112 results on '"Giovanni Bonanno"'
Search Results
2. Multi-sampling Asymmetric Dual-Edge Digital Pulse-width Modulator
- Author
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Giovanni Bonanno, Andrea Comacchio, and Paolo Mattavelli
- Published
- 2023
3. Three Years of Muography at Mount Etna, Italy
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Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Luigi Bonanno, Giovanni Bonanno, Carmelo Ferlito, Paola La Rocca, Santo Reito, Francesco Riggi, and Giuseppe Romeo
- Published
- 2022
4. Digital Predictive Current-Mode Control of Three-Level Flying Capacitor Buck Converters
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Giovanni Bonanno and Luca Corradini
- Subjects
Flying capacitor ,Computer science ,Buck converter ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Inductor ,Stability (probability) ,law.invention ,Capacitor ,Exponential stability ,Duty cycle ,law ,Control theory ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Voltage - Abstract
This article investigates the use of digital predictive current-mode control (DPCMC) in dc–dc three-level flying capacitor (3LFC) buck converters. In particular, stability and flying capacitor (FC) balancing properties of predictive peak , average , and valley current-mode controllers are studied when operated in single- and multisampled modes. A variant of the multisampled DPCMC obtained through a fast-update of the duty cycle command is also disclosed and analyzed. Results indicate that single-sampled DPCMC is always stable, and that fast-update approaches can strongly improve the converter dynamic response. Multisampled controllers are also shown to be inherently more robust than single-sampled ones against timing mismatches in the control signals, resulting in a smaller FC voltage imbalance. The analysis is validated in simulation and experimentally on a 500 kHz, 12–1.5 V, 500 mA 3LFC buck case study.
- Published
- 2021
5. Improved Passivity of Grid-Connected Impedance using Asymmetric Dual-Edge Modulators
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Hossein Abedini, Giovanni Bonanno, Ruzica Cvetanovic, Andrea Comacchio, Davide Biadene, and Paolo Mattavelli
- Published
- 2022
6. Control Technique for Reliable Operation of the Synchronous Series Capacitor Tapped Inductor Converter
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Giovanni Bonanno, Luca Corradini, Cristian Garbossa, and Francesco Bez
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Physics ,Buck converter ,Buck converters ,020209 energy ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Capacitors ,Inductance ,Inductors ,Magnetic resonance ,Steady-state ,Topology ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Topology (electrical circuits) ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Converters ,Inductor ,law.invention ,Capacitor ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Snubber ,Voltage spike - Abstract
In the context of reducing total CO $_2$ emissions as well as reducing the total copper cable length and weight on cars, automotive manufacturers propose to derive all the supply voltages from a single $\text{48 V}$ bus through high step-down ratio dc–dc converters. The series capacitor tapped inductor (SCTI) converter is a promising topology for efficient single-stage step-down conversion from the $\text{48 V}$ bus. In the synchronous version of the SCTI, however, turn- off of the synchronous rectifier at positive drain-to-source current leads to a voltage spike and to a potential catastrophic failure of the converter. In this paper, a simple control technique is proposed, which prevents the foregoing condition to occur. The approach enables a reliable operation of the synchronous SCTI topology without disrupting its main features and advantages, and eliminating the need for additional snubbers, voltage clamps or auxiliary windings. The approach is validated via computer simulations and experimental tests on a $\text{48}$ -to- $\text{1.5}\;\text{V}$ , $\text{4 A}$ SCTI converter prototype.
- Published
- 2019
7. Evaluation of silicon photomultipliers for dual-mirror Small-Sized Telescopes of Cherenkov Telescope Array
- Author
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Alessandro Grillo, S.A. Leach, M. Stephan, D. Berge, Jonathan S. Lapington, P. Kachru, N. Yamane, Hiroyasu Tajima, M. Bryan, B. Gebhardt, Giovanni Bonanno, Yuki Nakamura, A. Zink, R. J. White, Giuseppe Romeo, D. Ross, N. Hidaka, M. C. Timpanaro, A. Asano, and Akira Okumura
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photon ,Pixel ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Night sky ,Astronomy ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,01 natural sciences ,Optics ,Air shower ,Silicon photomultiplier ,0103 physical sciences ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Image resolution ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
All camera designs for Small-Sized telescopes (SSTs) proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) utilize silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) as their baseline photon sensor technology. The dual-mirror SST (SST-2M) has a smaller plate scale (i.e. image size) than the single-mirror SST, allowing it to employ 2,000 square SiPMs with pixel sizes of approximately 6 mm, close to the mainstream SiPM sizes. In CTA, the night sky background level of typically ∼ 25 Mcounts/s/pixel ( > 100 Mcounts/s/pixel at maximum) places severe constraints on the trigger capability due to accidental coincidence on neighboring pixels. In order to suppress such events, it is necessary to reduce optical crosstalk, a mechanism whereby a single optical photon can produce multiple avalanches in the SiPM, while keeping good photon detection efficiency. These are, in general, contradicting requirements. In this manuscript, we report on characterization of a variety of SiPM technologies for SST-2M cameras and compare results obtained at different participating institutions. We assess the harmonization of results and discuss the likely performance that will be achieved for the first production cameras.
- Published
- 2018
8. Multiparametric approach to the assessment of muon tomographic results for the inspection of a full-scale container
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Giusy Valvo, G.V. Russo, Simone Riggi, Giuseppe Romeo, P. G. Fallica, Ugo Becciani, Catia Petta, G. Santagati, Francesco Riggi, P. La Rocca, Giovanni Bonanno, Giuseppe Gallo, Marilena Bandieramonte, A.F. Grillo, D. Lo Presti, C. Pinto, and Danilo Bonanno
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Physics ,Muon ,Scattering ,Multiparametric Analysis ,Detector ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Signal ,0103 physical sciences ,Point (geometry) ,Tomography ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Algorithm ,Block (data storage) - Abstract
Experimental results from a dataset collected with a full-scale muon tomograph for the inspection of cargo containers were studied in a single scattering scenario with a multiparametric analysis based on the method of the Point Of Closest Approach (Poca). To search for high-Z materials, a 4 $$\hbox {dm}^3$$ dm 3 Pb block was positioned inside the volume to be inspected, in order to quantitatively investigate the appearance of the Poca signal. Signal-to-noise ratio and significance of the Poca signal were investigated by means of mono-dimensional spectra of the Poca components, for different values of the scattering angle between the incoming and outgoing muon tracks and with different angle-dependent weights. A systematic scan of two-dimensional maps was also carried out, as a strategy to search for possible enhancements to the Poca signal. A comparison was also done between the results obtained from the two half-volumes, one containing the Pb block and one left empty, to take into account the response of the detector and some aspects of the Poca strategy.
- Published
- 2021
9. Stability Properties of Digital Predictive Current-Mode Controllers for Three-level Flying Capacitor Converters
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Luca Corradini and Giovanni Bonanno
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Computer science ,Flying capacitor ,Buck converter ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Mode (statistics) ,02 engineering and technology ,Converters ,Network topology ,01 natural sciences ,Stability (probability) ,Model predictive control ,Control theory ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper investigates the stability properties of digital predictive current-mode control (DPCMC) of three-level flying capacitor Buck converters (3LFC) operated in single-sampling and multi-sampling mode. While DPCMC has been extensively studied for basic dc-dc topologies, a dedicated analysis is required when it comes to multi-level converters due to the interaction between the predictive control law and the flying-capacitors (FC) voltage dynamics. This work clarifies the operating point-dependent and load-dependent stability properties of average and valley DPCMC and combines them with recently published results for peak DPCMC in order to provide a comprehensive picture for these types of digital controllers. The developed analysis is validated through simulations and experimentally on a low-voltage 500kHz, 12V-to-1.5V, 500mA 3LFC-Buck prototype.
