradual convexly curved taper to caudal peduncle; distinctive postorbital notch above and behind each eye and occipital groove across top of head; rostral process with broad medial notch when viewed from above and moderately sized divergent blade-like spine at each corner; lateral line with 55–58 pored scales; 12 or 13 oblique scale rows below lateral line; first dorsal fin with 8 spines, second with 14 or 15 rays; anal fin with 14 or 15 rays; pectoral fins reaching fifth to seventh anal fin ray. Caudal fin mostly red with whitish base; inner surface of pectoral fin with narrow, oblique pale blue band separating black lower and black with dark olive tint upper sections, ventral margin broadly whitish tinged with pink., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Psomadakis, Peter N., 2018, Review of the Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea off Myanmar with a description of a new species, pp. 66-77 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on page 72, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360658, {"references":["Regan CT (1905) On fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16: 318 - 333, pls A - C.","Norman JR (1939) Fishes. The John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34. Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition 7 (1): 1 - 116.","Blegvad H & Loppenthin B (1944) Fishes of the Iranian Gulf. Danish Scientific Investigations. Iran, Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1 - 247 pp, pls 1 - 12.","Richards WJ & Saksena VP (1977) Systematics of the gurnards, genus Lepidotrigla (Pisces, Triglidae), from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 27 (2): 208 - 222.","Fischer W & Bianchi G (1984) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Prepared and printed with the support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, vols. 1 - 6: pag, var.","Richards WJ (1992) Comments on the genus Lepidotrigla (Pisces: Triglidae) with descriptions of two new species from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Bulletin of Marine Science, 51 (1): 45 - 65.","Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R & van der Laan R (2017) Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp. (Accessed 4 September 2017)."]}

Key to species of Lepidotrigla in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea off Myanmar 1. Opercular spine prominent, pungent, raised laterally as bony ridge basally. Corner of mouth posterior to vertical through anterior edge of orbit. First dorsal fin with 8 (rarely 9) spines. Inner surface of pectoral fin black basally and black with dark olive green tint distally, the areas separated by somewhat diagonal narrow pale blue band angled from near base dorsally toward distal margin ventrally............ Lepidotrigla omanensis – Opercular spine small or nub-like, not especially raised laterally. Corner of mouth anterior to vertical through anterior edge of orbit. First dorsal fin with 9 or 10 spines. Inner surface of pectoral fin either olive green with prominent black oval area ventrally at base, superimposed with pale blue spots, or blackish overall......................................................................................2 2. Anterior margin of rostral process with broad obtuse angle or straight, with prominent forward directed blade-like spine at each corner often mounted on somewhat triangular base. Second dorsal fin with 14 or 15 (rarely 16) soft rays. Inner surface of pectoral fin olive green with prominent black oval area posteriorly at base superimposed with pale blue spots............................................................... Lepidotrigla longipinnis – Anterior margin of rostral process with broad medial notch edged with small spines becoming progressively longer on each side, none especially prominent. Second dorsal fin with 16 soft rays. Inner surface of pectoral fin blackish overall. Upper two-thirds of caudal fin broadly grey distally, red below............................................. Lepidotrigla psolokerkos new species, Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Psomadakis, Peter N., 2018, Review of the Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea off Myanmar with a description of a new species, pp. 66-77 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on page 68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360658

Lepidotrigla psolokerkos new species Proposed vernacular: Skinny Gurnard (Figs 1C, 2E, F, 3D, 4, Table 1) Holotype. NMV A31698-001 (128 mm SL) Myanmar, off Ayeyarwady Delta, 14°1.96′N, 96°9.21′E, 147–156 m, R / V DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN, stn 99, bottom trawl, 15 May 2015, collected by P.N. Psomadakis. Paratype: NMV A31699-001 (142 mm SL) Myanmar, off Tanintharyi coast, 12°21.60′N, 96°51.47′E, 252–257 m, R / V DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN, stn 136, bottom trawl, 23 May 2015, collected by P.N. Psomadakis. Diagnosis. Lateral profile of body with straight taper to slender caudal peduncle; distinctive postorbital notch above and behind each eye but not extending across top of head as occipital groove; rostral process with broad medial notch edged with small spines becoming progressively longer to corner on each side when viewed from above; lateral line with 61 or 62 pored scales; about 15 or 16 scales below lateral line; first dorsal fin with 9 spines, second with 16 rays; anal fin with 15–17 rays; pectoral fins reaching about fourth anal fin ray. Upper two-thirds of caudal fin broadly grey distally, red below; inner surface of pectoral fin mostly black with red margin basally, ventrally and along narrow outer edge., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Psomadakis, Peter N., 2018, Review of the Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea off Myanmar with a description of a new species, pp. 66-77 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on pages 74-75, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360658

Gomon, Martin F., Psomadakis, Peter N. (2018): Review of the Lepidotrigla gurnards (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea off Myanmar with a description of a new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 66-77, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5360658, {"references":["Alcock AW (1890) Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer 'Investigator,' Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R. N., commanding.- No. 20. On some undescribed shore-fishes from the Bay of Bengal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6) 6 (36) (52): 425-443.","Alcock AW (1899) A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea fishes in the Indian Museum. Being a revised account of the deep-sea fishes collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship Investigator. Calcutta, Trustees of the Indian Museum, I-iii + 1-211 + i-viii pp.","Alcock AW & McArdle AF (1900) Illustrations of the zoology of the Royal Indian marine surveying steamer Investigator, under the command of the Commander T. H. Heming, R. N. Fishes, Part 7. Calcutta, Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1892-1909, no pp., pls 27-35.","Bleeker P (1854) Faunae ichthyologicae japonicae species novae. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, 6 (2): 395-426.","Blegvad H & Loppenthin B (1944) Fishes of the Iranian Gulf. Danish Scientific Investigations. Iran, Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1-247 pp, pls 1-12.","del Cerro L & Lloris D (1997) A new species of Lepidotrigla (Scorpaeniformes, Triglidae) from the waters off Queensland (Australia). Scientia Marina, 61(1): 45-52.","Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R & van der Laan R (2017) Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http://researcharchive. calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Accessed 4 September 2017).","Fischer W & Bianchi G (1984) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Prepared and printed with the support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, vols. 1-6: pag, var.","Fowler HW (1938) Descriptions of new fishes obtained by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer \"Albatross\", chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 85(3032): 31-135.","Gunther A (1860) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum, Volume 2. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. London: British Museum (Natural History), Department of Zoology, 1859-1868, i-xxi + 1-548 pp.","Gunther A (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, Zoology, 1(6): 1-82, pls 1-32.","Hilgendorf FM (1879) Diagnosen neuer Fischarten von Japan. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1879: 105-111.","Krishnan S & Mishra SS (1993) On a collection of fish from Kakinada-Gopalpur sector of the east coast of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 93(1-2): 201-240, 1 pl.","Manilo LG & Bogorodsky SV (2003) Taxonomic composition, diversity and distribution of coastal fishes of the Arabian Sea. Journal of Ichthyology, 43 (Supplement 1): S75-S149.","Norman JR (1939) Fishes. The John Murray Expedition 1933-34. Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition 7(1): 1-116.","Ogilby JD (1910) On some new fishes from the Queensland coast. Endeavour Series, I: 85-139.","Regan CT (1905) On fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16: 318-333, pls A-C.","Regan CT (1908) Report on the marine fishes collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean. The Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, Second Series, Zoology, 12(3): 217-255, pls 23-32.","Richards WJ (1992) Comments on the genus Lepidotrigla (Pisces: Triglidae) with descriptions of two new species from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Bulletin of Marine Science, 51(1): 45-65.","Richards WJ & Saksena VP (1977) Systematics of the gurnards, genus Lepidotrigla (Pisces, Triglidae), from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 27(2): 208-222.","Sabaj MH (2016) Standard Symbolic Codes for Institutional Resource Collections in Herpetology and Ichthyology: An Online Reference. Version 6.5. http://www.asih.org/. (Accessed 4 September 2017).","Snyder JO (1911) Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from Japan and the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 40(1836): 525-549.","Steindachner F & Doderlein L (1887) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's. (IV.). Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 53 (1. abth.): 257-296, pls 1-4.","Yatou T (1981) A new triglid fish, Lepidotrigla longifaciata, from Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 28(3): 263-266."]}

Bodianus bennetti, n. sp. is described from a single specimen collected at 97 m depth at Flora Reef in the Coral Sea off the Queensland coast of Australia, as well as from images of individuals from Moorea, French Polynesia. The new hogfish is a member of the subgenus Trochocopus, whose members frequent deep-reef habitats, and are amongst the smallest species of this speciose labrid genus. The new species closely resembles two red-striped species, the Western Pacific B. neopercularis and the Indian Ocean B. opercularis, differing from them in consistently lacking a continuation of the ventral red body stripe onto the head. The species was first noticed by the prominent lemon-yellow rather than white intervening stripes (between the red stripes) in the first specimens, although subsequently the stripe color was observed to vary from lemon-yellow to white in the same individual. The mtDNA COI barcode sequence of the new species is compared to one of these two closely related species and five additional members of the subgenus, revealing the new species to be 4.3% divergent (K2P and uncorrected pairwise) from its nearest-neighbor sequence, B. neopercularis (based on a specimen from Micronesia).

