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AsbstractWe model the value chain of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) by focusing on the decisions taken by actors involved in either capture, transport or storage of CO2. Plants emitting CO2 are located apart. If these invest in carbon capture facilities, the captured CO2 is transported to terminals, which again transport the received amount of CO2 to a storage site. Because of network effects, we may have three equilibria: one with no CCS, one with low investments in CCS, and one with high investments in CCS. In a numerical specification of the model, we find that the market for CCS may be in a state of excess inertia, i.e., even if the social cost of carbon is sufficiently high to justify investment from a social point of view, the market actors may not succeed in coordinating their efforts to reach the equilibrium with high investment. The government should then consider offering economic incentives to investments. In addition to the network effect, several other market imperfections exist, such as market power, economics of scale and the environmental externality from CO2 emissions. We identify policy instruments—in addition to a correctly set carbon tax—that will correct for the remaining market imperfections and bring private investments in line with the first-best levels. Without correction, too many terminals are set up and too few plants invest in capture facilities in our reference market structure.

Circadian rhythms represent an adaptive feature, ubiquitously found in nature, which grants living beings the ability to anticipate daily variations in their environment. They have been found in a multitude of organisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, plants, and animals. Circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous clocks that can be entrained daily by environmental cycles such as light and temperature. The molecular machinery of circadian clocks includes a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that takes approximately 24 h to complete. Drosophila melanogaster has been a model organism of choice to understand the molecular basis of circadian clocks. However, alternative animal models are also being adopted, each offering their respective experimental advantages. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an excellent model for genetics and neuro-behavioral studies, which thanks to its ease of use and manipulation, as well as availability of genetic data and mutant strains, is currently used as a novel model for circadian research. Here, we aim to evaluate C. elegans as a model for chronobiological studies, focusing on its strengths and weaknesses while reviewing the available literature. Possible zeitgebers (including light and temperature) are also discussed. Determining the molecular bases and the neural circuitry involved in the central pacemaker of the C. elegans’ clock will contribute to the understanding of its circadian system, becoming a novel model organism for the study of diseases due to alterations of the circadian cycle.

SUMMARY The horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio inversion is a traditional technique for deriving the local subsurface structure on Earth. We calculated the H/V from the ambient vibrations at different wind levels at the InSight landing site, on Mars, and also computed the H/V from the S-wave coda of the martian seismic events (marsquakes). Different H/V curves were obtained for different wind periods and from the marsquakes. From the ambient vibrations, the recordings during low-wind periods are close to the instrument self-noise level. During high-wind periods, the seismic recordings are highly contaminated by the interaction of the lander with the wind and the martian ground. Therefore, these recordings are less favourable for traditional H/V analysis. Instead, the recordings of the S-wave coda of marsquakes were preferred to derive the characteristic H/V curve of this site between 0.4 and 10 Hz. The final H/V curve presents a characteristic trough at 2.4 Hz and a strong peak at 8 Hz. Using a full diffuse wavefield approach as the forward computation and the Neighbourhood Algorithm as the sampling technique, we invert for the 1-D shear wave velocity structure at the InSight landing site. Based on our inversion results, we propose a strong site effect at the InSight site to be due to the presence of a shallow high-velocity layer (SHVL) over low-velocity units. The SHVL is likely placed below a layer of coarse blocky ejecta and can be associated with Early Amazonian basaltic lava flows. The units below the SHVL have lower velocities, possibly related to a Late Hesperian or Early Amazonian epoch with a different magmatic regime and/or a greater impact rate and more extensive weathering. An extremely weak buried low velocity layer (bLVL) between these lava flows explains the data around the 2.4 Hz trough, whereas a more competent bLVL would not generate this latter feature. These subsurface models are in good agreement with results from hammering experiment and compliance measurements at the InSight landing site. Finally, this site effect is revealed only by seismic events data and explains the larger horizontal than vertical ground motion recorded for certain type of marsquakes.