- Published
- 2020
10. Front-end electronics for the Muon Portal project
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D. Bongiovanni, Alessandro Grillo, S. Garozzo, Francesco Riggi, V. Russo, P. La Rocca, M. C. Timpanaro, Fabio Longhitano, Giorgio Fallica, Giovanni Bonanno, D. Lo Presti, Davide Marano, Danilo Bonanno, Giusy Valvo, and Giuseppe Romeo
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,01 natural sciences ,Particle detector ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronics ,Cosmic rays ,Instrumentation ,Muon tomography ,Physics ,Muon ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Detector ,Front-end electronics ,Electrical engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Control system ,business ,Remote control - Abstract
The Muon Portal Project was born as a joint initiative between Italian research and industrial partners, aimed at the construction of a real-size working detector prototype to inspect the content of traveling containers by means of secondary cosmic-ray muon radiation and recognize potentially dangerous hidden materials. The tomographic image is obtained by reconstructing the incoming and outgoing muon trajectories when crossing the inspected volume, employing two tracker planes located above and below the container under inspection. In this paper, the design and development of the front-end electronics of the Muon Portal detector is presented, with particular emphasis being devoted to the photo-sensor devices detecting the scintillation light and to the read-out circuitry which is in charge of processing and digitizing the analog pulse signals. In addition, the remote control system, mechanical housing, and thermal cooling system of all structural blocks of the Muon Portal tracker are also discussed, demonstrating the effectiveness and functionality of the adopted design.
- Published
- 2016
11. The innovative Cherenkov camera based on SiPM sensors of the ASTRI-Horn telescope: from the T/M and electrical design to the full assembly and testing in a harsh environment
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Maria Concetta Maccarone, Giovanni La Rosa, Giorgia Sironi, C. Gargano, Pietro Bruno, Alessandro Grillo, P. Sangiorgi, Giuseppe Romeo, S. Garozzo, Domenico Impiombato, M. Capalbi, Giovanni Bonanno, Giovanni Pareschi, Vito Conforti, Rodolfo Canestrari, Giuseppe Sottile, Enrico Giro, Benedetto Biondo, Teresa Mineo, Salvatore Scuderi, Alberto Segreto, Osvaldo Catalano, Fulvio Gianotti, Salvatore Giarrusso, Francesco Russo, Davide Marano, and ITA
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Scientific instrument ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Observatory ,Electronics ,Aerospace engineering ,business ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
ASTRI-Horn is a prototypal telescope of an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope developed by the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF), proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Observatory. The CTA Observatory represents the next generation of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes and will explore the very highenergy domain from a few tens of GeV up to few hundreds of TeV. It will be composed of large-, medium-, and small sized telescopes; ASTRI-Horn is an end-to-end prototype proposed for the Small Sized array. The main scientific instrument of the ASTRI-Horn telescope is an innovative and compact Camera with Silicon- Photomultiplier based detectors and a specifically designed fast read-out electronics based on a custom peak-detector mode. The thermo-mechanical assembly is designed to host both the entire electronics chain, from the sensors to the raw data transmission system and the calibration system, and the complete thermoregulation system. This contribution gives a high level description of the T/M and electrical design of the Cherenkov Camera, it describes the assembling procedure of its different subsystems and their integration into the complete camera system. A discussion about possible design improvements coming from the problems/difficulties encountered during assembly is also presented. Finally, results from engineering tests conducted in-field are also presented.
- Published
- 2019
12. Development of an ultra-miniaturised XRD/XRF instrument for the in situ mineralogical and chemical analysis of planetary soils and rocks: implication for archaeometry
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Maria Chiara Domeneghetti, Fabio Tateo, Fabrizio Nestola, Sergio Billotta, Eugenio Piluso, Loredana Pompilio, Monica Pondrelli, Maria Carla Somma, Lucia Marinangeli, Oliva Menozzi, Carlo Di Giulio, P. Petrinca, Anna Chiara Tangari, Anonio Baliva, Giovanni Bonanno, Vasco La Salvia, and A. M. Fioretti
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Diffraction ,Elemental composition ,Manufacturing process ,Sample (material) ,Mineralogy ,Planetary instrument ,Archaeometry ,Fluorescence ,Archaeological science ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all) ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (all) ,2300 ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Geology ,General Environmental Science ,Reflection geometry - Abstract
An ultra-miniaturised (mass 1.5 kg; volume ~22 × 6 × 12 cm3) instrument which combines X-ray diffraction and fluorescence has been developed for the mineralogical and chemical characterization of Martian soils/rocks and was included in the ExoMars-Pasteur payload. The simultaneous in situ acquisition of elemental and mineralogical information would significantly improve any robotic missions and may unravel doubtful points regarding the mantle composition, crustal evolution and resource potential. The instrument employs a fixed reflection geometry to fulfil the diffraction principle which can be applied to unprepared sample as well. The instrument basically consists of a radioisotope as source of X-rays and a CCD-based detection system. This is the first successful diffraction experiment using a radioisotope since the early tests in the 60s. For terrestrial application the radioisotope can be easily replaced with a cathodic tube. The reduced dimension as well as the possibility to perform non-destructive analysis makes it suitable for terrestrial applications, particularly in the archaeometry field. We are envisaging an X-ray tomographer to map the mineralogical and elemental composition of an artefact (i.e., painting, pottery) directly on the object without sample preparation. Nowadays, X-ray radiography or computer tomography are becoming standard techniques widely used and accepted by art historians, archaeologists, curators and conservators as these methods enable information about the manufacturing process and the condition of an object without touching the artefact or even taking original sample material.
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- 2015
13. Fabrication, characterization and testing of silicon photomultipliers for the Muon Portal Project
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Sergio Billotta, Giusy Valvo, Francesco Riggi, P. La Rocca, Giuseppe Romeo, G. Santagati, S. Garozzo, Danilo Bonanno, C. Pugliatti, Giorgio Fallica, A. A. Blancato, Giovanni Bonanno, Davide Marano, and D. Lo Presti
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Scintillation ,Muon tomography ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,STRIPS ,Scintillator ,Tracking (particle physics) ,law.invention ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Electronics ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The Muon Portal is a recently started Project aiming at the construction of a large area tracking detector that exploits the muon tomography technique to inspect the contents of traveling cargo containers. The detection planes will be made of plastic scintillator strips with embedded wavelength-shifting fibres. Special designed silicon photomultipliers will read the scintillation light transported by the fibres along the strips and a dedicated electronics will combine signals from different strips to reduce the overall number of channels, without loss of information. Different silicon photomultiplier prototypes, both with the p-on-n and n-on-p technologies, have been produced by STMicroelectronics during the last years. In this paper we present the main characteristics of the silicon photomultipliers designed for the Muon Portal Project and describe the setup and the procedure implemented for the characterization of these devices, giving some statistical results obtained from the test of a first batch of silicon photomultipliers.
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- 2015
14. Electro-optical characterization of MPPC detectors for the ASTRI Cherenkov telescope camera
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Domenico Impiombato, S. Garozzo, Sergio Billotta, Giuseppe Sottile, Giuseppe Romeo, Osvaldo Catalano, Giovanni Bonanno, S. Giarrusso, G. La Rosa, Alessandro Grillo, Massimiliano Belluso, and Davide Marano
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Cherenkov detector ,business.industry ,Detector ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Particle detector ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,Cardinal point ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
This work addresses a systematic and in-depth electro-optical characterization of the Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) sensors constituting the camera detection system at the focal plane of the ASTRI telescope prototype. The paper reports the experimental results of a large set of measurements on the MPPC devices in order to provide a reliable qualification of the detector performance and evaluate its compliance with the telescope focal plane requirements. In particular, breakdown voltage, internal gain, dark count rate, cross-talk and extra-charge probability, and absolute photon detection efficiency measurements are performed on the basic sensor device unit as a function of the detector operating conditions.
