Search

Bevezetés: Az energiaitalok piaca és fogyasztása továbbra is növekvő tendenciát mutat világszerte. A nemzetközi felmérések adatai szerint az energiaitalok alkohollal keverése nagyon népszerű a fiatalok körében. Ez a fogyasztói szokás veszélyforrást jelent egyrészt az energiaital stimuláló és az alkohol depresszáns (nyugtató, szorongásoldó) hatása révén, másrészt kiszáradáshoz vezethet, továbbá számos egyéb, negatív fiziológiai és pszichológiai következménnyel járhat együtt. Célkitűzés: Jelen összefoglaló tanulmány célja, hogy a legfrissebb szakirodalmi adatokat feldolgozva bemutassa az energiaitalokkal kevert alkoholfogyasztás prevalenciáját, a fogyasztást befolyásoló egyes tényezőket és a használatukhoz köthető negatív következményeket. Módszer: A tanulmányban a PubMed® adatbázisban 2017–2021 időszakra vonatkozóan, az energy drinks mixed alcohol kulcsszavas szűrést és válogatást követően megmaradt 20 darab releváns, angol nyelvű, humán adatokat tartalmazó, közvetlenül az AmED-fogyasztáshoz kapcsolódó közlemény került feldolgozásra. Eredmények: A közleményeket áttekintve megállapítható, hogy a témában végzett kutatások nem alkalmaznak egységes metodikát az energiaitallal kevert alkoholfogyasztás gyakoriságára és a fogyasztási mintázat vizsgálatára. A tanulmányok döntő többsége számos negatív következményt sorakoztat fel az energiaitallal kevert alkohol fogyasztására vonatkozóan, amelyek helyenként ellentmondásosak. Többek között összefüggésbe hozzák az alkoholfogyasztás növekedésével, a nagyivással, a dohányzással, a szerhasználattal és olyan egyéb negatív következményekkel, mint a depresszió, a szorongás, az öngyilkosság gondolata és kísérlete. Következtetések: Az energiaitallal kevert alkoholfogyasztás káros használatának megelőzését célzó intervenciós programok kialakításában kulcsfontosságú az egészségügyi szakma, a vendéglátás, az élelmiszeripar, a média és a kormányzat együttműködése, amely során a rendelkezésre álló kutatási eredmények helyi viszonyokra történő adaptálásával célzott edukáció, megfelelő címkézésre, árusításra és marketingre vonatkozó szabályozás alakítható ki. Az egészségügyi szakembereknek az anamnézis felvételekor fontos támpontot adhat az energiaitalokkal kevert alkohol fogyasztásának pontos feltérképezése a kapcsolódó kockázatok – úgy, mint szerhasználat, nagyivás – felmérésében.

Quantum Annealing provides a heuristic method leveraging quantum mechanics for solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems. Existing Quantum Annealing processing units are readily available via cloud platform access for a wide range of use cases. In particular, a novel device, the D-Wave Advantage has been recently released. In this paper, we study the applicability of Maximum Likelihood (ML) Channel Decoder problems for MIMO scenarios in centralized RAN. The main challenge for exact optimization of ML decoders with ever-increasing demand for higher data rates is the exponential increase of the solution space with problem sizes. Since current 5G solutions can only use approximate methodologies, Kim et al. [1] leveraged Quantum Annealing for large MIMO problems with phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation scenarios. Here, we extend upon their work and present embedding limits for both more complex modulation and higher receiver / transmitter numbers using the Pegasus P16 topology of the D-Wave Advantage system.

Quantum annealing offers an appealing route to handle large-scale optimization problems. Existing Quantum Annealing processing units are readily available via cloud platform access for solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems. In particular, the novel D-Wave Advantage device has been recently released. Its performance is expected to improve upon the previous state-of-the-art D-Wave 2000Q annealer, due to higher number of qubits and the Pegasus topology. Here, we present a comparative study via an ensemble of Maximum Likelihood (ML) Channel Decoder problems for MIMO scenarios in Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architectures. The main challenge for exact optimization of ML decoders with ever-increasing demand for higher data rates is the exponential increase of the solution space with problem sizes. Since current 5G solutions mainly use approximate methodologies, Kim et al. leveraged Quantum Annealing for large MIMO problems with Phase Shift Keying and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation scenarios. Here, we extend their work and analyze experiments for more complex modulations and larger MIMO antenna array sizes. By implementing the extended QUBO formulae on the novel annealer architecture, we uncover the limits of state-of-the-art quantum optimization for the massive MIMO ML decoder. We report on the improvements and discuss the uncovered limiting factors learned from the 64-QAM extension. We include the enhanced evaluation of raw annealer sampling via implementation of post-processing methods in the comparative analysis between D-Wave 2000Q and the D-Wave Advantage system.