The molecular signature response classifier (MSRC) predicts tumor necrosis factor-ɑ inhibitor (TNFi) non-response in rheumatoid arthritis. This study evaluates decision-making, validity, and utility of MSRC testing. This comparative cohort study compared an MSRC-tested arm (N = 627) from the Study to Accelerate Information of Molecular Signatures (AIMS) with an external control arm (N = 2721) from US electronic health records. Propensity score matching was applied to balance baseline characteristics. Patients initiated a biologic/targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, or continued TNFi therapy. Odds ratios (ORs) for six-month response were calculated based on clinical disease activity index (CDAI) scores for low disease activity/remission (CDAI-LDA/REM), remission (CDAI-REM), and minimally important differences (CDAI-MID) . In MSRC-tested patients, 59% had a non-response signature and 70% received MSRC-aligned therapy . In TNFi-treated patients, the MSRC had an 88% PPV and 54% sensitivity. MSRC-guided patients were significantly (p < 0.0001) more likely to respond to b/tsDMARDs than those treated according to standard care (CDAI-LDA/REM: 36.0% vs 21.9%, OR 2.01[1.55–2.60]; CDAI-REM: 10.4% vs 3.6%, OR 3.14 [1.94–5.08]; CDAI-MID: 49.5% vs 32.8%, OR 2.01[1.58–2.55]). MSRC clinical validity supports high clinical utility: guided treatment selection resulted in significantly superior outcomes relative to standard care; nearly three times more patients reached CDAI remission. Clinicians can offer rheumatoid arthritis patients many types of therapies but the response rate for each of these drugs is low. For example, within the first year of treatment, just about one-half of patients respond to the first-line drug, csDMARD. Only one-third of methotrexate-unresponsive patients will respond to the most common second-line agent, a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. These low response rates present a critical challenge to treating patients. Clinicians try different cs- and b/tsDMARD and fail to quickly identify the most effective options. Then, disease will progress, irreversibly destroying patient joints, diminishing patient health-related quality of life, and increasing risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and death. To help clinicians quickly identify the best drugs for patients in a treat-to-target approach, a precision-medicine test was developed to identify patients unlikely to respond to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. This molecular signature response classifier considers both molecular features (patient RNA-expression levels) and clinical features (e.g. body mass index, sex) to predict patient response. To evaluate the effectiveness of this test, the outcomes of patients treated with classifier-selected drugs (in a large, tested cohort) were compared with outcomes of patients treated with conventionally selected therapies (in an external cohort of electronic-health-record data). Patients treated with classifier-selected therapies were approximately three times as likely to achieve remission than were patients treated with conventionally selected drugs. These results suggest that this molecular signature response classifier is a valuable tool for more quickly identifying optimal therapies to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Biological timing (including circadian and interval timing) has mainly focused on rigorously controlled laboratory experiments. There are relatively few studies looking into interval timing behaviors in the wild, which could be understandable due to the complexity of the experimental design but are definitely needed in order to comprehend the adaptive value of such behavior. In this opinion paper we review some of the literature regarding timing observations under field conditions, including reports from birds and mammals, and propose a call-to-action to think about the need of a more naturalistic interpretation of time production and perception, as well as the advantage of designing more ‘natural’ settings in the laboratory.

The benefits of feeding human milk to human infants are well-established. Preterm infants, particularly those born with very low birthweight (VLBW

Cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinoma reflect the first and second most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer, respectively. Especially cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has the tendency to metastasize, finally resulting in a rather poor prognosis. Therapeutic options comprise surgery, radiation therapy, and a systemic or targeted chemotherapy. There are some good treatment results, but overall, the response rate of newly developed drugs is still modest. Drug repurposing represents an alternative approach where already available and clinically approved substances are used, which originally intended for other clinical benefits. In this context, we tested the effect of the naturally occurring polyphenolic aldehyde (±) gossypol with concentrations between 1 and 5 µM on the invasive squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-1 and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Gossypol treatment up to 96 h resulted in a selective cytotoxicity of SCL-1 cells (IC50: 1.7 µM, 96 h) compared with normal keratinocytes (IC50: ≥ 5.4 µM, 96 h) which is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and finally leading to necroptotic cell death. Taken together, gossypol shows a high potential as an alternative anticancer drug for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Aeolian activity, the movement of sand and dust by the wind, is common on Earth and has been observed on other planets [1]. Under the current climatic conditions on Mars, aeolian activity is the primary process of surface modification driven by winds, dust storms and wind vortices. Landed and orbiting cameras show that widespread aeolian activity occurs despite low measured and modelled winds, challenging Earth-based theories [2, 3]. Dust particles enter into long-term suspension forming global dust storms which drastically alter the Martian atmospheric dynamics and present hazards to robotic and human missions.Several models have been proposed on the long-standing conundrum of sediment transport on Mars, however, none of these have been verified on the planet. The outstanding question of what wind shear velocities mobilize sediments on Mars has remained elusive despite multiple spacecrafts carrying wind sensors and studying aeolian activity on finer spatial and temporal scales than can be achieved in orbit. Quantitative examination of aeolian activity under natural Martian surface conditions is imperative in validating transport models.The InSight lander has provided a unique opportunity for monitoring simultaneous coverage of aeolian activity on Mars by combining, for the first time, imaging with atmospheric, seismic and magnetic measurements. Previous studies spanned over just half of the first Martian year, from the end of northern winter to midsummer, and observed minor aeolian activity limited to sporadic grain motion and dust devil tracks [4, 5].In this study, we extend observations of aeolian activity for two Martian years, allowing us to infer the seasonal evolution at the landing site. We report a series of remarkable daytime vortex-induced events with pressure excursions up to 10 Pa, including an investigation of the burst in daytime vortices and emergence of nighttime vortices in northern autumn. Despite our observations reinforcing the quiescent aeolian surface environment at InSight, we observe further evidence and constrain timings of surface track formation, saltation, dust lifting and surface creep of coarser particles both on the surface of Mars and lander elements. Such an investigation was previously impossible due to power constraints allowing only intermittent meteorological measurements in the second year and wind-sensor saturation from energetic close vortex encounters that cause surface changes. Here, we derive estimates of vortex-induced peak wind speeds responsible for grain motion based on strong correlations from the excitation of high-frequency lander resonances sensitive to wind forcing measured continuously by the seismometers [6]. This wealth of data allows us to obtain a unique catalogue of complete wind-induced surface activity at InSight over two Martian years. Our findings provide an insight into the long-standing paradox of aeolian transportation on Mars by quantifying the environmental variables responsible for sand motion which help constrain current threshold and transport models.[1] Hayes (2018) Sci. [2] Kok et al. (2012) RPP [3] Newman et al. (2022) Auth. [4] Charalambous et al. (2021) JGR 126(6) e2020JE006538 [5] Baker et al., (2021) JGR [6] Charalambous et al. (2021) JGR 126(4) e2020JE006514.