Hime surrubea sp. nov. Current English vernacular name: Japanese Thread-sail Fish Proposed new English vernacular name: Rosy Flagfin Figs 1���3; Tbls 1���3 Hime japonicus (non G��nther, 1877): Strasburg, 1966 (in part): 91, fig. 1 (description, central Hawaiian Islands, USNM 198224, 219 mm SL); Tinker, 1978: 90, text figure (description); Borets, 1986: 9���10, Table 1 (Hawaiian Islands, Equator Seamount, 29 �� 42 ' N, 179 �� 22 ' E, 85���160 m); Parin & Kotlyar, 1989 (in part): 412 (ZIL 39717, 191 mm SL, Maro Reef, 25 �� 28 ' N, 170 �� 34 ' W, 275 m; ZIL 47257, 238 mm SL, 28 �� 34 ' N, 176 �� 32 ' W, 85 m); Chave & Mundy, 1994: table 1 (leeward and windward Hawaii, Cross Seamount, 343���510 m, sand bottom); Thompson, 1998 (in part): 44 (comparative data); Mundy, 2005 (in part): 192���193 (checklist). Undescribed species of Aulopus: Struhsaker, 1973: 49; Randall, 1976: 51; Randall, 1981: 211 (new species); Tinker, 1982: appendix XXXIV. Holotype. BPBM 25117 (156, male) Hawaii, Maui, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 02' N, 156 �� 45 ' W, 241���254 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -15, 31 October 1967. Paratypes. 26 specimens, 90.0��� 173 mm SL: AMS I. 37811 -001 (153, male) Hawaii, 21 �� 01' 36 " N, 156 �� 43 ' 24 " W, 20 �� 57 ' 12 " N, 156 �� 42 ' 24 " W, 212���216 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -52, 17 November 1968; AMS I. 37813 -001 (140, female) Hawaii, 21 �� 03' 12 " N, 156 �� 45 ' W, 20 �� 01' 06" N, 156 �� 51 ' W, 229 m, bottom trawl, R/V ���Townsend Cromwell���, TC 40 -95, 26 November 1968; BPBM 24177 (2, 142 ��� 142, male, female) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 01' N, 156 �� 45 ' W, 210 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -47, 16 November 1968; BPBM 41170 (4, 90.0���135, 3 males, 1 female) same collection data as holotype BPBM 25117; BPBM 25124 (2, 119 ��� 166, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 01' N, 156 �� 43 ' W, 212 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -52, 17 November 1968; BPBM 25130 (4, 127 ��� 170, males) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 03' N, 156 �� 43 ' W, 212 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -69, 20 November 1968; BPBM 25114 (2, 119 ��� 163, males) Hawaii, Maui, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 02' N, 156 �� 45 ' W, 241���254 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -15, 31 October 1967; NMNZ P.056101 (153, male) same collection data as paratypes BPBM 25130; NMNZ P.056102 (127, female) same collection data as paratypes USNM 384078; NMV A 31122 -001 (132, female) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37813 -001; NMV A 31123 -001 (148, male) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37811 - 001; USNM 384078 (5, 122 ��� 173, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, Molokai, 21 �� 7.0' N, 156 �� 46.5 ' W, 229���243 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -55, 18 November 1968; USNM 358123 (141, male) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 00' 24 '' N, 156 �� 46 ' 54 '' W, 234 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -62, 19 November 1968. Other material. AMS I. 37809 -001 (112) Hawaii, 20 �� 59 ' 30 " N, 156 �� 47 ' 24 " W, 21 �� 00' 18 " N, 156 �� 45 ' 30 " W, 223���238 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -8, 13 November 1967; AMS I. 37796 -001 (91) Hawaii, 21 �� 01' 24 " N, 156 �� 46 ' 30 " W, 21 �� 00' 24 " N, 156 �� 45 ' 24 " W, 210���241 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -50, 13 November 1967; AMS I. 37811 -003 (3, 148 ��� 163, males) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37811 -001; AMS I. 37793 -001 (27, 114 ��� 161) Hawaii, 21 �� 03' 06" N, 156 �� 45 ' 24 " W, 21 �� 07' " N, 156 �� 50 ' 18 " W, 229 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -63, 19 November 1968; AMS I. 37807 -001 (36, 89��� 155) Hawaii, 21 �� 03' 06" N, 156 �� 45 ' W, 21 �� 01' 06" N, 156 �� 50 ' 36 " W, 210���240 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -72, 21 November 1968; AMS I. 37813 -002 (30, 112 ��� 155, females) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37813 -001; BPBM 25119 (2, 117 ��� 162, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 �� 01' N, 156 �� 44 ' W, 220 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -42, 16 November 1968; BPBM 41179 (147, male, aberrant dorsal fin) ex BPBM 24177; USNM 431306 (17, 121 ��� 154, females) same collection data as paratypes USNM 384078; USNM 358119 (143, female) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, between Molokai and Maui and off South Coast of Lanai, 21 �� 3.10 ' N, 156 �� 44.04 ' W, 245 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -18, 1 November 1967; USNM 198224 (219, female) Hawaii, between Lanai and Kahoolawe, handline, K. Sakamoto, 15 April 1963. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 16 or 17 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, third and fourth rays longest, only slightly longer than shortest rays at middle of fin, 16.9���23.1 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave; caudal peduncle length 13.4���18.7 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.5���2.2 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head length 30.1���33.3 % SL; orbital diameter 10.1���11.8 % SL; interorbital width 4.0��� 5.5 % SL; snout length 7.6 ���9.0% SL; upper jaw length 14.5���16.2 % SL; pectoral fin length 19.1���22.1 % SL; pelvic fin length 23.7���29.5 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 9���11; reddish overall with deep red saddles. Description. (See Tables 1 ���3 for further meristic and morphometric details) Dorsal fin rays 16 (16 or 17, usually 16); anal fin rays 10 (9 or 10); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 9 (9���11 + 19 + 8���9); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 16 = 43 (26���28 + 15���17 = 43); lateral line scales 42 (42 or 43, usually 42) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 13 (11���14); gill rakers 4 + 14 = 18 (4 or 5 + 14���16 = 18���21); no pyloric caeca (based on USNM 384078, 167 mm SL, female). Hime spp. nov. H. surrubea sp. nov. H. capitonis sp. nov. H. caudizoma sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes n = 26 n = 19 n = 7 n range mean��s.d. n range mean��s.d. n range mean��s.d. Fin rays Body elongate, moderately thick, tapering slightly from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head and nape mostly straight, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal peduncle of moderate length and moderately narrow; body deepest at anterior part of dorsal fin, depth at dorsal fin origin 20.4 (18.2 ���22.0) % SL, depth at anal fin origin 10.6 (10.0��� 13.6) % SL; anus closer to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.7 (1.5���2.2) in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus. Head of moderate size, length 30.9 (30.1���33.3) % SL, bluntly pointed; snout moderately short, distinctly shorter than eye diameter, broadly rounded from above; eye large, orbital diameter 10.2 (10.1���11.8) % SL and 33.0 (31.2���38.1) % HL, slightly larger in females than males (10.3���11.8, mean 11.1 vs 10.1���11.6, mean 10.7, % SL respectively); top of eye at or extending slightly above dorsal profile of head; bony interorbital distinctly concave, narrow, interorbital width 5.0 (4.0��� 5.5) % SL and 16.1 (12.3���16.5) % HL; postorbital nearly half head length. Anterior nostril small, about midway between tip of snout and orbit, posterior nostril much larger, about three or four times diameter of anterior nostril, long narrow, lanceolate skin flap with irregular margin based on septum separating nostrils. Edge of preopercle smooth, posterior margin straight, angle blunt; opercular margin nearly straight; without well-developed membranous lobe; branchiostegal membranes overlapping ventrally, free from isthmus. Mouth of moderate size, terminal, lower jaw projecting little in advance of upper, profile of upper jaw with distinct notch at symphysis when viewed from above; posterior end of maxilla broad, posterior margin nearly straight, extending just past vertical through centre of eye, dorsal margin covering lower half of slender suborbital, separated from eye by narrow strip of skin with mouth closed; upper lip narrow, not completely covering tooth band in upper jaw laterally with mouth closed. Teeth in jaws small, caniniform, in about two rows anteriorly and one row posteriorly in upper jaw, those mesially longest, small teeth extending onto side of jaw near front, distinct hiatus of teeth at symphysis; band of about two rows of teeth laterally in lower jaw, additional row of much smaller teeth basally on outer edge at front; narrow hiatus in dentition at symphysis, teeth largest mesially. About two or three rows of small canines on palatines and traversing vomer, those medially slightly smaller. Tongue with prominent lanceolate patch of numerous, uniformly small teeth in about five poorly defined rows with few naked patches mesially near posterior end; dentate patch approaching anterior edge of tongue. Gill rakers moderately long. Scales of moderate size, finely spiniform along margins on much of head and body apart from cycloid scales on chest, belly and cheek, not extending onto fins; those on chest and belly ctenoid. Predorsal scales extending forward to about vertical through posterior extent of eye or midway between that point and vertical through posterior edge of preopercle, covering opercle and preopercle forward to posterior end of maxilla; axial scale present at origin of pectoral and pelvic fins. Lateral line midlaterally on side, originating just below horizontal through upper margin of eye; lateral line scales corresponding with oblique scale rows above and below lateral line; single pore on each lateral line scale. Dorsal fin originating just in advance of vertical through pelvic fin origin, distance from snout tip to dorsal fin origin 35.8 (34.1���38.3) % SL; dorsal fin base of moderate length; first dorsal fin ray unbranched, others branched; fin distinctly higher in males than females, membranes deeply incised, none of the rays filamentous, third or fourth rays longest, longest 21.6 (18.3���22.9 in males, 16.9���23.1 in females) % SL, decreasing only slightly in length to middle of fin with posterior rays progressively longer, penultimate ray 21.0 (17.5���22.1 in males, 9.4���15.2 in females) % SL, posterior lobe reaching to or past adipose fin origin in males, but usually reaching just more than half way to adipose fin in females (Figs 1 I and 2). Adipose fin rather small but prominent, positioned above posterior end of anal fin base. Anal fin originating slightly in advance of vertical through midpoint between dorsal fin insertion and hypural crease, with short base; first one or two rays unbranched, others branched; relatively deep in males, posteriormost rays much longer than anterior rays and posterior lobe approaching hypural crease in large individuals; fin smaller in females, lengths of posterior rays subequal; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to hypural crease. Caudal fin deeply forked, shortest rays at middle of fin about a third length of longest rays extending to corners, lobes nearly pointed, upper lobe slightly longer than lower; rays near ventral margin of fin more densely segmented than those near dorsal margin of fin; unbranched ray at ventral margin not with opaque fleshy covering. Pectoral fin of moderate size, length 20.8 (19.1���21.6 in males, 19.7���22.1 in females) % SL, tip reaching past middle of dorsal fin base; origin of fin distinctly in advance of vertical through dorsal fin origin; first two rays simple, others branched, third longest, but just slightly longer than second, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Pelvic fin moderately large, posterior tip of retracted fin reaching past anus, more so in males than females; first four rays not especially thickened and cylindrical, densely segmented, first ray unbranched, second to fourth each with pair of simple thickened branches, subsequent rays progressively shorter, flattened with typical multibranching, except for more slender, inner-most unbranched ray. A species of moderately small size, largest verified specimen 219 mm SL (Strasburg, 1966). Fresh colour: (Adapted from Strasburg, 1966 and Fig. 2). Upper side brownish-red, with dark-brown saddles (having more intensely pigmented broad anterior and posterior margins) running to midside beneath anterior part of dorsal fin, posterior part of dorsal fin, adipose fin, and just before caudal base; interspaces between saddles streaked with yellow pigment above lateral line; lower side silvery-white, blotched irregularly with vermilion, two largest blotches centred below middle two saddles; throat, breast, and belly white, ventral side of caudal peduncle and gill membranes lemon; top of head olive-brown, cheeks silvery with red blotches, snout and opercle olivebrown with red blotches, iris yellow. Dorsal fin grey, females with round vermilion spots arranged in four irregular diagonal rows, largest spots about size of pupil; males with large spots centrally and basally on fin distinctly ocellated, having yellow centres and red margins; adipose fin brown with red distal tip. Anal fin pale lemon in females; broad more distinctly yellow stripe near base of males. Lower lobe of caudal fin yellow, with upper and lower rays streaked with red; upper lobe of grey, blotched irregularly with lemon and red, tip distinctly white, at least in some males. Pectoral fin hyaline with five vermilion bands. Pelvic fin lemon with orange blotches. TABLE 2. Selected proportional measurements for types of Hime surrubea sp. nov., H. capitonis sp. nov. and H. caudizoma sp. nov. Numbers of specimens reported for measurements indicated below ���n��� with values for damaged features omitted. Hime surrubea sp. nov. Hime capitonis sp. nov. Hime caudizoma sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes BPBM Males Females MNHN Males Females MZB Males Females 25117 n = 13 n = 14 2003 ��� 1495 n = 9 n = 11 22096 n = 3 n = 4 Standard Length (mm) 156 127���170 90.0��� 173 149 84.7���173 70.8���146 152 139���183 138���159. �� s d 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 damaged for Females 4 = n 159 mean �� 8.7 9.7 14.3 �� 15.1 16.1 �� 16.8 16.1 �� 16.8 �� 16.2 17.3 �� 14.9 15.6 �� 13.8 14.5 7.1 �� 7.6 �� 8.9 9.4 8.1 �� 8.6 values nov. ��� 138 range 7.8 ��� ��� 13.7 ��� 14.8 ��� 14.8 ��� 14.7 13.9 ��� ��� 12.6 6.4 ��� ��� 8.3 7.7 ��� ��� with ��� n. sp Paratypes n �� s d. 1.0 4 0.6 4 4 0.8 4 0.6 0.7 4 4 0.6 4 0.3 0.8 4 0.6 4 4 0.2 below caudizoma Males 3 = n mean 9.8 �� �� 15.5 �� 17.3 �� 19.2 �� 19.0 18.8 �� �� 20.0 8.3 �� �� 10.8 14.1 �� indicated Hime 183 139 ��� range ��� 8.7 10.5 ���16.0 14.8 16.8��� 18.2 19.7 18.5 ��� ��� 18.2 19.5 18.3 19.5��� 19.7 ��� 20.2 7.5 9.1 ��� 10.1 ��� 11.3 ���14.4 14.0 measurements for Holotype MZB 22096 152 n male 3 9.0 3 16.9 3 19.7 3 20.9 3 19.2 3 20.1 3 21.0 3 7.4 3 10.6 3 14.6 reported �� s d. 0.7 �� 1.6 �� �� 1.3 1.2 �� 1.1 �� �� 0.6 �� 0.6 �� 0.9 0.4 �� 0.5 �� mean specimens of Females 11 n = 70.8 ���146 range 11.2 10.1 12.6��� 19.1 16.6��� 22.5 20.1 ��� 18.4 22.5 19.6 21.6 17.3 ��� 18.0 ��� 19.3 15.7 14.4 ���15.7 13.6 13.0 11.9 ���13.9 6.5 8.4 ��� 5.4 8.5 8.0 ��� 9.1 8.0 ��� 9.0 7.4 . . Numbers nov sp. Paratypes n d. 10 10 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 nov.sp capitonis Males 9 = mean�� s 1.6 10.6 �� �� 18.7 1.4 2.4 20.5 �� 1.5�� 22.7 �� 1.6 21.3 0.7 16.3 �� �� 2.0 18.9 7.7 0.7 �� 0.8 9.6 �� �� 1.8 11.4 caudizoma.H Hime n ��� 173 84.7 range ��� 12.5 8.2 ��� 21.3 16.3 24.5 17.0��� ��� 20.7 25.4 24.7 ��� 18.9 17.4 ��� 15.0 14.7��� 21.6 6.3 ��� 8.5 ��� 11.1 8.5 ��� 7.6 13.6 and n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7. nov. 1495 sp Holotype MNHN 2003 ��� 149 male 10.4 19.7 23.7 22.3 20.9 17.0 18.9 8.2 9.5 11.2. capitonis d s. 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.5 �� nov H,. 14 mean 9.4 �� 19.0 �� 20.8 �� 20.2 �� 18.4 �� �� 15.2 13.1 �� �� 6.9 8.9 �� 8.4 �� sp. Females = n 173 ��� 12.1 21.4 23.1 22.8 21.1 16.8 15.2 8.6 10.3 9.0 surrubea. 90.0 range 7.4 ��� ��� 14.7 ��� 18.8 16.9 ��� ���16.0 ��� 13.2 9.4 ��� 3.8��� 6.9 ��� ���7.0 Hime of nov sp. Paratypes n 12 14 14 13 14 13 14 14 13 14 in types surrubea 13 �� mean d s. 1.4 �� 9.9 �� 1.2 18.2 20.5 �� 1.5 �� 1.1 21.1 19.3 �� 0.9 1.3 �� 17.3 �� 1.4 19.6 6.9 �� 1.5 0.5 9.8 �� �� 12.0 1.1 fin rays Hime Males = n 127 ��� 170 range 7.1 ��� 11.4 20.3 16.6 ��� ��� 22.9 18.3 18.8��� 22.9 21.0 17.9��� 20.8 ��� 15.6 22.1 17.5 ��� ��� 3.4 9.6 ��� 8.8 10.4 ��� 13.5 9.7 selected for n 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 12 12 13 measurements Holotype BPBM 25117 156 male 11.1 20.3 20.6 21.6 20.1 18.0 21.0 7.4 9.7 13.0. 3 Proportional. omitted) (mm Length % SL ray: length st - 1 ray nd 2 ray - rd ray - 3 th ray 4 - th ray 5 - th 10 - ray ray - penulmate ray length: st ray - 1 nd 2 ray - ray penulmate - TABLE features Standard Dorsal-fin Anal-fin Preserved colours: body pale, slightly duskier on dorsum, darker blotches corresponding to saddles described above, most prominent a rectangular blotch below anterior fifth of dorsal fin base at level of upper third of eye, several others at same level, somewhat paired, below nape, below rear end of dorsal fin base, and below adipose fin; second row of horizontally aligned blotches closer to dorsal profile of side, just above and behind each blotch of first row, blotches appearing somewhat like obliquely slanted ���H��� shaped marks in some; opercle mostly dark dusky; fins pale. Etymology. The name surrubea, Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Struthers, Carl D., 2015, Three new species of the Indo-Pacific fish genus Hime (Aulopidae, Aulopiformes), all resembling the type species H. japonica (G��nther 1877), pp. 371-390 in Zootaxa 4044 (3) on pages 373-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/231750, {"references":["Strasburg, D. W. (1966) New fish records from Hawaii: Hime, Pikea, and Omobranchus. Pacific Science, 20 (1), 91 - 94.","Tinker, S. W. (1978) Fishes of Hawaii, a handbook of the marine fishes of Hawaii and the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaiian Service, Inc., Honolulu, 532 + xxxvi pp.","Borets, L. A. (1986) Ichthyofauna of the northwestern and Hawaiian submarine ridges. Voprosy ikhtiologii, 26 (2), 208 - 220.","Parin, N. V. & Kotlyar, A. N. (1989) A new aulopodid species, Hime microps, from the eastern South Pacific, with comments on geographic variations of H. japonica. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 35 (4), 407 - 413.","Chave, E. H. & Mundy, B. C. (1994) Deep-sea benthic fish of the Hawaiian Archipelago, Cross Seamount, and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 48 (4), 367 - 409.","Mundy, B. C. (2005) Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology, 6, 1 - 703.","Struhsaker, P. J. (1973) A contribution to the systematics and ecology of Hawaiian bathyal fishes. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, 482 pp.","Randall, J. E. (1976) The endemic shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands, Lord Howe Island and Easter Island. Travaux et Documents de l'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (Oceanographie), 47, 49 - 73.","Randall, J. E. (1981) New records of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 34 (3), 211 - 232.","Tinker, S. W. (1982) Fishes of Hawaii, a handbook of the marine fishes of Hawaii and the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaiian Service, Inc., Honolulu, 532 + xxxvii pp.","Kamohara, T. (1955) Eleven additions to the fish fauna of Prov. Tosa, including one new species of the family Serranidae. Research Reports of Kochi University, 3 (26), 1 - 6, pl. 1.","Masuda, H., Araga, C. & Yoshino, T. (1975) Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp., 142 pls.","Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, xxii + 437 pp., 370 pls.","Matsunuma, M., Meguro, M., Ogihara, G. & Motomura, H. (2008) Records of Aulopus formosanus (Aulopiformes, Aulopidae) from Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, and descriptions of newly recognized diagnostic characters for the species. Bulletin of the Biographical Society of Japan, 63, 71 - 79, figs. 1 - 4, tbls. 1 - 3.","Gomon, M. F., Struthers, C. D. & Stewart, A. L. (2013) A new genus and two new species of the family Aulopidae (Aulopiformes), commonly referred to as aulopus, flagfins, sergeant bakers or threadsails, in Australasian Waters. Species Diversity, 18, 141 - 161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12782 / sd. 18.2.141"]}