- Published
- 2014
15. Characterization Measurements Methodology and Instrumental Set-Up Optimization for New SiPM Detectors—Part I: Electrical Tests
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M. C. Timpanaro, Sergio Billotta, Massimiliano Belluso, Giovanni Bonanno, S. Garozzo, Davide Marano, Giuseppe Romeo, and Alessandro Grillo
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Physics ,Accurate estimation ,business.industry ,Detector ,Crosstalk ,Wavelength ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Electronic engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Instrumentation ,Photon detection ,Dark current - Abstract
A comprehensive and in-depth characterization procedure for obtaining very accurate measurements on silicon photomultiplier detectors (SiPMs) is here described. A large amount of optical tests are systematically carried out and discussed in terms of the most important SiPM performance parameters; in particular, an accurate estimation of the photon detection efficiency in the 350-900-nm wavelength spectral range and in steps of 10 nm is achieved, based on the single-photon counting technique, with substraction of the dark noise contribution and avoiding the additional noise sources of crosstalk and afterpulsing. Some recently produced detectors are analyzed and their relevant electro-optical parameters are evaluated in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficacy of the adopted characterization procedure and data-handling protocols in assessing the overall SiPM performance, regardless of the specific device tested. Tests repeatibility is carefully verified and all the evaluated parameter trends are proved to be compatible with the physics theory of the SiPM device.
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- 2014
16. Silicon Photomultipliers Electrical Model Extensive Analytical Analysis
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Sergio Billotta, Giovanni Bonanno, Alessandro Grillo, S. Garozzo, Domenico Impiombato, Osvaldo Catalano, Giuseppe Romeo, S. Giarrusso, Giuseppe Sottile, Massimiliano Belluso, Davide Marano, and G. La Rosa
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Dynamic range ,Computer science ,Detector ,Signal ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Nuclear electronics ,Electronic engineering ,Waveform ,Electronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Abstract
The present work aims to address a comprehensive analytical analysis of a new accurate equivalent electrical model of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors. The proposed circuit model allows to truthfully reproduce the output signal waveform generated by the light sensors apart from the specific technology adopted for the fabrication process, and can also be profitably exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. A detailed and in-depth investigation of the functional parameters involved in the output pulse signals is here developed, and the most significant physical relationships are analytically derived as well. Experimental measurements are finally carried out on real devices, in order to validate the accuracy of the attained expressions, and good fittings are achieved between the analytical curve plots and the associated measurements results. The adopted analysis turns out to be particularly helpful when designing an optimum front-end architecture for SiPM detectors, since the performance of the entire detection system, especially in terms of dynamic range and timing resolution, can be accurately predicted as a function of the SiPM model parameters and the foremost features of the coupled front-end electronics.
- Published
- 2014
17. Improved SPICE electrical model of silicon photomultipliers
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Massimiliano Belluso, S. Garozzo, Davide Marano, Alessandro Grillo, S. Giarrusso, Giuseppe Romeo, Sergio Billotta, Giovanni Bonanno, Osvaldo Catalano, G. La Rosa, Giuseppe Sottile, and Domenico Impiombato
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Detector ,Spice ,Integrated circuit ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Electronic engineering ,Equivalent circuit ,Transient response ,Instrumentation ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
The present work introduces an improved SPICE equivalent electrical model of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors, in order to simulate and predict their transient response to avalanche triggering events. In particular, the developed circuit model provides a careful investigation of the magnitude and timing of the read-out signals and can therefore be exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. The adopted modeling approach is strictly related to the physics of each basic microcell constituting the SiPM device, and allows the avalanche timing as well as the photodiode current and voltage to be accurately simulated. Predictive capabilities of the proposed model are demonstrated by means of experimental measurements on a real SiPM detector. Simulated and measured pulses are found to be in good agreement with the expected results.
- Published
- 2013
18. Stochastic models for wind speed forecasting
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Claudio Leone, Riccardo Burlon, D. Gurrera, Saverio Bivona, Giovanni Bonanno, bivona, bonanno, g, burlon, r, gurrera, d, and leone, c
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Class (computer programming) ,Engineering ,Series (mathematics) ,Artificial neural network ,Meteorology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Stochastic modelling ,business.industry ,Model selection ,Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Settore FIS/03 - Fisica Della Materia ,Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin) ,Wind speed ,Fuel Technology ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Spectral analysis ,business ,stochastic models, time series, model selection, spectral analysis, artificial neural networks, wind forecasting ,Algorithm - Abstract
This paper is concerned with the problem of developing a general class of stochastic models for hourly average wind speed time series. The proposed approach has been applied to the time series recorded during 4 years in two sites of Sicily, a region of Italy, and it has attained valuable results in terms both of modelling and forecasting. Moreover, the 24 h predictions obtained employing only 1-month time series are quite similar to those provided by a feed-forward artificial neural network trained on 2 years data.
- Published
- 2011
19. Two-color ionization of hydrogen by short intense pulses
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Riccardo Burlon, Claudio Leone, Saverio Bivona, Giovanni Bonanno, Bivona, S, Bonanno, G, Burlon, R, and Leone, C
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Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,Infrared ,Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Pulse duration ,Photon energy ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Settore FIS/03 - Fisica Della Materia ,Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin) ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Spectral line ,Physics - Atomic Physics ,Pulse (physics) ,Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter ,Ionization ,Extreme ultraviolet ,Atomic physics ,Multiphoton ionization, atomic interactions with photons ,Instrumentation ,Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other) - Abstract
Photoelectron energy spectra resulting by the interaction of hydrogen with two short pulses having carrier frequencies, respectively, in the range of the infrared and XUV regions have been calculated. The effects of the pulse duration and timing of the X-ray pulse on the photoelectron energy spectra are discussed. Analysis of the spectra obtained for very long pulses show that certain features may be explained in terms of quantum interferences in the time domain. It is found that, depending on the duration of the X-ray pulse, ripples in the energy spectra separated by the infrared photon energy may appear. Moreover, the temporal shape of the low frequency radiation field may be inferred by the breadth of the photoelectron energy spectra., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures
- Published
- 2010
20. Iqueye, a single photon-counting photometer applied to the ESO new technology telescope
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P. Zoccarato, Filippo Messina, Giampiero Naletto, Pietro Bolli, Claudio Pernechele, Fabrizio Tamburini, Simone Marchi, Ivan Capraro, Sergio Billotta, Cesare Barbieri, Enrico Verroi, C. Germanà, Da Deppo, Giovanni Bonanno, G. Anzolin, Massimiliano Belluso, A. Di Paola, C. Facchinetti, S. Fornasier, T. Occhipinti, Enrico Giro, Mirco Zaccariotto, Luca Zampieri, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (INAF-OAR), Italian Space Agency, Institute of Photonic, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (ICFO), INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (INAF-OACt), INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, CNR-INFM Luxor, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Physics ,Aperture ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Context (language use) ,Photometer ,New Technology Telescope ,Photon counting ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optical pulsar ,Optics ,Single-photon avalanche diode ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,photometers ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,business ,Remote sensing - Abstract
International audience; Context: A new extremely high speed photon-counting photometer, Iqueye, has been installed and tested at the New Technology Telescope, in La Silla. Aims: This instrument is the second prototype of a ``quantum'' photometer being developed for future Extremely Large Telescopes of 30-50 m aperture. Methods: Iqueye divides the telescope aperture into four portions, each feeding a single photon avalanche diode. The counts from the four channels are collected by a time-to-digital converter board, where each photon is appropriately time-tagged. Owing to a rubidium oscillator and a GPS receiver, an absolute rms timing accuracy better than 0.5 ns during one-hour observations is achieved. The system can sustain a count rate of up to 8 MHz uninterruptedly for an entire night of observation. Results: During five nights of observations, the system performed smoothly, and the observations of optical pulsar calibration targets provided excellent results.