Cities are constantly evolving complex systems. Detection methods of land use distribution have to keep pace with their rapidly changing landscapes. While traditional analysis relies on surveys and census data typically refreshed at most yearly, the widespread use of mobile devices allows cell phone activity measurements to be used as sensors for the functional clustering of urban districts. These activity-based proprietary measurements are recently complemented by publicly available geosocial network records that even enable content-aware analysis. As a bridge between separate methods, in this work we analyze the relation of conversation content and functional spatial clusters of cities using a double dataset approach. We look at the differentiating power of the content of local conversations in activity-driven land use detection based on mobile phone records. In addition to intra-city analysis of three metropolises, we present a comparative study of London, New York City, and Los Angeles sharing the common language of English, but having very different cultural backgrounds. We show that the share of words with a similar temporal pattern to that of local mobile activities is different across cities, as well as between functional clusters. We find that the conversational content can effectively differentiate both functional clusters of a single city, and similar locations of the same function across many cities, like business areas that otherwise have a common temporal heartbeat. Moreover, we identify words related to activity types as the most important features emerging from the content-based, data-driven classification.

A flexible Discontinuous Reception (DRX) scheme is proposed to resolve the drawbacks of State-of-the-Art (SOTA) DRX scheme by eliminating the need of major timers and allowing Intra-Subframe Micro (ISM) sleep periods. The proposed new Timer Eliminating DRX (TE-DRX) scheme was tested and analyzed with traffic logs from live mobile network. This scheme can drastically reduce the active time of mobile devices by more than 75% and can thereby save at least 40% of energy to be used and improve battery life compared to practical technology limit of (SOTA) solution. It is shown that scheduling can be made relaxed. That is, the system is not forced to schedule data for (DRX) users in the first subframes of radio frames, and good performance does not require scheduling user data in consecutive subframes (like in case of short On-duration timers). Thereby it is possible to save energy even in heavily loaded systems and make very efficient (DRX) reality in legacy networks comparable to 5th Generation (5G) sleep mode proposals. Moreover, the proposed method can be considered as a possible extension of upcoming (5G) networks, as well.

The improvement of the organic farming is a basic aim of the national agricultural policy for years. The new CAP 2014-2020 also strengthen the central role of organic agriculture in the fight against climate change, the protection of the environment and the preservation of biodiversity. The organic farms are usually small scale enterprises so their development also relating to the improvement of the Short Food Supply Chains which is supported in the frame of the Rural Development Programme. According to the abovementioned the aim of this article to reveal the limiting factors in the marketing of the Hungarian organic farming. To achieve this aim we made a survey on the biggest Hungarian organic market, on the Biokultúra Organic Market and processed the information stemming from the producers' list published on the homepage of the Hungarian Federation of Associations for Organic Farming (Biokultúra Szövetség). The results of our survey showed that the limiting factors of the domestic sale are the market barriers for new entrants providing of stable quantities and the high production costs. In addition, the interviewed farmers emphasized that the foreigners trust better in their producers and the local market organization is stronger as well than in Hungary.

Fungal entomopathogens are gaining increasing attention as alternatives to chemical control of arthropod pests, and the literature on their use under different conditions and against different species keeps expanding. Our review compiles information regarding the entomopathogenic fungal species Metarhizium flavoviride (Gams and Rozsypal 1956) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and gives account of the natural occurrences and target arthropods that can be controlled using M. flavoviride. Taxonomic problems around M. flavoviride species sensu lato are explained. Bioassays, laboratory and field studies examining the effect of fermentation, culture regimes and formulation are compiled along with studies on the effect of the fungus on target and non-target organisms and presenting the effect of management practices on the use of the fungus. Altogether, we provide information to help conducting basic studies, and by pointing out relatively uncharted territories, help to set new research areas.

Meg a Fortune 500-as cegek is konnyeden elveszthetik piacvezető szerepuket, hiszen sokuk esik bele abba a csapdaba, hogy csupan kiaknazasi tevekenyseget folytat. Szamos peldat latunk viszont arra, hogy a kettős kepessegű szervezetek kepesek elkerulni a kiaknazasi csapdat. De hogyan is valositjak ezt meg? A szerzők egy Fortune 500-as vallalat digitalis transzformaciojat kovettek nyomon azzal a cellal, hogy megertsek a strategiai es szervezeti kihivasait a folyamatnak. Egy elenjaro peldan keresztul szemleltetik, ahogyan egy iparagvezető vallalat egyszerre kepes kiaknazni a tradicionalis, es felderiteni, valamint kiaknazni az uj iparagakban es piacokban rejlő lehetősegeket. A szerzők arra a kovetkeztetesre jutottak, hogy az iparagi igenyek alakitasahoz hatarozott fentről-lefele iranyulo vezetesi stilusra, illetve a piacok, a strategia es a vallalat konfiguraciojanak osszhangjara van szukseg.

