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Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) in Pakistan is the backbone of agriculture in the country. The IBIS provides irrigation support to agricultural lands across the country; however, hydraulic efficiency of the water conveyance system is impacted due to seepage losses. The lining of irrigation channels is considered a potential solution for improving hydraulic efficiency. Therefore, this study explores the impact of canal lining on the hydraulic efficiency of the canals in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Overall, 14 channels/distributaries/minors (total length 226 km) were monitored in terms of hydraulic performance in different irrigation zones. Hydraulic, geometrical, and socioeconomic parameters of channel/distributaries/minors including roughness coefficient, sediments, flow velocity, wetted parameter, breaches, theft cases, bed, side slope, water surface profile, hydraulic radius, crop yield, and vegetation growth area have been experimentally observed. Obtained results have been compared with the design and pre-lining data. Ten seepage tests using the inflow -outflow method and eight seepage tests using the ponding method were conducted to estimate seepage losses. Results indicate that almost all the parameters varied from the design values. A detailed comparison of the socioeconomic parameters has been carried out. Results from seepage tests show an approximately 78% reduction in losses.

Abstract: Mitochondria regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, physiology, plasticity, and pathology through their regulatory roles in bioenergetic, calcium, redox, and cell survival/death signalling. While several reviews have addressed these different aspects, a comprehensive discussion focussing on the relevance of isolated brain mitochondria and their utilities in neuroscience research has been lacking. This is relevant because the employment of isolated mitochondria rather than their in situ functional evaluation, offers definitive evidence of organelle-specificity, negating the interference from extra mitochondrial cellular factors/signals. This mini-review was designed primarily to explore the commonly employed in organello analytical assays for the assessment of mitochondrial physiology and its dysfunction, with a particular focus on neuroscience research. The authors briefly discuss the methodologies for biochemical isolation of mitochondria, their quality assessment, and cryopreservation. Further, the review attempts to accumulate the key biochemical protocols for in organello assessment of a multitude of mitochondrial functions critical for neurophysiology, including assays for bioenergetic activity, calcium and redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial protein translation. The purpose of this review is not to examine each and every method or study related to the functional assessment of isolated brain mitochondria, but rather to assemble the commonly used protocols of in organello mitochondrial research in a single publication. The hope is that this review will provide a suitable platform aiding neuroscientists to choose and apply the required protocols and tools to address their particular mechanistic, diagnostic, or therapeutic question dealing within the confines of the research area of mitochondrial patho-physiology in the neuronal perspective.

Managers are trying to persuade their subordinates to fulfil the organizational duties without coercion or penalty. However, impression management has grown into current leadership influencing strategy managers use to persuade their subordinates to achieve organizational goals. This study uses positivism and social influence theory to examine how impression management affects contextual performance of employees in service organizations of Pakistan. Using cross-sectional research. Survey includes 40 Pakistani four-star hotels, quick food outlets, and travel agencies. A sample size of 315 was determined from a sample frame of 2400 employees from 40 selected businesses. Data was acquired via questionnaire. IBM SPSS was used to analyze hypotheses using linear regression. According to the findings of study, various aspects of impression management have a significant influence on measurements of employee contextual performance. Employees' ECP is enhanced in Pakistan service organizations when IM is practiced, as measured by self-promotion, ingratiation, and exemplification. This means that managers and other top leaders in organization show their impression by pushing themselves, being nice towards their subordinates, and setting the good example of how they treat them.

Abstract: The phytochemicals have antioxidant properties to counter the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in the central nervous system and can be a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Among various phytochemicals, recently, constituents of spice origin have received special attention for neurodegenerative diseases owing to their health benefits, therapeutic potential, edible nature, and dietary accessibility and availability. Carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpenoid, has garnered attention in the treatment and management of various human diseases. It possesses diverse pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are major public health concerns that place a significant financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The global burden of these diseases is expected to increase in the next few decades owing to increasing life expectancies. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases such as, AD and PD, and the available drugs only give symptomatic relief. For a long time, oxidative stress has been recognized as a primary contributor to neurodegeneration. Carvacrol enhances memory and cognition via modulating the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in AD. Moreover, it also reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine levels in PD, which further prevent the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and improves motor functions. This review highlights the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carvacrol in the management and treatment of AD and PD.