- Published
- 2009
21. Precision measurements of Photon Detection Efficiency for SiPM detectors
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G. Occhipinti, Massimiliano Belluso, Sergio Billotta, S. Di Mauro, Luigi Cosentino, Alfio Pappalardo, Paolo Finocchiaro, and Giovanni Bonanno
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Particle detector ,Photon counting ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Semiconductor detector ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Integrating sphere ,law ,business ,Instrumentation ,Dark current - Abstract
We present the preliminary results of the characterization of silicon detectors in terms of Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE). The precision measurements are performed at controlled temperature, using a specially suited setup based on a monochromator, an integrating sphere to randomize the incident light and a calibrated reference photodiode. We exploit a measurement technique that we recently devised, based on single photon counting with subtraction of dark noise, and avoiding as much as possible cross-talk and afterpulses. We describe in detail the experimental setups and the techniques utilized to measure the PDE. The achieved results are here discussed in order to establish a methodology capable to give very precise PDE values for solid-state photomultiplier detectors.
- Published
- 2009
22. Silicon Photomultiplier Technology at STMicroelectronics
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Alfio Pappalardo, Delfo Sanfilippo, Giorgio Fallica, Giusy Valvo, G. Condorelli, Massimiliano Belluso, Paolo Finocchiaro, B. Carbone, Sergio Billotta, Massimo Mazzillo, Giovanni Bonanno, and Luigi Cosentino
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Silicon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Photodetector ,Integrated circuit ,Avalanche photodiode ,law.invention ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,chemistry ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Photonics ,business ,Dark current - Abstract
In this paper we present the results of the first electrical and optical characterization performed on 1 mm2 total area Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) fabricated in standard silicon planar technology at the STMicroelectronics Catania R&D clean room facility. The device consists of 289 microcells and has a geometrical fill factor of 48%. Breakdown voltage, gain, dark noise rate, crosstalk, photon detection efficiency and linearity have been measured in our laboratories. The optical characterization has been performed by varying the temperature applied to the device. The results shown in the manuscript demonstrate that the device already exhibits relevant features in terms of low dark noise rate and inter-pixel crosstalk probability, high photon detection efficiency, good linearity and single photoelectron resolution. These characteristics can be considered really promising in view of the final application of the photodetector in the Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
- Published
- 2009
23. Photodetachment of F− by short laser pulses. Comparison between experiments and numerical results
- Author
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Saverio Bivona, Claudio Leone, Giovanni Bonanno, Riccardo Burlon, BIVONA S, BONANNO G, BURLON R, and LEONE C
- Subjects
Physics ,Quantum optics ,Far-infrared laser ,Photoionization ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Laser ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,Pulse (physics) ,Amplitude ,law ,Femtosecond ,Time domain ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Recently, angle-resolved photoelectron spectra have been measured by exposing negative F− ions to linearly or circularly polarized infrared femtosecond laser fields. We compare the experimental results with numerical calculations carried out in the framework of a Keldysh-type theory modified to account for both the time shape and the spatial inhomogeneity of the pulse. In order to account for the finite duration of the laser pulse, our results have been obtained through calculations of photodetachment probabilities. By using the saddle-point method it is possible to show that the transition amplitude may be written as a coherent sum of terms giving rise to interferences. This circumstance suggests that some particular features of the experimental results may be described in terms of quantum interferences in the time domain.
- Published
- 2009
24. AquEYE, a single photon counting photometer for astronomy
- Author
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Enrico Giro, Fernando Pedichini, Fabrizio Tamburini, A. Di Paola, Luca Zampieri, Cesare Barbieri, Enrico Verroi, Pietro Bolli, Mirco Zaccariotto, Claudio Pernechele, V. Da Deppo, P. Zoccarato, Filippo Messina, T. Occhipinti, Simone Marchi, Giovanni Bonanno, Sergio Billotta, Mauro D'Onofrio, C. Facchinetti, Ivan Capraro, Giampiero Naletto, G. Anzolin, Massimiliano Belluso, and S. Fornasier
- Subjects
Physics ,Photon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Aperture ,Detector ,Photometer ,Avalanche photodiode ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Photon counting ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,Rubidium standard ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
This paper describes the results obtained so far with AquEYE, a single photon counting, fixed aperture photometer for the Asiago 182 cm telescope. AquEYE has been conceived as a prototype of a truly 'quantum' photometer for future Extremely Large Telescopes of 30-50 m aperture. This prototype is characterized by four independent channels equipped with single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) as detectors. The counts from the four channels are acquired by a TDC board which has a nominal 25 ps time tagging capability. Taking into account the 35 ps jitter in the SPAD itself, the overall precision of the time tags is of the order of 50 ps. The internal oscillator is locked to an external rubidium clock; a GPS pulse per second is collected by the TDC itself to obtain a UTC reference. The maximum photon count rate which the present system can sustain is 12 MHz.
- Published
- 2009
25. Characterization of detectors for the Italian Astronomical Quantum Photometer Project
- Author
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Sergio Billotta, Massimo Mazzillo, Salvatore di Mauro, T. Occhipinti, Alfio Pappalardo, Claudio Pernechele, Giuseppina Valvo, G. Condorelli, Massimiliano Belluso, Delfo Sanfilippo, Paolo Finocchiaro, P. Giorgio Fallica, Giampiero Naletto, Luigi Cosentino, Cesare Barbieri, M. C. Timpanaro, and Giovanni Bonanno
- Subjects
Physics ,Quantum optics ,Photon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Physics::Medical Physics ,Detector ,Physics::Optics ,Photometer ,Avalanche photodiode ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Photon counting ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,Single-photon avalanche diode ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
In the framework of a national collaboration to bring Quantum Optics concepts to Astronomy, we are involved in finding suitable detectors for this novel application. At ‘INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania’ and ‘INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Sud’ laboratories, measurements of electro-optical parameters, such as photon detection efficiency (PDE), linearity, dark counts and after pulsing probability, as well as of timing resolution, have been carried out. These measurements have been done on silicon detectors, such as single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) (both single element and array), and silicon photon multiplier (SiPM), operating in the photon counting regime.
- Published
- 2009
26. Quantum Detection Efficiency in Geiger Mode Avalanche Photodiodes
- Author
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G. Condorelli, Delfo Sanfilippo, Massimo Mazzillo, Giovanni Bonanno, Sergio Billotta, Giorgio Fallica, A. Piazza, Luigi Cosentino, Paolo Finocchiaro, Massimiliano Belluso, and Alfio Pappalardo
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Photon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Photodetector ,Avalanche photodiode ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Depletion region ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Geiger counter ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
The fabrication of silicon shallow junction photodiodes is a relevant topic for the detection of blue and near ultraviolet weak photon fluxes. In this paper we present a simple model to calculate the quantum detection efficiency (QDE) of a Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (GMAP) as a function of the dead layer thickness above the junction depletion layer. A comparison between calculated and experimental data is also presented. Moreover, by using the same model, an analysis of the QDE at 420 nm wavelength of conventional GMAPs based on shallow N+-P and P+-N junctions is given.
