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Recent research suggests that soybean yield could be doubled in Brazilian conditions, implying that the base fertilization is pivotal, as it might influence chemical and microbiological soil indicators and, hence, the crop grain yield. The current study had the goal of assessing alterations in the chemical and microbiological soil indicators, in the short term, as well as the soybean biometric and grain yield performance as a function of different fertilizers for base fertilization, in two sowing periods. An experiment comprised of two sowing periods was carried out in the 2019/2020 season on a dystrophic Red Latosol, in north Parana state. Five treatments were assessed, comprising: 1) control; 2) mineral fertilizer; 3) organomineral fertilizer; 4) mineral fertilizer mixed with granulated gypsum; and 5) slow release mineral fertilizer. A randomized block design with four replicates was adopted. The following variables were assessed: chemical and microbiological soil indicators; final stand; first pod insertion height; plant height; stem diameter; number of pods per plant; number of grains per plant; number of grains per pod; grain mass per plant; and one thousand grain mass and grain yield. There is no base fertilization effect on the chemical soil indicators in the short term, however, there is an effect on the microbiological soil indicators. Soybean biometric and grain yield performance is decreased with the delayed sowing period, regardless of the type of fertilizer utilized for base fertilization. Analyzing a set of soil quality indicators enables precise and judicious results to be gathered on management practices in the soil environment.

Bromeliads are used in landscaping due to the beauty of their leaves and flowers. The use of plant regulators such as nitric oxide (NO) promotes the stimulus of germination and it has been a way out to enhance production and reduce the search for plants in nature and nanoencapsulation aims to optimize its effect. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using free and nanoencapsulated NO donor on the germination of D. excelsa. The treatments consisted of soaking the seeds for 5 minutes with s-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles containing GSNO (NP CS/TPP-GSNO) and empty (NP CS/TPP) at doses: 15 mM and 20 mM. The control consisted of imbibition in distilled water. For each treatment, 4 replications of 50 seeds were used. The following variables were evaluated: percentage of germination (GER), first germination count (FGC), germination speed index (GSI), average germination time (AGT) in addition to the length (SL) and seedling dry weight (SDW). To characterize the seeds, water content and viability were evaluated. D. excelsa seeds had 9.9% water content and 64% viability. For GER, treatments with GSNO ranged from 43 to 60%. The application of GSNO stimulated the germination process of D. excelsa and the nanoencapsulation did not cause any difference in the results compared to the free GSNO. It was concluded that the application of 15 or 20 mM of the GSNO donor is recommended for stored seeds of D. excelsa.