This research work aims to assess antibacterial potential of five liverwort species that have been collected from District Bagh Azad Jammu and Kashmir. For this purpose, two bacterial strains includingAchromobacter xylosoxidans(Gram- negative) andBacillus licheniformis(Gram- positive) were used by following disc diffusion method. The extract of the species was prepared in ethanol, methanol and water. The results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts of all liverworts have stronger and broader spectrum for the zone of inhibition against both bacteria. Among all investigated species,Marchantia emarginataandPellia epiphyllashowed most promising results, whereas lowest activity was shown byPlagiochasma rupestre. In aqueous extract, onlyMarchantia paleaceaandPlageochasma rupestreshowed positive results. In general, resistance shown by Gram-positive strains was superior to Gram-negative strains. This study proved that the investigated liverwort species possess strong defensive mechanism against bacteria and can be used to prepare novel antibiotics.

Vegetables hold very important and significant place in our diet, among vegetables chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop of Pakistan. The vegetable’s market integration is the major problem in Pakistan and symbol of efficiency is integrated markets. The present study was conducted for domestic integration of four major chilli markets of Pakistan by using their monthly wholesale chilli prices of eighteen years (June 2000 to July 2019) by adopting Johan-sane integration approach. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test revealed that prices are integrated at first difference and results of pair wise integration showed chilli markets of Pakistan (Hyderabad, Lahore and Quetta) are integrated in the long-run and in short run with strong relationship, except Peshawar market because of long distance, price variation & seasonal effects. The results of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) showed significant adjustment of prices in almost three pairs of markets (Hyderabad, Lahore and Quetta) and the finding of Granger causality test showed the bidirectional and unidirectional causality relationship between the chilli markets. Granger causality tests have also indicated that unlike in other market pairs such as Lahore-Peshawar and Quetta-Peshawar have no causality direction on price formation between them. The government should design a network of chilli wholesale markets across the country that are nearly equal distance apart in order to improve market convergence and price transmission to make chilli more profitable.

Cotton is important fiber crop which is used to grow for commercially purpose. It’s growing all over the world, like India, USA, Russia, China, Brazil, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey, and Sudan etc. Cotton is cash crop and Pakistan known as ‘white gold’, cotton contributes 23.60 percent of value added and 4.45 of the total GDP of the country (GoP, 2021). Two third exports earning of the country are from the cotton made-up and textiles, it add $2.5 in national economy while country textile mills and ginning factories are also depends on cotton (Rani et al., 2017). Study objectives Identify and compare the training methods for cotton production perceived by cotton farmers, determine the effectiveness of various training methods on cotton farmers' knowledge and skills & Identify barriers to applying knowledge and skills by farmers. Total sample size were 100 cotton growers purposely were selected from study area. Data collection were collected through well design research questionnaire and data analyzed through (SPSS) statistical software. It was observed that overall training program had very positive impact on farmer’s knowledge and skills because farmers became aware about filed issue and they started practical work their field to get maximum yield from cotton crop. Public organization may be need for improvement for facilitation and capacity building of famers. Farmers awareness session increase their knowledge and work for more production.

This research paper presents the COVID-19 situation and early control measures the Government of Pakistan took. The first coronavirus case was confirmed in Pakistani on February 25, 2020. To avoid any disastrous situation, The Pakistani Government has done everything possible to reduce the number of coronavirus cases across its provinces as much as possible up until now. We have investigated Pakistan's thorough response compared to the neighboring country China. The researcher performed trend analysis based on the data from the official COVID-19 record website of the government of Pakistan and GitHub - JHU CSSE for China. The data indicates a decline in COVID-19 cases and a high recovery rate in Pakistan. No double-figure positive cases from the last few weeks are recorded as of March 16, 2023. We have compared the strategies of Pakistan to combat COVID-19 with China as it shut down its border from March 2020 to October 2023 to protect its social system. On the other hand, Pakistan didn't shut down the border completely during COVID-19. According to the findings, we can state that no large-scale death toll has been recorded in Pakistan. Pakistan maintains its survival during COVID-19 due to the efficient cooperation of the stakeholders in the light of the Actor-Network Theory. Despite the lack of effective antiviral treatment, Pakistan took proactive steps to combat coronavirus. Furthermore, the lockdowns and other preventative measures implemented by the provincial governments led to decreased COVID-19 cases in the nation. The fact that only 4% of Pakistan's population is over 60 indicates less risk of a COVID-19 outbreak leading to a large-scale death toll. Despite the lack of effective antiviral treatment, Pakistan took proactive steps to combat coronavirus.