Ubiquitous mobile communication requires increased capacity and appropriate quality guarantee for services. To meet these demands next-generation mobile network operators will deploy small cells next to conventional base station structure intensively to enhance capacity and service coverage for customers. Implementation of seamless handover between first tier (macrocell layer) and second tier (small cells) is one of the key challenges to fulfill the QoS requirements. In this paper we introduce the reader to the details of the handover procedure: information gathering, decision strategies and the base station exchange process. All these three phases face difficulties in multi-tier networks. High dense femtocell deployment makes handover related information gathering very hard, efficient handover decision mechanisms are vital to reduce the number of unnecessary handovers and avoid ping-pong effect. Last but not least base station exchange has to be accelerated to achieve appropriate system performance. Next a comprehensive survey of state of the art handover optimization solutions in 3GPP LTE/LTE-A Home eNodeB handover management is presented which includes the actual version of 3GPP LTE/LTE-A HeNB handover procedure.

Even Fortune 500 firms can disappear quickly, because many of them falls into an exploitation trap. Examples show that certain organizations – that manifest ambidextrous features – can avoid the exploitation trap. But, how can they do it? Authors tracked the digital transformation of a Fortune 500 company in order to understand the strategic and organizational challenges and solutions to become resilient and prosperous. A cutting edge example is shown in the paper about how an industry leader can exploit traditional and explore and exploit new industries and markets at the same time. The Authors found that shaping an industry needs a strong top-down leadership, and a strong alignment between markets, strategy and the configuration of the firm.

A kutatás fókuszában a hazai kis- és középvállalkozások értékinnovációs gyakorlatának vizsgálata áll. A fő kutatási kérdés, hogy a hazai kkv-k vezetése épít-e a látens fogyasztói igények feltárására és potenciális kielégítésére, mint a versenyelőny szerzésének egyik legbiztosabb forrására elméleti szakértők szerint. Korábbi kutatási tapasztalatok azt mutatták, hogy a gazdasági világválság hatására a kkv-k épp az innovációs tevékenységek visszaszorításával, a bevált gyakorlatokra koncentrálva próbálták átvészelni a nehéz időszakot, A jövőt azonban fel kell építeni, amihez az innováció elengedhetetlen. Aktuális tehát a kérdés, hogyan változott ez az elmúlt években. Van-e pozitív példa érték innováló vállalatra? Ez alapján fogalmazódott meg a kutatási hipotézis, amely megválaszolása a kutatás fő pillérét is képezi: azon felsővezetők, akik törekszenek és képesek a látens fogyasztói igények kielégítésére, sikeresebbek azoknál, akik ezt nem teszik.

Még a Fortune 500-as cégek is könnyedén elveszthetik piacvezető szerepüket, hiszen sokuk esik bele abba a csapdába, hogy csupán kiaknázási tevékenységet folytatnak. Számos példát látunk viszont arra, hogy a kettős képességű szervezetek képesek elkerülni a kiaknázási csapdát. De hogyan is valósítják ezt meg? A szerzők egy Fortune 500-as vállalat digitális transzformációját követték nyomon azzal a céllal, hogy megértsék a stratégiai és szervezeti kihívásait a folyamatnak. Egy élenjáró példán keresztül szemléltetik, ahogyan egy iparágvezető vállalat egyszerre képes kiaknázni a tradicionális, és felderíteni, valamint kiaknázni az új iparágakban és piacokban rejlő lehetőségeket. A szerzők arra a következtetésre jutottak, hogy az iparági igények alakításához határozott fentről-lefelé irányuló vezetési stílusra, illetve a piacok, a stratégia és a vállalat konfigurációjának összhangjára van szükség.

Thanks to their widespread usage, mobile devices have become one of the main sensors of human behaviour and digital traces left behind can be used as a proxy to study urban environments. Exploring the nature of the spatio-temporal patterns of mobile phone activity could thus be a crucial step towards understanding the full spectrum of human activities. Using 10 months of mobile phone records from Greater London resolved in both space and time, we investigate the regularity of human telecommunication activity on urban scales. We evaluate several options for decomposing activity timelines into typical and residual patterns, accounting for the strong periodic and seasonal components. We carry out our analysis on various spatial scales, showing that regularity increases as we look at aggregated activity in larger spatial units with more activity in them. We examine the statistical properties of the residuals and show that it can be explained by noise and specific outliers. Also, we look at sources of deviations from the general trends, which we find to be explainable based on knowledge of the city structure and places of attractions. We show examples how some of the outliers can be related to external factors such as specific social events

