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In the period from 2012-2015 plant samples with fireblight symptoms were collected from pome fruits and indigenous plant, in main fruitgrowing regions of Montenegro. After succesfull isolation, pathogenicity of the obtained strains was tested by artificial inoculation of immature pear fruits, variety Viljamovka. Hypersensitive reaction was tested on tobacco leaves, variety White Burley. Identification and genetic diversity studies were performed using several molecular techniques on 18 Erwinia amylovora strains originating from quince, pear, apple and hawthorn. Bacterial identity was confirmed by nested PCR in which all studied strains produced the expected amplification fragment of plasmid pEA29. To detect potential genetic variations in E. amylovora population, rep-PCR was conducted. Using REP, ERIC and BOX primers, in all three PCR reactions, differences between studied strains were detected, i.e. pear strains had different genetic profiles from all other studied strains, including reference strain. Genetic variability of selected E. amylovora strains was studied by RAPD-PCR as well. Both of the used random primers, CUGEA-3 and CUGEA-5, showed discriminatory potential by separating genetic profiles of pear strains from all other studied strains, including reference strain. This is the first study of genetic variability of E. amylovora in Montenegro.

Owing to its characteristics, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage plant in our country. The great importance of alfalfa is reflected in the production of high-quality fodder and alfalfa seeds, which are a valuable and competitive commodity on domestic and foreign markets. In this study, the presence of plant pathogenic genera of fungi on the seeds of five different alfalfa cultivars was investigated (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) from three different lots (sites) of each cultivar. The detected phytopathogenic fungi on the alfalfa seeds caused a decrease in the overall germination, but the present research results indicate a satisfactory health status of all alfalfa cultivars and seed lots. Plava lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je zbog svih svojih osobina najvažnija krmna biljka u našoj zemlji. Veliki značaj lucerke se ogleda u proizvodnji kvalitetne kabaste hrane, ali je i seme lucerke vredna i tražena roba na domaćem i inostranom tržištu. Areal gajenja lucerke je na svim kontinentima u više od 80 zemalja, od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa. Široka geografska rasprostranjenost lucerke uslovljena je njenom velikom adaptabilnošću na različite klimatske i zemljišne uslove. U ovom radu je ispitivano prisustvo fitopatogenih rodova gljiva na semenu pet različite sorata lucerke (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) sa po tri različite partije (lokaliteta) od svake sorte. Kod ispitivanih sorti identifkovani su sledeći rodovi gljiva: Alternaria spp.,Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. i Mucor spp. Prisustvo identifikovanih rodova gljiva bilo je u rasponu od 0 % do 15,5%. Rod Mucor spp. najmanju prosečnu vrednost imao je kod sorte lucerke K-28 (0,08%), dok je najveću prosečnu vrednost imao kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (8,67%), a takođe kod iste sorte konstatovano je najveće prisustvo od (15,5%) na lokalitetu Veliki Izvor. Najveće prosečno prisustvo roda Fusarium spp. zabeleženo je kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (0,25%). Na proučavanim sortama lucerke ispitani su korelacioni odnosi između parametara kvaliteta semena i prisustva patogena na semenu različitih sorata i partija lucerke. Negativna korelaciona međuzavisnost zabeležena je između ukupne klijavosti i prisustva gljive iz roda Fusarium spp. (r= - 0,415*). Detektovane fitopatogene gljive na semenu lucerke su uticale na smanjenje ukupne klijavosti, ali ipak rezultati ovih ispitivanja ukazuju na zadovoljavajuće zdravstveno stanje svih sorata i partija semena lucerke.

Susceptibility of different pear cultivars to Erwinia amaylovora by artificial inoculated immature pear fruits are shown in this article. According obtained results significant differences among cultivars are confirmed and they could be divided in four groups. Most susceptibly cultivars were Santa Marija. Second group includes Williams, Morettini, Carmen, Hardenpont. As most resistant shown to be Magness, Turandot and two local varietyies Karamanka, as well as another unknown local cultivar. This results are compatible with literature data, but also confirmed observations about susceptibility of various pear cultivars to E. amylovora under natural infections. Artificial inoculation immature pear fruit could be considered as relativelu relible method for estimation of pear fruit trees resistance to this bacteria. U radu je prikazana reakcija plodova različitih sorata kruške prema Erwinia amylovora metodom inokulacije nesazrelih plodova. Utvrđeno je da postoje značajne razlike u osetljivosti raznih sorata kruške prema patogenu i one se mogu podeliti u četiri grupe prema korišćenoj skali. Najosetljivijom se pokazala sorta Santa Marija. Nešto manju osetljivost ispoljile su sorte Vilijamova, Moretini, Karmen i Hardenpont; najotpornijim su se pokazale Magnes, Turandot, Junska Lepotica, Karamanka i nepoznata autohtona sorta. Prema dosadašnjim saznanjima ovi rezultati su u saglasnosti sa podacima iz literature i zapažanjima o otpornosti sorti kruške prema E. amylovora, primenom metode inokulacije plodova. Istraživanja su pokazala da se ovakav metod utvrđivanja otpornosti kruške prema E. amylovora sa relativnom pouzdanošću može koristiti u ove svrhe.

Examination is seed quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) during the five years 2010 - 2014. The average established seed purity was over 98.40%, with varying by year from 96.7% to 99.2%. The greatest part of the impurities was inert matter, which are varied over the years in the range from 0.0% to 2.30%. Presence of weed seeds by year varied in the range from 0.0% to 0.50%. In the seeds of the tested grasses dominate the weeds from the family Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae. The most common weeds in the investigated grasses were Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Participation of other species by year ranged from 0.0% to 1.8%. Seed germination varied from 75 to 88%, the average was 83%. The number of abnormal seedlings was 4%, while the average number of ungerminated seeds was 13%. Ispitivanjem semena engleskog ljulja (Lolium perenne), italijanskog ljulja (Lolium multi­florum) i crvenog vijuka (Festuca rubra) u toku pet godina (2010 - 2014. godina) utvrđene su vrlo visoke vrednosti svih značajnih pokazatelja kvaliteta semena. Prosečna utvrđena čistoća semena bila je preko 98,40%, sa variranjem po godinama od 96,7 % do 99,2 %. Pri tome najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije, koje su varirale po godinama u intervalu od 0,0 % do 2,30 %. Prisustvo semena korova po godinama je variralo u intervalu od 0,0 % do 0,50 %. U semenu ispitivanih trava dominiraju korovi iz familija Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae i Polygonaceae. Najzastupljeniji korovi u ispitivanim travama su Amaranthus retroflexus (obični štir) i Chenopodium album (obična pepeljuga). Učešće drugih vrsta po godinama kretalo se u intervalu od 0,0 % do 1,8 %. Klijavost semena varirala je od 75 do 88%, prosečno je iznosila 83%. Broj nenormalnih klijanaca bio je 4%, dok je prosečan broj neklijalog semena bio 13%.