Aroeira-do-sertão is a Brazilian native species that has been widely explored. Thus, the population of this species has been reduced and techniques for its preservation are essential, such as the conservation of seeds in liquid nitrogen (LN). The objective of this work was to evaluate different cryoprotectant solutions for cryopreservation of aroeira-do-sertão seeds in LN (-196 °C). The treatments used were: control (7.5±1.5 °C); LN without cryoprotectant; sucrose 0.4 mol L-1; sucrose 0.8 mol L-1; glycerol 1 mol L-1; glycerol 2 mol L-1; PVS1 (plant vitrification solution); PVS2; PVS2 + 1% phloroglucinol; and PVS3. The seeds remained frozen for 120 days. The seeds were evaluated for germination and water content before cryopreservation. Several germination parameters were evaluated on the seventh day and plant growth variables were evaluated after 150 days. The seeds presented 9.2% water content and 74% germination before cryopreservation. The germination in the control treatment was 55%, whereas it varied from 61% to 69% under cryopreservation, denoting the positive effect of cryopreservation, even without cryoprotectants (69%). The seeds presented a triphasic water absorption model; the LN accelerated the germination, which started within 56 hours, whereas the germination in the control treatment started after 66 hours. The plant parts presented satisfactory development after 150 days, as shown by the Dickson quality index. The use of cryoprotectants did not affect seed germination and initial growth of seedlings. Aroeira-do-sertão seeds with 9.2% water content can be cryopreserved in LN without cryoprotectants. RESUMO A aroeira-do-sertão é uma espécie nativa do Brasil que está sendo explorada de forma predatória. Como a população desta espécie vem sendo reduzida, técnicas de preservação são fundamentais, como a conservação em nitrogênio líquido (NL). Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes soluções crioprotetoras na criopreservação em NL (-196 °C) de sementes de aroeira-do-sertão. Os tratamentos foram: controle (7,5±1,5 ° C); NL sem crioprotetor; sacarose 0,4 mol L-1; sacarose 0,8 mol L-1; glicerol 1 mol L-1; glicerol 2 mol L-1; PVS1 (solução de vitrificação de plantas); PVS2; PVS2 + 1% floroglucinol e PVS3. As sementes permaneceram congeladas por 120 dias. Antes da criopreservação, as sementes foram caracterizadas quanto à germinação e teor de água. Ao sétimo dia avaliaram-se diversos parâmetros de germinação e após 150 dias de cultivo, variáveis de crescimento das plantas. As sementes apresentaram 9,2% de teor de água e 74% de germinação antes da criopreservação. No controle, a germinação foi de 55%, enquanto na criopreservação, variou de 61 a 69%, mostrando efeito positivo da criopreservação, mesmo sem o uso de crioprotetores (69%). Observou-se modelo trifásico de absorção de água nas sementes, onde o NL promoveu antecipação da germinação, que se iniciou com 56 horas, enquanto o controle iniciou a germinação após 66 horas. As plantas após 150 dias de cultivo apresentaram desenvolvimento satisfatório de suas partes conforme verificado pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O uso de crioprotetores não influencia a germinação e crescimento inicial das plantas. As sementes de aroeira-do-sertão com 9,2% de teor de água podem ser criopreservadas em NL sem crioprotetores.

Pomegranate fruit is to rich in phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties and can show difference in the composition according to cultivars, part of fruit, environmental conditions and analysis method. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse and to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant properties from the different parts of fruit Valenciana and Wonderful pomegranate cultivars. The pomegranate fruits were separated into aril, peel, membrane and seeds manually and analysed by phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH method), soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and vitamin C content. The phenolic content and flavonoids were significantly affected by pomegranate cultivars and part of fruit. In the part of fruit showed differences by the DPPH, however the pomegranate cultivars not showed. Significant differences were revealed between the pomegranate cultivars and part of fruit for total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. The differents part of pomegranate fruit (aryl, membrane peeling and seed) has influences on the phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidants, total soluble solids, pH and acidity. The cultivar does not show diffences on the antioxidants by DPPH method, pH and vitamin C.This study suggests the importance of the selection the different parts of fruit and cultivar that will be used as raw material in the preparation of pomegranate products with higher antioxidant activities.

Owing to the recent increase in the cost of germplasm, transgenic royalties, and seed treatments, studies have been conducted to analyze the capacity of modern cultivars to maintain yield under reduced seeding rates (SR). This study elucidated the effect of reduced SR on the evolution of leaf area index (LAI) and light interception by the canopy of soybean cultivars with contrasting branching plasticity and identified the association of these variables with seed yield. Field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks using BRS 1010IPRO (high plasticity) and NS 5959IPRO (medium plasticity) cultivars, with five SRs: 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the recommended SR. The SR reduction did not reduce the seed yield to the point where the LAI and light interception in the reproductive phase were similar to those obtained with the recommended seeding rate. Higher LAI and light interception confer greater potential for reducing the seeding rate in cultivars with higher branching plasticity. The minimum optimal SR (MOSR) for cumulative LAI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (IPAR) in the reproductive phase was closer to the MOSR for seed yield than in the vegetative phase or the total crop cycle, indicating “luxury growth” in the vegetative phase at the recommended SRs. Cumulative LAI, NDVI, and IPAR in the reproductive phase had a greater correlation with seed yield than those in the vegetative phase or the total crop cycle. The cumulative NDVI had a higher correlation with seed yield than cumulative LAI and IPAR.