Altered nursing or nutrition before artificial insemination (AI) can be used as a doe biostimulant to improve lactating rabbits reproduction. The timing of a shift from free to a 3-day controlled nursing to AI or the nursing method at fast-refeeding can affect the efficacy of these stimulations. In an earlier study the effects of a 3-day controlled nursing on days 8, 9 and 10 or in controlled nursing rabbits, the impact of a 24-h fast with 48–50 h re-feeding were investigated. This follow-up work tested a 3-day biostimulation with controlled nursing on days 9, 10 and 11. Another aim was to assess the same doe fast-refeeding but now in free-nursing rabbits. Pannon White does (n=480) were artificially inseminated 11 days post-partum. Control (C) does nursed freely. Rabbits simulating local farm practice (F) had controlled nursing until day 14 using a metal-plate as separation and then free nursing to weaning (day 35). In biostimulations with altered nursing, there was a shift from free to a 3-day controlled nursing (days 9–11) with a wire-mesh separation (BW), a metal-plate insertion (BM) or nest-tray removal (BN) and return to free nursing on day 12 until weaning. The C, F, BW, BM and BN does were fed ad libitum. At biostimulation with fast-refeeding (BF), the free-nursing does were subjected to a 24 h water-only fast between days 8 and 9 and a 48–50 h ad libitum re-feeding before AI. Doe reproduction and growth of the current litter were differently affected by the treatments. In the C, F, BW, BM, BN and BF does, sexual receptivity was 83, 90, 68, 80, 74 and 85% (P=0.05), the kindling rate was 79, 76, 74, 89, 68, 70% (P=0.05), the number of kits born alive was 7.9, 8.0, 8.8, 9.1, 7.9, 6.8 (P=0.005), kit weight at weaning 982, 991, 953, 986, 955, 964 g (P=0.012) and at 70 days of age 2383, 2407, 2220, 2350, 2279, 2382 g, respectively (P=0.001). Among biostimulations with altered nursing, the 3-day controlled nursing with a metal-plate separation (BM) can be advised for the practice because only this method was efficient in this (days 9–11) and previous (days 8–10) studies. There appears to be an interaction between doe nursing and feeding, since the same fast led to different production of free-nursing does compared to those in a previous work that nursed controlled.

Through metabolic imprinting mechanisms a number of bioactive molecules including polyunsaturated fatty acids affect brain functions in the developmental age and longer-lasting beneficial effects are expected. In this study pregnant rats were offered diets either containing no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) (Placebo diet) or an excess amount of these long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) (Supplement diet) up to the time of weaning. Bilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex of offspring in the age of 4 months was used as a tool to investigate the neuroprotective property of the developmentally supplemented DHA and AA treatments. Hippocampus-dependent spatial learning was measured in Morris water maze and the extent of neuronal lesion in the injected brain area was evaluated. Under baseline condition, in intact or sham-lesioned rats, the Morris water maze performance was superior in the supplemented group compared to the placebo controls. NMDA-lesion in the entorhinal cortex area decreased spatial learning in the supplement-treated rats while insignificantly diminished it in the placebo controls. The same supplementation attenuated the lesion size induced by the NMDA injection into the entorhinal and ventral hippocampal areas. We concluded that LC-PUFA supplementation during fetal and early postnatal development results in long-term enhancement of spatial learning ability of the offspring and offers resistance against excitotoxic brain lesion which lasts up to the adult age.

In this paper, we revisit the radio network energy performance evaluation methodology, commonly known as E3F, that was developed in the European EARTH project during 2010–2011. We propose updates to the large-scale deployment and long-term traffic models in order to reflect the situation in a 5G time frame, and also an improvement in the sense that the baseline network is dimensioned to exactly meet the traffic and performance requirements. As an example, we apply the methodology in order to dimension and evaluate the energy performance of a state-of-the-art country-wide LTE network. The inter site distances of the resulting network range from 380 m in super dense urban (serving 20,000 citizens/km2) to 4850 m in rural areas (serving 100 citizens/km2). The resulting average power per area unit is 0.14 kW/km2, which is significantly lower than what was found in the EARTH project. This can be explained by two factors: i) The present study assumes more efficient base stations, and ii) the baseline network of the original E3F was over-dimensioned. Nevertheless, the conclusion from the EARTH project, that the absolute majority of energy consumed in a radio network is spent on providing coverage, still remains.

Interference elimination is a key aspect of planning and operating wireless networks. Using frequency duplex links is a common practice, where the communication is done via two channels separated in frequency. An optimization problem is how to allocate the channels in the frequency duplex in order to reduce or completely eliminate the interference might occur between links. In a previous paper we revealed the unexpected difference between this problem and polarization setting if the sharpness of the applied beam widths is relaxed in such microwave networks. In this paper we extend the graph theory based approach of this problem and generalize the special cases of the previous study.

As part of a trial to improve the fatty acid profile, vitamin E content and shelf-life of rabbit meat, this work studied the effects of level and source of vitamin E dietary addition on growth and carcass traits in NZW rabbits. A 10.6 MJ/kg digestible energy diet without added oil and with 60 mg/kg synthetic vitamin E ( dl -α-tocopheryl-acetate) served as a control (C). Five other diets were 4% oil-enriched, i.e. with 2% sunflower and 2% linseed oils and so having slightly higher digestible energy contents (11.4 MJ/kg) than the C feed. In three oil-rich diets, only synthetic (S) vitamin E was used at 60, 150 or 300 mg/kg concentration (diet 60-S, 150-S or 300-S, respectively). In two oil-rich diets, 60 mg/kg synthetic plus 90 mg/kg or 240 mg/kg natural (N) vitamin E (a fatty acid distillate, i.e. d -α-tocopherol) were used to reach the 150 mg/kg (diet 150-SN) or 300 mg/kg (diet 300-SN) level of added vitamin E contents. In each group, 11 litters of 7 to 9 kits were studied in the pre-weaning period from 21 to 35 days and post-weaning to harvest at 84 days (n = 46–50). Litter and doe performance were poorer in the 300-SN rabbits than with lower levels of vitamin E. Compared to the C rabbits, the 35–84-day mortality was significantly higher only in the 60-S rabbits. The 84-day final weight of the 300-S and 300-SN rabbits was higher than the controls (2745 and 2733 vs 2594 g, P = 0.049). The 35–84-day feed conversion of the C rabbits was poorer than any other rabbits (3.3 vs 3.0–3.1, P = 0.001). Carcass traits were assessed with sub-samples of 15 rabbits per group and were differently affected by both the level and origin of added vitamin E. Chilled and reference carcass weights ( P = 0.001) and dressing out percentages ( P = 0.001) were higher in the 60-S and 150-S than in the C, 300-S and 150-SN rabbits. Considering all traits studied, the 150 mg/kg synthetic vitamin E dietary addition was best for maximising production. However, the effects on meat quality and shelf-life should also be considered to give correct practical advices. Our results confirm the importance of both the level and source of vitamin E when it is used as a dietary additive in oil-enriched diets.