Hime capitonis sp. nov. Proposed new English vernacular name: New Caledonian Flagfin Proposed new French vernacular name: Limbert Nouvelle-Calédonie Figs 1, 3, 4; Tbls 1–3 Aulopus japonicus (non Günther): Barro, 1979 (list); Rivaton et al., 1989: 26, 81 (checklist); Rivaton & Richer de Forges, 1990: 25, 39 (lists; 22 ° 43.3 ' S, 167 ° 04.5' E, 274 m; 22 ° 42.3 ' S, 167 ° 10.5 ' E, 330 m); Kulbicki et al., 1994: 11. Holotype. MNHN-IC- 2003 - 1495 (149, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 ° 44 ' S, 168 ° 01' E, 229–428 m, Halipro 2, BT 86, station 7146, 23 November 1996. Paratypes. 20 specimens, 70.8–173 mm SL. MNHN-IC- 2002 -0016 (123, male) Vanuatu, 15 °04.65'S, 167 ° 10.98 'E, 277–285 m, Musorstom 8, CP 1098, station 7146, 7 October 1994; MNHN-IC- 2003 - 1141 (107, female) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Banc Kaimon Maru, 24 ° 48.4 'S, 168 ° 0 9.0 ' E, 245–261 m, lithest, CP 10, station 7146, 11 August 1999; MNHN-IC- 2004-2505 (110, female) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 23 ° 39 'S, 168 °01'E, 302–325 m, Norfolk 1, CP 1669, station 7146, 21 June 2001; MNHN-IC- 2004-2652 (133, male) New Caledonia, Jumeau oust, Coral Sea, 235–242 m, Norfolk 2, station 7146, 23 October 2003; MNHN-IC- 2004-2703 (160, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 375–427 m, Norfolk 2, Zone Crypthelia, station 7146, 2 November 2003; MNHN-IC- 2004-2732 (85.3, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Norfolk 2, Zone Antigonia, station 7146, 240 – 240 m; NMNZ P.029040 (146, female) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 º 40.90 ' S, 168 º 0.54 ' E, 230–250 m, Beryx 11, station 44, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029095 (2, 70.8–84.7, 1 male, 1 female) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 º 47.01 ' S, 168 º 8.76 ' E, 240–250 m, Beryx 11, station 16, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 16 October 1992; NMNZ P.029140 (4, 116 –173, 2 males, 2 females) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 º 45.95 ' S, 168 º 1.30 ' E, 300–350 m, Beryx 11, station 46, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029153 (3, 96.9–138, females) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 º 40.80 ' S, 168 º 1.00' E, 270–290 m, Beryx 11, station 45, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029323 (137, female) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 º 43.80 ' S, 168 º 7.52 ' E, 260–280 m, Beryx 11, station 24, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 17 October 1992; NMNZ P.029382 (137, male) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 º 48.20 ' S, 168 º 8.85 ' E, 250–270 m, Beryx 11, station 17, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 16 October 1992; NMV A 31198 -001 (152, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 23 ° 41 'S, 168 °00'E, 320–397 m, Norfolk 1, CP 1671, station 7146, 21 June 2001, formerly part of MNHN-IC- 2004-2451; NMV A 31199 -001 (119, female) New Caledonia, Jumeau oust, Norfolk 2, Pacific Ocean, Coral Sea, 290–330 m, Norfolk 2, station 7146, 23 October 2003, formerly MNHN-IC- 2004-2767. Other material. NMNZ P.056769 (5, 68.1 –101, 1 male, 4 juveniles) same collection data as paratype NMNZ P.029040; NMNZ P.029109 (82.3, female) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 º 41.60 ' S, 168 º 0.45 ' E, 240– 300 m, Beryx 11, station 40, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029121 (31.7, juvenile) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 º 40.80 ' S, 168 º 1.00' E, 270–290 m, Beryx 11, station 45, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 16 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, third ray usually longest, only slightly longer than shortest rays at middle of fin, longest ray 17.0– 25.4 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave; caudal peduncle length 14.2–17.7 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.7 –3.0 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head large, length 32.3–35.6 % SL; eye large, orbital diameter 10.8 –13.0% SL; snout length 7.5–9.4 % SL; upper jaw length 15.4–17.2 % SL; pectoral fin length 19.6–22.2 % SL; pelvic fin length 24.3–29.6 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 7–9; reddish brown to brown above and white to silvery below with dark brown edged saddles dorsally becoming reddish blotches below; dorsal fin with large red margined yellow spots in males, with red spots of moderate size in females. Description. (See Tables 1 –3 for further meristic and morphometric details.) Dorsal fin rays 16; anal fin rays 10 (9 or 10, usually 10); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 9 (10 or 11 + 18 or 19 + 8 or 9,); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 15 = 42 (27 or 28 + 14 to 16 = 42 or 43); lateral line scales 41 (41 to 43) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 13 (12 to 16, usually 13); gill rakers 4 + 15 = 19 (3 to 5 + 14 or 15 = 17 to 20); pyloric caeca 11 (based on NMNZ P.029140, largest specimen). Body elongate, moderately thick, of similar breadth from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head and snout straight or with slightly convex curve, nape mostly straight, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal peduncle of moderate length and moderately narrow; body deepest at anterior part of dorsal fin, depth at dorsal fin origin 21.9 (19.2 –24.0) % SL, depth at anal fin origin 12.2 (11.3–13.4) % SL; anus slightly closer to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, anus to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, distance from anus to anal fin origin 2.1 (1.7 –3.0) in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus. Head large, length 32.4 (32.3–35.6) % SL, bluntly pointed; snout short, much shorter than eye diameter, broadly rounded from above; eye large, orbital diameter 11.3 (10.8 –13.0) % SL and 34.9 (32.6–38.7) % HL, slightly larger in females than males (10.8–12.5, mean 11.3 vs 11.3 –13.0, mean 12.3 % SL, respectively); top of eye extending slightly above dorsal profile of head; bony interorbital distinctly concave, very narrow, interorbital width 4.3 (3.2–5.5) % SL and 13.3 (9.7– 16.5) % HL; postorbital nearly half head length. Anterior nostril small, about midway between tip of snout and orbit, posterior nostril larger, about twice diameter of anterior nostril, long narrow, irregular lanceolate skin flap based on septum separating nostrils. Edge of preopercle smooth, posterior margin straight, angle blunt; opercular margin nearly straight; without well-developed membranous lobe; branchiostegal membranes overlapping ventrally, free from isthmus. Mouth of moderate size, terminal, lower jaw projecting slightly in advance of upper, profile of upper jaw with distinct notch at symphysis when viewed from above; posterior end of maxilla broad, posterior margin nearly straight, extending distinctly past vertical through centre of eye, dorsal margin covering lower half of slender suborbital, separated from eye by narrow strip of skin with mouth closed; upper lip narrow, not covering tooth band in upper jaw with mouth closed. Teeth in jaws small, caniniform, in about two rows laterally and three to four ill-defined rows anteriorly in upper jaw, those mesially longest, small teeth extending onto side of jaw near front, distinct hiatus of teeth at symphysis; band of three to four rows of teeth laterally in lower jaw, additional row or two of much smaller teeth basally on outer edge at front; narrow hiatus in dentition at symphysis, teeth largest mesially. About two rows of small canines on palatines and traversing vomer, those anteriorly on palatines longest. Tongue with narrow anteriorly tapered lanceolate patch of uniformly small teeth in about two peripheral rows bordering naked centre on midline posteriorly. Gill rakers of moderate length. Scales of moderate size, finely spiniform along margins, not extending onto fins; those on chest and belly ctenoid. Predorsal scales extending forward to vertical midway between posterior extent of eye and rear edge of preopercle, covering opercle and preopercle forward to posterior end of maxilla; axial scale present at origin of pectoral and pelvic fins. Lateral line midlaterally on side, originating at horizontal just below upper margin of eye; lateral line scales corresponding with oblique scale rows above and below lateral line; single pore on each lateral line scale. Dorsal fin originating just in advance of vertical through pelvic fin origin, distance from snout tip to dorsal fin origin 37.3 (35.2–39.6) % SL; dorsal fin base of moderate length; fin moderately high anteriorly in males, membranes deeply incised but none of the rays filamentous, third ray usually longest, longest 23.7 (17.0– 24.5 in males) % SL, decreasing in length slightly to middle of fin with posterior rays of similar length, penultimate ray reaching 18.9 (14.7–21.6 in males) % SL, posterior lobe reaching to or past adipose fin origin, outer margin of fin nearly straight, only slightly concave; anterior end of fin lower in females, membranes deeply incised, third ray usually longest (18.4–22.5 % SL), subsequent rays decreasing in length slightly (tenth ray 13.6–15.7 % SL), lengths of posterior rays subequal, penultimate ray 11.9–13.9 % SL, outer margin virtually straight, only very slightly concave; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to adipose fin; first dorsal-fin ray unbranched, others branched (Figs 1 and 4). Adipose fin rather small but prominent, positioned above posterior end of analfin base. Anal fin originating slightly in advance of vertical through midpoint between dorsal fin insertion and hypural crease, with short base; relatively deep in males, posteriormost rays slightly longer than anterior rays and posterior lobe approaching hypural crease in large individuals; fin smaller in females, lengths of posterior rays subequal; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to hypural crease; first one or two rays unbranched, others branched. Caudal fin deeply forked, shortest rays at middle of fin slightly more than a third length of longest rays extending to corners, lobes nearly pointed, upper lobe slightly longer than lower; rays near ventral margin of fin more densely segmented than those near dorsal margin of fin; unbranched ray at ventral margin not with opaque fleshy covering. Pectoral fin of moderate size, length 21.7 (19.6–22.2 in males, 20.7– 22.2 in females) % SL, tip reaching distinctly past middle of dorsal fin base; origin of fin just in advance of vertical through dorsal fin origin; first two rays simple, others branched, third longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Pelvic fin moderately large, posterior tip of depressed fin reaching to or past anus, more so in males than females; first four rays not especially thickened and cylindrical, densely segmented, first ray unbranched, second to fourth each with pair of simple thickened branches, subsequent rays progressively shorter, flattened with typical multibranching, except for inner-most unbranched ray. A species of moderate size, largest specimen examined 173 mm SL. Fresh colours: (Fig. 4) sides pale reddish brown to brown dorsally, with dark-brown saddles (demarcated by darkly pigmented broad anterior and posterior margins) running to midside beneath anterior part of dorsal fin, posterior part of dorsal fin, adipose fin, and just before caudal base; interspaces between saddles blotched with yellow pigment above lateral line forming broad yellowish stripe from posterior margin of eye; lower side silvery-white, blotched irregularly with red; throat, breast, and belly white, ventral side of gill membranes lemon; cheeks and lower part of opercle silvery with red blotches. Dorsal fin translucent, white anteriorly with at least two irregular rows of red spots in females; males with two or three rows of large spots equal to or larger than pupil, those anteriorly and distally red, others yellow with narrow red margin; adipose fin reddish distally. Anal fin whitish; moderately narrow yellow stripe on basal half of fin of males. Caudal fin whitish, females with broad red band crossing lower half of each lobe and faint band distally; males with broad yellow horizontal stripe at base of each lobe and less prominent red banding, except for red subterminal band on upper lobe; tip of upper lobe white in both sexes. Pectoral fin hyaline to yellowish. Pelvic fin white with yellowish bands in females, with two reddish bands basally and two yellowish bands distally in males. Preserved colours: body dusky above, almost uniformly pale below level of pectoral fin base, with about four or five darker blotches above lateral midline, in form of hour glass-shaped dusky saddles with distinctly darker narrow, anterior and posterior margins on nape, below front and rear end of dorsal fin base, below adipose dorsal fin and at base of tail; darker margins sometimes interrupted near their vertical centres or with dorsal half faint; opercle and cheek usually dark dusky; fins pale with anterior part of dorsal fin dusky in some; adipose dorsal fin pale. Etymology. The name capitonis is a Latin noun, meaning “one with a large head”, used in apposition to reference the characteristically large head of this species relative to congeners. Distribution. So far known conclusively only from seamounts off the southern tip of New Caledonia and Vanuatu (23 ° 39 ' S, 168 ° 01' E – 24 ° 48.4 'S, 168 ° 09.0' E and 15 ° 04.65' S, 167 ° 10.98 ' E; Fig. 3). It is conceivable that specimens reported by Parin and Kotlyar (1989: 412, fig. 3; as H. japonica) from the central Coral Sea (ZIL 47258, 2: 232–248 mm SL, 23 ° 04' N, 159 ° 37 ' E, 320 m; ZIL 47260, 213 mm SL, 25 ° 35 ' N, 159 ° 23 ' E, 330 m) are this species, but they are more likely to be H. pyrhistion, as are those reported by Gomon et al. (2013: 149, fig. 4) from localities in the proximity. Occurs at depths of at least 240–300m Comments. Hime capitonis is distinctive in having a head that is significantly larger than its congeners (length 32.3–35.6, mean 33.5 versus 29.1–33.7, mean 31.0% SL), large eye (orbital diameter 10.8 –13.0, mean 11.9 versus 7.1–11.8, mean 9.5 % SL), narrow interorbital 3.2–5.5, mean 4.0 versus 3.4–6.1, mean 4.6 % SL) and commensurately greater upper jaw (15.4–17.2, mean 16.2 versus 13.5–16.6, mean 14.9 % SL), predorsal (35.2– 39.6, mean 38.1 versus 33.1–39.2, mean 35.9 % SL), prepectoral (33.2–35.5, mean 34.6 versus 29.1–35.3, mean 32.3 % SL) and prepelvic lengths (36.0– 41.8, mean 39.3 versus 30.4–40.8, mean 37.0% SL). It is closest to H. surrubea in head and eye size (orbital diameter 30.1–33.3, mean 31.8 and 10.1–11.8, mean 10.9 % SL respectively in the latter) and to a lesser extent H. caudizoma for the same features (30.5–32.6, mean 31.7 and 9.7–11.4, mean 10.8 % SL in the latter). Females seem to have slightly larger heads and eyes than males of these and most other species of the genus. Proportionally, H. capitonis, H. surrubea and females of H. caudizoma have the largest eyes relative to the size of the head for the genus (33.5–38.7, mean 36.4, 31.2–38.1, mean 34.3, and 30.6–36.2, mean 33.9, respectively, versus 22.5 –36.0, mean 29.9 % HL in other congeners). Hime capitonis has rather large pelvic fins, similar to those of males of H. japonica (length in males 24.3–29.6, mean 27.2, and 25.9–30.3, mean 27.7 % SL, respectively), but unlike that species, pelvic fins of both sexes in the former are of similar sizes. Hime caudizoma, H. diactithrix and H. curtirostris also have large pelvic fins in one or both sexes, fins of large males of the last species approaching the origin of the anal fin. This species has appeared in the literature, misidentified as H. japonica, only as components of faunal or catch composition lists as presented in the above synonymy. Hime caudizoma sp. nov. English vernacular name: Indonesian Flagfin Indonesian vernacular name: Kuniran Merah Figs 1, 3, 5; Tbls 1–3 Hime sp. A. White et al., 2013: 84, fig. 16.1 (description). Holotype. MZB 22096 (152, male) Indonesia, Lombok, market in Tanjung Luar, 8 º 46 ' 38 '' S, 116 º 30 ' 58 '' E, LM 641, W. White, 0 4 November 2010. Paratypes. 7 specimens, 138–183 mm SL, 3 males, 4 females. CSIRO H 7219 -05 (159, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 642; CSIRO H 7220 -03 (139, male) same collection locality and collector as holotype, LM 690, 0 5 November 2010; MZB 22097 (141, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 640; NMNZ P.056103 (138, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 643; NMNZ P.056104 (147, male) same collection locality and collector as holotype, LM 689, 0 5 November 2010; NMV A 31121 -001 (183, male) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 645; NMV A 31121 -002 (152, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 644. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 17 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, penultimate ray usually longest in males (19.7 –21.0% SL), fourth or fifth ray longest in females (14.7–17.3 % SL), but nearly same length as those at middle of fin, 13.9–20.1 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave in males, very slightly convex in females; caudal peduncle length 15.8–17.9 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 2.5–3.8 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head moderately large, length 30.5–32.6 % SL; eye large, orbital diameter 9.7–11.4 % SL; snout length 7.3–8.2 % SL; upper jaw length 14.3 –16.0% SL; pectoral fin length 20.8–23.5 % SL; pelvic fin moderately large, length 27.2–31.3 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 6 or 7; brown above and white to silvery below with dark edged brown saddles dorsally, becoming red ventrally; dorsal fin covered with reddish spots, most slightly smaller than pupil of eye, in about four more or less horizontal rows, those posterobasally yellow in males. Description. (See Tables 1 –3 for further meristic and morphometric details.) Dorsal fin rays 17; anal fin rays 10 (9 in one of 8); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 8 (9 or 10 + 19 + 8); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 15 = 42 (26–28 + 14–16 = 41–43); lateral line scales 42 (41–43) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 14 (13); gill rakers 4 + 14 = 18 (4 or 5 + 13 or 14 = 17 to 19); pyloric caeca 13 (based on NMNZ P.056104, 147 mm SL, male). Body elongate, moderately thick, tapering slightly from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head mostly straight, nape with slight convex curve, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal p