Cristae membranes have been recently shown to undergo intramitochondrial merging and splitting events. Yet, the metabolic and bioenergetic factors regulating them are unclear. Here we investigated whether and how cristae membrane remodelling is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and the ADP/ATP nucleotide translocator. Advanced live-cell STED nanoscopy combined with in-depth quantification were employed to analyse cristae morphology and dynamics after treatment of mammalian cells with rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin A and CCCP. This led to formation of enlarged mitochondria along with reduced cristae density but did not change the number of cristae remodelling events. CCCP treatment leading to ΔΨmabrogation even enhanced the cristae dynamics showing their ΔΨm-independent nature. Inhibition of OXPHOS complexes was accompanied by reduced ATP levels but did not affect cristae dynamics. However, inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange led to aberrant cristae morphology and impaired cristae dynamics in a mitochondrial subset. In sum, we provide quantitative data of cristae membrane remodelling under different conditions supporting an important interplay between OXPHOS, metabolite exchange and cristae membrane dynamics.Summary BlurbCristae morphology and dynamics are intricately connected

The mitochondrial genomes of Bilateria are relatively conserved in their protein-coding, rRNA, and tRNA gene complement, but the order of these genes can range from very conserved to very variable depending on the taxon. The supposedly conserved gene order of Annelida has been used to support the placement of some taxa within Annelida. Recently, authors have cast doubts on the conserved nature of the annelid gene order. Various factors may influence gene order variability including, among others, increased substitution rates, base composition differences, structure of noncoding regions, parasitism, living in extreme habitats, short generation times, and biomineralization. However, these analyses were neither done systematically nor based on well-established reference trees. Several focused on only a few of these factors and biological factors were usually explored ad-hoc without rigorous testing or correlation analyses. Herein, we investigated the variability and evolution of the annelid gene order and the factors that potentially influenced its evolution, using a comprehensive and systematic approach. The analyses were based on 170 genomes, including 33 previously unrepresented species. Our analyses included 706 different molecular properties, 20 life-history and ecological traits, and a reference tree corresponding to recent improvements concerning the annelid tree. The results showed that the gene order with and without tRNAs is generally conserved. However, individual taxa exhibit higher degrees of variability. None of the analyzed life-history and ecological traits explained the observed variability across mitochondrial gene orders. In contrast, the combination and interaction of the best-predicting factors for substitution rate and base composition explained up to 30% of the observed variability. Accordingly, correlation analyses of different molecular properties of the mitochondrial genomes showed an intricate network of direct and indirect correlations between the different molecular factors. Hence, gene order evolution seems to be driven by molecular evolutionary aspects rather than by life history or ecology. On the other hand, variability of the gene order does not predict if a taxon is difficult to place in molecular phylogenetic reconstructions using sequence data or not. We also discuss the molecular properties of annelid mitochondrial genomes considering canonical views on gene evolution and potential reasons why the canonical views do not always fit to the observed patterns without making some adjustments. [Annelida; compositional biases; ecology; gene order; life history; macroevolution; mitochondrial genomes; substitution rates.]

Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations present in nearly all organisms from prokaryotes to humans, allowing them to adapt to cyclical environments close to 24 hours. Circadian rhythms are regulated by a central clock, which is based on a transcription-translation feedback loop. One important protein in the central loop in metazoan clocks is PERIOD, which is regulated in part by Casein kinase 1ε/δ (CK1ε/δ) phosphorylation. In the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans,periodandcasein kinase 1ε/δare conserved aslin-42andkin-20, respectively. Here we studied the involvement oflin-42andkin-20in circadian rhythms of the adult nematode using a bioluminescence-based circadian transcriptional reporter. We show that mutations oflin-42andkin-20generate a significantly longer endogenous period, suggesting a role for both genes in the nematode circadian clock, as in other organisms. These phenotypes can be partially rescued by overexpression of either gene under their native promoter. Both proteins are expressed in neurons and seam cells, a population of epidermal stem cells inC. elegansthat undergo multiple divisions during development. Depletion of LIN-42 and KIN-20 specifically in neuronal cells after development was sufficient to lengthen the period of oscillatingsur-5expression. Therefore, we conclude that LIN-42 and KIN-20 are critical regulators of the adult nematode circadian clock through neuronal cells.

The heat flow and physical properties package measured soil thermal conductivity at the landing site in the 0.03 to 0.37 m depth range. Six measurements spanning solar longitudes from 8.0$^\circ$ to 210.0$^\circ$ were made and atmospheric pressure at the site was simultaneously measured using InSight’s Pressure Sensor. We find that soil thermal conductivity strongly correlates with atmospheric pressure. This trend is compatible with predictions of the pressure dependence of thermal conductivity for unconsolidated soils under martian atmospheric conditions, indicating that heat transport through the pore filling gas is a major contributor to the total heat transport. This implies that any cementation or induration of the soil sampled by the experiments must be minimal and that the soil surrounding the mole at depths below the duricrust is unconsolidated. Thermal conductivity data presented here are the first direct evidence that the atmosphere interacts with the top most meter of material on Mars.