The color of the berries is an important aspect of the quality of table grapes and crucial for marketing. The ‘Rubi’ table grapes grown in the subtropical climate generally lack color intensity due to the inhibition of anthocyanins by high temperatures during ripening. The exogenous application of abscisic acid (S-ABA) can be used to overcome this problem as the accumulation of anthocyanins in the berry skin is regulated by this plant growth regulator. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the exogenous application of S-ABA at different stages of ripening on color development in ‘Rubi’ table grapes using the soluble solids (SS) content as a marker of ripening. The study was conducted during two seasons in commercial vineyards. The first trial was conducted in Marialva, Parana, Brazil, during the 2019 summer season crop (harvest in December). S-ABA (400 mg L-1) was exogenously applied at different stages of ripening of ‘Rubi’ table grapes (determined by the SS content of the berries): control (without application); SS = 8-9 ºBrix; SS = 10-11 ºBrix; SS = 8-9 ºBrix (two applications; the second one applied 10 days after the first); and SS = 10-11 ºBrix (two applications; the second one applied 10 days after the first). The second trial was conducted in Cambira, Parana, Brazil, during the 2020 off-season crop (harvest in May). S-ABA (400 mg L-1) was exogenously applied at different stages of ripening of Rubi grapes: control (without application); SS = 6-7 ºBrix; SS = 7-8 ºBrix; SS = 9-10 ºBrix; SS = 6-7 ºBrix (two applications; the second one applied 14 days after the first); SS = 7-8 ºBrix (two applications; the second one applied 14 days after the first); and SS = 9-10 ºBrix (two applications; the second one applied 14 days after the first). A randomized block design was used as the statistical model with four replications, and each plot consisted of one vine. The variables analyzed were total anthocyanin contents, color index (CIRG), and color attributes (L*, C*, h°, and deltaE) of berry skin. The total anthocyanin accumulation and color attributes of the berries were evaluated every 10 and 7 days after the first application of S-ABA until harvest in the first and second trials, respectively, and the other variables were evaluated at harvest. In the summer-season crop, when the SS content was 8-11 ºBrix, the application of S-ABA increased the concentration of the total anthocyanins 4 times compared to that in the control, improving berry color development. Furthermore, in the off-season crop, when the SS content was 6-10 ºBrix, the application of S-ABA increased the concentration of total anthocyanins 2-3 times compared to that in the control, improving the color attributes of berries. In both crops, a single application of the plant growth regulator was sufficient to intensify the color of the berries. A cor das bagas é um aspecto importante de qualidade e comercialização de uvas de mesa. A uva fina de mesa ‘Rubi’ produzida em clima subtropical geralmente apresenta deficiência de cor devido à inibição da formação de antocianinas pelas altas temperaturas durante a maturação. Um dos métodos utilizados para superar esse problema é a aplicação exógena de ácido abscísico (S-ABA), uma vez que o acúmulo de antocianinas na casca das bagas é controlado por esse regulador vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da aplicação do S-ABA em diferentes fases de maturação no desenvolvimento da cor da uva fina de mesa ‘Rubi’, visando o incremento e uniformização da cor dos seus cachos, tendo como referência o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS) das bagas. O experimento foi avaliado em dois ensaios a campo, em pomares comerciais. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado em Marialva, Paraná, Brasil, durante a safra de verão (colheita em dezembro) de 2019. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de S-ABA na concentração de 400 mg L-1, em diferentes fases de maturação da uva ‘Rubi’, de acordo com o teor de SS das bagas, assim descritos: controle (sem aplicação); SS = 8-9 ºBrix; SS = 10-11 ºBrix; SS = 8-9 ºBrix em duas aplicações, sendo a segunda realizada aos 10 dias após a primeira; e SS = 10-11 ºBrix, em duas aplicações, sendo a segunda realizada aos 10 dias após a primeira. O segundo ensaio foi realizado em Cambira, Paraná, Brasil, durante a safra temporona ou de outono (colheita em maio) de 2020. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de S-ABA na concentração de 400 mg.L-1 em diferentes fases de maturação da uva ‘Rubi’, de acordo com o teor de SS das bagas, assim descritos: controle (sem aplicação); SS = 6-7 ºBrix; SS = 7-8 ºBrix; SS = 9-10 ºBrix; SS = 6-7 ºBrix em duas aplicações, sendo a segunda realizada aos 14 dias após a primeira; SS = 7-8 ºBrix em duas aplicações, sendo a segunda realizada aos 14 dias após a primeira; e SS = 9-10 ºBrix em duas aplicações, sendo a segunda realizada aos 14 dias após a primeira. O delineamento experimental de ambos experimentos foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, sendo que cada parcela foi composta por uma videira. As variáveis analisadas foram antocianinas totais, índice de cor (CIRG), e atributos (L*, C*, h° e deltaE) das bagas. As avaliações quanto ao acúmulo de antocianinas totais e atributos de cor das bagas foram realizadas a cada 10 e 7 dias após a primeira aplicação do S-ABA até a colheita no primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente, e as demais variáveis foram avaliadas no momento da colheita. Na safra de verão, a aplicação do S-ABA quando o teor de SS era de 8-11 ºBrix aumentou significativamente a concentração de antocianinas totais das bagas, sendo 4 vezes maior que o controle, e também houve aumento do CIRG e de todos os atributos de cor. Na safra temporona, a aplicação do S-ABA também propiciou incrementos significativos sobre a concentração de antocianinas totais, sendo de 2 a 3 vezes maior que o controle, e para o CIRG e os atributos de cor também houve aumento quando o teor de SS era de 6-10 ºBrix. Nas duas safras avaliadas, uma única aplicação do regulador vegetal foi suficiente para intensificar a cor das bagas.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi cultivar a bromélia Neoregelia “Fireball” em diferentes intensidades luminosas para verificar a capacidade de aclimatação e a influência do ambiente nas características morfoagronômicas da espécie. O experimento foi conduzido durante cinco meses em 2019 na Universidade Estadual de Londrina, nos tratamentos 0, 30, 50, 70 e 80% de sombreamento. Foi possível observar que, apesar de serem cultivas em ambientes diferentes, as plantas não apresentaram diferença estatística nos parâmetros analisados, além disso essas bromélias apresentaram um incrível comportamento de plasticidade vegetal aclimatando-se aos ambientes, sobrevivendo e se reproduzindo possibilitando a garantia de produtividade em caso de utilização destes tratamentos em um empreendimento de cunho comercial.