Soft rot symptoms were observed on broccoli plants in several commercial fields in the western part of Serbia. Six strains of bacteria were isolated from diseased tissues and identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum using conventional bacteriological and molecular methods. All strains were non-fluorescent, gram-negative, facultative anaerobes, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive, causing soft rot on potato and carrot slices and did not induce hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. They grew in 5% NaCl and at 37C, did not produce acid from α-methyl glucoside, sorbitol and maltose, nor reducing substances from sucrose, but utilized lactose and trehalose, and did not produce indole or lecithinase. The investigated strains showed characteristic growth on Logan's medium and did not produce blue pigmented indigoidine on GYCA medium nor 'fried egg' colonies on PDA. The identity of strains was confirmed by ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP analyses and by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. In a pathogenicity assay, all strains caused tissue discoloration and soft rot development on inoculated broccoli head tissue fragments. Simptomi vlažne truleži brokolija uočeni su u nekoliko komercijalnih zasada u zapadnoj Srbiji. Sojevi bakterija izolovani su iz obolelog biljnog tkiva i identifikovani kao Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum korišćenjem konvencionalnih bakterioloških i novijih molekularnih metoda. Svi proučavani sojevi bili su nefluorescentni, Gram-negativni, fakultativno-anaerobni, oksidaza i lecitinaza negativni, katalaza pozitivni, prouzrokujući vlažnu trulež cvetnih drški brokolija, kriški krompira i kriški mrkve, ali nisu indukovali hipersenzitivnu reakciju duvana. Svi sojevi razvijaju se pri 37C i u prisustvu 5% NaCl, ne proizvode kiselinu iz α-metil glukozida, sorbitola i maloze, niti redukujuće supstance iz saharoze, ali razlažu laktozu i trehalozu, i ne stvaraju indol. Proučavani sojevi ispoljili su karakterističan razvoj na Loganovoj diferencijalnoj podlozi, i nisu proizvodili plavi pigment na GYCA podlozi niti 'fried egg' kolonije na PDA podlozi. Identifikacija sojeva potvrđena je korišćenjem ITS-PCR i ITS-RFLP, kao i analizom sekvenci 16S rRNA gena. Prilikom izvođenja testa patogenosti, svi sojevi prouzrokovali su obezbojavanje tkiva i vlažnu trulež cvetnih drški brokolija.

Copper citrate is a complex compound of copper, which is characterized by a higher degree of dissociation in relation to the other copper compounds that are presently in the use and can be used in lower concentrations for the control of plant pathogens. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is on of the economically most important diseases of apples in all regions where this fruit species grown. A successful apple production is not possible without intensive chemical control. The use of copperbased products to protect apples, positioned at the start of the growing season. The earliest apple infections are the most destructive, and the effective protection of the apples in this period is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of copper citrate at different concentrations applied to the growth of V. inaequalis colonies. The results show that copper citrate in significantly lower concentrations of application 0.2 and 0.1 % higher than the standard product, effectively inhibiting the growth of V. inaequali mycelium (colony), which is the result of significantly higher amounts of copper ions, that is released from compound. Bakar-citrat je kompleksno jedinjenje bakra koje se odlikuje višim stepenom disocijacije u odnosu na druga bakarna jedinjenja koja su trenutno u primeni pa se može koristiti u nižim koncentracijama za suzbijanje biljnih patogena. Čađava pegavost lista i krastavost plodova (Venturia inaequalis) je jedna od ekonomski najštetnijih bolesti jabuke u svim regionima gde se ova voćna vrsta gaji. Uspešna proizvodnja jabuke nije moguća bez izvođenja intenzivnih hemijskih mera zaštite. Primena preparata na bazi bakra u zaštiti jabuke, pozicionirana je na sam početak vegetacije. Najranije zaraze jabuke su i najdestruktivnije, pa je efikasna zaštita jabuke u ovom periodu veoma važna. Cilj ovog rada je da se u in vitro uslovima ispita uticaj bakar-citrata u različitim koncentracijama primene na porast kolonija Venturia inaequalis. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da bakar citrat u znatno nižim koncentracijama primene 0,2 i 0,1% nego sandardni preparat, efikasno blokira porast micelije (kolonija) fitopatogene gljive V. inaequalis, što je rezultat znatno veće količine bakarnih jona koje ovo jedinjenje oslobađa.

In the physiological studies were included 20 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. originating from pear, apple, sour cherry and tomato fruits, as well as reference strains of C. acutatum (CBS 294.67) and C. gloeosporioides (CBS 516.97). The results indicated that five different culture media (PDA, CA, OA, MEA, CDA), seven different pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and temperatures (5º, 10º, 15º, 20º, 25º, 30º, 35ºC) have significant influence on growth and sporulation of isolates of Colletotrichum spp. All tested media, except CDA, were suitable for pathogens development. Five morphological groups of colonies on PDA were observed, confirming the great phenotypic variability of isolates. The best media pH for pathogens growth and sporulation were pH 6 and 7. The optimum temperature for colonies development was 25˚C, and temperatures of 20° and 25ºC were the most favorable for sporulation of isolates of Colletotrichum spp. U fiziološka ispitivanja su uključena 20 izolata Colletotrichum spp. poreklom sa plodova kruške, jabuke, višnje i paradajza, kao i referentni sojevi C. acutatum (CBS 294.67) i C. gloeosporioides (CBS 516.97). Rezultati ukazuju da pet različitih hranljivih podloga (PDA, CA, OA, MEA, CDA) sedam različitih pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) i temperatura (5º, 10º, 15º, 20º, 25º, 30º, 35ºC) imaju značajan uticaj na razvoj i sporulaciju izolata Colletotrichum spp. Sve testirane podloge, izuzev CDA su pogodne za razvoj patogena. Na podlozi PDA moguće je razlikovati pet morfoloških grupa kolonija, što potvrđuje fenotipsku varijabilnost proučavanih kultura. Podloge pH 6 i 7 su najbolje za porast i sporulaciju patogena. Optimalna temperatura za razvoj ispitivanih kolonija je 25°C, a temperature od 20° i 25°C su najpovoljnije za sporulaciju izolata Colletotrichum spp.

Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. obtained from nectarine fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms in 2010 were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Pathogenicity test was conducted on symptomless, detached nectarine fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose lesions on nectarine fruits after 7 days of incubation. On PDA medium nectarine isolates forming dark green to dark gray mycelia. Growth rates of all isolates and reference strain of C.acutatum were lower at 25°C compared with reference strain of C.gloeosporioides. The conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform. Appressoria were dark brown, smooth, simple, and clavate to ovate. Using the primer set CaInt2/ITS4, the 490 bp DNA fragment was amplified from all nectarine isolates and reference strain of C. acutatum - CBS 294.67. Based on these results, the causal agent of anthracnose on nectarine fruits in Serbia was identified as C.acutatum. Izolati Colletotrichum spp. dobijeni 2010. godine, sa antraknoznih plodova nektarine identifikovani su pomoću morfoloških i molekularnih metoda. Test patogenosti je obavljen sa reprezentativnim izolatima, na odabranim, zdravim plodovima. Svi ispitivani izolati prouzrokuju antraknozne lezije na plodu nektarine, 7 dana nakon inokulacije. Na PDA podlozi izolati formiraju tamno zelenu do tamno sivu miceliju. Stopa rasta izolata sa nektarine i referentnog soja C.acutatum je bila niža u odnosu na referentni soj C.gloeosporioides. Konidije su hialinske, neseptirane i fusiformne. Apresorije su tamno braon boje, glatke, jednostavne, okruglastog ili oblika izdužene palice. Korišćenjem para prajmera CaInt2/ITS4 iz genoma DNA izolata sa ploda nektarine i referentnog soja C. acutatum - CBS 294.67, amplifikovan je fragment veličine 490 bp. Na osnovu ovih rezultata, u Srbiji je kao prouzrokovač antrakoze plodova nektarine identifikovana vrsta C.acutatum.

Characteristics of pathogenic Pseudomonas bacterial strains isolated from cherry in Serbia are presented in the article. Two types of symptoms were observed on cherry trees at few localities with intensive production in Serbia (Belgrade, Čačak, Topola, Šabac, Novi Sad). The first symptom is bud necrosis and the second bacterial canker of cherry branch. Gram negative, fluorescent, oxidative bacterial strains were isolated from the margin of necrotic tissue. All investigated strains were levan and HR positive, while negative results were recorded for oxidase, pectinase and arginin dihydrolase tests (LOPAT+- - - +). Based on pathogenicity tests and differential GATT tests, investigated strains were divided in two distinct groups: the first group consisted of strains isolated from necrotic cherry branch which caused necrosis on artificially inoculated cherry, pear and lemon fruits, syringae leaves and bean pods, were gelatin and aesculin positive, and tyrosinase and tartrate negative (typical characteristics of P.s. pv. syringae). Contrary, second group strains were isolated from necrotic cherry buds, showed negative results in mentioned pathogenicity tests, gelatin and aesculin tests were negative, while tyrosinase and tartrate were positive (typical characteristics of P.s. pv. morsprunorum). REP PCR analyses showed that strains isolated from necrotic cherry buds belong to P. s pv. morsprunorum compared to referent strain. In contrast, isolates obtained from necrotic cherry branches had unique fingerprint profiles but different from all reference strains. According to the obtained results it was concluded that both pathovars of P. syringae (syringae and morsprunorum) cause necrosis of cherry trees in Serbia. U radu su prikazane patogene, bakteriološke odlike izolata bakterije Pseudomnas syringae poreklom iz trešnje, kao i njihova molekularna karakterizacija primenom REP-PCR metode. Dva tipa simptoma bolesti zapažena su u savremenim zasadima trešnje na području Beograda, Novog Sada, Topole i Šapca. Prvi tip simptoma se ispoljava u vidu nekroze cvetnih i lisnih pupoljaka trešnje, a drugi u vidu nekroze višegodišnjih grana. Iz nekrotičnog tkiva su izolovane Gram negativne bakterije , koje fluoresciraju na King podlozi B, a glukozu metabolišu isključivo u aerobnim uslovima; bakterija stvara levan i prouzrokuje HR duvana ali ne stvara oksidazu, pektinazu u arginin dehidrolazu (LOPAT +---+) što su odlike karakteristične za bakteriju P. syringae. U pogledu patogenosti izolovanih sojeva, kao i njihovih diferencijalnih biohemijskih testova (GATT) proučavani izolati su svrstani u dve jasno izdiferencirane grupe. Prvu čine sojevi izolovani iz nekrozom zahavćenih grana trešnje, koji prouzrokuju nekrozu inokulisanih plodova trešnje, kruške i limuna, listova jorgovana i mahuna boranije. Ova grupa izolata hidrolizuje želatin i eskulin, ali ne stvaraju tirozinazu i ne metabolišu tartarate. Pomenute patogene i diferencijalne biohemijske odlike su karakteristične za P.s. pv. syringae. Nasuprot njima, sojevi izolovani iz nekrotičnih pupoljaka trešnje negativno reaguju pri pomenutim testovima patogenosti, ne hidrolizuju želatin i eskulin, ali stvaraju tirozinazu i metabolišu tartarate, što su odlike P.s.pv. morsprunorum. REP-PCR analiza takođe ukazuje da sojevi iz nekrotičnih pupoljaka ispoljavaju identične karakteristike kao i referentni soj P.s. pv. morsprunorum. Primenom ovog metoda je takođe utvrđeno da su sojevi izolovani iz obolelih grana trešnje međusobno identični ali da se razlikuju od referentnih sojeva korišćenih u ovim istraživanjima. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, tokom ovih istraživanja zaključeno je da oba patogena varijeteta P. syringae patogena voćaka (pv. syrnigae i pv. morsprunorum) parazitiraju trešnju u našim agroekološkim uslovima.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the size of tubers originating form different altitudes, on the yield of most commonly grown potato cultivars Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree and Kennebec in western Serbia (Macva). Potato seed-producing crop, from which the planting material came from, was grown during 2006 at two sites with different altitude: a plain region 72m a.s.l. and a mountainous region 1100m a.s.l. Evaluating the presence of the two most widespread potato virus (PYV) and (PLRV) in our conditions was performed by ELISA test. The investigation was carried out by planting the following mass of planted material: 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g and 110 ± 5g in 2007 year. Higher yields of potato tubers in moist conditions in western Serbia (Macva) was achieved by planting larger mass of tubers originating from the lower altitude and shorter growing season varieties. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na produktivne osobine četiri najčešće gajene sorte krompira Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree i Kennebec u uslovima zapadne Srbije (Mačve). Proizvodnja sadnog materijala krompira izvedena je 2006. godine u dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine (nv): ravničarskom 72m i planinskom regionu 1100m (nv). Ocena prisustva dva i najraširenija virusa krompira u našim uslovima (PYV) i (PLRV) izvršeno je ELISA testom. Istraživanja su izvedena sadnjom semenskih krtola mase 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g i 110 ± 5g tokom 2007. godine. Najveći ukupan prinos krtola od 36,10 t/ha־¹ ostvarila je rana sorta Cleopatra na varijantama gde je sađena najkrupnija frakcije (110g) poreklo sa planinskog područja. Veći prinosi krtola krompira u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima zapadne Srbije (Mačve) postižu se sadnjom zdravih semenskih krtola veće mase poreklom sa ravničarskog regiona i sorti kraće vegetacije.