The whiteflies are polyphagous, host, and feed on the sap of sugarcane leaves may cause a loss in yield production. This study was designed to screen out the fifteen sugarcane genotypes to recognize their comparative resistance/susceptibility during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The whitefly attack was first found in June, rapidly increased in August, and reached its maximum population in October. After that, the population gradually declined from November to December. The highest 1.80 per cm2 leaf-1 population of whitefly (nymph + puparia) was recorded on YT-53, followed by 1.56 per cm2 leaf-1 in S-2007-AUS-384, which showed moderate susceptibility. The genotypes Hoth-127, NARC-1, and CP-TJ-349, exhibited less susceptible responses with an average range of 1.01-1.50 per cm2 leaf-1. The other genotypes, i.e., CP-TJ-349, Hoth-326, Th-910, S-2005-CSSG-33, S-2007-AUS-384, Hoth-2109, LAM-76/TJ-803, Th-1201, S-2009-CPSG-06, S-1996-NSG-197, NARC-2, and Th-1210 showed resistance response with an average range of 0.01-1.00 per cm2 leaf-1. The maximum Host Plant Susceptibility Indices (HPSIs) during 2015 (16% and 15%), 2016 (13% and 14%), and cumulative (16% and 14%) were recorded in YT-53 and S-2007-AUS-384, respectively. Based on the cumulative result of HPSIs, these genotypes keep in the moderately susceptible category. Similarly, the genotypes Hoth-127, NARC-1, and CP-TJ-349 showed intermediate HPSIs (12, 11, and 9% respectively, found to be less susceptible. While the genotypes, i.e., Hoth-326, Th-910, S-2005-CSSG-33, LAM-76/TJ-803, Hoth-2109, Th-1201, S-1996-NSG-197, S-2009-CPSG-06, NARC-2, and Th-1210 were recorded minimum HPSIs in the range of 1-8% possibly found to be resistant.

The heavy rainfall caused biggest ever natural rain flood in River Indus in the history of Pakistan during 2010. The deltaic district Thatta of Sindh Pakistan hit by flood with breach came out at Dyke near Thatta city on right bank of River Indus. The soil sampling was carried out in month July 2010 prior to flood for routine soil analysis. After flood again soil samples from 13 same sites of pre flood spots were collected at two depths, 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Aim was to observe soil physic-chemical properties and nutrient status of pre-flood and post flood conditions. Soil sand pH and SAR were found significantly higher in post-flood conditions whereas clay and OM were found high in pre-flood conditions. The nutrients status of N, P, Ca and Mg were depleted however K remained satisfactory in post-flood conditions. In post flood conditions the pH and SAR were positive and significantly correlated with each other indicated disperse of soil. The information obtained from this study will be helpful to develop flood qualification strategies and proper management of soil.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for wheat production and about half of total P fertilizers are consumed by only wheat in Pakistan. Hence, keeping in mind the ever-increasing input cost of P fertilizers, it becomes highly imperative to identify modern wheat genotypes for their P-use-efficiency. The experiment was consisted two factor completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factor A comprised of two levels of soil applied P i.e.0 Kg ha-1 (Control) and 90 Kg ha-1, while factor B involved six wheat genotypes (Benazir, Imdad -2005, TD-I, Kiran-95, Tj-83, Sindhu). Results showed that as against its deficient condition, adequate P nutrition (90 kg P ha-1) enhanced shoot length (28%), root length (8.9%), fresh shoot weight (97%), fresh root weight (20%), no of leaves per plant (9.3%), leaf area index (130%), dry weight of shoot (83%), dry weight of root (16.5%) of wheat genotypes. Wheat genotype exhibited wide genotypic variation for their P biomass efficiency. Most interestingly, the Phosphorus efficiency ratio (PER) of the wheat genotypes was greater for TJ-83 and Sindhu. The genotype TJ-83 and Sindhu were the most biomass productive genotypes followed by Benazir and Kiran-95 in the uthal region of the Baluchistan. The study concluded that under P deficiency stress, enhanced efficient wheat genotypes determines their growth and biomass production. The genotype Sindhu was categorized as ‘efficient-responsive’ wheat genotype in terms of biomass production, most desirable both for low and high input sustainable agriculture system, Further validation of these results is required under field conditions at Uthal region Balochistan.