This study checked the severity and incubation period of isolates of Coryneporacassiicola (C.c) in soybean cultivars, as well verified whether the position of leaflets influences the susceptibility of the plant to target spot. The experiment was conducted in randomized block with 8 isolates of C.c and 8 soybean cultivars factorial scheme, with five repetitions each block. The plants were inoculated with suspension from 2x104 conidia mL-1. The number of lesions per leaf and the incubation period (IP) were evaluated. The ISO 4S isolate caused greater number of lesions in plants. BMX Potência RR, BMX Força RR, and NA 5909 RG had the lowest occurrence of lesions, while the cultivar BMX Elite IPRO showed the highest number of lesions. More lesions were detected in the lower leaf compared to the upper leaf of the plants. The longest IP was observed for ISO 4S in both leaflets, while the lowest IP for ISO 1A, 3A and 2A in the lower leaf, and for ISO 11S and 1S in the median leaf. For cultivars, significant difference in IP was observed only in the lower leaf, with the longest and shortest IP detected for BMX Elite IPRO and BRS 284, respectively. In general, the upper leaf of the plants presented the shortest IP while the lower leaf had the longest IP.

Soybean and maize are some of the main drivers of Brazilian agribusiness. However, biotic and abiotic factors are of great concern, causing huge grain yield and quality losses. Phosphorus (P) deficiency is important among the abiotic factors because most Brazilian soils have a highly P-fixing nature. Thus, large amounts of phosphate fertilizers are regularly applied to overcome the rapid precipitation of P. Searching for alternatives to improve the use of P by crops is essential to reduce the demand for P input. The use of multifunctional rhizobacteria can be considered one of these alternatives. In this sense, the objective of the present work was to select and validate bacterial strains with triple action (plant growth promoter, phosphate solubilizer, and biocontrol agent) in maize and soybean, aiming to develop a multifunctional microbial inoculant for Brazilian agriculture. Bacterial strains with high indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, and antifungal activity against soil pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Fusarium solani) were selected from the maize rhizosphere. Then, they were evaluated as growth promoters in maize under greenhouse conditions. Based on this study, strain 03 (Ag75) was selected due to its high potential for increasing biomass (root and shoot) and shoot P content in maize. This strain was identified through genomic sequencing as Bacillus velezensis. In field experiments, the inoculation of this bacterium increased maize and soybean yields by 17.8 and 26.5%, respectively, compared to the control (25 kg P2O5). In addition, the inoculation results did not differ from the control with 84 kg P2O5, indicating that it is possible to reduce the application of phosphate in these crops. Thus, the Ag75 strain has great potential for developing a multifunctional microbial inoculant that combines the ability to solubilize phosphate, promote plant growth, and be a biocontrol agent for several phytopathogenic fungi.

The use of fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp. for the control of plant diseases it has proved to be an important and promising tool, mainly for the tomato crop production system, however, there are difficulties in establishing the bioagent. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate incubation time after inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum to control the damping-off of tomato seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of six treatments and four replications. The treatments are two incubation times in two doses of T. harzianum (0 and 10 days of substrate incubation [DIST] after inoculation with T. harzianum in 1.0 or 5.0 g of T. harzianum) and two controls (control inoculated and not inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani). The variables analyzed were incidence of damping-off, area under the disease progress curve, percentage of emergence, emergency speed index, average emergency time, germination speed coefficient, total fresh mass, root length (cm) and height of the area part (cm). The treatments containing Trichoderma harzianum have proven to be promising for the control of R. solani and for the growth of tomato seedlings.

A floricultura constitui um dos segmentos mais dinâmicos do agronegocio e a utilizacao de arranjos florais exige alto padrao de qualidade de seus produtos e uma maior longevidade pos-colheita das flores. A quitosana e um polissacarideo biodegradavel capaz de formar um filme natural e permeavel as trocas gasosas realizadas pelo vegetal, permitindo a reducao do metabolismo da planta favorecendo o prolongamento de sua vida util. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a durabilidade pos-colheita de folhas de Strelitizia reginae e Strelitizia juncea utilizando produto comercial a base de quitosana (FishFertil ® ). O experimento foi conduzido inteiramente casualisado de 6 tratamentos com 5 repeticoes (onde cada folha foi considerada como uma repeticao). Foram utilizadas 6 doses ( 0 ; 10 ; 20 ; 40 ; 80 e 160 mg L -1 do produto comercial). Realizaram-se avaliacoes visuais da longevidade das folhas atraves de notas e o acompanhamento da perda de agua nos tecidos foliares. Observou-se que FishFertil® retardou a perda de massa fresca das folhas de S. juncea e S. reginae . Para ambas as especies o tratamento controle permaneceu ate o 22° dia com notas aceitaveis comercialmente (nota 4). O produto retardou a perda de massa fresca das folhas de S. juncea e S. reginae e as mantiveram ate o 34° dia notas dentro do padrao comercial, contudo nao foi possivel determinar a dose de maxima eficiencia do produto para as duas especies de Strelitzia .

Increasing phosphorus (P) use efficiency in agricultural systems is urgent and essential to significantly reduce the global demand for this nutrient. Applying phosphate-solubilizing and plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizosphere represents a strategy worthy of attention. In this context, the present work aimed to select and validate bacterial strains capable of solubilizing phosphorous and promoting maize growth, aiming to develop a microbial inoculant to be used in Brazilian agriculture. Bacterial strains from the maize rhizosphere were evaluated based on their ability to solubilize phosphate and produce indole acetic acid. Based on these characteristics, 24 strains were selected to be further evaluated under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Among the selected strains, four (I04, I12, I13, and I17) showed a high potential to increase maize root growth and shoot P content. Strains I13 (Ag87) and I17 (Ag94) were identified by genomic sequencing as