Mobile communications are increasingly contributing to global energy consumption. In this article, a holistic approach for energy efficient mobile radio networks is presented. The matter of having appropriate metrics and evaluation methods that allow assessing the energy efficiency of the entire system is discussed. The mutual supplementary saving concepts comprise component, link and network levels. At the component level the power amplifier complemented by a transceiver and a digital platform supporting advanced power management are key to efficient radio implementations. Discontinuous transmission by base stations, where hardware components are switched off, facilitate energy efficient operation at the link level. At the network level, the potential for reducing energy consumption is in the layout of networks and their management, that take into account slowly changing daily load patterns, as well as highly dynamic traffic fluctuations. Moreover, research has to analyze new disruptive architectural approaches, including multi-hop transmission, ad-hoc meshed networks, terminal-to-terminal communications, and cooperative multipoint architectures.

As part of an experiment aiming to modify the meat fatty acid profile, this work studied the growth and carcass traits as affected by various dietary ratios of sunflower oil and linseed oil. A diet without added oil served as a control (C). Four other diets were equally 4% oil-enriched but they differed in the incorporation ratios of sunflower oil (S) to linseed oil (L), i.e. 4% S to 0% L (diet 4%S), 3% S to 1% L (diet 3:1%SL), 2% S to 2% L (diet 2:2%SL) and 0% S to 4% L (diet 4%L). The oil-rich diets had slightly higher digestible energy contents (11.4 vs 10.6 MJ/kg) than the C feed. In each group 10 litters of 7 to 9 Pannon White kits per litter were studied in the pre-weaning period from 21 to 35 days old. Growth and slaughter traits were assessed with 50 and 30 rabbits per group, respectively. No significant effects of diets were found on litter and doe performances. The only significant differences in growth performance of the C, 4%S, 3:1%SL, 2:2%SL and 4%L rabbits were for the 35–49 day feed intake (88, 86, 84, 84 and 83 g per day, respectively, P = 0.046), the 35–84 day growth rate (36, 38, 37, 35 and 37 g/day, P = 0.034) and the 84-day body weight (2608, 2703, 2664, 2565 and 2628 g, respectively, P = 0.022). There were several significant differences in carcass traits including the weight of reference carcass (1357, 1391, 1388, 1380 and 1369 g, respectively, P = 0.004) and left longisimus dorsi meat (78, 79, 81, 81 and 76 g, respectively, P = 0.046) of rabbits. The diets had major effects on the L*, a* and b* colour values (lightness, redness and yellowness) of meat and fat. Carcass colour of the C and 4%S rabbits was closer and the 4%L rabbits was further from the European consumer's preference of light coloured, less red and slightly yellow rabbit meat. Our result reveals the importance of age and body weight at slaughter. Taking the growth and slaughter performances and, the recent belief of human health benefits from lower n − 6/ n − 3 FAs dietary ratios into account, the 2:2%SL diet seems most appropriate if the interests of the raisers, meat processors and buyers are considered equally.

Resource reservation for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia streams is a complex task if both the requirements of service providers and of end-users need to be considered. In this paper we present a novel static reservation scheme for VBR multimedia traffic that takes into account the end-user Quality of Experience (QoE). We apply a two-step process for the reservation. In the first step, we map the target user-perceived quality to an upper limit on packet loss. The second step applies a numerical method, that uses a simple video model and a Markov queue model to determine the required bandwidth for the given level of packet loss. For the validation of the video and the system model we use simulation studies. Although our method is static, it is still able to capture the characteristics of a VBR multimedia, which is the main benefit.

This paper discusses the maximization of user-perceived quality of layered media in wireless networks. We present a system model and an optimization framework for such networks assuming: (i) the data rates are nested, (ii) the media is multicast, (iii) layered and (iv) the media layer information is available in lower network layers based on cross-layer information. In order to show the general applicability of the proposal, different maximization targets and algorithmic solutions are presented.