Hime capitonis sp. nov. Proposed new English vernacular name: New Caledonian Flagfin Proposed new French vernacular name: Limbert Nouvelle-Cal��donie Figs 1, 3, 4; Tbls 1���3 Aulopus japonicus (non G��nther): Barro, 1979 (list); Rivaton et al., 1989: 26, 81 (checklist); Rivaton & Richer de Forges, 1990: 25, 39 (lists; 22 �� 43.3 ' S, 167 �� 04.5' E, 274 m; 22 �� 42.3 ' S, 167 �� 10.5 ' E, 330 m); Kulbicki et al., 1994: 11. Holotype. MNHN-IC- 2003 - 1495 (149, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 44 ' S, 168 �� 01' E, 229���428 m, Halipro 2, BT 86, station 7146, 23 November 1996. Paratypes. 20 specimens, 70.8���173 mm SL. MNHN-IC- 2002 -0016 (123, male) Vanuatu, 15 ��04.65'S, 167 �� 10.98 'E, 277���285 m, Musorstom 8, CP 1098, station 7146, 7 October 1994; MNHN-IC- 2003 - 1141 (107, female) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Banc Kaimon Maru, 24 �� 48.4 'S, 168 �� 0 9.0 ' E, 245���261 m, lithest, CP 10, station 7146, 11 August 1999; MNHN-IC- 2004-2505 (110, female) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 23 �� 39 'S, 168 ��01'E, 302���325 m, Norfolk 1, CP 1669, station 7146, 21 June 2001; MNHN-IC- 2004-2652 (133, male) New Caledonia, Jumeau oust, Coral Sea, 235���242 m, Norfolk 2, station 7146, 23 October 2003; MNHN-IC- 2004-2703 (160, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 375���427 m, Norfolk 2, Zone Crypthelia, station 7146, 2 November 2003; MNHN-IC- 2004-2732 (85.3, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, Norfolk 2, Zone Antigonia, station 7146, 240 ��� 240 m; NMNZ P.029040 (146, female) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 40.90 ' S, 168 �� 0.54 ' E, 230���250 m, Beryx 11, station 44, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029095 (2, 70.8���84.7, 1 male, 1 female) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 �� 47.01 ' S, 168 �� 8.76 ' E, 240���250 m, Beryx 11, station 16, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 16 October 1992; NMNZ P.029140 (4, 116 ���173, 2 males, 2 females) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 45.95 ' S, 168 �� 1.30 ' E, 300���350 m, Beryx 11, station 46, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029153 (3, 96.9���138, females) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 40.80 ' S, 168 �� 1.00' E, 270���290 m, Beryx 11, station 45, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029323 (137, female) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 �� 43.80 ' S, 168 �� 7.52 ' E, 260���280 m, Beryx 11, station 24, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 17 October 1992; NMNZ P.029382 (137, male) New Caledonia, Kaiyo Maru Seamount, 24 �� 48.20 ' S, 168 �� 8.85 ' E, 250���270 m, Beryx 11, station 17, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 16 October 1992; NMV A 31198 -001 (152, male) New Caledonia, Coral Sea, 23 �� 41 'S, 168 ��00'E, 320���397 m, Norfolk 1, CP 1671, station 7146, 21 June 2001, formerly part of MNHN-IC- 2004-2451; NMV A 31199 -001 (119, female) New Caledonia, Jumeau oust, Norfolk 2, Pacific Ocean, Coral Sea, 290���330 m, Norfolk 2, station 7146, 23 October 2003, formerly MNHN-IC- 2004-2767. Other material. NMNZ P.056769 (5, 68.1 ���101, 1 male, 4 juveniles) same collection data as paratype NMNZ P.029040; NMNZ P.029109 (82.3, female) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 41.60 ' S, 168 �� 0.45 ' E, 240��� 300 m, Beryx 11, station 40, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992; NMNZ P.029121 (31.7, juvenile) New Caledonia, Jumeaux Seamount, 23 �� 40.80 ' S, 168 �� 1.00' E, 270���290 m, Beryx 11, station 45, C. Roberts & C. Paulin, 20 October 1992. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 16 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, third ray usually longest, only slightly longer than shortest rays at middle of fin, longest ray 17.0��� 25.4 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave; caudal peduncle length 14.2���17.7 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.7 ���3.0 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head large, length 32.3���35.6 % SL; eye large, orbital diameter 10.8 ���13.0% SL; snout length 7.5���9.4 % SL; upper jaw length 15.4���17.2 % SL; pectoral fin length 19.6���22.2 % SL; pelvic fin length 24.3���29.6 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 7���9; reddish brown to brown above and white to silvery below with dark brown edged saddles dorsally becoming reddish blotches below; dorsal fin with large red margined yellow spots in males, with red spots of moderate size in females. Description. (See Tables 1 ���3 for further meristic and morphometric details.) Dorsal fin rays 16; anal fin rays 10 (9 or 10, usually 10); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 9 (10 or 11 + 18 or 19 + 8 or 9,); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 15 = 42 (27 or 28 + 14 to 16 = 42 or 43); lateral line scales 41 (41 to 43) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 13 (12 to 16, usually 13); gill rakers 4 + 15 = 19 (3 to 5 + 14 or 15 = 17 to 20); pyloric caeca 11 (based on NMNZ P.029140, largest specimen). Body elongate, moderately thick, of similar breadth from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head and snout straight or with slightly convex curve, nape mostly straight, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal peduncle of moderate length and moderately narrow; body deepest at anterior part of dorsal fin, depth at dorsal fin origin 21.9 (19.2 ���24.0) % SL, depth at anal fin origin 12.2 (11.3���13.4) % SL; anus slightly closer to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, anus to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, distance from anus to anal fin origin 2.1 (1.7 ���3.0) in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus. Head large, length 32.4 (32.3���35.6) % SL, bluntly pointed; snout short, much shorter than eye diameter, broadly rounded from above; eye large, orbital diameter 11.3 (10.8 ���13.0) % SL and 34.9 (32.6���38.7) % HL, slightly larger in females than males (10.8���12.5, mean 11.3 vs 11.3 ���13.0, mean 12.3 % SL, respectively); top of eye extending slightly above dorsal profile of head; bony interorbital distinctly concave, very narrow, interorbital width 4.3 (3.2���5.5) % SL and 13.3 (9.7��� 16.5) % HL; postorbital nearly half head length. Anterior nostril small, about midway between tip of snout and orbit, posterior nostril larger, about twice diameter of anterior nostril, long narrow, irregular lanceolate skin flap based on septum separating nostrils. Edge of preopercle smooth, posterior margin straight, angle blunt; opercular margin nearly straight; without well-developed membranous lobe; branchiostegal membranes overlapping ventrally, free from isthmus. Mouth of moderate size, terminal, lower jaw projecting slightly in advance of upper, profile of upper jaw with distinct notch at symphysis when viewed from above; posterior end of maxilla broad, posterior margin nearly straight, extending distinctly past vertical through centre of eye, dorsal margin covering lower half of slender suborbital, separated from eye by narrow strip of skin with mouth closed; upper lip narrow, not covering tooth band in upper jaw with mouth closed. Teeth in jaws small, caniniform, in about two rows laterally and three to four ill-defined rows anteriorly in upper jaw, those mesially longest, small teeth extending onto side of jaw near front, distinct hiatus of teeth at symphysis; band of three to four rows of teeth laterally in lower jaw, additional row or two of much smaller teeth basally on outer edge at front; narrow hiatus in dentition at symphysis, teeth largest mesially. About two rows of small canines on palatines and traversing vomer, those anteriorly on palatines longest. Tongue with narrow anteriorly tapered lanceolate patch of uniformly small teeth in about two peripheral rows bordering naked centre on midline posteriorly. Gill rakers of moderate length. Scales of moderate size, finely spiniform along margins, not extending onto fins; those on chest and belly ctenoid. Predorsal scales extending forward to vertical midway between posterior extent of eye and rear edge of preopercle, covering opercle and preopercle forward to posterior end of maxilla; axial scale present at origin of pectoral and pelvic fins. Lateral line midlaterally on side, originating at horizontal just below upper margin of eye; lateral line scales corresponding with oblique scale rows above and below lateral line; single pore on each lateral line scale. Dorsal fin originating just in advance of vertical through pelvic fin origin, distance from snout tip to dorsal fin origin 37.3 (35.2���39.6) % SL; dorsal fin base of moderate length; fin moderately high anteriorly in males, membranes deeply incised but none of the rays filamentous, third ray usually longest, longest 23.7 (17.0��� 24.5 in males) % SL, decreasing in length slightly to middle of fin with posterior rays of similar length, penultimate ray reaching 18.9 (14.7���21.6 in males) % SL, posterior lobe reaching to or past adipose fin origin, outer margin of fin nearly straight, only slightly concave; anterior end of fin lower in females, membranes deeply incised, third ray usually longest (18.4���22.5 % SL), subsequent rays decreasing in length slightly (tenth ray 13.6���15.7 % SL), lengths of posterior rays subequal, penultimate ray 11.9���13.9 % SL, outer margin virtually straight, only very slightly concave; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to adipose fin; first dorsal-fin ray unbranched, others branched (Figs 1 and 4). Adipose fin rather small but prominent, positioned above posterior end of analfin base. Anal fin originating slightly in advance of vertical through midpoint between dorsal fin insertion and hypural crease, with short base; relatively deep in males, posteriormost rays slightly longer than anterior rays and posterior lobe approaching hypural crease in large individuals; fin smaller in females, lengths of posterior rays subequal; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to hypural crease; first one or two rays unbranched, others branched. Caudal fin deeply forked, shortest rays at middle of fin slightly more than a third length of longest rays extending to corners, lobes nearly pointed, upper lobe slightly longer than lower; rays near ventral margin of fin more densely segmented than those near dorsal margin of fin; unbranched ray at ventral margin not with opaque fleshy covering. Pectoral fin of moderate size, length 21.7 (19.6���22.2 in males, 20.7��� 22.2 in females) % SL, tip reaching distinctly past middle of dorsal fin base; origin of fin just in advance of vertical through dorsal fin origin; first two rays simple, others branched, third longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Pelvic fin moderately large, posterior tip of depressed fin reaching to or past anus, more so in males than females; first four rays not especially thickened and cylindrical, densely segmented, first ray unbranched, second to fourth each with pair of simple thickened branches, subsequent rays progressively shorter, flattened with typical multibranching, except for inner-most unbranched ray. A species of moderate size, largest specimen examined 173 mm SL. Fresh colours: (Fig. 4) sides pale reddish brown to brown dorsally, with dark-brown saddles (demarcated by darkly pigmented broad anterior and posterior margins) running to midside beneath anterior part of dorsal fin, posterior part of dorsal fin, adipose fin, and just before caudal base; interspaces between saddles blotched with yellow pigment above lateral line forming broad yellowish stripe from posterior margin of eye; lower side silvery-white, blotched irregularly with red; throat, breast, and belly white, ventral side of gill membranes lemon; cheeks and lower part of opercle silvery with red blotches. Dorsal fin translucent, white anteriorly with at least two irregular rows of red spots in females; males with two or three rows of large spots equal to or larger than pupil, those anteriorly and distally red, others yellow with narrow red margin; adipose fin reddish distally. Anal fin whitish; moderately narrow yellow stripe on basal half of fin of males. Caudal fin whitish, females with broad red band crossing lower half of each lobe and faint band distally; males with broad yellow horizontal stripe at base of each lobe and less prominent red banding, except for red subterminal band on upper lobe; tip of upper lobe white in both sexes. Pectoral fin hyaline to yellowish. Pelvic fin white with yellowish bands in females, with two reddish bands basally and two yellowish bands distally in males. Preserved colours: body dusky above, almost uniformly pale below level of pectoral fin base, with about four or five darker blotches above lateral midline, in form of hour glass-shaped dusky saddles with distinctly darker narrow, anterior and posterior margins on nape, below front and rear end of dorsal fin base, below adipose dorsal fin and at base of tail; darker margins sometimes interrupted near their vertical centres or with dorsal half faint; opercle and cheek usually dark dusky; fins pale with anterior part of dorsal fin dusky in some; adipose dorsal fin pale. Etymology. The name capitonis is a Latin noun, meaning ���one with a large head���, used in apposition to reference the characteristically large head of this species relative to congeners. Distribution. So far known conclusively only from seamounts off the southern tip of New Caledonia and Vanuatu (23 �� 39 ' S, 168 �� 01' E ��� 24 �� 48.4 'S, 168 �� 09.0' E and 15 �� 04.65' S, 167 �� 10.98 ' E; Fig. 3). It is conceivable that specimens reported by Parin and Kotlyar (1989: 412, fig. 3; as H. japonica) from the central Coral Sea (ZIL 47258, 2: 232���248 mm SL, 23 �� 04' N, 159 �� 37 ' E, 320 m; ZIL 47260, 213 mm SL, 25 �� 35 ' N, 159 �� 23 ' E, 330 m) are this species, but they are more likely to be H. pyrhistion, as are those reported by Gomon et al. (2013: 149, fig. 4) from localities in the proximity. Occurs at depths of at least 240���300m Comments. Hime capitonis is distinctive in having a head that is significantly larger than its congeners (length 32.3���35.6, mean 33.5 versus 29.1���33.7, mean 31.0% SL), large eye (orbital diameter 10.8 ���13.0, mean 11.9 versus 7.1���11.8, mean 9.5 % SL), narrow interorbital 3.2���5.5, mean 4.0 versus 3.4���6.1, mean 4.6 % SL) and commensurately greater upper jaw (15.4���17.2, mean 16.2 versus 13.5���16.6, mean 14.9 % SL), predorsal (35.2��� 39.6, mean 38.1 versus 33.1���39.2, mean 35.9 % SL), prepectoral (33.2���35.5, mean 34.6 versus 29.1���35.3, mean 32.3 % SL) and prepelvic lengths (36.0��� 41.8, mean 39.3 versus 30.4���40.8, mean 37.0% SL). It is closest to H. surrubea in head and eye size (orbital diameter 30.1���33.3, mean 31.8 and 10.1���11.8, mean 10.9 % SL respectively in the latter) and to a lesser extent H. caudizoma for the same features (30.5���32.6, mean 31.7 and 9.7���11.4, mean 10.8 % SL in the latter). Females seem to have slightly larger heads and eyes than males of these and most other species of the genus. Proportionally, H. capitonis, H. surrubea and females of H. caudizoma have the largest eyes relative to the size of the head for the genus (33.5���38.7, mean 36.4, 31.2���38.1, mean 34.3, and 30.6���36.2, mean 33.9, respectively, versus 22.5 ���36.0, mean 29.9 % HL in other congeners). Hime capitonis has rather large pelvic fins, similar to those of males of H. japonica (length in males 24.3���29.6, mean 27.2, and 25.9���30.3, mean 27.7 % SL, respectively), but unlike that species, pelvic fins of both sexes in the former are of similar sizes. Hime caudizoma, H. diactithrix and H. curtirostris also have large pelvic fins in one or both sexes, fins of large males of the last species approaching the origin of the anal fin. This species has appeared in the literature, misidentified as H. japonica, only as components of faunal or catch composition lists as presented in the above synonymy. Hime caudizoma sp. nov. English vernacular name: Indonesian Flagfin Indonesian vernacular name: Kuniran Merah Figs 1, 3, 5; Tbls 1���3 Hime sp. A. White et al., 2013: 84, fig. 16.1 (description). Holotype. MZB 22096 (152, male) Indonesia, Lombok, market in Tanjung Luar, 8 �� 46 ' 38 '' S, 116 �� 30 ' 58 '' E, LM 641, W. White, 0 4 November 2010. Paratypes. 7 specimens, 138���183 mm SL, 3 males, 4 females. CSIRO H 7219 -05 (159, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 642; CSIRO H 7220 -03 (139, male) same collection locality and collector as holotype, LM 690, 0 5 November 2010; MZB 22097 (141, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 640; NMNZ P.056103 (138, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 643; NMNZ P.056104 (147, male) same collection locality and collector as holotype, LM 689, 0 5 November 2010; NMV A 31121 -001 (183, male) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 645; NMV A 31121 -002 (152, female) same collection locality, collector and date as holotype, LM 644. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 17 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, penultimate ray usually longest in males (19.7 ���21.0% SL), fourth or fifth ray longest in females (14.7���17.3 % SL), but nearly same length as those at middle of fin, 13.9���20.1 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave in males, very slightly convex in females; caudal peduncle length 15.8���17.9 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 2.5���3.8 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head moderately large, length 30.5���32.6 % SL; eye large, orbital diameter 9.7���11.4 % SL; snout length 7.3���8.2 % SL; upper jaw length 14.3 ���16.0% SL; pectoral fin length 20.8���23.5 % SL; pelvic fin moderately large, length 27.2���31.3 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 6 or 7; brown above and white to silvery below with dark edged brown saddles dorsally, becoming red ventrally; dorsal fin covered with reddish spots, most slightly smaller than pupil of eye, in about four more or less horizontal rows, those posterobasally yellow in males. Description. (See Tables 1 ���3 for further meristic and morphometric details.) Dorsal fin rays 17; anal fin rays 10 (9 in one of 8); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 8 (9 or 10 + 19 + 8); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 15 = 42 (26���28 + 14���16 = 41���43); lateral line scales 42 (41���43) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 14 (13); gill rakers 4 + 14 = 18 (4 or 5 + 13 or 14 = 17 to 19); pyloric caeca 13 (based on NMNZ P.056104, 147 mm SL, male). Body elongate, moderately thick, tapering slightly from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head mostly straight, nape with slight convex curve, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal p, Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Struthers, Carl D., 2015, Three new species of the Indo-Pacific fish genus Hime (Aulopidae, Aulopiformes), all resembling the type species H. japonica (G��nther 1877), pp. 371-390 in Zootaxa 4044 (3) on pages 380-388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/231750, {"references":["Barro, M. (1979) Notes sur les fonds chalutables en Nouvelle Caledonie & Dependances. ORSTOM Centre de Noumea Oceanographie, Mimeo Report, 1 - 6.","Rivaton, J., Fourmanoir, P., Bourret, P. & Kulbicki, M. (1989) Catalogue des Poissons de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Checklist of Fishes from New Caledonia. ORSTOM, Rapport Provisoire, Noumea, 170 pp.","Rivaton, J. & Richer de Forges, B. (1990) Poissons recoltes par dragages dans le lagon de Nouvelle Caledonie. Rapports Scientifique et Techniques Sciences de la Mer (Biologie Marine), 55, 1 - 101.","Kulbicki, M., Randall, J. E. & Rivaton, J. (1994) Checklist of the fishes of the Chesterfield Islands (Coral Sea). Micronesica, 27 (1 / 2), 1 - 43.","Parin, N. V. & Kotlyar, A. N. (1989) A new aulopodid species, Hime microps, from the eastern South Pacific, with comments on geographic variations of H. japonica. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 35 (4), 407 - 413.","Gomon, M. F., Struthers, C. D. & Stewart, A. L. (2013) A new genus and two new species of the family Aulopidae (Aulopiformes), commonly referred to as aulopus, flagfins, sergeant bakers or threadsails, in Australasian Waters. Species Diversity, 18, 141 - 161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12782 / sd. 18.2.141","White, T. W., Last, P. R., Dharmadi, Faizah, R., Chodrijah, U., Prisantoso, B. I., Pogonoski, J. J., Puckridge, M. & Blaber, S. J. M. (2013) Market fishes of Indonesia (= Jenis-jenis ikan di Indonesia). ACIAR Monograph No. 155. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, 438 pp."]}