Exposure to an adequate light-dark cycle is important for the speedy recovery of hospitalized and institutionalized patients. Light exposure, including natural light, offers several health benefits to both patients and nursing staff. This includes physical (e.g., decreased confusion and disorientation) and mental health benefits (e.g., prevention of depression) and a reduction in the hospital stay. Improved alertness and performance can also be noted among hospital staff. In this commentary, we discuss disrupting factors that include light during the nighttime along with noise and physical procedures on the patient and others. We then address some of the important steps that can be undertaken to restore a more normal environment for patients in the intensive care unit, which can be particularly important for COVID-19 patients.

Background Excessive weight loss enhances the incidence of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration (NHD). We compared the effect of a new breastfeeding policy against an old breastfeeding policy on neonatal weight change and the incidence of NHD. Methods This was a QA project between two sets of breastfeeding (BF) protocols for exclusively BF newborns. Under our old BF policy, a number of neonates had a significant loss of weight after birth and were admitted to the NICU due to NHD. We implemented a new BF policy that was used when a newborn loses>5% of previously recorded weight within a 24-h interval. Two groups were compared: the preintervention group (old BF policy) and postintervention group (new BF policy). Additionally, characteristics of newborns admitted to NICU were separately compared with the subgroup of pre- and post intervention dehydration groups. Results Preintervention = 1320 and postintervention = 1450. Neonates with weight loss of ≥ 5% within the first 24-h time interval were higher in the postintervention group (19.7%) as compared to the preintervention group (10.2%) (P Conclusion An intervention at ≥ 5% neonatal weight loss markedly reduces the incidence of NHD-associated NICU admissions.

India is the fifth-largest apple producer in the world with more than 2 MT per year. Mechanical damage such as bruises of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), which can result in considerable wastage and decline in quality, is a major problem of the apple industry. On-site investigations of apple orchard management strategies to reduce bruises in Northern India were conducted by the first author in collaboration with the University of Bonn. The apple industry including the farmers is in a continuous process of reducing losses caused by mechanical damage. Apple bruises can develop along the whole value chain. Orchard management offers countermeasures to reduce bruise susceptibility of the apples. At harvest, bruises can be caused by impact and compression forces due to unsuitable practices. This review explains the formation and development of bruises, followed by the causes of mechanical damage and orchard management measures to reduce or avoid bruises, with particular regard to India. The orchard management measures include crop load management, fruit water status and nutrient composition, maturity stage, harvest time later in the day, gentle harvest methods, packing into soft, padded bins and careful transport of the apple bins out of the orchard.

The InSight lander carried an Instrument Deployment System (IDS) that included an Instrument Deployment Arm (IDA), scoop, five finger “claw” grapple, forearm-mounted Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) requiring arm motion to image a target, and lander-mounted Instrument Context Camera (ICC), designed to image the workspace, and to place the instruments onto the surface. As originally proposed, the IDS included a previously built arm and flight spare black and white cameras and had no science objectives or requirements, or expectation to be used after instrument deployment (90 sols). During project development the detectors were upgraded to color, and it was recognized that the arm could be used to carry out a wide variety of activities that would enable both geology and physical properties investigations. During surface operations for two martian years, the IDA was used during major campaigns to image the surface around the lander, to deploy the instruments, to assist the mole in penetrating beneath the surface, to bury a portion of the seismometer tether, to clean dust from the solar arrays to increase power, and to conduct a surface geology investigation including soil mechanics and physical properties experiments. No other surface mission has engaged in such a sustained and varied campaign of arm and scoop activities directed at such a diverse suite of objectives. Images close to the surface and continuous meteorology measurements provided important constraints on the threshold friction wind speed needed to initiate aeolian saltation and surface creep. The IDA was used extensively for almost 22 months to assist the mole in penetrating into the subsurface. Soil was scraped into piles and dumped onto the seismometer tether six times in an attempt to bury the tether and $\sim30\%$ ∼ 30 % was entrained in the wind and dispersed downwind 1-2 m, darkening the surface. Seven solar array cleaning experiments were conducted by dumping scoops of soil from 35 cm above the lander deck during periods of high wind that dispersed the sand onto the panels that kicked dust off of the panels into suspension in the atmosphere, thereby increasing the power by ∼15% during this period. Final IDA activities included an indentation experiment that used the IDA scoop to push on the ground to measure the plastic deformation of the soil that complemented soil mechanics measurements from scoop interactions with the surface, and two experiments in which SEIS measured the tilt from the arm pressing on the ground to derive near surface elastic properties.

Water ice in the Martian mid-latitudes has advanced and retreated in response to variations in the planet's orbit, obliquity, and climate. A 150 m-diameter new impact crater near 35°N provides the lowest-latitude impact exposure of subsurface ice on Mars. This is the largest known ice-exposing crater and provides key constraints on Martian climate history. This crater indicates a regional, relatively pure ice deposit that is unstable and has nearly vanished. In the past, this deposit may have been tens of meters thick and extended equatorward of 35°N. We infer that it is overlain by pore ice emplaced during temporary stable intervals, due to recent climate variability. The marginal survival of ice here suggests that it is near the edge of shallow ice that regularly exchanges with the atmosphere.