This study focused on the effects on subsequent reproductive traits of females and development of the current litter as a result of different contact between the rabbit doe and its progeny when a temporary doe–litter separation was used for biostimulation. Immediately after parturition and adjusting to eight young per litter, multiparous Pannon White rabbit does ( n = 400) were divided into five groups based on parity, doe condition, and weight of litter and the kits. Rabbits in the control group (C) nursed freely up to weaning at 35 days of age. In the group following local farm practice (F) using a metal-plate for separation, females nursed once a day (8 am to 9 am) for the first 14 days of lactation and freely afterwards. In three biostimulation groups, there was a change from free to once a day nursing before insemination (i.e. controlled nursing at 8, 9 and 10 days) provided with a wire-mesh separation (BW: permits visual, olfactory, and acoustic contact); using a metal-plate for separation (BM: no visual but possible olfactory, acoustic and vibration contact); or with taking the litter with the nest-tray 5 m away from the doe's cage (BN: there is no contact at all) and returning to free nursing just after AI (at 11 days in the morning) up to weaning. The type of separation exerted a significant influence on oestrus and subsequent kindling of does. Comparing C, F, BW, BM and BN groups, sexual receptivity (30.4, 45.4, 24.0, 25.6, 43.0%, respectively; P P P P = 0.392) and kits born alive per litter (9.25, 9.65, 9.59, 9.83, 9.03, respectively; P = 0.607) were not affected, but newborn kit weight was numerically less in the BW group (69.7, 67.5, 65.5, 67.6, 67.3 g, respectively; P = 0.166). Growth rates of current progeny up to weaning were higher and identical in C and BM but less in F and BN groups (27.5, 25.6, 27.1, 27.3, 26.7 g/day, respectively; P = 0.001). However, the total weight of 70-day-old rabbits per doe did not differ significantly (17.51, 17.53, 17.54, 16.81, 15.81 kg, respectively; P = 0.271). On the whole, the production of the F, BM and BN groups was superior to that of the control and BW groups since subsequent kindling results improved without a significant reduction in slaughter rabbits per doe from current litters.

The paper gives an overview of the most relevant aspects of mobile crowdsensing that are already utilized by the society. The paper focuses on the best practices applied in smart cities today, and how they rely on technology enablers of today's vertical silos and future's horizontal approaches. We introduce a path for transforming the current vertical solutions of today containing separated solutions in various domains into a horizontal, unified architecture and ecosystem, giving a way to novel technology and business opportunities.

In this paper, the application questions of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols in the all-IP based protected Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) access networks is investigated. The basic problem here is how the OSPF administrative weights should be adjusted in an adequate way, resulting near-optimal overall network performance both in nominal network operation and in case of single link failures. Currently, there are known algorithms which are able to solve the topology planning and dimensioning related problems of UMTS access networks, but they do not consider the special properties of the OSPF protocol. We formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) task. Furthermore, we propose an advanced heuristic algorithm and compare its results with the ILP solution and other existing algorithms.

This paper deals with the problem of cost-optimal hierarchical topology planning for telecommunications access networks. The generalized problem is computationally hard and only its substantially simplified variants have been studied before. We propose a heuristic algorithm relying on iterative problem decomposition, clustering methods and local optimization. The main idea of the approach is to combine clustering and local optimization operators and to apply the combined operators iteratively within the levels of the hierarchy. By an extensive empirical analysis it is shown that the presented method efficiently solves the underlying optimization problem for instances of practical size, furthermore, it is robust to handle flexibility in the problem statement and in the cost function.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) will play a very important role in the telecommunication market of the near future. Due to the wide range of services and the increased transmission capacity, UMTS will become one of the most important access network types. The proposed topology of the UMTS terrestrial access network is tree-like, but the high amount of carried traffic requires a more reliable network structure. We introduce two types of heuristic algorithms to solve this problem, and we plan network topologies having a low magnitude of traffic loss in case of failures. One of our algorithms solves the problem by modifying the tree-topology, while others expand the network by inserting additional links. We show how to find a good compromise between topology refinement and network expansion in the case of realistic network scenarios, and we confirm our results by detailed tests.

This chapter examines the possibility to analyze and compare human activities in an urban environment based on the detection of mobile phone usage patterns. Thanks to an unprecedented collection of counter data recording the number of calls, SMS, and data transfers resolved both in time and space, we confirm the connection between temporal activity profile and land usage in three global cities: New York, London, and Hong Kong. By comparing whole cities’ typical patterns, we provide insights on how cultural, technological, and economical factors shape human dynamics. At a more local scale, we use clustering analysis to identify locations with similar patterns within a city. Our research reveals a universal structure of cities, with core financial centers all sharing similar activity patterns and commercial or residential areas with more city-specific patterns. These findings hint that as the economy becomes more global, common patterns emerge in business areas of different cities across the globe, while the impact of local conditions still remains recognizable on the level of routine people activity.