Hime surrubea sp. nov. Current English vernacular name: Japanese Thread-sail Fish Proposed new English vernacular name: Rosy Flagfin Figs 1–3; Tbls 1–3 Hime japonicus (non Günther, 1877): Strasburg, 1966 (in part): 91, fig. 1 (description, central Hawaiian Islands, USNM 198224, 219 mm SL); Tinker, 1978: 90, text figure (description); Borets, 1986: 9–10, Table 1 (Hawaiian Islands, Equator Seamount, 29 ° 42 ' N, 179 ° 22 ' E, 85–160 m); Parin & Kotlyar, 1989 (in part): 412 (ZIL 39717, 191 mm SL, Maro Reef, 25 ° 28 ' N, 170 ° 34 ' W, 275 m; ZIL 47257, 238 mm SL, 28 ° 34 ' N, 176 ° 32 ' W, 85 m); Chave & Mundy, 1994: table 1 (leeward and windward Hawaii, Cross Seamount, 343–510 m, sand bottom); Thompson, 1998 (in part): 44 (comparative data); Mundy, 2005 (in part): 192–193 (checklist). Undescribed species of Aulopus: Struhsaker, 1973: 49; Randall, 1976: 51; Randall, 1981: 211 (new species); Tinker, 1982: appendix XXXIV. Holotype. BPBM 25117 (156, male) Hawaii, Maui, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 02' N, 156 ° 45 ' W, 241–254 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -15, 31 October 1967. Paratypes. 26 specimens, 90.0– 173 mm SL: AMS I. 37811 -001 (153, male) Hawaii, 21 ° 01' 36 " N, 156 ° 43 ' 24 " W, 20 ° 57 ' 12 " N, 156 ° 42 ' 24 " W, 212–216 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -52, 17 November 1968; AMS I. 37813 -001 (140, female) Hawaii, 21 ° 03' 12 " N, 156 ° 45 ' W, 20 ° 01' 06" N, 156 ° 51 ' W, 229 m, bottom trawl, R/V “Townsend Cromwell”, TC 40 -95, 26 November 1968; BPBM 24177 (2, 142 – 142, male, female) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 01' N, 156 ° 45 ' W, 210 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -47, 16 November 1968; BPBM 41170 (4, 90.0–135, 3 males, 1 female) same collection data as holotype BPBM 25117; BPBM 25124 (2, 119 – 166, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 01' N, 156 ° 43 ' W, 212 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -52, 17 November 1968; BPBM 25130 (4, 127 – 170, males) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 03' N, 156 ° 43 ' W, 212 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -69, 20 November 1968; BPBM 25114 (2, 119 – 163, males) Hawaii, Maui, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 02' N, 156 ° 45 ' W, 241–254 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -15, 31 October 1967; NMNZ P.056101 (153, male) same collection data as paratypes BPBM 25130; NMNZ P.056102 (127, female) same collection data as paratypes USNM 384078; NMV A 31122 -001 (132, female) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37813 -001; NMV A 31123 -001 (148, male) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37811 - 001; USNM 384078 (5, 122 – 173, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, Molokai, 21 ° 7.0' N, 156 ° 46.5 ' W, 229–243 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -55, 18 November 1968; USNM 358123 (141, male) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 00' 24 '' N, 156 ° 46 ' 54 '' W, 234 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -62, 19 November 1968. Other material. AMS I. 37809 -001 (112) Hawaii, 20 ° 59 ' 30 " N, 156 ° 47 ' 24 " W, 21 ° 00' 18 " N, 156 ° 45 ' 30 " W, 223–238 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -8, 13 November 1967; AMS I. 37796 -001 (91) Hawaii, 21 ° 01' 24 " N, 156 ° 46 ' 30 " W, 21 ° 00' 24 " N, 156 ° 45 ' 24 " W, 210–241 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -50, 13 November 1967; AMS I. 37811 -003 (3, 148 – 163, males) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37811 -001; AMS I. 37793 -001 (27, 114 – 161) Hawaii, 21 ° 03' 06" N, 156 ° 45 ' 24 " W, 21 ° 07' " N, 156 ° 50 ' 18 " W, 229 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -63, 19 November 1968; AMS I. 37807 -001 (36, 89– 155) Hawaii, 21 ° 03' 06" N, 156 ° 45 ' W, 21 ° 01' 06" N, 156 ° 50 ' 36 " W, 210–240 m, bottom trawl, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -72, 21 November 1968; AMS I. 37813 -002 (30, 112 – 155, females) same collection data as paratype AMS I. 37813 -001; BPBM 25119 (2, 117 – 162, females) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, 21 ° 01' N, 156 ° 44 ' W, 220 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 40 -42, 16 November 1968; BPBM 41179 (147, male, aberrant dorsal fin) ex BPBM 24177; USNM 431306 (17, 121 – 154, females) same collection data as paratypes USNM 384078; USNM 358119 (143, female) Hawaii, Pailolo Channel, between Molokai and Maui and off South Coast of Lanai, 21 ° 3.10 ' N, 156 ° 44.04 ' W, 245 m, R/V "Townsend Cromwell", TC 33 -18, 1 November 1967; USNM 198224 (219, female) Hawaii, between Lanai and Kahoolawe, handline, K. Sakamoto, 15 April 1963. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin with 16 or 17 rays, of moderate height, no rays filamentous in either sex, third and fourth rays longest, only slightly longer than shortest rays at middle of fin, 16.9–23.1 % SL in males and females, distal margin nearly straight in both sexes, only slightly concave; caudal peduncle length 13.4–18.7 % SL; distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.5–2.2 in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus; head length 30.1–33.3 % SL; orbital diameter 10.1–11.8 % SL; interorbital width 4.0– 5.5 % SL; snout length 7.6 –9.0% SL; upper jaw length 14.5–16.2 % SL; pectoral fin length 19.1–22.1 % SL; pelvic fin length 23.7–29.5 % SL; scales between anus and anal fin origin 9–11; reddish overall with deep red saddles. Description. (See Tables 1 –3 for further meristic and morphometric details) Dorsal fin rays 16 (16 or 17, usually 16); anal fin rays 10 (9 or 10); caudal fin rays 10 + 19 + 9 (9–11 + 19 + 8–9); pectoral fin rays 11; pelvic fin rays 9; vertebrae 27 + 16 = 43 (26–28 + 15–17 = 43); lateral line scales 42 (42 or 43, usually 42) + 1; scales above lateral line 4.5; scales below lateral line 4.5; predorsal scales 13 (11–14); gill rakers 4 + 14 = 18 (4 or 5 + 14–16 = 18–21); no pyloric caeca (based on USNM 384078, 167 mm SL, female). Hime spp. nov. H. surrubea sp. nov. H. capitonis sp. nov. H. caudizoma sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes n = 26 n = 19 n = 7 n range mean±s.d. n range mean±s.d. n range mean±s.d. Fin rays Body elongate, moderately thick, tapering slightly from eyes to posterior end of dorsal fin; dorsal profile of head and nape mostly straight, inclined to dorsal fin origin, sloping more gradually to base of tail with straight dorsal profile; ventral profile of head and body mostly straight; caudal peduncle of moderate length and moderately narrow; body deepest at anterior part of dorsal fin, depth at dorsal fin origin 20.4 (18.2 –22.0) % SL, depth at anal fin origin 10.6 (10.0– 13.6) % SL; anus closer to anal fin origin than pelvic fin origin, distance from anus to anal fin origin 1.7 (1.5–2.2) in distance from pelvic fin origin to anus. Head of moderate size, length 30.9 (30.1–33.3) % SL, bluntly pointed; snout moderately short, distinctly shorter than eye diameter, broadly rounded from above; eye large, orbital diameter 10.2 (10.1–11.8) % SL and 33.0 (31.2–38.1) % HL, slightly larger in females than males (10.3–11.8, mean 11.1 vs 10.1–11.6, mean 10.7, % SL respectively); top of eye at or extending slightly above dorsal profile of head; bony interorbital distinctly concave, narrow, interorbital width 5.0 (4.0– 5.5) % SL and 16.1 (12.3–16.5) % HL; postorbital nearly half head length. Anterior nostril small, about midway between tip of snout and orbit, posterior nostril much larger, about three or four times diameter of anterior nostril, long narrow, lanceolate skin flap with irregular margin based on septum separating nostrils. Edge of preopercle smooth, posterior margin straight, angle blunt; opercular margin nearly straight; without well-developed membranous lobe; branchiostegal membranes overlapping ventrally, free from isthmus. Mouth of moderate size, terminal, lower jaw projecting little in advance of upper, profile of upper jaw with distinct notch at symphysis when viewed from above; posterior end of maxilla broad, posterior margin nearly straight, extending just past vertical through centre of eye, dorsal margin covering lower half of slender suborbital, separated from eye by narrow strip of skin with mouth closed; upper lip narrow, not completely covering tooth band in upper jaw laterally with mouth closed. Teeth in jaws small, caniniform, in about two rows anteriorly and one row posteriorly in upper jaw, those mesially longest, small teeth extending onto side of jaw near front, distinct hiatus of teeth at symphysis; band of about two rows of teeth laterally in lower jaw, additional row of much smaller teeth basally on outer edge at front; narrow hiatus in dentition at symphysis, teeth largest mesially. About two or three rows of small canines on palatines and traversing vomer, those medially slightly smaller. Tongue with prominent lanceolate patch of numerous, uniformly small teeth in about five poorly defined rows with few naked patches mesially near posterior end; dentate patch approaching anterior edge of tongue. Gill rakers moderately long. Scales of moderate size, finely spiniform along margins on much of head and body apart from cycloid scales on chest, belly and cheek, not extending onto fins; those on chest and belly ctenoid. Predorsal scales extending forward to about vertical through posterior extent of eye or midway between that point and vertical through posterior edge of preopercle, covering opercle and preopercle forward to posterior end of maxilla; axial scale present at origin of pectoral and pelvic fins. Lateral line midlaterally on side, originating just below horizontal through upper margin of eye; lateral line scales corresponding with oblique scale rows above and below lateral line; single pore on each lateral line scale. Dorsal fin originating just in advance of vertical through pelvic fin origin, distance from snout tip to dorsal fin origin 35.8 (34.1–38.3) % SL; dorsal fin base of moderate length; first dorsal fin ray unbranched, others branched; fin distinctly higher in males than females, membranes deeply incised, none of the rays filamentous, third or fourth rays longest, longest 21.6 (18.3–22.9 in males, 16.9–23.1 in females) % SL, decreasing only slightly in length to middle of fin with posterior rays progressively longer, penultimate ray 21.0 (17.5–22.1 in males, 9.4–15.2 in females) % SL, posterior lobe reaching to or past adipose fin origin in males, but usually reaching just more than half way to adipose fin in females (Figs 1 I and 2). Adipose fin rather small but prominent, positioned above posterior end of anal fin base. Anal fin originating slightly in advance of vertical through midpoint between dorsal fin insertion and hypural crease, with short base; first one or two rays unbranched, others branched; relatively deep in males, posteriormost rays much longer than anterior rays and posterior lobe approaching hypural crease in large individuals; fin smaller in females, lengths of posterior rays subequal; posterior lobe reaching little more than half way to hypural crease. Caudal fin deeply forked, shortest rays at middle of fin about a third length of longest rays extending to corners, lobes nearly pointed, upper lobe slightly longer than lower; rays near ventral margin of fin more densely segmented than those near dorsal margin of fin; unbranched ray at ventral margin not with opaque fleshy covering. Pectoral fin of moderate size, length 20.8 (19.1–21.6 in males, 19.7–22.1 in females) % SL, tip reaching past middle of dorsal fin base; origin of fin distinctly in advance of vertical through dorsal fin origin; first two rays simple, others branched, third longest, but just slightly longer than second, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Pelvic fin moderately large, posterior tip of retracted fin reaching past anus, more so in males than females; first four rays not especially thickened and cylindrical, densely segmented, first ray unbranched, second to fourth each with pair of simple thickened branches, subsequent rays progressively shorter, flattened with typical multibranching, except for more slender, inner-most unbranched ray. A species of moderately small size, largest verified specimen 219 mm SL (Strasburg, 1966). Fresh colour: (Adapted from Strasburg, 1966 and Fig. 2). Upper side brownish-red, with dark-brown saddles (having more intensely pigmented broad anterior and posterior margins) running to midside beneath anterior part of dorsal fin, posterior part of dorsal fin, adipose fin, and just before caudal base; interspaces between saddles streaked with yellow pigment above lateral line; lower side silvery-white, blotched irregularly with vermilion, two largest blotches centred below middle two saddles; throat, breast, and belly white, ventral side of caudal peduncle and gill membranes lemon; top of head olive-brown, cheeks silvery with red blotches, snout and opercle olivebrown with red blotches, iris yellow. Dorsal fin grey, females with round vermilion spots arranged in four irregular diagonal rows, largest spots about size of pupil; males with large spots centrally and basally on fin distinctly ocellated, having yellow centres and red margins; adipose fin brown with red distal tip. Anal fin pale lemon in females; broad more distinctly yellow stripe near base of males. Lower lobe of caudal fin yellow, with upper and lower rays streaked with red; upper lobe of grey, blotched irregularly with lemon and red, tip distinctly white, at least in some males. Pectoral fin hyaline with five vermilion bands. Pelvic fin lemon with orange blotches. TABLE 2. Selected proportional measurements for types of Hime surrubea sp. nov., H. capitonis sp. nov. and H. caudizoma sp. nov. Numbers of specimens reported for measurements indicated below “n” with values for damaged features omitted. Hime surrubea sp. nov. Hime capitonis sp. nov. Hime caudizoma sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes BPBM Males Females MNHN Males Females MZB Males Females 25117 n = 13 n = 14 2003 – 1495 n = 9 n = 11 22096 n = 3 n = 4 Standard Length (mm) 156 127–170 90.0– 173 149 84.7–173 70.8–146 152 139–183 138–159. ± s d 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 damaged for Females 4 = n 159 mean ± 8.7 9.7 14.3 ± 15.1 16.1 ± 16.8 16.1 ± 16.8 ± 16.2 17.3 ± 14.9 15.6 ± 13.8 14.5 7.1 ± 7.6 ± 8.9 9.4 8.1 ± 8.6 values nov. – 138 range 7.8 – – 13.7 – 14.8 – 14.8 – 14.7 13.9 – – 12.6 6.4 – – 8.3 7.7 – ” with “ n. sp Paratypes n ± s d. 1.0 4 0.6 4 4 0.8 4 0.6 0.7 4 4 0.6 4 0.3 0.8 4 0.6 4 4 0.2 below caudizoma Males 3 = n mean 9.8 ± ± 15.5 ± 17.3 ± 19.2 ± 19.0 18.8 ± ± 20.0 8.3 ± ± 10.8 14.1 ± indicated Hime 183 139 – range – 8.7 10.5 –16.0 14.8 16.8– 18.2 19.7 18.5 – – 18.2 19.5 18.3 19.5– 19.7 – 20.2 7.5 9.1 – 10.1 – 11.3 –14.4 14.0 measurements for Holotype MZB 22096 152 n male 3 9.0 3 16.9 3 19.7 3 20.9 3 19.2 3 20.1 3 21.0 3 7.4 3 10.6 3 14.6 reported ± s d. 0.7 ± 1.6 ± ± 1.3 1.2 ± 1.1 ± ± 0.6 ± 0.6 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.5 ± mean specimens of Females 11 n = 70.8 –146 range 11.2 10.1 12.6– 19.1 16.6– 22.5 20.1 – 18.4 22.5 19.6 21.6 17.3 – 18.0 – 19.3 15.7 14.4 –15.7 13.6 13.0 11.9 –13.9 6.5 8.4 – 5.4 8.5 8.0 – 9.1 8.0 – 9.0 7.4 . . Numbers nov sp. Paratypes n d. 10 10 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 nov.sp capitonis Males 9 = mean± s 1.6 10.6 ± ± 18.7 1.4 2.4 20.5 ± 1.5± 22.7 ± 1.6 21.3 0.7 16.3 ± ± 2.0 18.9 7.7 0.7 ± 0.8 9.6 ± ± 1.8 11.4 caudizoma.H Hime n – 173 84.7 range – 12.5 8.2 – 21.3 16.3 24.5 17.0– – 20.7 25.4 24.7 – 18.9 17.4 – 15.0 14.7– 21.6 6.3 – 8.5 – 11.1 8.5 – 7.6 13.6 and n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7. nov. 1495 sp Holotype MNHN 2003 – 149 male 10.4 19.7 23.7 22.3 20.9 17.0 18.9 8.2 9.5 11.2. capitonis d s. 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.5 ± nov H,. 14 mean 9.4 ± 19.0 ± 20.8 ± 20.2 ± 18.4 ± ± 15.2 13.1 ± ± 6.9 8.9 ± 8.4 ± sp. Females = n 173 – 12.1 21.4 23.1 22.8 21.1 16.8 15.2 8.6 10.3 9.0 surrubea. 90.0 range 7.4 – – 14.7 – 18.8 16.9 – –16.0 – 13.2 9.4 – 3.8– 6.9 – –7.0 Hime of nov sp. Paratypes n 12 14 14 13 14 13 14 14 13 14 in types surrubea 13 ± mean d s. 1.4 ± 9.9 ± 1.2 18.2 20.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.1 21.1 19.3 ± 0.9 1.3 ± 17.3 ± 1.4 19.6 6.9 ± 1.5 0.5 9.8 ± ± 12.0 1.1 fin rays Hime Males = n 127 – 170 range 7.1 – 11.4 20.3 16.6 – – 22.9 18.3 18.8– 22.9 21.0 17.9– 20.8 – 15.6 22.1 17.5 – – 3.4 9.6 – 8.8 10.4 – 13.5 9.7 selected for n 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 12 12 13 measurements Holotype BPBM 25117 156 male 11.1 20.3 20.6 21.6 20.1 18.0 21.0 7.4 9.7 13.0. 3 Proportional. omitted) (mm Length % SL ray: length st - 1 ray nd 2 ray - rd ray - 3 th ray 4 - th ray 5 - th 10 - ray ray - penulmate ray length: st ray - 1 nd 2 ray - ray penulmate - TABLE features Standard Dorsal-fin Anal-fin Preserved colours: body pale, slightly duskier on dorsum, darker blotches corresponding to saddles described above, most prominent a rectangular blotch below anterior fifth of dorsal fin base at level of upper third of eye, several others at same level, somewhat paired, below nape, below rear end of dorsal fin base, and below adipose fin; second row of horizontally aligned blotches closer to dorsal profile of side, just above and behind each blotch of first row, blotches appearing somewhat like obliquely slanted ‘H’ shaped marks in some; opercle mostly dark dusky; fins pale. Etymology. The name surrubea<