The NASA InSight Lander on Mars includes the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3[1] toin-situmeasure the surface heat flow. Temperature sensors were to be installed at a target depth of 3–5m by a small penetrator, nicknamed the mole. A radiometer to measure the surface temperature complements the package. The mole, requiring friction on its hull to balance remaining recoil from its hammer mechanism, did not penetrate to the targeted depth. Instead, it reached a depth of 40cm, bringing the mole back-end 2–3cm below the surface. Lessons learned from the penetration failure have been discussed by [2]. The root cause of the failure - as was determined through an almost two years long campaign - was a lack of friction in an unexpectedly thick cohesive near-surface duricrust. The mole was used as a penetrometer and a thermal probe [3,4] instead and the hammering signals were recorded by the InSight seismometer [5]. Accordingly, the soil is highly porous and layered with a density of 1200kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 39mW/m K, cohesion between 4 and 25kPa, and s and p wave velocities of around 115 and 60m/s, respectively.The thermal conductivity varies with the season and the atmospheric pressure by +/-5% showing that gas in the pores contributes significantly to the heat transport.[1]Spohn et al. (2018) doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0531-4 [2]Spohn et al. (2022) doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.02.009[3] Spohn et al. (2022) doi:10.1007/s11214-022-00941-z[4] Grott et al. (2021) doi:10.1029/2019EA000670[5] Brinkmann et al.(2022) doi:10.1029/2022JE007229, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

A time resolved experiment to investigate the ultrafast dynamics following an ion impact onto a solid surface requires an ultrashort ion pump pulse in combination with a properly synchronized and time resolved probe. In order to realize such an experiment, we have investigated a strategy to use femtosecond laser photoionization of atoms entrained in a pulsed supersonic jet for the production of sufficiently short ion pulses. While the generation of Ar$^{q+}$ ions was targeted in previous work, it has in the meantime been demonstrated that argon is not suitable due to extensive cluster formation in the supersonic expansion. Here, we therefore present numerical simulations investigating the use of neon as a precursor gas and show the feasibility of pulses containing up to ~1000 Ne$^{q+}$ ions at keV energies and picosecond duration. In the process, we demonstrate that space charge broadening can be significantly reduced by detuning the flight time focusing conditions of an ion bunching system. Moreover, the results show that a controlled variation of the buncher geometry and potentials permits the generation of picosecond pulses at variable ion energy between 1 keV and 5 keV., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The most distant marsquake recorded so far by the InSight seismometer occurred at an epicentral distance of 146.3 ± 6.9o, close to the western end of Valles Marineris. On the seismogram of this event, we have identified seismic wave precursors, i.e., underside reflections off a subsurface discontinuity halfway between the marsquake and the instrument, which directly constrain the crustal structure away (about 4100−4500 km) from the InSight landing site. Here we show that the Martian crust at the bounce point between the lander and the marsquake is characterized by a discontinuity at about 20 km depth, similar to the second (deeper) intra-crustal interface seen beneath the InSight landing site. We propose that this 20-km interface, first discovered beneath the lander, is not a local geological structure but likely a regional or global feature, and is consistent with a transition from porous to non-porous Martian crustal materials., Nature Communications, 13 (1), ISSN:2041-1723

Señora editora:Hemos leído con atención el artículo sobre infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria, tan frecuentes en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales1. Esto hace reflexionar sobre cómo la enseñanza, formación y resultados neonatales han sido muy dispares en países de habla hispana2, con indicadores deficientes y variables. Las cifras indican que, 3100 recién nacidos (RN) necesitan atención en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales diariamente en América Latina; 15 RN fallecen cada hora; y el 60 % de las muertes ocurren en los primeros 28 días de edad posnatal2.Como respuesta para algunas de estas problemáticas, se fundó en 2004 la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN). La SIBEN es una organización de carácter educativo y académico internacional, sin fines de lucro, conformada por un grupo de pediatras, neonatólogos, personal de enfermería y profesionales interdisciplinarios, que incluye a padres de familia. Su personería jurídica está registrada en los Estados Unidos de América.

The autophagy-flux-promoting protein TFG (Trk-fused gene) is up-regulated during B cell differentiation into plasma cells and supports survival of CH12 B cells. We hypothesized that quantitative proteomics analysis of CH12tfgKO B cells with intact or blocked autophagy-lysosome flux (via NH4Cl) will identify mechanisms of TFG-dependent autophagy, plasma cell biology and B cell survival. Analysis of CH12WT B cells in the presence of NH4Cl will identify proteins whose presence is continuously regulated by lysosomes independent of TFG. We determined hundreds of proteins to be controlled by TFG and/or NH4Cl. Notably, NH4Cl treatment alone increased the abundance of a cluster of cytosolic and mitochondrial translational proteins while it also reduced a number of proteins. Within the B cell relevant protein pool, BCL10 was reduced, while JCHAIN was increased in CH12tfgKO B cells. Furthermore, TFG regulated the abundance of transcription factors, such as JUNB, metabolic enzymes, such as the short-chain fatty acid activating enzyme ACOT9 or the glycolytic enzyme ALDOC. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that TFG-regulated proteins localized to mitochondria and membrane-bounded organelles. Due to these findings we performed shotgun lipidomics of glycerophospholipids, uncovering that a particular phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species, 32:0 PE, which lipidates LC3 most efficiently, was less abundant while phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was more abundant in CH12tfgKO B cells. In line with the role of PG as precursor for Cardiolipin (CL), the CL content was higher in CH12tfgKO B cells and addition of PG liposomes to B cells increased the amount of CL. We propose a role for TFG in B cell activation and plasma cell biology via regulation of proteins involved in germinal center and plasma cell development, such as BCL10 or JCHAIN, as well as in lipid homeostasis, mitochondria and metabolism.