- Published
- 2008
27. Characterization of a Novel 100-Channel Silicon Photomultiplier—Part I: Noise
- Author
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A. Piazza, Massimiliano Belluso, G. Condorelli, Luigi Cosentino, B. Carbone, Sergio Billotta, Giusy Valvo, Paolo Finocchiaro, Alfio Pappalardo, Massimo Mazzillo, Giorgio Fallica, Giovanni Bonanno, Delfo Sanfilippo, and S. Di Mauro
- Subjects
Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Noise measurement ,business.industry ,Avalanche photodiode ,Noise (electronics) ,Photon counting ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Resistor ,business ,Dark current - Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of the first noise characterization performed on our novel 100-channel silicon photomultiplier. We have improved our previous single-photon avalanche photodiode technology in order to set up a working device with outstanding features in terms of single-photon resolving power up to R = 45, timing resolution down to 100 ps, and photon-detection efficiency of 14% at 420 nm. Tests were performed, and features were measured, as a function of the bias voltage and of the incident photon flux. A dedicated data-analysis procedure was developed that allows one to extract at once the relevant parameters and quantify the noise.
- Published
- 2008
28. Characterization of a Novel 100-Channel Silicon Photomultiplier—Part II: Charge and Time
- Author
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Paolo Finocchiaro, Massimo Mazzillo, S. Di Mauro, A. Piazza, Delfo Sanfilippo, Giorgio Fallica, Luigi Cosentino, Giusy Valvo, G. Condorelli, Giovanni Bonanno, Alfio Pappalardo, S. Billotta, Massimiliano Belluso, and B. Carbone
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Resolution (electron density) ,Physics::Optics ,Biasing ,Charge (physics) ,Spectral line ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Characterization (materials science) ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Amplitude ,Optics ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Communication channel - Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of the charge and time characterization performed on our novel 100-channel silicon photomultiplier. We have improved our previous single-photon-avalanche-diode technology in order to set up a working device with outstanding features in terms of single-photon resolving power up to R = 45, a timing resolution down to 100 ps, and photon-detection efficiency of 14% at 420 nm. Tests were performed, and features were measured as a function of the bias voltage and of the incident photon flux. A dedicated data analysis procedure was developed that allows to extract at once the relevant parameters from the amplitude spectra and to determine the timing features.
- Published
- 2008
29. Single-photon avalanche photodiodes with integrated quenching resistor
- Author
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Paolo Finocchiaro, Giorgio Fallica, Giusy Valvo, Alfio Pappalardo, B. Carbone, Sergio Billotta, Giovanni Bonanno, L. Cosentino, A. Piazza, D. Sanfilippo, Massimo Mazzillo, Massimiliano Belluso, and G. Condorelli
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Photodetector ,Avalanche photodiode ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Luminous flux ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,Depletion region ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Dark current - Abstract
In this paper we present the results of the first electrical and optical characterization performed on STMicroelectronics new photosensor technology based on silicon single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPAD). On the prospective of the design and the manufacturing of large-area silicon photomultipliers to be used as photodetectors for nuclear medicine imaging applications, we have modified our previous SPAD technology by means of the integration of a high-value quenching resistor to the photodiode. Moreover, an appropriate antireflective coating layer and the reduction of the quasi-neutral region thickness above the thin junction depletion layer have been introduced in the process flow of the device to enhance its spectral response in blue and near ultraviolet wavelength ranges. High gain, low leakage currents, low dark noise, very good quantum detection efficiency in blue–near UV ranges and a good linearity of the photodiode response to the incident luminous flux are the main characterization results.
- Published
- 2008
30. 4H-SiC Schottky Array Photodiodes for UV Imaging Application Based on the Pinch-off Surface Effect
- Author
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Massimiliano Belluso, Sergio Billotta, Vito Raineri, Antonella Sciuto, Giovanni Bonanno, Salvatore Di Franco, S. F. Liotta, and Fabrizio Roccaforte
- Subjects
Fabrication ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Wide-bandgap semiconductor ,Schottky diode ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Optics ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Quantum efficiency ,business ,Dark current ,Visible spectrum ,Diode - Abstract
The fabrication of high sensitive diodes array is very attractive for spectroscopic and astronomical UV imaging applications, particularly when visible light rejection is required. Wide band gap materials are excellent candidates for UV “visible blind” detection. In this paper, we demonstrate an array of Schottky UV-diodes on 4H-SiC with a single pixel area of about 1.44 mm2 and a total area of about 29 mm2. The Schottky photodiodes are based on the pinch-off surface effect, the front electrode being an interdigit Ni2Si contact that allows the direct light exposure of the optically active device area. For the proposed array, the optically active area is about the 48 % of total area. The single pixel dark current was below 0.1 nA up to –50 V and a fabrication yield of about 90 % was observed. The external quantum efficiency of the proposed array exhibits a peak of 45 % at the 289 nm wavelength and a visible rejection ratio > 4 ×103.
- Published
- 2007
31. Single photon avalanche photodiodes arrays
- Author
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Massimiliano Belluso, Sergio Billotta, Salvatore Tudisco, Agatina Campisi, Massimo Mazzillo, G. Condorelli, S. Privitera, E. Sciacca, Giovanni Bonanno, Paolo Finocchiaro, Salvatore Lombardo, Giorgio Fallica, Luigi Cosentino, Emanuele Rimini, Delfo Sanfilippo, and F. Musumeci
- Subjects
Physics ,Photon ,Fabrication ,Pixel ,Silicon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Metals and Alloys ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Avalanche photodiode ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,chemistry ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Instrumentation ,Jitter - Abstract
In this paper, we present the results regarding the electrical and optical characterization of bidimensional arrays of silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPAD). Low average dark count rates and crosstalk probability, good timing jitter and high quantum detection efficiency in the visible range have been measured over 5 × 5 SPAD arrays with 40 μm single pixel active area diameter. Moreover, a very good uniformity of these parameters has been found over the single pixels. These good electro-optical performances make our photodiodes attractive for the fabrication of arrays with a larger number of SPAD. In view of the design of a dense array to be used as a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for medical diagnostic tools, 5 × 5 SPAD arrays have been also tested in the photon-resolving mode. Charge spectra show that the arrays, in this configuration, allow to resolve several photoelectron peaks with a good single photoelectron resolution.
- Published
- 2007
32. Silicon Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes
- Author
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G. Condorelli, D. Sanfilippo, E. Sciacca, S. Privitera, Massimiliano Belluso, Giovanni Bonanno, Massimo Mazzillo, L. Cosentino, Giorgio Fallica, S. Aurite, Sergio Billotta, Salvatore Lombardo, F. Musumeci, Emanuele Rimini, Salvatore Tudisco, Agatina Campisi, and Paolo Finocchiaro
- Subjects
Physics ,Fabrication ,Silicon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Avalanche photodiode ,Laser ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Planar ,Optics ,chemistry ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Geiger counter ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Photonics ,business - Abstract
In this letter we present the results regarding the electrical and optical characterization of Geiger mode silicon avalanche photodiodes (GMAP) fabricated by silicon standard planar technology. Low dark count rates, negligible afterpulsing effects, good timing resolution and high quantum detection efficiency in all the visible range have been measured. The very good electro-optical performances of our photodiodes make them attractive for the fabrication of arrays with a large number of GMAP to be used both in the commercial and the scientific fields, as telecommunications and nuclear medical imaging.
- Published
- 2007
33. High efficiency 4H-SiC Schottky UV-photodiodes using self-aligned semitransparent contacts
- Author
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S. F. Liotta, S. Di Franco, Antonella Sciuto, Giovanni Bonanno, Fabrizio Roccaforte, and Vito Raineri
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Schottky barrier ,Schottky diode ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Metal–semiconductor junction ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Responsivity ,Optics ,law ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Quantum efficiency ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Dark current - Abstract
In this work, we report on 4H-SiC vertical Schottky UV-photodiodes, with a novel “semitransparent” electrode, using self-aligned Ni 2 Si interdigit contacts, that allow operation in the pinch-off regime of the directly exposed optically active area. This improves short wavelength detector sensitivity with respect to conventional semitransparent Schottky UV detectors which use thin metal films. Computer simulations of the electric field distribution were used to optimise the device’s front electrode geometry, maximising the pinch-off surface effect. The detector dark current was about 200 pA at −50 V thanks to the high Schottky barrier of the Ni 2 Si on the 4H-SiC (1.66 eV). Under illumination with radiation at 254 nm, an increase of the current of more than two orders of magnitude is observed, resulting in 78% internal quantum efficiency. The vertical photodiodes showed an ultraviolet–visible rejection ratio of about 10 4 and a current responsivity factor of 1.8 higher than a conventional planar metal–semiconductor–metal interdigit structure.