Pseudomonas syringae is economically important plant pathogen, found on a number of hosts including fruit trees, field crops, vegetables and decorative plants. This phytopathogenic bacteria is becoming a quite widespread pathogen on the fruit trees in Serbia, causing significant economic loses. Up to now it was experimentally confirmed as a pathogen on the pear, apple, apricot, cherry, sour cherry, plum trees as well as raspberries. In this study Pseudomonas syringae was identificated as pathogen on peach tree in Serbia. Detection of syrB gene was used for identification phytotoxins tipical for P. syringae pv. syringae. Our experiment showed that detection of syrB genes can be used as a diagnostic tool in determining pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae parasites on peach trees. Pseudomonas syringae ekonomski značajan biljni patogen širokog kruga domaćina koji uključuje voćke, ratarske, povrtarske i ukrasne biljke. Ova fitopatogena bakterija naročitu pažnju privlači kao patogen voćaka prouzrokujući sve veće štete. Do sada je eksperimentalno potvrđen kao parazit kruške, jabuke, kajsije, trešnje, višnje, šljive i maline. Pseudomonas syringae je identifikovan kao patogen breskve u Srbiji. Detekcija syrB gen je korišćena za identifikaciju fitotoksina karakterističnog za P. syringae pv. syringae. Naš je eksperiment pokazao da se detekcijom SyrB gena kao dijagnostičkog alata može identifikovati patogeni varijetet patogen breskve.

Monilinia laxa (Ader. i Ruhl.) the causer agent of brown rot of stone fruit is widespread in all growing regions in Serbia. The disease severity depends of weather condition. Extended period of flowering and heavy precipitation are suitable for disease progress. The testing of fungicides for control M. laxa were carried out in two localities investigation during 2008 and 2009. The trials were set according to methods by OEEP/EPPO. The fungicide groups dicarboximides, benzimidazols and DMIs showed high efficiency in disease control. Monilinia laxa (Ader. i Ruhl.), prouzrokovač sušenja cvetova i grančica koštičavog voća rasprostranjena je svuda gde se gaje ove voćne vrste. Ovo oboljenje se na našim prostorima redovno javlja na koštičavom voću, a intenzitet pojave zavisi od vremenskih uslova. Produžen period cvetanja i obilne količine padavina pogoduju razvoju bolesti, a štete u takvim godinama mogu biti značajne. Tokom 2008. i 2009. godine na dva lokaliteta ispitivana je efikasnost fungicida koji se koriste za suzbijanje M. laxa u našoj zemlji. Ogledi su postavljeni po OEEP/EPPO metodama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na veoma visok stepen efikasnosti fungicida iz grupa dikarboksimida, benzimidazola i DMI (inhibitori demetilacije sterola) fungicida.

Peach is one of the most important fruit species. A large number of phytopathogen microorganisms causing economically damaging disease. This paper describes the most important phytopathogenic fungi occur in peaches: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor and Armillaria mellea. Breskva je jedna od najznačajnijih voćnih vrsta. Parazitira je veći broj fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, prouzrokujući ekonomski štetna oboljenja. U ovom radu su opisane najčešće fitopatogene gljive koje se javljaju na breskvi: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor i Armillaria mellea.

