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Soil erosion risk assessment in South-Kivu longs for the colonial epoch, while the province faces the problem of extreme degradation of land in the form of soil erosion. Thus, the study attempts to assess the soil erosion at the province level using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in conjunction with the Geographical Information System (GIS), and remote sensing data. The estimated total soil erosion was 2.084 million tons; with an annual average of 138.2 t ha−1 yr−1. Moreover, the soil loss greater than 100 t ha−1 yr−1 accounts for 45.2% of the total erosive land. The soil erosion worsening nearly the entire territories range between 87 t ha−1 yr−1 in Shabunda to 248 t ha−1 yr−1 in Uvira. Under high aggressiveness of rainfall with mean of 1857.19 mm/y, the highest rate found in Perennial crop, Trees, and Cropland in contrast to Shrub and closed Forest was mainly due to the mean slope of 22% found in the former Land cover categories compared to 17% of Shrubland and closed forest. The adoption of terracing could reduce by 76% the current rate of cropland i.e., from (162.12 t ha−1 yr−1 to 38 t ha−1 yr−1). Therefore it is strongly recommended.

Climate change nowadays is recognized as one of the most challenging and complex problem facing the agricultural development globally. However, the vulnerability of climate change on this sector in Africa is more than any other socioeconomic activities. This paper assesses smallholder farmers’ perceptions about climate change in the surrounding areas of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in Eastern DR Congo. We also used thirty nine-year observed climate data (1980-2019) to corroborate farmers’ perceptions about climate change. The Mann-Kendall Test and SPSS were used for data analyses, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2019 the mean annual rainfall decreased (R2 = 0.11) while temperature increased (R2 = 0.43). The major adaptation strategies identified included use of improved varieties and crop rotation (47.78%), early planting (53.33%), agroforestry practices (52.23%), planting early maturing varieties (38.89%), planting resistant varieties (46.67%), adoption of irrigation techniques (22.22%), and Integrated management of soil fertility package (65.55%). Results of logit regression analysis indicated that the access to extension services, credit, soil fertility, and land tenure are the most important factors that influence farmers’ perception and adaptation. The main barriers included lack of information on adaptation strategies, poverty, and lack of information about weather. Even though the communities are highly aware of climate issues, only 44.4% of farmers have adjusted their farming practices to reduce the impacts of increasing temperature and 40.6% to decreasing precipitation, giving lack of funds as the main barrier to implementing adaptation measure.

We present algorithms for approximate reasoning computations, for some intersection and implication functions, which are as efficient as E.H. Mamdani et al.'s (1975) interpolation method. Implementations of the algorithms are given in the functional language Miranda.