Enlighten your clock: How your body tells time – Spanish

The shallowest intracrustal layer (extending to 8 +/- 2 km depth) beneath the Mars InSight Lander site exhibits low seismic wave velocity, which is likely related to a combination of high porosity and other lithological factors. The SsPp phase, an SV- to P-wave reflection on the receiver side, is naturally suited for constraining the seismic structure of this top crustal layer since its prominent signal makes it observable with a single station without the need for stacking. We have analyzed six broadband and low-frequency seismic events recorded on Mars and made the first coherent detection of the SsPp phase on the red planet. The timing and amplitude of SsPp confirm the existence of the similar to 8 km interface in the crust and the large wave speed (or impedance) contrast across it. With our new constraints from the SsPp phase, we determined that the average P-wave speed in the top crustal layer is between 2.5 and 3.2 km/s, which is a more precise and robust estimate than the previous range of 2.0-3.5 km/s obtained by receiver function analysis. The low velocity of Layer 1 likely results from the presence of relatively low-density lithified sedimentary rocks and/or aqueously altered igneous rocks that also have a significant amount of porosity, possibly as much as 22%-30% by volume (assuming an aspect ratio of 0.1 for the pore space). These porosities and average P-wave speeds are compatible with our current understanding of the upper crustal stratigraphy beneath the InSight Lander site., Earth and Space Science, 10 (3), ISSN:2333-5084

At present, foods containing cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids are internationally being widely advertised and sold in increasing quantities. In the European Union (EU), these products require pre-marketing authorisation under the novel food regulation, so that all available CBD oils and CBD-containing food supplements in the EU are currently placed on the market with an infringement of the food laws. Currently, 19 CBD applications are under assessment at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). During the initial assessment of the application files, EFSA located several knowledge gaps that need to be addressed before the safety evaluation of CBD can be concluded. Namely, the effect of CBD on the liver, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, nervous system, psychological function, and reproductive system needs to be clarified. Nevertheless, the available literature allows a benchmark dose (BMD)-response modelling of several bioassays, resulting in a BMD lower confidence limit (BMDL) of 20 mg/kg bw/day for liver toxicity in rats. Human data in healthy volunteers found increases in the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a study at 4.3 mg/kg bw/day, which was defined by EFSA as a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). The EFSA panel currently concluded that the safety of CBD as a novel food cannot be evaluated, leading to a so-called clock stop of the applications until the applicants provide the required data. Meanwhile, the authors suggest that CBD products still available on the EU market despite the lack of authorisation must be considered as “unsafe”. Products exceeding a reference dose of 10 mg/day must be considered as being “unfit for consumption” (Article 14(1) and (2) (b) of Regulation No 178/2002), while the ones in exceedance of the human LOAEL must be considered “injurious to health” (Article 14(1) and (2) (a) of Regulation No 178/2002).

The most distant marsquake, S0976a, recorded so far by the InSight seismometer occurred at an epicentral distance of 146.3 ± 6.9o (Horleston et al., 2022), close to the western end of Valles Marineris. We have identified both SS and PP precursors, i.e., underside reflections off the crust-mantle (or intra-crustal) discontinuity between the marsquake and the instrument, on the seismograms, which directly constrain the crustal structure away (4000 km) from the InSight landing site. Inversion results show that the Martian crust at the bounce point between the lander and the event is characterized by an interface at 20 ± 5 km depth, similar to that seen beneath the InSight landing site (Knapmeyer-Endrun et al., 2021). However, a likely distinct feature at the bounce point compared to the lander site is the absence of a shallow layer (at 8 ± 2 km, with low seismic wave speed, Knapmeyer-Endrun et al., 2021), indicating that this layer is either local structure beneath the lander or related to the type of geologic unit or that has been obscured at the bounce point by later processes.

The present demographic changes toward an aging society caused a rise in the number of senior citizens and the incidence and burden of age-related diseases (such as cardiovascular diseases [CVD], cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD], diabetes mellitus, and dementia), of which nearly half is attributable to the population ≥60 years of age. Deficiencies in individual nutrients have been associated with increased risks for age-related diseases and high intakes and/or blood concentrations with risk reduction. Nutrition in general and the dietary intake of essential and nonessential biofactors is a major determinant of human health, the risk to develop age-related diseases, and ultimately of mortality in the older population. These biofactors can be a cost-effective strategy to prevent or, in some cases, even treat age-related diseases. Examples reviewed herein include omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber for the prevention of CVD, α-tocopherol (vitamin E) for the treatment of biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, vitamin D for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, thiamine and α-lipoic acid for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, and the role of folate in cancer epigenetics. This list of potentially helpful biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, however, is not exhaustive and many more examples exist. Furthermore, since there is currently no generally accepted definition of the term biofactors, we here propose a definition that, when adopted by scientists, will enable a harmonization and consistent use of the term in the scientific literature.