A producao de orquideas do genero Phalaenopsis tem crescido nos ultimos anos devido principalmente ao seu rapido crescimento e a producao de hastes florais com uma grande variedade de cores. Entre os fatores que afetam o crescimento e desenvolvimento destas plantas, a adequada nutricao e fundamental para obtencao de mudas de qualidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de osmocote® (15-09-12-N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O, respectivamente) no desenvolvimento inicial da orquidea Phalaenopsis sp. O fertilizante osmocote ® foi adicionado nas seguintes doses: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 g vaso -1 . Apos doze meses foram avaliados: comprimento e largura media das folhas, area foliar total, massa seca da parte aerea e raiz e teores de clorofila a , b e carotenoides. Dos substratos foram avaliados o pH e a condutividade eletrica. O comprimento e largura das folhas atingiram seu maximo nas doses de 4,7 e 5,0 g vaso -1 , respectivamente. Para massa seca de folhas, raizes e area foliar total, as doses de maxima eficiencia estimada foram 4,6, 3,5 e 4,5 g vaso -1 , respectivamente. O aumento nas doses de Osmocote® acarretou na morte das plantas na aplicacao de 10 g vaso -1 . Doses estimadas entre 3,5 a 5,1 g vaso -1 de Osmocote® (15-09-12) sao recomendadas no desenvolvimento inicial da orquidea Phalaenopsis sp. por proporcionar incrementos na altura, largura, area foliar, massa seca da planta e nos pigmentos fotossintetizantes. Doses acima de 6 g vaso -1 foram prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento devido ao aumento da condutividade eletrica e reducao do pH

Heirloom tomatoes are open-pollinated varieties bearing a wide diversity of colors and shapes that may be used by breeders aiming to improve physical and biochemical fruit traits. Hence, in this work heirloom tomato accessions were characterized, gathering information to genetic breeding programs focusing on human food. For that, 67 heirloom tomato accessions were evaluated for fruit size, fruit mass, fruit volume, color, vitamin C, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, phenolic compounds content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Linear mixed model, Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical clustering were applied to data. Five groups were formed by Ward’s clustering method. The accession UEL 300 constituted group A, which had the greatest mass and volume fruit. Eight accessions formed group B and showed mostly yellow fruits. Group C was comprised of 13 accessions, which had the highest levels of carotenoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Thirty-three accessions that constituted group D did not stand out for any of the attributes, while 12 accessions into group E had the highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, along with the highest ratio of soluble solids and acidity. Five accessions in this collection (UEL 296, UEL 146, UEL 238, UEL 231, and UEL 217) stood out for their biochemical traits. The wide diversity for physical and biochemical fruit traits can be explored in tomato breeding programs, seeking to develop new cultivars, and strengthening family farming.

Aristolochia elegans é uma planta muito apreciada por seus atrativos paisagísticos, sendo amplamente utilizada como espécie ornamental, porém, informações sobre o seu comportamento germinativo são escassas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas e concentrações de giberelina na germinação de sementes de A. elegans. As sementes foram imersas em solução de giberelina nas concentrações de 100, 200 e 300 mg L-1, posteriormente foram semeadas sobre papel mata-borrão e transferidas para os germinadores com temperaturas constantes de 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35ºC. Não houve efeito de interação ou efeito isolado de giberelina, apenas efeito isolado da temperatura em todos os parâmetros avaliados. Para a germinação, a curva obteve uma resposta máxima na temperatura estimada em 29,14˚C, com 75% de germinação e a temperatura mínima estimada em 16,9˚C. A velocidade média de germinação cresceu com a elevação da temperatura até um máximo de 29ºC, e em temperaturas acima desse valor, a velocidade diminuiu. Conclui-se que a temperatura aproximada de 29,4˚C permite a melhor germinação, enquanto temperatura abaixo de 16,9˚C, temperatura mínima estimada, não ocorre a germinação das sementes e que não há efeito da giberelina nos parâmetros de germinação quando aplicadas doses entre 100 e 300 mg L-1.