The test results of Pseudomonas syringae strains, isolated by a pear trees are as given. The symptoms of disesease, caused by this bacterium, appeared in two types: a blossom blast, a trunk necrosis and a branch followed by canker formation. All strains are Gram negative, fluorescent on a King medium B and oxydative (O/F test). The tested strains are HR positive, producing a levan, but don't oxydase, arginindehydrolase and pectinase (LOPAT +---+). Strains originated from a pear trees caused necrosis on an artificial inoculated pear, cherry and lemon fruits, as well as a syringae leaves and bean pods. The results of differential tests for P. syringae pv. syringae and P. syringae pv. morsprunorum (GATT) revealed that the tested strains hydrolise gelatin and esculin, but the negative results are recorded in tyrosinase production and tartrate utilization tests. The PCR analysis, by using a BOX primer, shows the high level of symilarity among the Serbian P. syringae strains, isolated from a pear fruit trees, but also within a slice differencies, compared with a check strain CFBP 1582. These results confirm a previous data about genetic diversity among P. syringae strains originated from a different areas all around the world. Based on the obtained results, it's concluded that the tested strains belong to P. syringae pv. syringae. Further characterization of P. syringae strains, isolated from pear in Serbia use the ERIC and REP PCR and it's still underway. U radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja fitopatogene bakterije Pseudomonas syringae, kao patogena kruške u Srbiji. Bolest se ispoljava u dva vida simptoma: palež cvasti i nekroza grana i debla mladih stabala kruške praćena obrazovanjem rak rana. Izolovani sojevi bakterije su Gramnegativni, fluorescentni, glukozu metabolišu isključivo u aerobnim uslovima (oksidativno). Stvaraju levan i prouzrokuju HR duvana ali ne stvaraju oksidazu, arginin dehidrolazu i pektinazu (LOPAT + - - - +). Prouzrokuju nekrozu inokulisanih plodova kruške, trešnje, limuna, listova jorgovana i mahuna boranije. Proučavani izolati hidrolizuju želatin i eskulin ali negativno reaguju pri testovima stvaranja tirozinaze i metabolizma tartarata (GATT). Na osnovu patogenih i biohemijskih odlika zaključeno je da proučavani izolati ispoljavaju izrazitu sličnost sa Psudomonas syringae pv. syringae, široko rasprostranjenim i ekonomski štetnim patogenom kruške. Primenom PCR analize korišćenjem BOX prajmera potvrđena je izrazita homogenost sojeva poreklom sa kruške, izolovanih u Srbiji, ali izvesne razlike u odnosu na kontrolne sojeve, što potvrđuje ranije dokazanu raznolikost sojeva ove bakterije u zavisnosti od lokaliteta i područja iz kog su izolovani. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja dat je i predlog za uspostavljanje standardne procedure na bazi patogenih, biohemijskih i molekularnih metoda (primenom PCR) u cilju što brže i pouzdanije detekcije ove bakterije u biljnom materijalu, što je od velikog značaja pri proizvodnji sadnog materijala, proučavanja epidemiologije patogena i razrade mera njegovog suzbijanja.

Bacterium Pseudomonas syringae has numerous varieties with differentiated properties and is abundant in genetic diversity. Pseudomonas syringe has been experimentally identified in Serbia as a parasite of pear, apple, cherry, sour cherry, plum and raspberry. This study was designed to establish differences between the strains isolated from the fruit trees in Serbia with whole cell protein profiles analysis. The paghogenic and bacteriologycal characteristics of the isolates, cultivating, morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The obtained results demonstrate that the population of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae from the fruit trees in Serbia is diverse, but do not show any difference in their whole cell protein profiles. Bakterija Pseudomonas syringae ima veliki broj varijeteta sa različitim osobinama i sa velikom genetičkom raznovrsnošću. Pseudomonas syringae u Srbiji je eksperimentalno potvrđen kao parazit kruške, jabuke, breskve, trešnje, višnje, šljive i maline. Cilj ove studije bio je da utvrdi postojanje eventualnih razlika između sojeva izolovanih sa različitih vrsta voćaka u Srbiji proučavanjem elektroforetskih profila ukupnih ćelijskih proteina. Proučavane su takođe patogene i biohemijske odlike sojeva poreklom sa raznih vrsta voćaka. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da su populacije bakterije Pseudomonas syringae poreklom sa voća u Srbiji raznovrsne, ali da ne pokazuju razlike u elektroforetskim profilima ukupnih ćelijskih proteina.

The present paper discusses the occurrence and severity of bacterial bean diseases in the Serbian province of Vojvodina. Leaf samples of diseased bean plants were collected from a number of locations in the province. All the samples from all the locations tested positive for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicating that the bacterium is widespread on commercial plots and gardens planted to bean in Vojvodina. The bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola was isolated from a smaller number of samples, which shows that it is not widespread on bean in the province. Identification of the isolates was confirmed using the classic phytobacterial methods (for the pathogenic, morphological, breeding and biochemical-physiological characteristics of the isolates) as well as the rapid modern methods (ELISA for serological and PCR for molecular properties). U radu su proučavane bakterioze pasulja, njihovo prisustvo i intenzitet pojave na teritoriji Vojvodine. Izolacijama iz prikupljenih obolelih uzoraka pasulja (list) na standardne hranljive podloge, dobijene su kolonije Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli iz svih ispitivanih uzoraka i lokaliteta, što ukazuje na dominantno prisustvo ove bakterije na proizvodnim parcelama i okućnicama pasulja kod nas. Bakterija Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola je izolovana kod manjeg broja uzoraka, što pokazuje da nije široko rasprostranjena u našim uslovima gajenja pasulja. Identifikacija izolata ovih bakterija je dokazana korišćenjem klasičnih fitobakterioloških (patogene, morfološke, odgajivačke i biohemijsko-fiziološke odlike izolata) i brzih, savremenih metoda (serološke-ELISA i molekularne-PCR).

Soft rot bacterial strains were isolated from diseased fennel bulbs. They were characterised on the basis of its pathogenicity morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. All investigated strains caused the soft rot of inoculated fenel bulbs, pepper fruits as well as clices of potato and carrot. Results of bacteriological properties show that soft rot of fennel bulbs were caused by Gram negative, nonfluorescent, facultative anaerobic, levan and oxidase negative bacteria belonging to the genus Pectobacterium. The investigared strains utilised lactose, grew at 5% NaCl and weak growth was recorded on 37oC; they are resistent to erytromicin. Negative results were recorded in indol, phospathase, lecithinase and reducing compounds pf sucrose tests. These results as well as the characteristics growth on Logan differential medium indicated that sof rot of fenel bulbs was caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. This is the first report of this bacterium affecting fennel bulbs in Serbia. U radu su proučene patogene i biohemijske odlike fitopatogenih bakterija izolovanih iz glavica komorača sa simptomima truleži. Proučavani sojevi prouzrokuju trulež glavica komorača, veštački inokulisanih, plodova paprike, kao i kriški mrkve i krompira i pri tome ispoljavaju izraženu pektolitičku aktivnost. Proučavanjem bakterioloških odlika utvrđeno je da su izolovani sojevi Gramnegativni, ne fluoresciraju na Kingovoj podlozi B, glukozu metabolišu i u aerobnim i anaerobnim uslovima, ne stvaraju levan i oksidazu. Na osnovu navedenih karakteristika zaključeno je da ispitivani sojevi pripadaju rodu Pectobacterium. Proučavani sojevi ne stvaraju fosfatazu, lecitinazu, indol, redukujuće supstance iz saharoze, a na Loganovoj podlozi formiraju karakteristične kolonije ružičaste boje sa tamnim centrom. Na osnovu ovih, ali i rezultata ostalih diferencijalnih testova za vrste roda Pectobacterium (metabolizam ugljenih hidrata, razvoj pri 5% NaCl, osetljivost prema eritromicinu), zaključeno je da vlažnu trulež komorača prouzrokuje bakterija Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Ovo je prvo saopštenje o nalazu ove bakterije kao patogena komorača u Srbiji.