Introduction: Recent research claimed that cannabidiol (CBD) in commercial electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) liquids can be converted into psychotropic amounts of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aims to validate this claim using a realistic e-cigarette setup. Additionally, this study also investigates if such a conversion may occur during smoking of CBD-rich cannabis joints. Methods: Two different CBD liquids were vaporized using two different e-cigarette models, one of which was operated at extreme energy settings (0.2 Ω and 200 W). The smoke of six CBD joints was collected using a rotary smoking machine according to ISO 4387:2019. Analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry as well as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: For the condensed e-cigarette liquids, no increase in THC concentration could be observed. For the CBD joints, no THC formation was provable. The recovered THC concentrations were ranging between 1% and 48% (0.034 mg and 0.73 mg) of the THC amount initially contained in the joints before smoking. Conclusions: Using realistic conditions of consumer exposure, relevant conversion of CBD to THC appears to not be occurring. The health risk of CBD liquids for electronic cigarettes, as well as low-THC cannabis intended for smoking, can be assessed by concentrations in the source material without the need to consider significant changes in psychotropic compounds during use by consumers.

The InSight lander rests on a regolith-covered, Hesperian to Early Amazonian lava plain in Elysium Planitia within a ∼27-m-diameter, degraded impact crater called Homestead hollow. The km to cm-scale stratigraphy beneath the lander is relevant to the mission's geophysical investigations. Geologic mapping and crater statistics indicate that ∼170 m of mostly Hesperian to Early Amazonian basaltic lavas are underlain by Noachian to Early Hesperian (∼3.6 Ga) materials of possible sedimentary origin. Up to ∼140 m of this volcanic resurfacing occurred in the Early Amazonian at 1.7 Ga, accounting for removal of craters ≤700 m in diameter. Seismic data however, suggest a clastic horizon that interrupts the volcanic sequence between depths of ∼30 and ∼75 m. Meter-scale stratigraphy beneath the lander is constrained by local and regional regolith thickness estimates that indicate up to 10–30 m of coarse-grained, brecciated regolith that fines upwards to a ∼3 m thick loosely-consolidated, sand-dominated unit. The maximum depth of Homestead hollow, at ∼3 m, indicates that the crater is entirely embedded in regolith. The hollow is filled by sand-size eolian sediments, with contributions from sand to cobble-size slope debris, and sand to cobble-size ejecta. Lander-based observations indicate that the fill at Homestead hollow contains a cohesive layer down to ∼10–20 cm depth that is visible in lander rocket-excavated pits and the HP3 mole hole. The surface of the landing site is capped by a ∼1 to 2 cm-thick loosely granular, sand-sized layer with a microns-thick surficial dust horizon., Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 127 (4), ISSN:0148-0227, ISSN:2169-9097

Delivery room (DR) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is increasing. Our study examined the risk for neonatal morbidities after DR CPAP in 35 week neonates. A retrospective study of 259 infants born at 35 weeks gestational age between January 1, 2017–December 31, 2018 at a single center. DR resuscitation was administered in 30.5%, with 19.7% receiving CPAP alone. Eighty percent who received DR CPAP were admitted to the NICU. DR CPAP was associated with the highest NICU admission risk, 9.3 times the risk of those without DR positive pressure, and with respiratory conditions (RDS: OR 4.22 {CI 1.46–11.51}, TTN: OR 3.30 {CI 1.36–7.64}). For the DR CPAP group, non-invasive positive pressure was administered post resuscitation in 90%. In our institution, 35 week infants frequently received DR CPAP. Of these infants, a majority were admitted to the NICU for respiratory disorders.

This study investigates the feasibility of extracting streetscape features from high-density United States Geological Survey (USGS) quality level 1 (QL1) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and quantifying the features into three-dimensional (3D) volumetric pixel (voxel) zones. As the USGS embarks on a national LiDAR database with the goal of collecting LiDAR across the continuous U.S.A., the USGS primarily requires QL2 or QL1 as a collection standard. The authors’ previous study thoroughly investigated the limits of extracting streetscape features with QL2 data, which was primarily limited to buildings and street trees. Recent studies published by other researchers that utilize advanced digital mapping techniques for streetscape measuring acknowledge that most features outside of buildings and street trees are too small to detect. QL1 data, however, is four times denser than QL2 data. This study divides streetscapes into Thiessen proximal polygons, sets voxel parameters, classifies QL1 LiDAR point cloud data, and computes quantitative statistics where classified point cloud data intersects voxels within the streetscape polygons. It demonstrates how most other common streetscape features are detectable in a standard urban QL1 dataset. In addition to street trees and buildings, one can also legitimately extract and statistically quantify walls, fences, landscape vegetation, light posts, traffic lights, power poles, power lines, street signs, and miscellaneous street furniture. Furthermore, as these features are processed into their appropriate voxel height zones, this study introduces a new methodology for obtaining comprehensive tabular descriptive statistics describing how streetscape features are truly represented in 3D.