Although strawberry can be cultivated in all types of climate, it grows best in temperate climates, limiting its cultivation in certain countries or regions with tropical or subtropical climates. The objective of this study was to verify the genetic diversity of 34 pre-selected day-neutral strawberry genotypes in humid tropical and subtropical conditions through characterization of morpho-agronomic characteristics and molecular markers. The selection was based on qualitative and quantitative morpho-agronomic traits, using the Gower algorithm. Molecular characterization was performed with AFLP markers, using four combinations of selective primers. Six representative variables were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and the Mulamba and Mock selection index. Soluble solids and luminosity of the outer part of the fruit did not differ among genotypes but presented values ​​above those usually found. AFLP markers detected 80% polymorphism, confirming high genetic variability among genotypes. Clustering based on molecular and agronomic data separated the genotypes into three groups, and the Mulamba and Mock index did not select individuals derived from 'Albion' or RVFS06. PCA highlighted the genotypes RVCA16M-1, RVDA11M-3, RVDA11M-4, and RVDA11M-25 as superior for most of the evaluated traits compared with the commercial cultivars 'Albion' and 'Monterey'. The PCA and selection index results indicate the reliability of the multivariate analysis for selecting superior strawberry genotypes for cultivation in tropical regions. Of the 34 genotypes analyzed, four stood out with potential for immediate cultivation.

Studies showed that intercropping garlic reduced pests in strawberry field crops. However, influence of intercropping on yield was not tested. The objective of the study was to evaluate the strawberry pseudofruit and garlic bulb productions in monocropping and intercropping systems. Assessments of the yields and calculation of the land equivalent ratio, competition ratio and gross income were performed. The experiments were conducted in three areas (two open field and one greenhouse) in Londrina municipality. Treatments in the field experiments were garlic or strawberry in monocrops (controls), strawberry (S) + one garlic row (GR), S + 2GR or S + 3GR per plot. In the greenhouse experiment, plants were grown in pots with following treatments: garlic or strawberry in monocrops, 2S + 2 garlic plants per plot (GPP), 2S + 4GPP or 2S + 5GPP. Similar yields (garlic bulbs and strawberry pseudofruits) were observed among the treatments. Intercropping garlic among strawberry plants increased the land equivalent ratio. The intercrop land equivalent ratio index ranged from 1.34 to 2.55. An increasing in gross income were observed when increasing garlic plant densities in intercropping with strawberry. Results showed that intercropping garlic with strawberry increases land equivalent ratio and gross income. Production of strawberry pseudofruits and garlic bulbs were not influenced by intercropping systems compared to monocropping. RESUMO: Estudos demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho em lavouras de morangueiro reduz a população de pragas. No entanto, a influência do consórcio na produção destas culturas não foi testada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de pseudofrutos de morango e bulbos de alho em monocultivo e em sistema de cultivo consorciado. Foram realizadas avaliações dessa produção, razão equivalente de terra, razão de competição e receita bruta. Os experimentos foram realizados em três áreas de cultivo (dois a céu aberto e uma em cultivo protegido) no município de Londrina. Os tratamentos nas áreas de cultivo a céu aberto foram: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro (controles); morangueiro em consórcio com uma, duas ou três linhas de cultivo de alho por parcela. Em experimentos em cultivo protegido, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com os seguintes tratamentos: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro, duas plantas de morangueiro (2M) + duas plantas de alho por parcela (2 PAP), 2M+4PAP e 2M+5PAP. Produções semelhantes tanto de alho, quanto de morangos, foram obtidas entre os tratamentos. O cultivo consorciado aumentou a eficiência no uso da terra. O índice razão equivalente de terra variou entre 1,34 a 2,55. A receita bruta aumentou com aumento da densidade de cultivo de alho. Os resultados demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho e morangueiro aumenta o uso eficiente da terra e a receita bruta. As produções de pseudofrutos de morangueiro e bulbos de alho não foram influenciadas pelos sistemas de cultivo consorciado, comparado ao monocultivo destas culturas.