- Published
- 2007
34. A new enhanced PSPICE implementation of the equivalent circuit model of SiPM detectors
- Author
-
Salvatore Pennisi, Giuseppe Romeo, S. Garozzo, Alfio Dario Grasso, Gaetano Palumbo, Giovanni Bonanno, and Davide Marano
- Subjects
Engineering ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Electrical model ,Detector ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Electronic engineering ,Microcell ,Equivalent circuit ,Transient response ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
The present work proposes an improved PSPICE implementation of the equivalent electrical model of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to simulate and predict their transient re-sponse to avalanche trigger events. In particular, the developed model provides a detailed investigation of magnitude and timing of the read-out signals and can therefore be exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. The modeling approach used is strictly related to the physics of each basic microcell constituting the SiPM device, and allows the avalanche timing as well as the photodiode current and voltage to be accurately simulated. Predictive capabilities of the proposed model are demonstrated by means of experimental measurements on a real detector. Versatility of the proposed model is also confirmed.
- Published
- 2015
35. Construction and characterization of the detection modules for the Muon Portal Project
- Author
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G. Santagati, Giuseppe Romeo, P. G. Fallica, Davide Marano, M. Romeo, O. Parasole, Sergio Billotta, P. La Rocca, Marilena Bandieramonte, A.A. Blancato, G.V. Russo, Fabio Longhitano, Giovanni Bonanno, D. Lo Presti, C. Pugliatti, S. Garozzo, Simone Riggi, Francesco Riggi, and Danilo Bonanno
- Subjects
Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Muon ,business.industry ,Detector ,Photodetector ,STRIPS ,Scintillator ,Tracking (particle physics) ,law.invention ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,business - Abstract
The Muon Portal Project [1] is a joint initiative between research and industrial partners, aimed at the construction of a real size detector protoype (6×3×7 m3) for the inspection of containers by the muon scattering technique, devised to search for hidden high-Z fissile materials and provide a full 3D tomography of the interior of the container in a scanning time of the order of minutes. The muon tracking detector is based on a set of 48 detection modules (size 1 m × 3 m), each built with 100 extruded scintillator strips, so as to provide four X-Y detection planes, two placed above and two below the container to be inspected. Two wavelength shifting (WLS) fibres embedded in each strip convey the emitted photons to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) which act as photosensors. After a research and development phase, which led to the choice and test of the individual components, the construction of the full size detector has already started. The paper describes the results of the mass characterization of the photosensors and the construction and test measurements of the first detection modules of the Project.
- Published
- 2015
36. A new accurate analytical expression for the SiPM transient response to single photons
- Author
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S. Garozzo, Sergio Billotta, Massimiliano Belluso, Gaetano Palumbo, Davide Marano, Alfio Dario Grasso, Salvatore Pennisi, Giovanni Bonanno, Giuseppe Romeo, and Alessandro Grillo
- Subjects
Ignition system ,Physics ,Photon ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,law ,Detector ,Electronic engineering ,Time constant ,Process (computing) ,Waveform ,Transient response ,law.invention - Abstract
In this paper a comprehensive analytical analysis is performed based on a new accurate electrical model of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors. The proposed circuit model allows to accurately reproduce the SiPM output time response regardless of the particular technology adopted for the fabrication process, and can also be profitably exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. A novel expression of the detector photoelectron response due to a single photon absorption is systematically developed. The obtained waveform accurately reproduces the fast detector ignition, the ensuing avalanche self-quenching and the final slow recharging operation. Predictive capabilities of the adopted analytical model are demonstrated by means of experimental measurements on a real SiPM device.
- Published
- 2014
37. ESCAPE TIMES IN STOCK MARKETS
- Author
-
Bernardo Spagnolo, Giovanni Bonanno, BONANNO G, SPAGNOLO B, BONANNO, G, and SPAGNOLO, B
- Subjects
Econophysics ,Stochastic process ,General Mathematics ,Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Probability density function ,Heston model ,symbols.namesake ,Wiener process ,symbols ,Econometrics ,Escape Times ,Volatility (finance) ,Mathematical economics ,Stock (geology) ,Mathematics - Abstract
We study the statistical properties of escape times for stock price returns in the Wall Street market. In particular we get the escape time distribution for real data from daily transactions and for three models: (i) the Wiener process with drift and a constant market volatility, (ii) Heston and (iii) GARCH models, where the volatility is a stochastic process. We find that the first model is unable to catch all the features of the escape time distribution of real data. Moreover, the Heston model describes the probability density function for both return and escape times better than the GARCH model.
- Published
- 2005
38. Silicon planar technology for single-photon optical detectors
- Author
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Andrea Giudice, Massimo Ghioni, Delfo Sanfilippo, Giorgio Fallica, Giovanni Bonanno, Franco Zappa, Eva Sciacca, Salvatore Lombardo, C. Di Franco, Sergio Cova, Emanuele Rimini, and R. Consentino
- Subjects
Physics ,Fabrication ,Photon ,sezele ,Silicon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Avalanche photodiode ,Photon counting ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Nonlinear Sciences::Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems ,Planar ,Optics ,chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
Design and fabrication of single photon avalanche detector (SPAD) in planar technology is reported. Device design and critical issues in the technology are discussed. Experimental test procedures are described for dark-counting rate, afterpulsing probability, photon timing resolution, and quantum detection efficiency. Low-noise detectors are obtained, with dark counting rates down to 10 c/s for devices with 10 /spl mu/m diameter, down to 1 kc/s for 50 /spl mu/m diameter. The technology is suitable for monolithic integration of SPAD detectors and associated circuits.
- Published
- 2003
39. SiPM detectors for the ASTRI project in the framework of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
- Author
-
Sergio Billotta, C. Gargano, Massimiliano Belluso, Osvaldo Catalano, Giovanni La Rosa, Davide Marano, Alessandro Grillo, S. Garozzo, Salavtore Giarrusso, Domenico Impiombato, M. C. Timpanaro, Giuseppe Sottile, Giovanni Bonanno, Giuseppe Romeo, and Maria Concetta Maccarone
- Subjects
Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Cardinal point ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,business.industry ,Electromagnetic spectrum ,Detector ,Photodetector ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,business ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a worldwide new gene ration project aimed at realizing an array of a hundred ground based gamma-ray telescopes. ASTRI (Astrofisica con Specchi a Tecnologia Replicante Italiana) is the Italian project whose primary target is the development of an end-to-end prototype, named ASTRI SST-2M, of the CTA small size class of telescopes devoted to investigation of the highest energy region, from 1 to 100 TeV. Next target is the implementation of an ASTRI/CTA mini-array based on seve n identical telescopes. Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) are the semiconductor photosensor devices designated to constitute the camera detection system at the focal plane of the ASTRI telescopes. SiPM photosensors are suitable for the detection of the Cherenkov flashes, since they are very fast and sensitive to the light in the 300-700nm wavelength spectrum. Their drawbacks compared to the traditional photo-multiplier tubes are high dark count rates, after-pulsing and optical cross-talk contributions, and intrinsic gains strongly dependent on temperature. Nonetheless, for a single pixel, the dark count rate is well below the Night Sky Background, the effects of cross-talk and afterpulses are typically lower th an 20%, and the gain can be kept stable against temperature variations by means of adequate bias voltage compensation strategies. This work presents and discusses some experimental results from a large set of measurements performed on the SiPM sensors to be used for the ASTRI SST-2M prototype camera and on recently developed detectors demonstrating outstanding performance for the future evolution of the project in the ASTRI/CTA mini-array. Keywords: ASTRI, CTA, detectors, characterizations, phot on detection efficiency, silicon photomultipliers.