ZusammenfassungTrotz eines geringen Apfelkonsums von nur ca. 2 kg/Kopf/Jahr ist Indien mit ca. 2,3 Mio. t (2017) Äpfeln – auf 314.000 ha – nach China, USA, Polen und der Türkei – der fünftgrößte Apfelproduzent der Welt; dabei macht der Apfelanbau nur 2,4 % der gesamten Obstproduktion des Landes aus und konzentriert sich auf die 4 nordwestlichen Provinzen Jammu und Kaschmir (ca. 70 %), Himachal Pradesh (ca. 20 %), Uttarakhand (ca. 10 %) und Arunachal Pradesh, wo in Höhen von 1000–3500 m am Fuße des Himalaya mit 800–1600 Kältestunden (CH – Chilling hours) ausreichend Kältereiz für die Blütenbildung zur Verfügung steht. Apfel ist für Kleinbauern – im Vergleich zu Gemüse – eine lukrative Kultur, trotz geringer Ernteerträge auf Hanglagen von durchschnittlich 10 t/ha aus der ‘Red Delicious‘-Gruppe, ursprünglich auf Sämlingsunterlage.Erhebliche Verluste entstehen durch unsachgemäße Ernte, Mangel an Obstlagern und für die langen Entfernungen und schlechten Straßen häufig unzureichende (plastikfreie) Verpackung aus Stroh und Zeitungspapier in Kartons oder hohen harten Holzkisten und Transport ohne Kühlung.Exportiert werden Mangos, Tafeltrauben und Granatäpfel und ca. 18.000 t Äpfel imWert von 9 Mio. US $ in das angrenzende Bangladesh und Nepal. Ein Importembargo für Äpfel aus China seit Mai 2017, offiziell wegen Schädlingsbefall, reduzierte die Apfelimporte von 370.000 t (2016/17) auf 250.000 t in 2017/18 und 270.000 t in 2018/19. Importiert werden Äpfel der Sorten ‘Fuji‘, ‘Red Delicious‘, ‘Gala‘, ‘Granny Smith‘ u. a. aus US, (China), Neuseeland, Chile und Südtirol; bisher stammte die Hälfte der Apfelimporte aus Washington State, deren Einfuhrzoll nach Wirtschaftssanktionen von 50 auf 75 % angehoben wurde.Der indische Markt bzw. Konsument bevorzugt große, rote (oder grüne) Äpfel mit geringen Schalenfehlern.Die hohen Großhandelspreise von 28–35 Rs/kg (0,34–0,43 €/kg) für heimische und 56–145 Rs/kg (0,69–1,77 €/kg) für Importäpfel im Januar 2019 bieten Apfelexporteuren ein Marktpotential von ca. 200 Mio. € jährlich.Hohe Preise und Handarbeit dominieren in der Apfel-Wertschöpfungskette, die so auch vielen ungelernten Menschen ein Einkommen sichert.

Suspected neonatal sepsis is one of the most common diagnoses made in newborns (NBs), but very few NBs actually have sepsis. There is no international consensus to clearly define suspected neonatal sepsis, but each time that this suspected diagnosis is assumed, blood samples are taken, venous accesses are used to administer antibiotics, and the mother-child pair is separated, with prolonged hospital stays. X-rays, urine samples, and a lumbar puncture are sometimes taken. This is of concern, as generally

ZusammenfassungTafeltrauben sind aus den Supermärkten bei uns nicht mehr wegzudenken. Zum Ende des Winters und Frühlingsbeginn – zu einer Zeit, in der noch keine frischen heimischen Früchte zur Verfügung stehen, ist Indien der Hauptlieferant. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, den Weg dieser Tafeltrauben aus Indien nach Bonn zurückzuverfolgen und seinen ökologischen CO2-Fußabdruck im Vergleich zu südafrikanischen Trauben zu ermitteln sowie Ansätze zu ihrer Minderung aufzuzeigen.Nach Herunterkühlen, Verpacken in PET Schalen und Transport der Tafeltrauben aus dem Hauptanbaugebiet Maharashtra in Mittelindien über 400 km nach Mumbai werden sie per Reefer-Containerschiff bei 0 °C über ca. 11.700 km (6317 Seemeilen) durch den Suezkanal nach Antwerpen verschifft, von dort per Kühl-Lkw ca. 235 km über das jeweilige Verteilungszentrum zum LEH gefahren, wo der Konsument sie mit seinem PKW erwirbt.Den größten Anteil am CO2-Fußabdruck vom Feld bis zum Verbraucher (B2C) von ca. 333 (297–379) g CO2eq/500 g-Schale Trauben hatte der Schiffstransport mit 108 (89–131) g CO2, gefolgt von der PET-Schale mit Deckel (mit Anlieferung innerhalb Indiens) mit ca. 66 g CO2eq/Schale und der Einkaufsfahrt des deutschen Verbrauchers (20 kg, 5 km) und damit Mitverantwortung des Konsumenten von ebenfalls ca. 66 g CO2eq/500 g Trauben, einem Einsparpotenzial neben der Verwendung von R‑PET Schalen, Folienbeuteln statt PET Schalen oder Kartons.Aufgrund des vergleichbaren Seewegs lag der CO2-Fußabdruck von Tafeltrauben aus Indien mit 333 g CO2eq in der gleichen Größenordnung wie Tafeltrauben aus Südafrika mit ca. 11.400 km (6155 Seemeilen) auf dem Reefer-Containerschiff und 309 (260–340) g CO2eq pro 500 g Schale.

In this study, we empirically investigate the enjoyment-related consequences of the TV trope of breaking the fourth wall (B4W), which is when a fictional character addresses viewers directly. Based on the model of narrative comprehension and engagement, we assume that B4W contributes to viewers’ cognitive and affective enjoyment by intensifying the parasocial interaction experience (EPSI). Alternatively, B4W could reduce enjoyment by disrupting viewers’ transportation into the narrative. We report two experiments with a total of N = 658 participants and three different stimuli based on the TV series House of Cards (HoC) and Malcolm in the Middle (MitM) as well as the movie Deadpool (DP). Analyses revealed that B4W increased the EPSI, which in turn fostered enjoyment.