Symptoms of Pear decline (PD) have been observed in commercial orchards in Serbia a few years ago. First appearance of PD in Vojvodina have dated from 1969 year (Vojvodić and Grbić, 1969). Duduk et al., 2005. by using PCR method proved the presence of PD in the Central Serbia. On territory of ex Yugoslavia, this phytoplasma had found in part of Dalmatia (Cvjetković, 1976), and in Republic of Srpska (Trkulja et al., 2004). Typical symptoms of PD were observed in commercial orchards on two years old pears during the August of 2004, in the locality Deč, and in the beginning of September 2007, in the locality Crvenka. The original material for these investigations was collected for the electron micrography and PCR identification. On the ultrathin cross-sections of conductive vessels of the main leaf vein, organisms corresponding to phytoplasmas in shape, size and structure were observed at the electron microscope. The dimensions of phytoplasmas cells were from 350-480 x 600-700 nm. The PCR identification by using specific primers fO1/rO1 proved the presence of PD. Simptomi Pear decline fitoplazme su primećeni u komercijalnim zasadima kruške u Srbiji već izvestan broj godina. Prvi simptomi koji su ukazivali na prisustvo ove fitoplazme na krušci u plantažnim zasadima u Vojvodini, potiču iz davne 1969. godine (Vojvodić i Grbić, 1969). U centralnoj Srbiji Duduk i saradnici su 2005. godine, primenom PCR metode dokazali prisustvo ove fitoplazme na krušci. U republikama bivše Jugoslavije, u oblasti Dalmacije utvrđeno je prisustvo simptoma na krušci 1976. godine (Cvetković, 1976), a primenom PCR metode potvrđeno je njeno prisustvo na krušci i u području Republike Srpske 2003. godine (Trkulja i saradnici, 2004), na kojoj su simptomi tipa fitoplazmi prisutni od 1990. godine. Tokom avgusta 2004. godine u lokalitetu Deč obavljen je pregled zasada kruške starosti dve godine sorti Vilijamovka i Abata fetel, i stabala istih sorti kruške, starosti 10-15 godina, u lokalitetu Crvenka, početkom septembra meseca 2007. godine. Vizuelnim pregledom utvrđeno je prisustvo simptomima tipa crvenila na većem broju stabala. Ova stabla su obeležena i sa njih je uzorkovan biljni materijal za analize. Uzorci su obrađeni za posmatranje na elektronskom mikroskopu i za PCR analizu. Na ultratankim presecima floemskog tkiva glavnih lisnih nerava obolelih stabala kruške, utvrđeno je prisustvo organizama, koji po obliku, veličini 350-480 x 600-700 nm i strukturi, odgovaraju fitoplazmama. Rezultati PCR analiza, sa univerzalnim R16F2n/R16R2 i specifičnim prajmerom fO1/rO1 ukazali su na prisustvo fitoplazme Pear decline.

Isolates of Phomopsis spp. obtained from plum trees (Prunus domestica L.) with symptoms of die-back. There were significant morpho-physiological and pathogenic differences between the isolates. The genetic variability (12 isolates of Phomopsis spp. and isolate of Photopia pernicious, which was used as control ) was proved by study of vegetative compatibility. These isolates were inoculated in Petri dishes in pairs in all possible cross combinations, on potato dextrose agar. After 5 and 10 days the interaction between colonies were scored according to appearance of contact lines of paired cultures. On the contact line on two different isolates distinct barrage zones of inhibition - vegetative incompatibility reaction. The barrage zones generally became black and sometimes showed formation of pycnidia. Necrotic parts of hyphen that formed line of reaction were observed. A compatible reaction was observed only when cultures of the same isolate were paired. Izolati Phomopsis spp. dobijeni sa grana i stabla šljive (Prunus domestica L.) sa simptomima sušenja i izumiranja ispoljili su značajne razlike u morfolo-fiziološkim i patogenim karakteristikama. Primenom metode vegetativne kompatibilnosti potvrđena je genetska varijabilnost 12 izolata Phomopsis spp. i kontrolnog izolata Phomopsis perniciosa. Isečci ispitivanih kultura zasejavani su u Petri kutije po parovima i u svim mogućim unakrsnim kombinacijama, na podlozi KGA. Očitavanje rezultata je vršeno petog i desetog dana i podrazumevalo je praćenje izgleda linije međusobnog kontakta uparivanih izolata. Nakon perioda inkubacije između ispitivanih kultura dolazi do formiranja crne reakcione linije - barijere, a u pojedinim slučajevima i reproduktivnih organa - piknida (reakcija vegetativne inkompatibilnosti). Delovi hifa koje sačinjavaju crnu reakcionu liniju bili su nekrotirani. Vegetativna kompatibilnost konstatovana je samo u slučajevima kada su izolati uparivani sami sa sobom.

Characteristics of Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from diseased plum trees are presented is this paper. Based on pathogenic, biochemical and physiological characteristics, isolated starins were divided into two groups: First group of strains, isolated from diseased plum branches with symptoms of suden decay, was similar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; second group of strains, isolated from necrotic flower buds on plum trees, exhibited characteristics similar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. In addition, phytopathogenic fungi belonging to genera Phomopsis, Botryosphaeria and Leucostoma, were also isolated from diseased plum trees. Further study of these pathogens and their role in the epidemiology of suden plum trees decay is in progress. U radu su prikazane karakteristike sojeva bakterije Pseudomonas syringae izolovanih iz nekrozom zahvaćenih tkiva šljive. Na osnovu patogenih i biohemijsko-fizioloških odlika proučavane izolate smo svrstali u dve grupe: I grupa sojeva izolovana je iz obolelih grana šljive sa simptomima sušenja i oni su prema svojim odlikama slični Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; II grupa sojeva izolovana je iz nekrotičnih cvetnih pupoljaka šljive i oni ispoljavaju karakteristike tipične za Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. Iz obolelih grana šljive, pored ovih bakterija, izolovane su i gljive rodova Phomopsis, Botryosphaeria i Leucostoma. Dalja proučavanja ovih patogena i njihova uloga u pojavi iznenadnog sušenja mladih stabala šljive su u toku.