Careful planning of wireless networks is essential to provide reliable communication, especially that microwave links are frequently chosen to interconnect access points within networks. The optimization of such networks belongs to the frequency assignment problems and focuses on setting polarization of the links or allocating the channels in a frequency duplex to reduce or eliminate the interference that might occur between links. In this paper we are aiming to reveal the unexpected difference between these two well-studied problems if the sharpness of the applied beam widths is relaxed. We provide graph theory based analysis and reveal the main differences between frequency duplexing and polarization setting from mathematical point of view. We give numerical bounds for efficiency and show traps of algorithmic solutions working with interference graphs.

This chapter examines the possibility to analyze and compare human activities in an urban environment based on the detection of mobile phone usage patterns. Thanks to an unprecedented collection of counter data recording the number of calls, SMS, and data transfers resolved both in time and space, we confirm the connection between temporal activity profile and land usage in three global cities: New York, London and Hong Kong. By comparing whole cities typical patterns, we provide insights on how cultural, technological and economical factors shape human dynamics. At a more local scale, we use clustering analysis to identify locations with similar patterns within a city. Our research reveals a universal structure of cities, with core financial centers all sharing similar activity patterns and commercial or residential areas with more city-specific patterns. These findings hint that as the economy becomes more global, common patterns emerge in business areas of different cities across the globe, while the impact of local conditions still remains recognizable on the level of routine people activity., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, book chapter to be published in "Computational Approaches for Urban Environments" (Springer Ed.), October 2014

In a world of continuous growth of economies and global population eco-sustainability is of outmost relevance. Especially, mobile broadband networks are facing an exponential growing traffic volume and so the sustainability of these networks comes into focus. The recently completed European funded Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project EARTH has studied the impact of traffic growth on mobile broadband network energy consumption and carbon footprint, pioneering this field. This chapter summarizes the key insights of EARTH on questions like ”How does the exploding traffic impact the sustainability?”, ”How can energy efficiency be rated and predicted?”, ”What are the key solutions to improve the energy efficiency and how to efficiently integrate such solutions?” The results are representing the foundation of the maturing scientific engineering discipline of Energy Efficient Wireless Access, targeting the standardisation in IETF and 3GPP, strongly influencing academic research trends, and will soon be reflected in products and deployments of the European telecommunications industry.

Wireless indoor positioning has been a popular research topic for years because it provides the basis for a broad domain of location-based applications. Especially the usage of WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) technology is widespread to build an indoor positioning system due to the reuse of existing and almost ubiquitous WLAN infrastructure worldwide lowering the costs. However, these WLAN systems were not originally designed for positioning services, thus the provided accuracy might be low. The accuracy can be increased by the careful placement of WLAN access points to cover the given area appropriately. In this paper, we propose a method based on simulated annealing to find the optimal number and placement of WLAN access points for indoor positioning and show its investigation using simulations.

In the last decade RFID technology has become widespread. It can be found in various fields of our daily life. Due to the rapid development more and more security problems were raised. Since tags have limited memory and very low computational capacity a so-called lightweight authentication is needed. Several protocols have been proposed to resolve security and privacy issues in RFID systems. However, the earlier suggested algorithms do not satisfy all of the security requirements.

The authors conclude that instantaneous cell-load and buffer service-rate measurements can serve as input to various energy saving network algorithms. For example, such algorithms can control intelligent sleep modes in a mobile network, and can turn on and off radio resources according to the temporal and spatial variations of traffic. In particular, the authors demonstrate that underutilized 3-sector base stations can be reconfigured to omnicell base stations without significant service degradation in a network and that can save the power of two out of three radio units on typical 3-sector base stations.

This paper discusses how energy consumption can be significantly reduced in mobile networks by introducing discontinuous transmission (DTX) on the base station side. By introducing DTX on the downlink, or cell DTX, we show that it is possible to achieve significant energy reductions in an LTE network. Cell DTX is most efficient when the traffic load is low in a cell but even when realistic traffic statistics are considered the gains are impressive. The technology potential for a metropolitan area is shown to be 90% reduced energy consumption compared to no use of cell DTX. The paper also discusses different drives for the increased focus on energy efficient network operation and also provides insights on the impact of cell DTX from a life cycle assessment perspective.

In order to quantify the energy savings in wireless networks, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation framework must be defined. In this paper, the necessary enhancements over existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed, such that the energy efficiency of the entire network comprising component, node and network level contributions can be quantified. The most important addendums over existing frameworks include a sophisticated power model for various base station (BS) types, which maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. We also consider an approach to quantify the energy efficiency of large geographical areas by using the existing small scale deployment models along with long term traffic models. Finally, the proposed evaluation framework is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

Currently, the vast majority of mobile subscribers rely on second-generation mobile technologies, but service providers are investing into aggressive rollouts of mobile broadband networks to deliver a fully-featured wireless Internet. While the main focus in research has been put on enhancing the capacity of this kind of networks, very little has been done regarding their energy efficiency. On the other hand, rising energy cost and growing awareness of climate issues require a shift of focus. The EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and neTworking tecHnologies) project addresses this by investigating and proposing effective mechanisms to drastically reduce energy wastage and improve energy efficiency of mobile broadband communication systems, without compromising system capacity and users’ perceived quality of service. In this paper we sketch the main research approaches taken within the project. First, the methodologies to evaluate the energy efficiency of cellular networks, as well as the respective energy efficiency metrics are presented. Afterwards, the proposed solutions are described; within EARTH a holistic approach is being used so that advances in radio components, radio network technologies and advanced network management protocols are exploited jointly, resulting in combined gains that enable an expected power consumption reduction by 50%.