Background: The need for a trustworthy Trauma Registry (TR) to enhance patient care and direct trauma prevention strategies has been recognized for a very long time. Objectives: This research sought to establish, develop, and assess Pakistan's first Digital TR at SMBB Institute of Trauma. Methods: Using U.S. DIv5 TR model as starting point, locally adapted digital TR was developed, and several methodologies were used to analyze prevalence, characters, and first-aid care of trauma, as well as the feasibility of establishing a national TR. The research was conducted at SMBBIT for the period from November 2016 to December 2022. Results: Majority of patients suffering trauma were youthful 46% and predominantly male 86%, according to the demographic analysis. Direct admission from the accident scene was common 68%, and the preponderance of incidents involved 59% road accidents. In the majority of cases, 64% family members provided primary care. The leading causes of injury were 75% blunt force trauma and 59% automobile collisions. Orthopedic 35%, neurosurgical 22%, and oro-maxillofacial 12% injuries were the most common. In terms of assault-related injuries, gunshot wounds were a prominent cause of trauma.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate risk prediction models for deep surgical site infection (SSI) caused by specific bacterial pathogens after fracture fixation. A retrospective case-control study was conducted at a level I trauma center. Fifteen candidate predictors of the bacterial pathogens in deep SSI were evaluated to develop models of bacterial risk. The study included 441 patients with orthopedic trauma with deep SSI after fracture fixation and 576 control patients. The main outcome measurement was deep SSI cultures positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), gram-negative rods (GNRs), anaerobes, or polymicrobial infection within 1 year of injury. Prognostic models were developed for five bacterial pathogen outcomes. Mean area under the curve ranged from 0.70 (GNRs) to 0.74 (polymicrobial). Strong predictors of MRSA were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of III or greater (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% CI, 1.6–8.0) and time to fixation greater than 7 days (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.9–5.9). Gustilo type III fracture was the strongest predictor of MSSA (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6–3.9) and GNRs (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.3–5.0). ASA classification of III or greater was the strongest predictor of polymicrobial infection (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.7–15.5) and was associated with increased odds of GNRs (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5–5.5). Our models predict the risk of MRSA, MSSA, GNR, anaerobe, and polymicrobial infections in patients with fractures. The models might allow for modification of preoperative antibiotic selection based on the particular pathogen posing greatest risk for this patient population. [ Orthopedics . 202x;4x(x):xx–xx.]

In the current economic climate of boosted economic globalization culture that results in an ease in the movement of resources from one corner of the globe to the other, unemployment is still a bitter reality. Using annual data for Pakistan from 1986 to 2020, an attempt was made in this study to empirically evaluate the long-run and short-run link between the unemployment rate and FDI, economic growth, and trade. Using the multivariate co-integration technique, the data were examined. The long-term link between the unemployment rate and explanatory variables was validated by Johansen's co-integration method. The data series' stationarity was verified using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test (ADF test), which demonstrates that all of the relevant variables are first-difference stationary. Results suggested a contradiction between the unemployment rate and foreign direct investment. Also, extensive studies found a conflict between economic expansion and the unemployment rate. While there is a long-term positive correlation between trade and the unemployment rate. Using the Impulse Response Function, short-run relationships are evaluated.

Many heterocycles have been developed as drugs due to their capacity to interact productively with biological systems. The present study aimed to synthesize cocrystals of the heterocyclic antitubercular agent pyrazinamide (PYZ, 1, BCS III) and the commercially available anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ, 2, BCS class II) to study the effect of cocrystallization on the stability and biological activities of these drugs. Two new cocrystals, namely, pyrazinamide–homophthalic acid (1/1) (PYZ:HMA, 3) and carbamazepine–5-chlorosalicylic acid (1/1) (CBZ:5-SA, 4), were synthesized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction-based structure of carbamazepine–trans-cinnamic acid (1/1) (CBZ:TCA, 5) was also studied for the first time, along with the known cocrystal carbamazepine–nicotinamide (1/1) (CBZ:NA, 6). From a combination drug perspective, these are interesting pharmaceutical cocrystals to overcome the known side effects of PYZ (1) therapy, and the poor biopharmaceutical properties of CBZ (2). The purity and homogeneity of all the synthesized cocrystals were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and FT–IR analysis, followed by thermal stability studies based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Detailed intermolecular interactions and the role of hydrogen bonding towards crystal stability were evaluated quantitatively via Hirshfeld surface analysis. The solubility of CBZ at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in 0.1 N HCl and H2O were compared with the values of cocrystal CBZ:5-SA (4). The solubility of CBZ:5-SA was found to be significantly improved at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in H2O. All the synthesized cocrystals 3–6 exhibited a potent urease inhibition (IC50 values range from 17.32 ± 0.89 to 12.3 ± 0.8 µM), several times more potent than standard acetohydroxamic acid (IC50 = 20.34 ± 0.43 µM). PYZ:HMA (3) also exhibited potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Among the synthesized cocrystals, PYZ:HMA (3) and CBZ:TCA (5) were found to possess antileishmanial activity against the miltefosine-induced resistant strain of Leishmania major, with IC50 values of 111.98 ± 0.99 and 111.90 ± 1.44 µM, respectively, in comparison with miltefosine (IC50 = 169.55 ± 0.20 µM).