Firelight symptoms were observed on ornamental plants Sorbs domestic (region of Niš, 2005) and S. terminals (Požega, 2007). Symptoms appeared as leaves and shoots blight followed with cancer forming on branches of S. domestic and shoot blight on S. terminals. Levant type single colony were collected after three days growth on nutrient agar enrich net with sucrose (SNA). Investigated strays produced HR in tobacco and necrosis of artificially inoculated unripe pear fruits followed by oozing of bacterial exudates. Symptoms similar to those registered in natural infections, were recorded on artificial inoculated S. domestic leaves and shoots. Based on the results of pathogen city tests, biochemical characteristics, ELISA test and PCR analysis it was confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to E. amylovora, widespread pathogen of poem fruit trees and ornamental plants in Serbia. This is the first report of E. amylovora as pathogen of Sorbs plant in Serbia. U radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja izolovanih sojeva bakterije iz plamenjačom zahvaćenih mladara ukrasnih biljka Sorbus domestica i Sorbus torminalis. Proučavani sojevi su Gram negativni, ne stvaraju fluorescentni pigment na King-ovoj podlozi B, a glukozu metabolišu i oksidativno i fermentativno. Prouzrokuju HR duvana i nekrozu nesazrelih, inokulisanih plodova kruške (viljamova) praćenu obilnom produkcijom bakterijskog eksudata. Prvi simptomi na inokulisanim mladarima biljaka domaćina u očavaju se posle 2-3 dana, ispoljavaju se u vidu vlažnih pega koje se vremenom šire zahvatajući ga u celosti. Na osnovu patogenih, biohemijskih i seroloških odlika (ELISA) proučavanih izolata zaključeno je da patološke promene na ukrasnim biljkama Sorbus domestica i Sorbus torminalis prouzrokuje Erwinia amylovora. To je potvrđeno i primenom molekularne metode (PCR) korišćenjem specifičnog prajmera za bakteriju E. amylovora. Ovo je prvi nalaz E. amylovora na ukrsnim biljkama roda Sorbus u Srbiji.

The impacts of microbial community can be felt in every aspect of life. From the antibiotic resistance to the degradation of hazardous wastes, microbial communities are capable of radical impacts on our environment. The genus Pseudomonas includes species with functions of ecological, economic and health-related importance. Some species exhibit plant growth-promoting and pathogen-suppressing functions and may be exploited for use in biological control. Some are pathogenic for plants, while others are opportunistic pathogens of animals or humans. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize and identify these organisms for evaluating their behavior in the environment. Our aim was to compare some fluorescent Pseudomonas isolated from polluted soil in Serbia and observe their pathogenicity on the plants. We analyzed 43 isolates from oil polluted soil by exhibiting fluorescence on King's B medium, exopolysaccharides (EPSI/EPSII) production on Yeast Manitol Agar with Calcofluor dye, SDS-PAGE and plasmid profiles to determine their diversity. Their pathogenicity was evaluated by causing necrose of green fruits' tissues. We compared Pseudomonas from the polluted soil with known plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Using polyphasic approach, we identified 8 plant pathogen Pseudomonas. Uticaj mikroorganizama može se odraziti na svaki aspekt života. Od rezistencije na antibiotike do degradacije opasnog otpada, mikroorganizmi mogu da vrše značajan uticaj na životnu sredinu. Rod Pseudomonas uključuje vrste sa velikim ekološkim, ekonomskim i zdravstvenim značajem. Neke vrste ispoljavaju promotorski uticaj na rast biljaka, neke vrše supresiju patogena, tako da se mogu koristiti kao značajni pri biološkoj kontroli. Neke vrste su biljni patogeni, dok su druge patogeni životinja i ljudi. Zbog toga je naročito značajna identifikacija i karakterizacija ovih mikroorganizama i njihovog ponašanja u životnoj sredini. Cilj ovog rada je bio upoređivanje fluorescentnih izolata Pseudomonas izolovanih iz zagađenog zemljišta u Srbiji i utvrđivanje njihove patogenosti na biljnom materijalu. Izolovano je 43 izolata iz uljem zagađenog zemljišta i praćena pojava fluorescencije na King B podlozi i egzopolisaharidna produkcija (EPSI/EPSII) na podlozi sa manitolom i Calcofluor bojom (Yeast Manitol Agar-Calcofluor dye). Analizirano je 18 fluorescentnih izolata. Pri utvrđivanju njihovog diverziteta određen je SDS-PAGE ukupnih ćelijskih proteina i plazmidni profili. Patogenost je praćena preko izazivanja nekroze tkiva zelenog voća. Upoređeni su izolati Pseudomonas iz zagađenog zemljišta sa poznatim biljnim patogenom Pseudomonas syringae. Koristeći polifazni pristup, izolovano je 8 Pseudomonas izolata koji su ispoljili patogeni efekat na biljnom tkivu.

Grapevine yellows (GY), are very destructive diseases. For the first time GY was detected in Serbia in 2003. The arm of this work was to established the spread of phytoplasma diseased in nine viticultural regions in Serbia. Investigations conducted from 2003 to 2005 have shown that GY are widespread in Serbia in the following viticultural regions: Zapadnomoravsko, Nišavsko-južnomoravsko, Južnobanatsko, Severnobanatsko, Subotičko-Horgoško, Timočko, Šumadijsko-velikomoravsko, Sremsko and region of Deliblatska peščara. The most severe infection on phytoplasmas was recorded at Plovdina cv., which showed to be very sensitive to the pathogens. Somewhat less susceptibility to GY have shown by Prokupac and Italian Riesling cvs. Vinova loza je domaćin velikog broja prouzrokovača raznih oboljenja - fitopatogenih gljiva, virusa, bakterija i u najnovije vreme fitoplazmi. Fitoplazme uslovljavaju veoma destruktivna oboljenja vinove loze u značajnim vinogradarskim zemljama Evrope, kao što su Francuska, Italija i Španija. U našim vinogorjima pojava simptoma tipa žutila uočena je krajem prošlog veka u župskom vinogorju, ali je tek 2003. godine zvanično registrovana u Srbiji. U cilju utvrđivanja pojave i prisustva fitoplazmoza na vinovoj lozi u Srbiji, obavljeni su pregledi 335 vinograda, odnosno zasada vinove loze u 28 vinogorja, odnosno u devet vinogradarskih rejona Srbije u periodu od 2003-2005. godine. Rezultati praćenja prisustva fitoplazmoza u devet rejona i 28 vinogorja Srbije u periodu 2003-2005, ukazuju na činjenicu da su fitoplazme prisutne u svim navedenim vinogorjima. Interesantni su podaci da je fitoplazma FD utvrđena i PCR analizom dokazana u Župskom i Sićevačkom vinogorju, a Stolbur fitoplazma u Vršačkom, Niškom i vinogorju Deliblatske peščare.