Gomon, Martin F., Struthers, Carl D. (2015): Three new species of the Indo-Pacific fish genus Hime (Aulopidae, Aulopiformes), all resembling the type species H. japonica (Günther 1877). Zootaxa 4044 (3): 371-390, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4044.3.3

Russell’s wrasse, Polylepion russelli, is a relatively rare species known to inhabit deep reefs of a few Central and Western Pacific islands: Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Hawaii, and Moorea (Society Islands). This new record at Réunion Island, about 10 000 km to the West is surprising but identification was confirmed by morphometric characters and the CO1 gene sequence. This recent discovery could be linked to gaps in the sampling of the outer slopes reefs and the low density of the species.

Genus Kathetostoma Kathetostoma Günther, 1860: 231 (type species Uranoscopus laevis Bloch & Schneider, 1801, by monotypy) Cathetostoma Gill, 1861: 114; Boulenger 1901: 266 (an incorrect subsequent spelling of Kathetostoma Günther) Diagnosis. Body naked; head square to rectangular in cross section; eyes directed upward, small; bony orbital rim separated medially by naked rectangular space; mouth with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smoothly curved, without tabular (plectroid) processes or fleshy barbel; lips with short ridge-like crenulations; ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base without fringe ventrally; scales absent; lateral line pores in skin high on side close to base of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin continuous, with 13–18 segmented rays, lacking separate spinous section anteriorly or short nub-like spines unconnected by membranes anteriorly on back; anal fin with 12–18 segmented rays; pectoral fins huge, fan-like; pelvic fins moderately large. Distribution. Temperate and cool tropical parts of Australia and New Zealand in the Indo-West Pacific, the central part of the west coast of the Americas in the Eastern Pacific and the central Western Atlantic. Comments. The two widely separated species complexes with contrasting tropical and temperate distributions that constitute this genus, with relationships supported by genetic evidence (Smith et al, 2006), is unusual for the family, but at least two other uranoscopid genera, Ichthyscopus Swainson, 1839 and Xenocephalus Kaup, 1858 have both low and high latitude species.

Kathetostoma binigrasella sp. nov. Banded Stargazer Figs 3���6; Tbls 1���2. Kathetostoma sp.: Paul, 1986: 118; 2000: 118; Anderson et al. 1998: unnumbered, distribution map; Roberts & McPhee, 1998: 66; Smith et al. 2006: 379, figs 1, 3, 4, molecular analysis and meristics. Roberts et al., 2009: 535, listed; Kathetostoma giganteum (non Haast, 1873): Doak, 1978: 132, colour plate 59 top. Kathetostoma laeve (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801): Kashimoto in Amaoka et al. 1990: 298, plate 230, description. Holotype. NMNZ P. 42147 (334) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 �� 42 ��� S, 173 �� 37 ��� E, 100m, FV Brac, 4 July 2002, bottom trawl. Paratypes. (31: 67.7-560): AMS I. 42757 -004 (316) New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 �� 36.067 ' S ��� 32 �� 36.067 ' S, 167 �� 34.600 ' E ��� 167 �� 34.517 ' E, 116���119m, TAN0308- 112, RV Tangaroa, NORFANZ team, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; BMNH 2010.10. 22.1 (244), formerly part of NMNZ P. 39337; CAS 230375 (267), formerly part of NMNZ P. 39337; NMNZ P. 10111 (67.7) New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, NW off Cape Reinga, 34 �� 3.5500' S, 172 �� 12.4500' E, 481���503m, JCO 8106 /055, RV James Cook, 23 April 1981, trawl; NMNZ P. 18175 (483) New Zealand, North Island, Bay of Plenty, Off the East side of Mayor Island, Bay of Plenty, 37 �� 18 ��� S, 176 �� 18 ��� E, 37���91m, MoNZ T 86, FV Asterix, G. Nicholson & K. Smith, 17 February 1986, set net; NMNZ P. 29710 (2: 305���366) New Zealand, Snares Islands, E Snares Shelf NW Campbell Plateau, 48 �� 18.28 ' S, 167 �� 57.25 ' E, 132���134m, TAN 9301 /066, RV Tangaroa, 23 February 1993, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 31966 (188) New Zealand, South Island, Otago, approx. 20 nautical miles S of Dunedin, 46 �� 35.345 ' S, 167 �� 14.390 ' E, 63���66, TAN 9502 / 144, RV Tangaroa, P. McMillan, 10 March 1995, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 33673 (560) New Zealand, North Island, Taranaki, off the Puniho coast, SW of New Plymouth, 39 �� 10 ��� S, 173 �� 35 ��� E, 80m, J. & R. Ansley, September 1996; NMNZ P. 34887 (2: 316���398) New Zealand, Chatham Islands, NE Chatham Rise, 43 �� 15.1450 ' S, 177 �� 4.4083 ' W, 310���327m, TAN 9801 /030, RV Tangaroa, P. McMillan, 0 8 January 1998, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 39337 (3: 308���453) Australia, Norfolk Island, Wanganella Bank, 32 �� 37.200 ' S, 167 �� 35.635 ' E, 120���127m, NORFANZ TAN 0308/ 117, RV Tangaroa, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; NMNZ P. 40689 (255) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, Snares Islands Shelf, 48 �� 49.55 ' S, 166 �� 59.30 ' E, 176���195m, OBS 1738 /065, FV Chiyo Maru 3, Marli Dee, 20 February 2003, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 40700 (2: 157���195) New Zealand, Snares Islands, South-east Snares Shelf, 48 �� 49.90 ' S, 166 �� 57.75 ' E, 176���182m, OBS 1856 /018, FV Sur Este 707, Chris Petyt, 27 January 2004, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 40701 (207) New Zealand, Snares Islands, Southern Snares Shelf, 48 �� 47.65 ' S, 166 �� 29.75 ' E, 174���190m, OBS 1856 /026, FV Sur Este 707, Chris Petyt, 30 January 2004, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 41511 (324) New Zealand, Snares Islands, south eastern Snares Shelf., 48 �� 33.8850 ' S, 168 �� 5.6250 ' E, 250��� 500m, TAN 0 118, RV Tangaroa, November 2001, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 41697 (146) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, North-east Puysegur Trench, 44 �� 57.10 ' S, 166 �� 4.35 ' E, 174���222m, OBS 1604 /079, FV Oyang 97, 12 March 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P 41747 (2: 128���175) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, Puysegur Bank, 46 �� 31.50 ' S, 166 �� 4.25 ' E, 185���270m, OBS 1609 /052, FV Tomi Maru 86, Julian Hall, 0 2 March 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42076 (209) New Zealand, Snares Islands, South of The Snares, 48 �� 48.75 ' S, 166 �� 40.55 ' E, 180��� 244m, OBS 1609 /016, FV Tomi Maru 86, Julian Hall, 0 9 February 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42132 (307) New Zealand, South Island, off Stewart Island; NMNZ P. 42145 (262) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 �� 42 ��� S, 173 �� 37 ��� E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42146 (292) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 �� 42.000 ' S, 173 �� 37.000 ' E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42153 (308) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 �� 42 ��� S, 173 �� 37 ��� E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMV A 25153 -001 (223) New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 �� 36.067 ' S ��� 32 �� 36.067 ' S, 167 �� 35.217 ' E ��� 167 �� 35.217 ' E, 116���122m, TAN0308- 105, RV Tangaroa, M. Gomon, 29 May 2003; NMV A 25157 -003 (282) same data as AMS I 42757 -004; NMV A 25161 -003 (311), New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 �� 35.783 ' S ��� 32 �� 35.783 ' S, 167 �� 38.550 ' E ��� 167 �� 41.250 ' E, 325���497m, TAN0308- 118, RV Tangaroa, M. Gomon, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; USNM 398707 (172), formerly part of NMNZ P. 40700. Other material. NMNZ P. 10111 (66.3); NMNZ P. 13112 (2: 360���400); NMV A 25157 -006 (197); NMV A 25161 (308). Diagnosis. Dorsal fin rays 15���17; anal fin rays 14���16; vertebrae 30���31; head and body broad, head width 1.2��� 1.7 times its length, covered with tiny blunt knobs in juveniles to almost smooth in adults; mouth with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smooth; ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base; 17���19 gill rakers on first arch in the form of patches of fine teeth, patches broad, about six to ten teeth across patches, not in distinct rows, innermost teeth rather short; dorsal fin of moderate length, its base 43���66 % of predorsal length; pelvic fins large, their length 23���28 % SL; body whitish below usually with two broad, vertical, dark-brown, variously distinct bands or saddles across back, most distinct in juveniles and small adults. Description. (See Table 2 for frequencies of values for selected meristic characters.) Dorsal fin rays 15���17; anal fin rays 14���16; pectoral fin rays 21; pelvic fin rays I, 5; vertebrae 30���31. (See Table 1 for comparative ranges of selected proportional measurements.) Body tapering from a broad, flat, bony head (head width 1.2���1.7 times its length) covered with tiny blunt knobs in juveniles to almost smooth with fine radiating pattern in adults. Eyes directed upwards, small; bony orbital rim separated medially by naked rectangular space. Mouth large, vertical, with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smooth; lips with short ridge-like crenulations. Ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base. Scales absent; lateral line pores in skin high on side close to base of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin low, of moderate length, its base 43���66 % of predorsal length. Pectoral fins huge, fan-like. Pelvic fins large, their length 23���28 % SL. Largest specimen examined 560 mm SL. Pigmentation in alcohol. Pale dusky with two broad dark blotchy bands across dorsum to midside (most distinct in juveniles and small adults; large adults more uniformly dark above), one across predorsal with paler area on dorsal midline, second across dorsal base, paler areas including side of head and chin speckled with smaller darkish blotches; top of head rather pale with darkish blotches on skin covered areas (as lines radiating from eyes in some); underside slightly dusky; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dark, dorsal and caudal fins with continuous pale margin; pectoral fin dark to margin centrally with pale distal margin dorsally and ventrally, anal and pelvic fins dusky, pelvics with pale margin. TABLE 1. Selected proportional measurements and counts for Kathetostoma giganteum and types of K. binigrasella sp. nov. Kathetostoma binagrasella sp. nov. Kathetostoma giganteum Holotype Paratypes (n= 32) (n= 15) Range Mean �� SD Range Mean �� SD Standard length (mm) 334 67.7���560 52.0��� 529 % SL Meristic values Dorsal-fin rays 15 15���17 17���19 Anal-fin rays 15 14���16 17���18 Vertebrae 30 30���31 33���34 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Kathetostoma spp Dorsal Fin Rays Vertebrae binigrasella sp.nov. 16 9 1 23 1 giganteum 1 4 6 1 11 canaster 9 7 5 1 3 12 2 laeve 3 17 6 3 13 7 nigrofasciata 2 9 3 6 Anal Fin Rays binigrasella sp.nov. 3 23 2 giganteum 6 6 canaster 3 17 laeve 3 15 7 nigrofasciata 8 3 Fresh colours: Greenish tan above, bands brownish with scattered dark brown speckles and blotches, underside greyish white with pink tinges, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dark greenish brown, dorsal and pectoral speckled with brown; pelvic and anal fins dusk white with white margins. Etymology. The specific name binigrasella, from the Latin bi for ���two���, nigra for ���dark��� and sella for ���saddle��� refers to the broad dark brown saddle-like bands dorsally on the body that are obvious features distinguishing this species from its New Zealand congener. Distribution. Widespread and relatively common in coastal and offshore waters, from the Wanganella Bank (southern Norfolk Ridge) to the Snares shelf, including the Chatham Rise. Endemic to New Zealand. Occurs at 10��� 500 m depth, but more frequently taken in 100���300 m; lives on sand or mud bottoms. Comments. Despite its recognition for more than 25 years, this species has been confused with its New Zealand congener Kathetostoma giganteum in literature and fisheries catch data. Records of New Zealand giant stargazers probably include both species, especially where capture depths are less than 400 m. Based on confirmed records, population sizes of this species are smaller than those of its congener. A genetic study by Smith et al. (2006) implies closer relationships between the new species and the rather broadly distributed Australian Kathetostoma leave (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), and between Kathetostoma gigantum and the southeastern Australian Kathetostoma canaster Gomon & Last, 1987, than the two New Zealand congeners are to one another. This is consistent with differences in morphology (Table 2) and depth distributions of the four, with K. binigrasella and K. leave having relatively few vertebrae (30���31 and 28���31 respectively) and anal fin rays (14���16 and 13���15), shorter and chunkier bodies, smaller eyes, prominent broad banded colour patterns and shallower depth ranges, and K. canaster and K. giganteum having more vertebrae (31���33 and 33���35 respectively) and anal fin rays (15���16 and 17���19), more elongate and slender bodies, larger eyes, more obscure banding, if banding is at all apparent, and distributions to greater depths (to 700 and over 1000m respectively). Genetics of the fifth Australasian species K. nigrofasciatum confined to the outer portion of the continental shelf and top of the slope in southwestern Australia supports a common ancestry with the ancestor of all four. That species has even lower meristic values, which overlap partially with those of B. binigrasella and B. leave, as well as a distinctly banded pattern that may be more indicative of the ancestral condition than a relationship between the species, as at least the banded colouration is found in other uranoscopid genera as well., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Roberts, Clive D., 2011, A second New Zealand species of the stargazer genus Kathetostoma (Trachinoidei: Uranoscopidae), pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 2776 on pages 5-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203322, {"references":["Paul, L. J. (1986) New Zealand Fishes. An identification guide. Reed Methuen: 184 pp.","Anderson, O., Bagley, N., Hurst, R., Francis, M., Clark, M. & McMillan, P. (1998) Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from research bottom trawls. NIWA Technical Report, 42.","Roberts, C. D. & McPhee, R. P. (1998) Banded boofs. New Zealand Fishing News, 21 (7), 66.","Smith, P. J., McPhee, R. P. & Roberts, C. D. (2006) DNA and meristic evidence for two spcies of giant stargazer (Teleostei: Uranoscopidae: Kathetostoma) in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40, 379 - 387, 4 figs, 2 tbls.","Roberts, C. D., Paulin, C. D., Stewart, A. L., McPhee, R. P. & McDowall, R. M. (2009) Appendix. Checklist of living lancelets, jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes. Pp. 527 - 536. In: Gordon, D. P. (ed). The New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Christchurch. Canterbury University Press.","Doak, W. (1978) Fishes of the New Zealand region. Hodder & Stoughton, Auckland. 135 pp."]}