In order to quantify the energy efficiency of a wireless network, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured. In this article, the necessary extensions with respect to existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed. The most important addenda of the proposed energy efficiency evaluation framework (E3F) are a sophisticated power model for various base station types, as well as large-scale long-term traffic models. The BS power model maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. The proposed traffic model emulates the spatial distribution of the traffic demands over large geographical regions, including urban and rural areas, as well as temporal variations between peak and off-peak hours. Finally, the E3F is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

This paper analyses how much the capacity layer of HetNets are utilized as the function of momentary traffic demand and user distribution. It is shown that the capacity layer is inevitably underutilized and it is worth to apply power saving techniques to reduce the energy used by the capacity layer of the HetNet.

[EN] To study the effect of nursing method on reproduction, 232 primiparous and multiparous lactating Pannon White and NZW rabbit does were distributed proportionately among four experimental groups: FF: free nursing from kindling until weaning; FC: free nursing from day 1 to 7 and controlled nursing from day 8 to 17; CF: controlled nursing from day 1 to 7 and free nursing from day 8 to 17; CC: controlled nursing from day 1 to 17. After the 17th day of lactation, free nursing was used in all groups until weaning at 35 days of age. In controlled nursing the females could visit the nest box between 8 and 9 a.m. every day. Artificial inseminations (AI, n = 482) with 42d intervals were performed on day 10 post partum, within 15 minutes after nursing. The results of three consecutive kindlings were evaluated. In conclusion, it is not recommended to follow controlled nursing between 1-17th days of lactation because productivity traits were relatively poorer than in the other groups. The change from controlled to free nursing before AI did not increase productivity parameters. Conversely, the switch over from free to controlled nursing did increase the number of 21 day-old young per insemination (3.0, 4.2, 3.4 and 3.1 for FF, FC, CF and CC, respectively, P, Financial support for the research was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development (project no. KF-173/4/00).

The widespread usage of new telecommunication technologies implies the demand on payment via Internet since the ’90s. First, these solutions were applied only by pioneer users, while average men still chose traditional payment methods such as payment by cash, cheque, or bank transfer. In the latest decade, the notable improvement of mobile communications allowed the provision of customized services. A new payment method has appeared which is called mobilepayment. Consequently, increasing number of banks provide access to their services via mobile equipment. Reliable network security is an essential prerequisite for the expansion of the rapidly growing world of electronic payment. Public key infrastructure (PKI) offers the capabilities needed to provide this security. Establishing trust in a wireless public key infrastructure (WPKI) is crucial for the success of applications that will exploit the opportunities created by handheld wireless devices. This trust is based on the reliability of the technology but also on a carefully implemented system of laws, policies, standards, and procedures. The development of trusted electronic transactions is motivated by legislation. The EU adopted a legislative framework to guarantee the security and acceptance of electronic signatures in 1999. The U.S. adopted legislation for the recognition of electronic signatures in national and global trade in June 2000 (Sievers, 2000). This article deals with mobile payment and mobile banking services and focuses particularly on the mobile side of the system. First, we introduce the technological background necessary for developing m-services, and we define the m-payment reference model. After that, the differences between chip-card and software based implementations will be presented. Finally, we conclude the article and summarize the main terms used in the article.

The goal of the paper is to give an overview of the most relevant aspects of mobile crowdsensing that are already utilizedby the society. The paper focuses on best practices applied in smart cities today, how these applications can be motivated(incentives), and how they rely on technology enablers of today’s vertical silos and future’s horizontal approaches. Weintroduce a path for transforming the vertical silos of today containing separated solutions in various domains into ahorizontal, unified ecosystem, giving a way to novel technology and business opportunities.

With the fast improvements of broadband technologies, more and more demanding services can be accessed. Broadband access is supported by a range of wireless and wireline technologies. Well known representatives are WLAN and UMTS for wireless and xDSL for wireline access. However, the highly varying nature of wireless channels and the crosstalk behavior of the DSL channel are typical traits, and most challenging to combat. Moreover, the stringent requirements of real-time applications require enhancements in service delivery. The tremendous interest in communication has driven the deployment of new access systems. Hence, for the End-to-End point of view, the service delivery multifarious due to the heterogeneity of the underlying transport network. Therefore, to enable a transport independent path set-up, application and network properties that may influence the user-perceived quality need to be unified. Thereby, media scalability plays a key role. Recently, cross-layer communication is getting acceptance as a method that efficiently increases the system performance. Unlike previous works that mainly addressed the issue of application based feedback, we focus on the information that the application can provide to guide the network for local stream management. We present the necessary set of Application Layer information for scalable audiovisual streams to offer individual QoS, at lowermost packet overhead. Finally, we show the sustainable gain in system performance based on a DSL use-case.