Olender (Olender nerii L.) is wide spread ornamental plant on the coast in Montenegro. Symptoms of knots appears on leaves and shoots noticed on oleander plants in Herceg Novi and Bečići during 2005-2007.A number of non levan bacterial strains were islolated on nutrinent sucrose agar (SNA), from the knots on olender leaves and shoots. Investigated strains are Gram negative, oxidative and fluorescent on King, s medium B. They ere negative in oxidase, pectinse and arginin dehidrolase test, while induct HR in tobacco after 24 hours of inoculation. Small pale white knots appear on inoculated oleander leaves three weeks after inoculation, and they are very similar to those recorded in natural infection. Investigated strains do not produced a necrosis on artificially pear and lemon fruits as well as on bean pods. Invstigated strains not hydrolised gelatine and esculine and don't utilized lactose, xilose and DL- lactate; they utilize sucrose and sorbitole. According obtained results and their comparing with literature data we concluded that olenaneder knots in Montengro is caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii. It is the first record of these pathogen in Montenegro. U radu su proučene bakteriološke odlike izolata bakterije izolovane iz tumora formiranih na listovima i mladarima oleandera (Nerium oleander L.). Na osnovu rezultata testova patogenosti, odgajivačkih i biohemijskih karakteristika i njihovim poređenjem sa podacima iz literature zaključeno je da pomenute simptome bolesti na oleanderu prouzrokuje fitopatogena bakterija Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii, ekonomski značajan pathogen ove ukrasne biljke na području Mediterana.

The symptoms pf pear decline are present in Serbia since 1970s. Thirty years later it was proved that the causal agent of this decline is a phytoplasma. This parasite is widespread in Europe and the USA as well as the countries of former Yugoslavia like Bosna and Hercegovina and Croatia. The presence of the phytoplasmas was confirmed using electron microscopy and the molecular analysis if the pear samples from a number of localities in Serbia between 2004-2007. The phytoplasma was observed on the ultrathin sections of the main leaf vascular bundle from the diseased pear tree. The shape, structure and size of 350-480 x 600-700nm, are typical ones for the phytoplasmas. PCR analysis using the universal primer R16F2n/R16R2 as well as the specific primer fO1/rO1 also confirmed phytoplasmas as the causal agent of pear decline. Simptomi propadanja kruške su prisutni u Srbiji od sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka. Mnogo godina kasnije, dokazano je da je prouzrokovač ovog propadanja fitoplazma kruške (PD). Ova pojava vrlo je raširena u Evropi i u Severnoj Americi, prisutna je i u susednim zemljama bivše Jugoslavije, Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj. Prisustvo ove fitoplazme utvrđivano je primenom elektronske mikroskopije i molekularnom analizom uzoraka poreklom iz više lokaliteta u Srbiji, u periodu od 2004-2007 godine. Na ultratankim presecima floemskog tkiva glavnih lisnih nerava obolelih stabala kruške, utvrđeno je prisustvo organizama, koji po obliku, veličini (350-480 x 600-700nm) i strukturi, odgovaraju fitoplazmama. Rezultati PCR analiza, sa univerzalnim R16F2n/R16R2 i specifičnim prajmerom fO1/rO1 ukazali su na prisustvo fitoplazme Pear decline.

The symptoms of apple fruit black rot of different cultivars caused by Botryo­sphaeria obtusa were found in the refrigerated warehouse of PIK "Južni Banat", Vršac, and on the trees in the field in Šabac town vincinity during 2003 and 2004. The optimal temperature for both pathogen development and spore germination were between 25° and 30°C for all isolates marked as J-1, J-2, J-15 and J-16, respectively. The results of morphological investigation of the isolates indicated that two different morphotypes of pathogen B.obtusa exist on apple fruits, (type A: isolates J-1 and J-2 and type B: isolates J-15 and J-16). Both types of isolates could caused rotting of apple fruits, but there were significant differences in their aggressiveness. Botryosphaeria obtusa, prouzrokovač erne truleži jabuke, izolovana je sa plodova u skladištima PIK "Južni Banat" i plodova prikupljenih u voćnjacima u okolini Šapca tokom 2003. i 2004. godine. Optimalna temperatura za razvoj patogena i klijanje konidija je između 25° i 30°C. Rezultati ispitivanja morfologije patogena (izgled kolonija, izgled i veličina piknidiospora, način formiranja piknidia i njihova brojnost) ukazuju na postojanje dva morfotipa B.obtusa (tip A: izolati J-l i J-2 i tip B: izolati J-15 i J-16). Iako izolati oba tipa mogu uzrokovati trulež plodova, razlike u njihovoj agresivnosti bile su značajne.

On the fruits of Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera and Primus domestica L. and leaves of Hedera helix L. the presence of Colletotrichum orbiculare, C. gloeosporioides and C. trichellum were registered. The mentioned plants are new hosts of the species from the genus Colletotrichum in Serbia, while C. trichellum is a new species for our micoflora. Na plodu ukrasne tikvice (Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera), plodu šljive (Prunus domesticu L.) i listovima bršljena (Hedera helix L.) registrovano je prisustvo Colletotrichum orbiculare, C.gloeosporioides i C.trichellum. Navedene biljke su novi domaćini vrsta iz roda Colletotrichum u Srbiji, dok je C Arichellum nova vrsta za našu mikofloru.