Kathetostoma binigrasella sp. nov. Banded Stargazer Figs 3–6; Tbls 1–2. Kathetostoma sp.: Paul, 1986: 118; 2000: 118; Anderson et al. 1998: unnumbered, distribution map; Roberts & McPhee, 1998: 66; Smith et al. 2006: 379, figs 1, 3, 4, molecular analysis and meristics. Roberts et al., 2009: 535, listed; Kathetostoma giganteum (non Haast, 1873): Doak, 1978: 132, colour plate 59 top. Kathetostoma laeve (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801): Kashimoto in Amaoka et al. 1990: 298, plate 230, description. Holotype. NMNZ P. 42147 (334) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 ° 42 ’ S, 173 ° 37 ’ E, 100m, FV Brac, 4 July 2002, bottom trawl. Paratypes. (31: 67.7-560): AMS I. 42757 -004 (316) New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 ° 36.067 ' S – 32 ° 36.067 ' S, 167 ° 34.600 ' E – 167 ° 34.517 ' E, 116–119m, TAN0308- 112, RV Tangaroa, NORFANZ team, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; BMNH 2010.10. 22.1 (244), formerly part of NMNZ P. 39337; CAS 230375 (267), formerly part of NMNZ P. 39337; NMNZ P. 10111 (67.7) New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, NW off Cape Reinga, 34 ° 3.5500' S, 172 ° 12.4500' E, 481–503m, JCO 8106 /055, RV James Cook, 23 April 1981, trawl; NMNZ P. 18175 (483) New Zealand, North Island, Bay of Plenty, Off the East side of Mayor Island, Bay of Plenty, 37 ° 18 ’ S, 176 ° 18 ’ E, 37–91m, MoNZ T 86, FV Asterix, G. Nicholson & K. Smith, 17 February 1986, set net; NMNZ P. 29710 (2: 305–366) New Zealand, Snares Islands, E Snares Shelf NW Campbell Plateau, 48 ° 18.28 ' S, 167 ° 57.25 ' E, 132–134m, TAN 9301 /066, RV Tangaroa, 23 February 1993, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 31966 (188) New Zealand, South Island, Otago, approx. 20 nautical miles S of Dunedin, 46 ° 35.345 ' S, 167 ° 14.390 ' E, 63–66, TAN 9502 / 144, RV Tangaroa, P. McMillan, 10 March 1995, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 33673 (560) New Zealand, North Island, Taranaki, off the Puniho coast, SW of New Plymouth, 39 ° 10 ’ S, 173 ° 35 ’ E, 80m, J. & R. Ansley, September 1996; NMNZ P. 34887 (2: 316–398) New Zealand, Chatham Islands, NE Chatham Rise, 43 ° 15.1450 ' S, 177 ° 4.4083 ' W, 310–327m, TAN 9801 /030, RV Tangaroa, P. McMillan, 0 8 January 1998, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 39337 (3: 308–453) Australia, Norfolk Island, Wanganella Bank, 32 ° 37.200 ' S, 167 ° 35.635 ' E, 120–127m, NORFANZ TAN 0308/ 117, RV Tangaroa, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; NMNZ P. 40689 (255) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, Snares Islands Shelf, 48 ° 49.55 ' S, 166 ° 59.30 ' E, 176–195m, OBS 1738 /065, FV Chiyo Maru 3, Marli Dee, 20 February 2003, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 40700 (2: 157–195) New Zealand, Snares Islands, South-east Snares Shelf, 48 ° 49.90 ' S, 166 ° 57.75 ' E, 176–182m, OBS 1856 /018, FV Sur Este 707, Chris Petyt, 27 January 2004, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 40701 (207) New Zealand, Snares Islands, Southern Snares Shelf, 48 ° 47.65 ' S, 166 ° 29.75 ' E, 174–190m, OBS 1856 /026, FV Sur Este 707, Chris Petyt, 30 January 2004, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 41511 (324) New Zealand, Snares Islands, south eastern Snares Shelf., 48 ° 33.8850 ' S, 168 ° 5.6250 ' E, 250– 500m, TAN 0 118, RV Tangaroa, November 2001, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 41697 (146) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, North-east Puysegur Trench, 44 ° 57.10 ' S, 166 ° 4.35 ' E, 174–222m, OBS 1604 /079, FV Oyang 97, 12 March 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P 41747 (2: 128–175) New Zealand, South Island, Southland, Puysegur Bank, 46 ° 31.50 ' S, 166 ° 4.25 ' E, 185–270m, OBS 1609 /052, FV Tomi Maru 86, Julian Hall, 0 2 March 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42076 (209) New Zealand, Snares Islands, South of The Snares, 48 ° 48.75 ' S, 166 ° 40.55 ' E, 180– 244m, OBS 1609 /016, FV Tomi Maru 86, Julian Hall, 0 9 February 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42132 (307) New Zealand, South Island, off Stewart Island; NMNZ P. 42145 (262) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 ° 42 ’ S, 173 ° 37 ’ E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42146 (292) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 º 42.000 ' S, 173 º 37.000 ' E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMNZ P. 42153 (308) New Zealand, North Island, 11 Miles off Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, 35 ° 42 ’ S, 173 ° 37 ’ E, 100m, FV Brac, 0 4 July 2002, bottom trawl; NMV A 25153 -001 (223) New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 ° 36.067 ' S – 32 ° 36.067 ' S, 167 ° 35.217 ' E – 167 ° 35.217 ' E, 116–122m, TAN0308- 105, RV Tangaroa, M. Gomon, 29 May 2003; NMV A 25157 -003 (282) same data as AMS I 42757 -004; NMV A 25161 -003 (311), New Zealand, West Norfolk Ridge, Wanganella Bank, 32 ° 35.783 ' S – 32 ° 35.783 ' S, 167 ° 38.550 ' E – 167 ° 41.250 ' E, 325–497m, TAN0308- 118, RV Tangaroa, M. Gomon, 30 May 2003, ratcatcher trawl; USNM 398707 (172), formerly part of NMNZ P. 40700. Other material. NMNZ P. 10111 (66.3); NMNZ P. 13112 (2: 360–400); NMV A 25157 -006 (197); NMV A 25161 (308). Diagnosis. Dorsal fin rays 15–17; anal fin rays 14–16; vertebrae 30–31; head and body broad, head width 1.2– 1.7 times its length, covered with tiny blunt knobs in juveniles to almost smooth in adults; mouth with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smooth; ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base; 17–19 gill rakers on first arch in the form of patches of fine teeth, patches broad, about six to ten teeth across patches, not in distinct rows, innermost teeth rather short; dorsal fin of moderate length, its base 43–66 % of predorsal length; pelvic fins large, their length 23–28 % SL; body whitish below usually with two broad, vertical, dark-brown, variously distinct bands or saddles across back, most distinct in juveniles and small adults. Description. (See Table 2 for frequencies of values for selected meristic characters.) Dorsal fin rays 15–17; anal fin rays 14–16; pectoral fin rays 21; pelvic fin rays I, 5; vertebrae 30–31. (See Table 1 for comparative ranges of selected proportional measurements.) Body tapering from a broad, flat, bony head (head width 1.2–1.7 times its length) covered with tiny blunt knobs in juveniles to almost smooth with fine radiating pattern in adults. Eyes directed upwards, small; bony orbital rim separated medially by naked rectangular space. Mouth large, vertical, with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smooth; lips with short ridge-like crenulations. Ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base. Scales absent; lateral line pores in skin high on side close to base of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin low, of moderate length, its base 43–66 % of predorsal length. Pectoral fins huge, fan-like. Pelvic fins large, their length 23–28 % SL. Largest specimen examined 560 mm SL. Pigmentation in alcohol. Pale dusky with two broad dark blotchy bands across dorsum to midside (most distinct in juveniles and small adults; large adults more uniformly dark above), one across predorsal with paler area on dorsal midline, second across dorsal base, paler areas including side of head and chin speckled with smaller darkish blotches; top of head rather pale with darkish blotches on skin covered areas (as lines radiating from eyes in some); underside slightly dusky; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dark, dorsal and caudal fins with continuous pale margin; pectoral fin dark to margin centrally with pale distal margin dorsally and ventrally, anal and pelvic fins dusky, pelvics with pale margin. TABLE 1. Selected proportional measurements and counts for Kathetostoma giganteum and types of K. binigrasella sp. nov. Kathetostoma binagrasella sp. nov. Kathetostoma giganteum Holotype Paratypes (n= 32) (n= 15) Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Standard length (mm) 334 67.7–560 52.0– 529 % SL Meristic values Dorsal-fin rays 15 15–17 17–19 Anal-fin rays 15 14–16 17–18 Vertebrae 30 30–31 33–34 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Kathetostoma spp Dorsal Fin Rays Vertebrae binigrasella sp.nov. 16 9 1 23 1 giganteum 1 4 6 1 11 canaster 9 7 5 1 3 12 2 laeve 3 17 6 3 13 7 nigrofasciata 2 9 3 6 Anal Fin Rays binigrasella sp.nov. 3 23 2 giganteum 6 6 canaster 3 17 laeve 3 15 7 nigrofasciata 8 3 Fresh colours: Greenish tan above, bands brownish with scattered dark brown speckles and blotches, underside greyish white with pink tinges, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dark greenish brown, dorsal and pectoral speckled with brown; pelvic and anal fins dusk white with white margins. Etymology. The specific name binigrasella, from the Latin bi for ‘two’, nigra for ‘dark’ and sella for ‘saddle’ refers to the broad dark brown saddle-like bands dorsally on the body that are obvious features distinguishing this species from its New Zealand congener. Distribution. Widespread and relatively common in coastal and offshore waters, from the Wanganella Bank (southern Norfolk Ridge) to the Snares shelf, including the Chatham Rise. Endemic to New Zealand. Occurs at 10– 500 m depth, but more frequently taken in 100–300 m; lives on sand or mud bottoms. Comments. Despite its recognition for more than 25 years, this species has been confused with its New Zealand congener Kathetostoma giganteum in literature and fisheries catch data. Records of New Zealand giant stargazers probably include both species, especially where capture depths are less than 400 m. Based on confirmed records, population sizes of this species are smaller than those of its congener. A genetic study by Smith et al. (2006) implies closer relationships between the new species and the rather broadly distributed Australian Kathetostoma leave (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), and between Kathetostoma gigantum and the southeastern Australian Kathetostoma canaster Gomon & Last, 1987, than the two New Zealand congeners are to one another. This is consistent with differences in morphology (Table 2) and depth distributions of the four, with K. binigrasella and K. leave having relatively few vertebrae (30–31 and 28–31 respectively) and anal fin rays (14–16 and 13–15), shorter and chunkier bodies, smaller eyes, prominent broad banded colour patterns and shallower depth ranges, and K. canaster and K. giganteum having more vertebrae (31–33 and 33–35 respectively) and anal fin rays (15–16 and 17–19), more elongate and slender bodies, larger eyes, more obscure banding, if banding is at all apparent, and distributions to greater depths (to 700 and over 1000m respectively). Genetics of the fifth Australasian species K. nigrofasciatum confined to the outer portion of the continental shelf and top of the slope in southwestern Australia supports a common ancestry with the ancestor of all four. That species has even lower meristic values, which overlap partially with those of B. binigrasella and B. leave, as well as a distinctly banded pattern that may be more indicative of the ancestral condition than a relationship between the species, as at least the banded colouration is found in other uranoscopid genera as well.

Genus Kathetostoma Kathetostoma G��nther, 1860: 231 (type species Uranoscopus laevis Bloch & Schneider, 1801, by monotypy) Cathetostoma Gill, 1861: 114; Boulenger 1901: 266 (an incorrect subsequent spelling of Kathetostoma G��nther) Diagnosis. Body naked; head square to rectangular in cross section; eyes directed upward, small; bony orbital rim separated medially by naked rectangular space; mouth with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smoothly curved, without tabular (plectroid) processes or fleshy barbel; lips with short ridge-like crenulations; ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base without fringe ventrally; scales absent; lateral line pores in skin high on side close to base of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin continuous, with 13���18 segmented rays, lacking separate spinous section anteriorly or short nub-like spines unconnected by membranes anteriorly on back; anal fin with 12���18 segmented rays; pectoral fins huge, fan-like; pelvic fins moderately large. Distribution. Temperate and cool tropical parts of Australia and New Zealand in the Indo-West Pacific, the central part of the west coast of the Americas in the Eastern Pacific and the central Western Atlantic. Comments. The two widely separated species complexes with contrasting tropical and temperate distributions that constitute this genus, with relationships supported by genetic evidence (Smith et al, 2006), is unusual for the family, but at least two other uranoscopid genera, Ichthyscopus Swainson, 1839 and Xenocephalus Kaup, 1858 have both low and high latitude species., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Roberts, Clive D., 2011, A second New Zealand species of the stargazer genus Kathetostoma (Trachinoidei: Uranoscopidae), pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 2776 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203322, {"references":["Smith, P. J., McPhee, R. P. & Roberts, C. D. (2006) DNA and meristic evidence for two spcies of giant stargazer (Teleostei: Uranoscopidae: Kathetostoma) in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40, 379 - 387, 4 figs, 2 tbls."]}