Background: The skeletal correlations in a sagittal plane do not correlate to the dental relationship each time. For orthodontic treatment planning, differential identification In the past, the terms overjet and overbite were used to examine sagittal jaw connections. The goal of the study was to see how closely a dental characteristic (overjet) correlated with skeletal angles (ANB, WITTS). Objectives: This research aims to see if occlusal characteristics are used in evaluating cranial and facial connections in the vertical and sagittal planes. The sagittal connection of upper with lower teeth is studied using the metrics overjet. Methodology: This study is done at the orthodontics department, Institute of Dentistry, LUMHS, Jamshoro. The total sample size was 110, random sampling technique was utilized to select the subject. For the patients coming to the orthodontic department data was collected from previous and new patients. The overjet and overbite value will be measured on dental casts using vernier caliper. The impression of patient will be taken by irreversible hydrocolloid and the cast will be poured with orthodontic hard plaster. This study also includes pre-treatment digital cephalometric xrays.

In the last few years, many works have tried to explain the predictions of deep learning models. Few methods, however, have been proposed to verify the accuracy or faithfulness of these explanations. Recently, influence functions, which is a method that approximates the effect that leave-one-out training has on the loss function, has been shown to be fragile. The proposed reason for their fragility remains unclear. Although previous work suggests the use of regularization to increase robustness, this does not hold in all cases. In this work, we seek to investigate the experiments performed in the prior work in an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms of influence function fragility. First, we verify influence functions using procedures from the literature under conditions where the convexity assumptions of influence functions are met. Then, we relax these assumptions and study the effects of non-convexity by using deeper models and more complex datasets. Here, we analyze the key metrics and procedures that are used to validate influence functions. Our results indicate that the validation procedures may cause the observed fragility., 11 pages, 5 figures, published in Neural Networks

Abstract: Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and metabolic dysfunction have been observed in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by aberrant mitochondrial DNA, mutant nuclear proteins that interact with mitochondria directly or indirectly, or for unknown reasons. Since mitochondria play a significant role in neurodegeneration, mitochondriatargeted therapies represent a prosperous direction for the development of novel drug compounds that can be used to treat NDDs. This review gives a brief description of how mitochondrial abnormalities lead to various NDDs such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We further explore the promising therapeutic effectiveness of mitochondria- directed antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoVitE, MitoPBN, and dimebon. We have also discussed the possibility of mitochondrial gene therapy as a therapeutic option for these NDDs.

Abstract: Mitochondria are critical for homeostasis and metabolism in all cellular eukaryotes. Brain mitochondria are the primary source of fuel that supports many brain functions, including intracellular energy supply, cellular calcium regulation, regulation of limited cellular oxidative capacity, and control of cell death. Much evidence suggests that mitochondria play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ongoing studies of NDDs have revealed that mitochondrial pathology is mainly found in inherited or irregular NDDs and is thought to be associated with the pathophysiological cycle of these disorders. Typical mitochondrial disturbances in NDDs include increased free radical production, decreased ATP synthesis, alterations in mitochondrial permeability, and mitochondrial DNA damage. The main objective of this review is to highlight the basic mitochondrial problems that occur in NDDs and discuss the use mitochondrial drugs, especially mitochondrial antioxidants, mitochondrial permeability transition blockade, and mitochondrial gene therapy, for the treatment and control of NDDs.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in learning and education is not new. However, the rise of the Covid-19 pandemic led to a focus on its role in Learning Management Systems (LMS). This study also examined the role of AI in the LMS with features including Natural Language Processing and Reasoning. The researchers used a self-proposed model and gathered data from the mass communication students in two public sector universities in Pakistan. Results revealed that Artificial Intelligence is integral to Learning Management Systems (LMS) in the selected institutions. Further, the effect of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on Reasoning indicated these two factors as interlinked, improving the quality of LMS. Additionally, Natural Language Processing significantly mediated the effect of AI on the LMS, showing that language processing facilitates LMS usage among students. Finally, the results also indicated the significant mediation effect of Reasoning on the relationship s between AI and the LMS. Overall, the results also remained supported towards the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) along with Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Reasoning in Learning Management Systems (LMS). The researchers conclude that AI in Learning Management Systems is widely applied in Pakistani institutions. The young students also acknowledge the benefits of AI-enabled LMS that have enhanced their learning experiences and provided them with logical solutions and answers to their complex queries. Further, the study limitations are discussed and highlighted accordingly.