- Published
- 2014
40. The camera of the ASTRI SST-2M prototype for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
- Author
-
M. Capalbi, Giuseppe Romeo, C. Gargano, Salvatore Giarrusso, Giovanni La Rosa, S. Garozzo, Giovanni Bonanno, S. Incorvaia, Francesco Russo, Davide Marano, P. Sangiorgi, Nicola La Palombara, Osvaldo Catalano, Maria Concetta Maccarone, Luca Stringhetti, M. Fiorini, Alessandro Grillo, Sergio Billotta, Giuseppe Sottile, Domenico Impiombato, Alberto Segreto, Vincenzo De Caprio, and Giorgio Toso
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Dynamic range ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Context (language use) ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,Silicon photomultiplier ,law ,Observatory ,Image sensor ,business ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
In the context of the Cherenkov Telescope Array observatory project, the ASTRI SST-2M end-to-end prototype telescope, entirely supported by the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics, is designed to detect cosmic primary gamma ray energies from few TeV up to hundreds of TeV. The ASTRI SST-2M prototype camera is part of the challenging synergy of novel optical design, camera sensors, front-end electronics and telescope structure design. The camera is devoted to imaging and recording the Cherenkov images of air showers induced by primary particles into the Earth’s atmosphere. In order to match the energy range mentioned above, the camera must be able to trigger events within a few tens of nanoseconds with high detection efficiency. This is obtained by combining silicon photo-multiplier sensors and suitable front-end electronics. Due to the characteristic imprint of the Cherenkov image that is a function of the shower core distance, the signal dynamic range of the pixels and consequently of the front-end electronics must span three orders of magnitude (1:1000 photo-electrons). These and many other features of the ASTRI SST-2M prototype camera will be reported in this contribution together with a complete overview of the mechanical and thermodynamic camera system.
- Published
- 2014
41. The muon portal double tracker to inspect travelling containers
- Author
-
Sergio Billotta, Fabio Vitello, C. Pistagna, C. Pugliatti, Danilo Bonanno, G. Santagati, A.A. Blancato, N. Randazzo, M. Puglisi, F. Belluomo, P. La Rocca, Emanuele Leonora, Giusy Valvo, S. Longo, S. Garozzo, Simone Riggi, D. Lo Presti, V. Antonuccio, Marilena Bandieramonte, Giuseppe Romeo, P. Massimino, Massimiliano Belluso, Giorgio Fallica, Giovanni Bonanno, Alessandro Costa, Fabio Longhitano, A. Zaia, G.V. Russo, Ugo Becciani, Catia Petta, and Francesco Riggi
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,Electrical engineering ,STRIPS ,law.invention ,Analog signal ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Data acquisition ,law ,Angular resolution ,Digital signal ,Electronics ,business - Abstract
The Muon Portal Project goal is the design and construction of a working detector prototype in scale 1∶1, to inspect the content of travelling containers by means of the secondary cosmic-ray muon radiation and recognize high-Z hidden materials (U, Pu or other fissile samples). The radiographic image is obtained by reconstructing the input and output trajectories of each muon and consequently the scattering angle, exploiting two trackers placed above and below the container. The scan is performed without adding any external radiation, in a reasonable time (a few minutes) and with a good spatial and angular resolution. The detector consists of 8 planes segmented in 6 identical modules. Each module is made of scintillating strips with two WaveLength Shifting fibers (WLS) inside, coupled to Silicon photomultipliers. The customized read-out electronics employs trading programmable boards. Thanks to a smart read-out system, the number of output channels is reduced by a factor 10. The signals from the front-end modules are sent to the read-out boards, in order to convert the analog signal to a digital signal, by a comparison to a threshold. The data are pre-analyzed and stored into a data acquisition PC. Actually, an intense measurement and simulation campaign is in progress to characterize carefully the detector components. The first detection modules (1 × 3 m2) is now under construction. The detector architecture with a particular attention to the used electronics and the main preliminary results will be presented.
- Published
- 2014
42. PSPICE HIGH-LEVEL MODEL AND SIMULATIONS OF THE EASIROC ANALOG FRONT-END
- Author
-
Alessandro Grillo, Domenico Impiombato, S. Garozzo, Giuseppe Sottile, Giovanni Bonanno, Sergio Billotta, Giuseppe Romeo, Massimiliano Belluso, Giovanni La Rosa, Davide Marano, and Osvaldo Catalano
- Subjects
Engineering ,Single model ,Analogue circuits ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Chip ,Analog front-end ,Mathematical equations ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Hardware and Architecture ,Mechanics of Materials ,Modeling and Simulation ,Electronic engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Circuit models ,business ,Software ,Simulation ,High level model - Abstract
The present paper is intended to implement and simulate the Extended Analogue Silicon-photomultiplier Integrated Read-Out Chip (EASIROC) fully analogue front-end model, in order to investigate its foremost characteristics and demonstrate its practical effectiveness when its analogue inputs are driven by the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) signals. The circuit models of all functional blocks are described. Frequency and dynamic features of all circuit front-end sections are briefly addressed, and design mathematical equations are derived as well. PSPICE simulations of each single model are carried out to analyse and confirm its analogue behaviour.
- Published
- 2014
43. Levels of complexity in financial markets
- Author
-
Giovanni Bonanno, Fabrizio Lillo, and Rosario N. Mantegna
- Subjects
FOS: Economics and business ,Statistics and Probability ,Statistical Finance (q-fin.ST) ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,Series (mathematics) ,Work (electrical) ,Financial market ,Econometrics ,Economics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
We consider different levels of complexity which are observed in the empirical investigation of financial time series. We discuss recent empirical and theoretical work showing that statistical properties of financial time series are rather complex under several ways. Specifically, they are complex with respect to their (i) temporal and (ii) ensemble properties. Moreover, the ensemble return properties show a behavior which is specific to the nature of the trading day reflecting if it is a normal or an extreme trading day., 14 pages, 5 figures, to appear on Physica A, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Application of Physics in Economic Modeling, Prague February 8-10 2001
- Published
- 2001
44. Influence of metal–diamond interfaces on the response of UV photoconductors
- Author
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Giovanni Bonanno, E. Milani, Gianluca Verona-Rinati, Giacomo Messina, A. Paoletti, Emanuele Pace, Marco Marinelli, Saveria Santangelo, Salvo Scuderi, A. Tucciarone, R. Di Benedetto, and A. Pini
- Subjects
Photoluminescence ,Materials science ,Photoconductivity ,Diamond films ,Photodetector ,Chemical vapor deposition ,engineering.material ,Optics ,Materials Chemistry ,UV range ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Spectroscopy ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale ,Diamond ,General Chemistry ,Ion source ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Electrical properties ,engineering ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Dark current - Abstract
A systematic investigation on the influence of metal–diamond interfaces on the electro-optical properties and on the UV response of CVD diamond photo-detectors was carried out in order to identify the optimal electric contacts maximizing the performance. To this purpose, a set of four nearly identical diamond samples has been grown using the microwave plasma enhanced CVD technique. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence have been utilized to assess their quality. Interdigitated planar contacts have been photolithographically deposited on each sample, using different layered metals. In particular, titanium–gold, chromium–gold, aluminum–gold and gold were selected. The performance of these detectors has been investigated under steady photon irradiation in the 120–300-nm wavelength range. The experimental results have been compared and discussed with respect to I–V characteristics, dark current levels, signal-to-noise ratio, spectral response and time response.