Kathetostoma giganteum Haast, 1873 Giant Stargazer Figs 2, 5, 6: Tbls 1���2. Kathetostoma leave (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801): Hutton, 1872: 23, Wellington Harbor. Kathetostoma giganteum Haast, 1873: Trans. Proc. New Zeal. Inst. 5: 274, pl. 16 (second from top), Heathcote estuary, NZ; holotype: CMC. Kathetostoma giganteum: Waite, 1911: 241; Waite & McCulloch, 1915: 471; Phillipps, 1921: 123, listed; Phillipps, 1927: 43; Mees, 1960: 47, 56; Whitley, 1968: 69, listed; Ayling & Cox, 1982: 271, pl. 35; Paul, 1986: 118; Francis, 1988: 48, pl. 116; Paul, 2000: 118; Kashimoto in Amaoka et al. 1990: 297, pl. 229, description; Anderson et al. 1998: unnumbered, distribution map; Smith et al. 2006: 379, figs 1, 3, 4, molecular analysis and meristics; Roberts et al., 2009: 535, listed. Material examined (17: 52.0- 529). NMNZ P. 1286 (105), NMNZ P. 10376 (529), NMNZ P. 30702 (78.3), NMNZ P. 30818 (4: 72.2���195), NMNZ P. 38774 (104), NMNZ P. 40882 (277), NMNZ P. 40883 (227), NMNZ P. 40884 (422), NMNZ P. 41212 (52.0), NMNZ P. 41739 (3: 110���123), NMNZ P. 42067 (503), NMNZ P. 42081 (314). Diagnosis. Dorsal fin rays 17���19; anal fin rays 17���18; vertebrae 33���34. Body rather elongate, tapering from a moderately broad, flat, bony head (head width 1.1���1.4 times its length) covered with tiny blunt spines in juveniles (Fig. 2 A) to low radiating ridges in adults; eyes directed upwards, small; bony orbital rim separated medially by naked rectangular space; mouth large, vertical, with several prominent canines between smaller canines; chin smooth; lips with short ridge-like crenulations; ventral margin of preopercle with four spine-like processes; anterior end of isthmus with a pair of prominent forward directed spines; prominent cleithral spine sheathed with skin above pectoral fin base; 14���17 gill rakers on first arch in the form of patches of fine teeth, patches narrow, teeth in three or four rows, innermost row rather long; scales absent; lateral line pores in skin high on side close to base of dorsal fin; dorsal fin low, elongate, its base 67���82 % of predorsal length; pectoral fins huge, fan-like; pelvic fins moderately large, their length 20���25 % SL. (See Table 1 for a summary of proportional measurements and meristic values.) Maximum size of specimens examined 650 mm SL, but reported in the literature as reaching 850 mm (Francis 2001). Pigmentation in alcohol. Juveniles dark overall with lengthwise, often irregular pale stripes, one at base of dorsal fin extending onto nape. Slightly larger individuals rather uniformly dark dorsum extending to posterior end of dorsal fin with narrow lengthwise white stripe following lateral line onto caudal fin and shorter stripes above and below anterior to dorsal fin; white markings smaller and more irregular in larger juveniles; dark area reaching ventrally to lateral midline only below posterior end of dorsal fin and above pectoral fin; underside pale; top of head mottled pale and dark; caudal peduncle very pale; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dark with pale distal margins; anal and pelvic fins pale. Large adults rather uniformly dark with some darker speckles and mottling; pale lateral line becoming less apparent. Fresh colours. Mottled dark greenish brown and tan above with scattered dark brown to black speckles and blotches, pale areas, especially around lateral line, almost white, underside greyish white with pink tinges, dorsal caudal and pectoral fins dark greenish brown, dorsal and pectoral speckled with brown; pelvic and anal fins dusky white with white margins. Distribution. Endemic to New Zealand, distributed widely in coastal, shelf and offshore waters, including Chatham Rise, Lord Howe Rise and Campbell Plateau; the record from Tasmanian waters (Scott, 1974; 1980) is incorrect and a misidentification of specimens of K. canaster. Occurs at a wide range of depths from shallow estuaries to more than 1000 m on the upper slope with the species��� greatest abundance at 200��� 400 m. Comments. Kathetostoma fluviatilis Hutton, 1972, based on a 1.7 inch juvenile collected in fresh water of the Manawatu River, may be an earlier name for this species. The type is apparently no longer extant. Although Hutton���s brief description more closely matches the species described below, descriptions of uranoscopids by early authors have proven to be unreliable, especially with fin ray counts. As neither of New Zealand���s species of Kathetostoma has been adequately documented in fully freshwater conditions, questions remain about the true identity of the species. It is therefore regarded as a nomen dubium., Published as part of Gomon, Martin F. & Roberts, Clive D., 2011, A second New Zealand species of the stargazer genus Kathetostoma (Trachinoidei: Uranoscopidae), pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 2776 on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203322, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1872) Fishes of New Zealand. Catalogue with diagnoses of the species. Colonial Museum and Geological Department, James Hughes, Wellington: i - xvi, 1 - 133, 12 pls.","Waite, E. R. (1911) Scientific results of the New Zealand Government trawling expedition, 1907. Pisces, Part 2. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 1 (3), 157 - 272, pls 24 - 57, figs 1 - 3.","Waite, E. R. & McCulloch, A. R. (1915) The fishes of the South Australian Government trawling cruise, 1914. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 39, 455 - 476, fig. 1.","Mees, G. F. (1960) The Uranoscopidae of Western Australia (Pisces, Perciformes). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 43 (2), 46 - 58, figs 1 - 9.","Whitley, G. P. (1968) A check-list of the fishes recorded from the New Zealand Region. Australian Zoologist, 15 (1), 1 - 102, figs 1 - 2.","Ayling, T. & Cox, G. J. (1982) Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand. Collins, Auckland: 343 pp., 48 col. pls, txt figs.","Paul, L. J. (1986) New Zealand Fishes. An identification guide. Reed Methuen: 184 pp.","Francis, M. (1988) Coastal Fishes of New Zealand. A Diver's Identification Guide. Reed Publishing, Auckland: 63 pp, 146 col. pls.","Paul, L. J. (2000) New Zealand Fishes. Identification, natural history and fisheries. Reed Publishing, Auckland: 253 pp.","Anderson, O., Bagley, N., Hurst, R., Francis, M., Clark, M. & McMillan, P. (1998) Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from research bottom trawls. NIWA Technical Report, 42.","Smith, P. J., McPhee, R. P. & Roberts, C. D. (2006) DNA and meristic evidence for two spcies of giant stargazer (Teleostei: Uranoscopidae: Kathetostoma) in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40, 379 - 387, 4 figs, 2 tbls.","Roberts, C. D., Paulin, C. D., Stewart, A. L., McPhee, R. P. & McDowall, R. M. (2009) Appendix. Checklist of living lancelets, jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes. Pp. 527 - 536. In: Gordon, D. P. (ed). The New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Christchurch. Canterbury University Press.","Francis, M. (2001) Coastal Fishes of New Zealand. An Identification Guide. Reed Publishing, Auckland: 103 pp., 203 col. pls.","Scott, E. O. G. (1974) Observations on some Tasmanian fishes: Part XX. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 108, 171 - 197, 4 figs.","Scott, E. O. G. (1980) Observations on some Tasmanian fishes: Part XXVI. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 114, 85 - 144, 2 pls, 7 tbls."]}

Hippocampus paradoxus sp. nov. Paradoxical Seahorse Figs 1, 2 A, 3 Hippocampus sp D: Kuiter, 2009:141, 2 figs. Holotype. SAMA F 10490, female, SW of Esperance, Western Australia (approximately 34 o 29 ��� S, 121 o 32 ��� E), Station GAB 108, depth 102 m, epibenthic sled, RV Franklin, collected by S. Hageman, P. Bock & Y. Bone, 26 July 1995. Diagnosis. A species of Hippocampus having: no dorsal fin, a series of fleshy, fin-like lobes along dorsal midline of trunk and tail, 8 trunk rings, 11 pectoral fin rays, extremely robust cleithrum, and prominent first nuchal plate. Description of holotype. Counts: DF ���; PF 11; AF 2; TrR 8; TaR 41. Measurements: SL 64.6; HL 9.8 (15.2 % SL); TrL 14.8 (22.9 % SL); TaL 40.0 (61.9 % SL); HD 8.4 (85.7 % HL); SnL 2.5 (25.5 % HL); OD 1.9 (19.4 % HL); PO 5.3 (54.1 % HL); CH 4.9 (50.0% HL); SnD 1.9 (76.0% SnL); PL 1.2. (1.9 % SL). Head, trunk and tail very compressed, extremely fleshy without obvious bony segments; abdomen, situated between TrR 6 and TrR 8, broad and protuberant; dorsal surface densely covered with microscopic papillae, papillae also ventrally in some areas, particularly tail, but much less dense; several minute papilliform cirri, visible on expanded supraoccipital. Head prominent (HL 15.2 % SL), axis approximately 90 o to trunk axis; cleithrum particularly well developed and robust making head bulbous posteriorly; head deep, (HD 85.7 % HL) rising steeply from short snout (SnL 25.5 % HL) to a prominent supraoccipital; first nuchal plate also prominent dorsally, of similar height to supraoccipital, relative to horizontal axis of head and much higher than second nuchal plate; coronet only evident in radiograph as diffuse ossification, lying between supraoccipital and first nuchal plate and not in contact with supraoccipital; fleshy ridge-like crest extending posteriorly from supraoccipital, between gill openings, and over first nuchal plate; crest midway between supraoccipital and cleithrum���corresponding to position of coronet���the highest point on head (CH 50.0% HL); gill openings narrowly separated at top of head just anterior to cleithrum; cleithrum prominent laterally and dorsally, reaching to top of first nuchal plate; no cleithral ring evident on dermis. Orbit surrounded by 9 conical papillae; additional conical papillae on head visible with magnification, some corresponding in position to head spines of species that have them; largest, a broad based ���nose spine��� just anterior to eyes with smaller papillae on snout and forehead, above eyes, on supraoccipital, on operculum, around gill openings and overlying second nuchal plate; very low circular mound-like tubercle, approximately 1.5mm in diameter, high on head above operculum; blunt fleshy ���neck spine���, adorned with short cirri, at intersection of superior trunk ridge with TrR 1. Trunk and tail rings barely perceptible but discernable with transillumination; no trunk ridges clearly evident externally, though inferior trunk ridge discernible through dermis; position of superior trunk ridge inferable from cross sectional body shape; caudal segments quadrangular but tail ridges poorly defined. Dorsal midline of trunk and tail with medially aligned dermal outgrowths (lobes) that superficially resemble fins: 2 on trunk, first on anteriormost 3 trunk rings low, second, covering TrR 7 and anterior half of TrR 8, resembling dorsal fin but very fleshy and without rays; remaining 10 lobes on tail, more delicate and membranous; base of first on tail covering TaR 3, TaR 4 and much of TaR 5; anterior tail lobes fairly regularly spaced, each spanning about 2���2.5 rings and separated by about 1���1.5 rings; spacing less regular posteriorly, with lobes becoming smaller and less distinctively shaped, posteriormost reduced to small tubercle; second tail lobe considerably smaller than first and third; pairs of small, fleshy, flange-like, lateral outgrowths adjacent to inferior tail ridges ventral to the second and third tail lobes. Urinogenital opening raised and surrounded radially by pleated skin folds. Anal fin tiny, fleshy, both rays branching from base; number confirmed by CT scan that shows two pterygiophores at base. Osteology. CT scan reveals mostly complete, but very light, ossification dorsally on body; superior and lateral trunk ridges clearly discernable but lateral trunk ridge lost with ossification decreasing just prior to tail; ossification ventral to lateral trunk ridge reduced with trunk rings not fused to neighbours. TrR 1 completely encircling ���neck��� and fused to cleithrum; remaining thoracic rings (TrR 2 ��� TrR 6) almost encircling trunk but unfused ventrally and ventral trunk ridge absent; TrR 7 similar to anterior rings but because of expanded abdomen not encircling body; ossified ventral elements associated with last trunk ring (TrR 8) scaffold-like, somewhat extended and strongly angled posteriorly, following contour of posterior surface of abdomen. Segmented inferior trunk ridge remnants, originating from TrR 6 ossified elements, follow contour of abdomen converging ventro-posteriorly, to run almost parallel adjacent to ventral midline, before diverging after TrR 7 and recurving dorso-posteriorly and terminating just anterior to anus, approximately level with origin of tail (see fig 3); cross-shaped ridges on segments the only remnants of intersection with trunk rings posterior to TrR 6. Eleventh vertebra considered to be first caudal vertebra as it is first vertebra with haemal spine; associated 9 th ring therefore regarded as first caudal ring; remaining caudal segments totally enclosed by bone, quadrangular. Based on CT scan, ossified structures at base of second dermal lobe mid-dorsally on trunk (visible in radiograph and initially interpreted as remnants of dorsal fin pterygiophores) appear to be bony outgrowths of superior trunk ridges. From late 2010, additional CT scan images of H. paradoxus can be viewed at www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/ ichthyology/research. Colouration. Colour in life unknown. Colour in preservative yellow-cream, peppered with tiny brown dots; nuchal tubercles densely dotted; series of faint brown spots, some with pale centres, on dorsal midline between TrR 3 and TrR 6. Reproduction. The holotype is a female with a greatly distended abdomen holding eleven hydrated oocytes that are each approximately 2 mm in diameter. It was collected in late July. Although male specimens are unavailable, the similarity of this species with H. minotaur would support a hypothesis that the pouch is caudal in position. Habitat. The holotype was collected from the midcontinental shelf benthos (102 m) by researchers targeting bryozoans. High energy waves sweep the sea bed of the Great Australian Bight at this depth producing expanses of rippled sand interspersed with sponge and bryozoan stabilised ���islands��� (James et al., 2001). The collection site featured a complex, highly diverse assemblage of bryozoans, including Adeona, a number of bushy flexible species (Fam. Catenicellidae), "lace corals" (Fam. Phidoloporidae) and some sponges, on a coarse substrate of calcareous sand (Bock pers. comm.). Seafloor photographs in James et al. (2001: 561, fig. 9) illustrate this habitat type. Water temperatures in the western GAB are moderated by the warm Leeuwin Current during winter. At the time of collection, in late July 1995, the Leeuwin Current was distinct offshore and waters were isothermal (James et al., 2001). Distribution. Known only from the type locality south west of Esperance, Western Australia, on the extreme western margin of the Great Australian Bight (GAB). There are few records of Hippocampus from the more than 2500 km of high energy coastline, stretching from the extreme south west of Western Australia eastward across the GAB to the tip of Eyre Peninsular in South Australia, but the large mid-continental shelf regions have not been extensively collected. Comparison with similar species. The only species with which H. paradoxus is likely to be confused is H. minotaur. The two are of similar size and body form and share TrR, TaR, and PF counts. All known specimens of H. minotaur have a dorsal fin with 7 or 9 rays (Lourie & Kuiter, 2008) and a raised base on the ultimate trunk ring and first tail ring, whereas H. paradoxus entirely lacks a dorsal fin and has no indication of a raised base at this position. The cleithrum of H. paradoxus is much more robust and the first nuchal plate is more dorsally prominent with a height about the same as the supraoccipital, relative to the horizontal axis of the head. In H. minotaur the supraoccipital (���coronet��� of Gomon, 1997) is tallest and the head lacks the fleshy crest and tapers into a much deeper anterior trunk. Hippocampus minotaur appears to have lost the thoracic rings ventrally whilst they are retained, in part at least, in H. paradoxus. The former also lacks the circumocular papillae of H. paradoxus. Although H. minotaur does not feature the dramatic dorsal appendages of H. paradoxus, some specimens have mid-dorsal tubercular swellings that may be homologous. These swellings are particularly evident on the paratypes (see Gomon 1997, figs 1 b & 3 a, Kuiter 2009, p. 141). They are situated along the body and tail in nearly the same positions and are very similar in appearance to the distal tubercular swellings on the tail of H. paradoxus. Radiography revealed other similarities. The female H. minotaur paratype (AMS IA. 3509) has ossified structures on the dorsum similar to the bony prominences of the superior trunk ridges evident in the CT scan of H. paradoxus. More significantly, the extended TrR 8 ossified elements are present and there are indications of inferior trunk ridge remnants girdling the anterior of the abdomen (see fig 2). Etymology. Latin masc. adj. paradoxus, ���strange, contrary to all expectation���, in reference to the unusual morphology relative to all other seahorses., Published as part of Foster, Ralph & Gomon, Martin F., 2010, A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2613 on pages 62-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197840, {"references":["James, N. L., Bone, Y., Collins, L. B. & Kyser, T. K. (2001) Surficial sediments of the Great Australian Bight: facies dynamics and oceanography on a vast cool-water carbonate shelf. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71 (4), 549 - 567.","Lourie, S. & Kuiter, R. H. (2008) Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Zootaxa, 1963, 54 - 68.","Gomon, M. F. (1997) A remarkable new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-eastern Australia, with a redescription of H. bargibanti Whitley from New Caledonia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 56 (1), 245 - 253."]}