The HEART score is a widely used diagnostic tool in patients with chest pain. This tool is a very effective method for the stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency department. It is composed of five components, i.e., history, ECG, age risk factors and troponins. Objective: To assess the importance of HEART score in our population. Methods: This study was conducted at emergency department of Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from 01 January 2021 to 30 June 2022. A cohort study of the HEART risk score in myocardial infarction (MI) patients presented with chest pain was conducted. 244 patients were selected by consecutive sampling and distributed into two groups i.e., non-exposed (HEART risk score 0-3) and exposed group (HEART risk score ≥ 4). The HEART risk score was calculated and patients were followed for the next 48 hours. Results: Patients of both groups were monitored for forty-eight hours and the results were myocardial infarction (MI) in 1 (0.8%) patient and 86 (70.5%) patients in group A (low risk) and group B (high risk) respectively. One patient (0.8%) in each group A (low risk) and in group B (high risk) left against medical advice (LAMA). One hundred twenty (98.4%) patients in group A and thirty-five (28.7%) patients in group B (high risk) were discharged. No patient (0.0%) expired in group A (low risk) and in group B (high risk) respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded from the study that the HEART risk score is very much helpful as a diagnostic tool in patients with chest pain, presented in the emergency

This research also focused on the factors behind wider YouTube usage in Pakistan during the post-pandemic era. The researchers adopted primary constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and employed Structural Equation Modelling for the data analysis. Data gathered from n= 374 individuals indicated that Performance Expectancy has a significant effect on Behavioral Intentions, showing that online platform performance positively shapes the students' behavior. However, the effect of Effort Expectancy was insignificant, indicating expecting less effort to search and find relevant content does not affect the students' Behavioral Intention. The effect of Performance Expectancy on Effort Expectancy also remained significant, indicating that performance expectations are linked with the effort expectations of the respondents. Further, Behavioral Intention significantly leads the study respondents to accept YouTube educational content for learning purposes. Finally, Perceived Usefulness significantly mediates the behavioral intention to accept YouTube educational content for learning purposes. Thus, this research concluded that virtual social networking, including YouTube, supports the young generation's learning and education. Consequently, the importance of these platforms is increasing, demanding that institutions expand their learning opportunities further, ensuring enhanced learning experiences for everyone.

Background: The spinal cord is considered as the principle content of vertebral canal. It begins as a downward extension of medulla oblongata at the level of upper border of first cervical vertebrae (C1). The terminal part of spinal cord is conical and is termed as conus medullaris. In adults the level of termination of conus medullaris varies between T12 to L3 vertebrae. The level of termination of conus medullaris is clinically important to avoid injuries during spinal anaesthesia and lumber puncture. Methods: The saggital magnetic resonance images of 168 patients were reviewed in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Srinagar from January 2022 to June 2022. The most caudal point of the cord was considered as the tip of conus medullaris. A line was drawn through the tip perpendicular to the long axis of spinal cord to determine its location with adjacent vertebra. Results: The level of conus medullaris termination was most commonly located at T12-L1 intervertebral disc level. The results revealed a significant statistical difference in levels of termination of conus medullaris with respect to age and sex. Conclusions: In literature, the highest level of conus medullaris termination is stated to be at T11-T12 Intervertebral disc and the lowest level at the body of L3 vertebra. Therefore, spinal anaesthesia and lumber puncture procedure should be done below L3 vertebral body in order to avoid iatrogenic complications.