- Published
- 2001
45. [Untitled]
- Author
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Salvo Scuderi, Rosario Cosentino, A. Calí, F. Diego, R. G. Gratton, M. Rebeschini, G. Martorana, G. Farisato, Pietro Bruno, Silvano Desidera, Riccardo Claudi, and Giovanni Bonanno
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Physics ,business.industry ,Instrumentation ,Resolution (electron density) ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Spectral line ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,Calibration ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Spectrograph ,Echelle grating - Abstract
SARG is the white-pupil cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph under construction for the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) telescope; commissioning is scheduled for mid-1999. SARG is a high efficiency spectrograph designed for the spectral range λ = 370 up to 900 nm, and for resolution from R = 19, 000 up to R = 144, 000. SARG uses an R4 echelle grating in quasi-Littrow mode; the beam size is 100 mm giving an RS product of RS = 46, 000 at order centre. Both single object and long slit (up to 30 arcsec) observing modes are possible. A dioptric camera images the cross dispersed spectra onto a mosaic of two 2048 × 4096 EEV CCDs (pixel size: 13.5 μm).
- Published
- 2001
46. The muon portal project: A dedicated muon detector for the inspection of shipping containers
- Author
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S. Garozzo, G. V. Russo, Marilena Bandieramonte, P. Massimino, F. Riggi, Giusy Valvo, Giuseppe Romeo, Massimiliano Belluso, Fabio Longhitano, S. Longo, Ugo Becciani, F. Belluomo, Giovanni Bonanno, Emanuele Leonora, Sergio Billotta, D. Lo Presti, M. Puglisi, C. Pistagna, C. Pugliatti, G. Santagati, G. Zappalà, V. Antonuccio, Fabio Vitello, Alessandro Costa, C. Petta, V. Indelicato, N. Randazzo, Danilo Bonanno, P. LaRocca, Simone Riggi, Giorgio Fallica, and A. Zaia
- Subjects
Physics ,Muon ,Muon tomography ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,Scintillator ,Shipping container ,Tracking (particle physics) ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,Electromagnetic shielding ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,business ,Computer hardware - Abstract
Traditional techniques, such as those based on X-rays absorption, to inspect shipping container in search of potential fissile threats cannot be employed on occupied vehicles and are of limited use in presence of a large amount of shielding materials. To overcome such limitations, prototypes of detection systems employing the muon tomography technique, based on cosmic muon scattering from high-Z materials, are being tested worldwide. The Muon Portal project aims to build a large area muon detector (18 m2) for the inspection of TEU containers with good spatial and angular resolution. The detector is made by four XY tracking planes of plastic scintillator bars with embedded WLS fibers and SiPM readout, placed above and below the volume to be inspected. Different imaging and visualization algorithms are being designed and tested over tomographic scenarios simulated with a detailed software replica of the entire detector. Experimental tests of the individual detection modules are already in progress. The design and operational parameters of the portal under construction are reported, together with the preliminary detector tests and imaging results.
- Published
- 2013
47. Taxonomy of stock market indices
- Author
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Nicolas Vandewalle, Rosario N. Mantegna, and Giovanni Bonanno
- Subjects
Statistical Finance (q-fin.ST) ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,Series (mathematics) ,Computer science ,Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Time horizon ,computer.software_genre ,Stock market index ,FOS: Economics and business ,Set (abstract data type) ,Currency ,Taxonomy (general) ,Econometrics ,Data mining ,Time series ,computer ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
We investigate sets of financial non-redundant and nonsynchronously recorded time series. The sets are composed by a number of stock market indices located all over the world in five continents. By properly selecting the time horizon of returns and by using a reference currency we find a meaningful taxonomy. The detection of such a taxonomy proves that interpretable information can be stored in a set of nonsynchronously recorded time series., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures (4 panels), Revised version Aug 2000
- Published
- 2000
48. Water interaction with α,α-trehalose: molecular dynamics simulation
- Author
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Giovanni Bonanno, S. L. Fornili, and Rosina Noto
- Subjects
Hydrogen ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Trehalose ,Solvent ,Molecular dynamics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Molecular geometry ,Solvation shell ,chemistry ,Chemical physics ,Computational chemistry ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum - Abstract
This paper reports on simulations of a rather large water–trehalose system, based on the AMBER compatible GLYCAM force-field (R. J. Woods, R. A. Dwek, C. J. Edge and B. Fraser-Reid, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 3832), whose applicability to trehalose has been carefully examined using abinitio quantum mechanical calculations to optimize the molecular geometry and to evaluate the net atomic charges. Statistical analyses of the simulation trajectories show that the structure and dynamics of the solvent are remarkably affected by the presence of trehalose. In particular, ca. 36 water molecules are found to reside in the first hydration shell, 19 of which are hydrogen bonded to trehalose. The water mobility within the first hydration shell is ca. 25% smaller than that of pure water.
- Published
- 1998
49. The ASTRI SST-2M prototype: camera design
- Author
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Rodolfo Canestrari, G. Rodeghiero, Giovanni Bonanno, Enrico Cascone, G. Pareschi, Osvaldo Catalano, Giuseppe Sottile, V. De Caprio, G. La Rosa, and Massimiliano Belluso
- Subjects
Telescope ,Physics ,Optics ,business.industry ,law ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Focal surface ,Aerospace engineering ,Modular design ,business ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,law.invention - Abstract
ASTRI is an Flagship Project led by the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics, INAF, strictly linked to the development of the ambitious Cherenkov Telescope Array, CTA. Primary goal of the ASTRI project is the design, production, installation and calibration of an end-to-end Small Size Telescope prototype, devoted to the investigation of the highest gamma-ray energy band, from a fraction of TeV up to 100 TeV and beyond. The telescope, named ASTRI SST-2M, is mainly characterized by an optical system in dual-mirror configuration and by a modular camera at the curved focal surface composed of a matrix of Silicon Photo-Multipliers photo-sensors. In this paper we present an overview of the mechanical, thermal and electrical concept design of the camera and of the related technological solutions adopted for the ASTRI SST-2M prototype.
- Published
- 2013
50. Evaluation of the optical cross talk level in the SiPMs adopted in ASTRI SST-2M Cherenkov Camera using EASIROC front-end electronics
- Author
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Giuseppe Romeo, S. Billotta, G. Agnetta, Francesco G. Russo, Giovanni Bonanno, Massimiliano Belluso, Davide Marano, S. Giarrusso, Giuseppe Sottile, Teresa Mineo, Osvaldo Catalano, B. Biondo, S. Garozzo, Domenico Impiombato, C. Gargano, and G. La Rosa
- Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Pixel ,Electromagnetic spectrum ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,Cherenkov Telescope Array ,Particle detector ,Cardinal point ,Silicon photomultiplier ,Optics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Mathematical Physics ,Cherenkov radiation - Abstract
ASTRI (Astrofisica con Specchi a Tecnologia Replicante Italiana), is a flagship project of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research whose main goal is the design and construction of an end-to-end prototype of the Small Size of Telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. The prototype, named ASTRI SST-2M, will adopt a wide field dual mirror optical system in a Schwarzschild-Couder configuration to explore the VHE range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The camera at the focal plane is based on Silicon Photo-Multipliers detectors which is an innovative solution for the detection astronomical Cherenkov light. This contribution reports some preliminary results on the evaluation of the optical cross talk level among the SiPM pixels foreseen for the ASTRI SST-2M camera., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2013
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